WO2009111213A2

WO2009111213A2 - Hip resurfacing surgical guide tool

Info

Publication number: WO2009111213A2
Application number: PCT/US2009/034967
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ilwhan Park; Michael Koehle; Lorenzo R. Deveza
Original assignee: Otismed Corporation
Priority date: 2008-02-29
Filing date: 2009-02-24
Publication date: 2009-09-11
Also published as: US20180140358A1; WO2009111216A1; EP2265198A2; EP2265194A1; US20200205899A1; US10537391B2; EP2265194B1; EP2265194A4; US11298142B2; WO2009111213A3; TW200950743A; US20090222015A1; US9901404B2; TW200950744A; US20090222016A1; EP2265198A4; US20160310217A1; US8734455B2; US9408618B2

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a tool for guiding a drill hole along a central axis of a femur head and neck for preparation of a femur head that is the subject of a hip resurfacing surgery. In one embodiment, the tool includes a mating region and a guide hole. The mating region is configured to matingly receive a predetermined surface of the femur. The mating region and guide hole are positionally correlated or referenced with each other such that when the mating region matingly receives the predetermined surface of the femur, the guide hole will be generally coaxial with a central axis extending through the femur head and the femur neck.

Description

HIP RESURFACING SURGICAL GUIDE TOOL

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [001] This application claims priority to: U.S. Patent Application

61/032,671 , entitled Hip Resurfacing Surgical Guide Tool and filed February 29, 2008; U.S. Patent Application 61/108,761 , entitled Hip Resurfacing Surgical Guide Tool and filed October 27, 2008; U.S. Patent Application 61/111 ,238, entitled Total Hip Replacement Surgical Guide Tool and filed November 4, 2008; and U.S. Patent Application No. 12/390,667, entitled Hip Resurfacing Surgical Guide Tool and filed February 23, 2009. The foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference into the present application in their entireties.

[002] The present application also incorporates by reference in its entirety co-pending U.S. Patent Application 12/391 ,008, entitled Total Hip Replacement Surgical Guide Tool, and filed on February 23, 2009.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[003] The present invention relates to medical apparatus and methods.

More specifically, the present invention relates to hip resurfacing surgical guide tools and methods of using such tools.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[004] Arthroplasty is an orthopedic surgical procedure in which a dysfunctional or arthritic joint surface is replaced, remodeled or redesigned to alleviate pain, restore range of motion or to fix physical joint damage caused by a fracture. There are several surgical options available for a dysfunctional or arthritic hip joint. For example, Total Hip Replacement ("THR") surgery, also known as hip arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure wherein the proximal femur, with its femoral head and neck, is removed and a prosthetic device (or stem) having a prosthetic femoral head is implanted into the femur. The acetabulum, or hip socket, is also replaced or modified to accept a cup. The cup is configured to receive the prosthetic head. The prosthetic device (or stem) is typically made of titanium or a titanium alloy. The head may be made of a biocompatible plastic, ceramic or other suitable material. The cup may be made of a biocompatible plastic or other suitable material. The prosthetic device and the cup are typically anchored to the bone with bone cement.

[005] Hip Resurfacing is another form of arthroplasty that was developed as an early intervention alternative to THR. In a Hip Resurfacing Surgery ("HRS"), the acetabulum is replaced, modified, or resurfaced to accept the cup, which is configured to receive the head. However, the proximal femur and, more specifically, the femoral head and neck, are not removed. Instead, the femoral head is resurfaced with, or otherwise modified to accept, a femoral head cap or other hip surface replacement.

[006] Several factors, such as potential muscle damage or effect on the blood supply, are considered when choosing a surgical approach for a HRS or hip arthroplasty in general. Typically, a posterior approach or an anteriorlateral approach is utilized, but other approaches, such as a lateral approach or an anterior approach, may also be utilized. The posterior approach is traditionally known as a muscle sparing approach and is more common than the anteriorlateral approach, which is traditionally known as a muscle compromising approach. The posterior approach or anteriorlateral approach generally refers to the side to which the hip is dislocated as opposed to the location of the surgical incision. Regardless of which approach is used, the incision is on the side (lateral).

[007] In some cases, the anteriorlateral approach may have a decreased rate of hip dislocation. This is important because in HRS, femoral neck impingement might occur more readily as a result of the absence of the head and neck offset that is normally associated with the original femoral components. Contact between the pelvic bone and the femoral neck may not only dislocate the femoral head but may also potentially become the origin of a stress-riser leading to a femoral neck fracture. The anteriorlateral approach may also preserve blood flow more consistently to the femoral head in comparison to the posterior approach because the approach produces less disruption to the blood flow in the femoral head-neck junction as reflected by a lower incidence of fracture of the femoral neck and avascular necrosis. [008] Typically, HRS utilizes a three part tool to properly place the femoral head cap through the center of the femoral head and along the central axis of the femoral neck. The tool is drilled into the femoral neck at a point that is estimated by observation of x-ray scans of the patient's femur. During surgery, this point is determined with a ruler and measured from the level of the greater trochanter of the femur. The three part tool is then drilled into the measured point. However, this three-part tool, the x-ray scan and hand measuring techniques are inaccurate and increase the error rate or potential for error in a hip resurfacing surgery.

[009] Inaccurate drilling can result in a weakened femoral neck and/or damage to the artery extending through the femoral neck to supply the femoral head. Damage to this blood supply can lead to avascular necrosis.

[010] There is a need in the art for a hip resurfacing surgical guide tool that increases accuracy, can be used with any surgical approach and reduces the potential for error associated with drilling through the femoral head and neck when preparing for hip surface replacement. There is also a need in the art for a method of manufacturing such a surgical guide tool.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[011] Disclosed herein is a tool for guiding a drill hole along a central axis of a femur head and neck for preparation of a femur head that is the subject of a hip resurfacing surgery. In one embodiment, the tool includes an index surface and a guide hole. The index surface is configured to matingly receive a predetermined surface of the femur. The index surface and guide hole are positionally correlated or referenced with each other such that when the index surface matingly receives the predetermined surface of the femur, the guide hole will be coaxial with a central axis extending through a centroid of a transverse cross section of the femur head and a centroid of a transverse cross section of the femur neck.

[012] Disclosed herein is a tool for guiding a drill hole along a central axis of a femur head and neck for preparation of a femur head that is the subject of a hip resurfacing surgery. In one embodiment, the tool includes an index surface and a guide hole. The index surface is configured to matingly receive a predetermined surface of the femur. The index surface and guide hole are positionally correlated or referenced with each other such that when the index surface matingly receives the predetermined surface of the femur, the guide hole will be coaxial with a central axis extending through the femur head and the femur neck.

[013] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through a centroid of the head and a centroid of the neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region.

[014] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region. The surface region may include at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck. The at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck may start between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm after a cartilage covering the head terminates distally and may extend between approximately 15 mm and approximately 35 mm to a trochanteric fossa. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck may have an inferior border that begins approximately midway along an intertrochanteric crest and follows along the axis of the neck. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck may have a superior border between approximately 1 mm and approximately 3 mm below a junction between superior and anterior surfaces of the neck.

[015] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region. The surface region may include at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck. The at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck may include a narrow band that follows along an intertrochanteric crest and has a medial-lateral width of between approximately 0.5 mm and approximately 8 mm. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck may begin approximately midway along the intertrochanteric crest and may extend at least approximately 5 mm towards a most superior tip of a posterior surface of a greater trochanter.

[016] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region. The surface region may include at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck. The at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck may start between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm after a cartilage covering the head terminates distally and may extend between approximately 15 mm and approximately 35 mm to terminate before a tubercle. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck may have a superior border approximately 1 mm to approximately 3 mm below a junction between superior and anterior surfaces of the neck. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck may have an inferior border that is between approximately 5 mm and approximately 10 mm from the superior boarder. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck may lie on an anterior greater trochanter, distal to a tubercle, and inferior to an origin of an obturator internus. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region may have a medial-lateral distance that measures between approximately 3 mm to approximately 14 mm. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region may have an inferior-superior distance that measures between approximately 3 mm to approximately 10 mm.

[017] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region. The surface region may include at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck and at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck, but may not include a junction between the superior-posterior and superior-anterior regions of the neck. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of the superior- posterior region of the neck may include an area that extends along the intertrochanteric chest, but may not include an area that spans portions of a trochanteric fossa. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck lies on an anterior greater trochanter, distal to a tubercle, and inferior to an origin of an obturator internus, but does not include portions of the tubercle.

[018] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region. The surface region may include at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck. The at least a portion of the posterior region of the neck may include an area that extends towards a trochanteric fossa between approximately 15 mm and approximately 35 mm from a first point being between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm distal of a distal termination of a cartilage covering the head. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck may have an inferior border that terminates up to approximately 5 mm superior to a border between posterior and inferior surfaces of the neck. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck may have a superior border that terminates approximately 0 mm to approximately 5 mm posterior of a border between posterior and anterior surfaces of the neck. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck may extend along an intertrochanteric crest from a lesser trochanter to a point near a tip of a greater trochanter. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck may not include at least one of a portion of the trochanteric fossa and a portion of posterior region of the greater trochanter.

[019] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region. The surface region may include at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck. The at least a portion of the posterior region of the neck may include an area that includes a narrow band measuring between approximately 0.5 mm and approximately 12 mm and following along an intertrochanteric crest. In one embodiment, the narrow band may begin approximately 0 mm to approximately 12 mm superior to a lesser trochanter. In one embodiment, the narrow band may extend approximately 0 mm to approximately 18 mm inferior to a most superior tip of a posterior surface of a greater trochanter.

[020] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region. The surface region may include at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck. The at least a portion of the posterior region of the neck may include an area that extends towards a trochanteric fossa from a first point being between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm distal of a distal termination of a cartilage covering the head, but may not include an area spanning portions of the trochanteric fossa. In one embodiment, the area spanning portions of the trochanteric fossa may have a width generally transverse to a femoral longitudinal axis of between approximately 0 mm and approximately 20 mm. In one embodiment, the at least a portion of the posterior region of the neck further includes an area that includes a band following along an intertrochanteric crest, but may not include portions of a posterior greater trochanter. In one embodiment, the portions of the posterior greater trochanter may have a distally extending dimension of between approximately 0 mm and approximately 12 mm. [021] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region. The surface region may include at least a portion of an anterior region of the neck. The at least a portion of an anterior region of the neck may extend up to approximately 8 mm laterally past an intertrochanteric line. In one embodiment, the surface region includes a medial surface of a greater trochanter. [022] Disclosed herein is a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck. In one embodiment, the tool may include a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region. The guide hole may include a hole axis. The guide hole and mating region may be positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region. The surface region may include at least a portion of a lateral posterior greater trochanter. In one embodiment, the surface region may further include at least a portion of a medial posterior greater trochanter. In one embodiment, the surface region may not include at least a portion of an intertrochanteric crest. In one embodiment, the surface region may further include at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck. In one embodiment, the surface region may not include at least a portion of a trochanteric fossa. In one embodiment, the surface region may further include at least a portion of a medial posterior greater trochanter and at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck, and wherein the surface region may not include at least a portion of an intertrochanteric crest and may not include at least a portion of a trochanteric fossa.

[023] Disclosed herein is a method of manufacturing a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, and a surface region distal the head. In one embodiment, the method may include: a) generating medical imaging data associated with the proximal portion of the femur; b) employing the imaging data to generate a three-dimensional computer-generated femur model of the proximal portion of the femur; c) identifying a bone axis extending through a centroid of a head and a centroid of a neck of the femur model; d) providing a three-dimensional computer-generated tool model of at least portions of at least a surgical guide tool and a surgical guide tool blank; e) positionally referencing the bone axis with surface data associated with a surface of the femur model; f) merging the positionally referenced bone axis and surface data with the tool model so the bone axis and a hole axis associated with a guide hole of the tool model are coaxially aligned; g) computer generating manufacturing instructions from data determined from step f; and h) employing the manufacturing instructions at a manufacturing machine to generate the surgical guide tool from a surgical guide tool blank. [024] Disclosed herein is a method of manufacturing a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, and a surface region distal the head. In one embodiment, the method may include: a) generating medical imaging data associated with the proximal portion of the femur; b) employing the imaging data to generate a three-dimensional computer-generated femur model of the proximal portion of the femur; c) identifying a bone axis generally extending through a centroid of a head and a centroid of a neck of the femur model; d) providing a three- dimensional computer-generated tool model of at least portions of at least a surgical guide tool and a surgical guide tool blank; e) positionally referencing the bone axis with surface data associated with a surface of the femur model; f) merging the tool model and the positionally referenced bone axis and surface data so the bone axis and a hole axis associated with a guide hole of the tool model are generally coaxially aligned; g) computer generating manufacturing instructions from data determined from step f; and h) employing the manufacturing instructions at a manufacturing machine to generate the surgical guide tool from a surgical guide tool blank. [025] In one version of the embodiment of the method, the medical imaging data may be generated via at least one of MRI and CT. Also, the manufacturing machine may be at least one of a CNC machine and a SLA. [026] In one version of the embodiment of the method, the method may further include subjecting the medical imaging data to a segmentation process that determines bone contour lines and then adjusts the bone contour lines outward in locations of the bone contour lines corresponding to regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies. The method may also include employing the adjusted bone contour lines to generate the three-dimensional computer-generated femur model of the proximal portion of the femur. [027] In one version of the embodiment of the method, the regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies may include at least one of a portion of a tubercle and a portion of a superior intersection between anterior and posterior regions of the neck. In one version of the embodiment of the method, the regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies may include at least one of a portion of a trochanteric fossa and a portion of a superior intersection between anterior and posterior regions of the neck. In one version of the embodiment of the method, the regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies may include at least one of a portion of a trochanteric fossa and a portion of a posterior greater trochanter near an intertrochanteric crest. In one version of the embodiment of the method, the regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies may include at least one of a portion of a trochanteric fossa and a portion of an intertrochanteric crest. [028] Disclosed herein is a method of manufacturing a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, and a surface region distal the head. In one embodiment, the method may include: a) generating medical imaging data associated with the proximal portion of the femur; b) employing the imaging data to generate a three-dimensional computer-generated femur model of the proximal portion of the femur; c) providing a three-dimensional computer-generated pin model including a longitudinal axis; d) superimposing the pin model and femur model; e) identifying a bone axis extending through a head and a neck of the femur model as being an axis that is generally coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the pin model; f) providing a three-dimensional computer-generated tool model of at least portions of at least a surgical guide tool and a surgical guide tool blank; g) positionally referencing the bone axis with surface data associated with a surface of the femur model; h) merging the tool model and the positionally referenced bone axis and surface data so the bone axis and a hole axis associated with a guide hole of the tool model are generally coaxially aligned; i) computer generating manufacturing instructions from data determined from step h; and j) employing the manufacturing instructions at a manufacturing machine to generate the surgical guide tool from a surgical guide tool blank.

[029] In one version of the embodiment of the method, the medical imaging data may be generated via at least one of MRI and CT. Also, the manufacturing machine may be at least one of a CNC machine and a SLA. [030] In one version of the embodiment of the method, the pin model may further include a sphere centered on the longitudinal axis and, when the pin model and femur model are superimposed, at least a portion of a surface of the sphere coincides with at least a portion of a surface of the head of the femur model. The at least a portion of a surface of the head of the femur model may include at least one of an inferior portion and a posterior portion.

[031] In one version of the embodiment of the method, the pin model may further include at least one of a first feature and a second feature, the first feature corresponding to an outer diameter of a resurfacing prosthetic implant, the second feature corresponding to an inner diameter of the resurfacing prosthetic implant. The pin model may further include a cylinder, wherein the first feature is an outer diameter of the sphere and the second feature is a diameter of the cylinder. [032] In one version of the embodiment of the method, the pin model may further include a cylinder generally coaxially centered on the longitudinal axis and further comprising at least one of translating the pin model and increasing the size of the pin model if a portion of the neck radially extends through a wall of the cylinder. [033] In one version of the embodiment of the method, the method may further include segmenting the imaging data via sections oriented at an angle with a central axis of the neck as viewed posteriorly of between approximately thirty degrees an approximately sixty degrees.

[034] In one version of the embodiment of the method, the pin model and femur model may be initially superimposed such that the longitudinal axis of the pin model extends through both a centroid of a transverse cross-section of the neck and a centroid of a transverse cross-section of the head.

[035] While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following Detailed Description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of modifications in various aspects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[036] FIG. 1A is a diagrammatic depiction of a system for manufacturing a surgical guide tool as described herein.

[037] FIG. 1 B is a diagrammatic depiction of a process of manufacturing some embodiments of the tool.

[038] FIG. 1C is a diagrammatic depiction of another process of manufacturing some embodiments of the tool.

[039] FIG. 1 D is a flow chart describing a method of manufacturing and using a surgical guide tool as described herein.

[040] FIG. 2A is an isometric view of one embodiment of a surgical guide tool that may be used in a hip resurfacing procedure, wherein a proximal femur with its femoral head, neck and greater trochanter is also shown.

[041] FIG. 2B is a side top isometric view of the surgical guide tool of FIG.

2A, wherein the tool is in a non-customized state or is the form of a blank from which the customized tool is generated via a CNC milling machine.

[042] FIG. 2C is a side bottom isometric view of the surgical guide tool of

FIG. 2A, wherein the tool is in a customized state.

[043] FIG. 2D is an isometric view of the surgical guide tool and the femur of FIG. 2A, wherein the tool is shown mounted on the femur.

[044] FIG. 2E is a top plan view of the tool and femur of FIG. 2D. [045] FIG. 2F is a longitudinal cross-section of the surgical guide tool and femur as taken along section line 2F-2F of FIG. 2E.

[046] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the femoral region of FIG. 2A, wherein the central axis through the region is shown.

[047] FIG. 4 is an isometric view of the proximal femur of FIG. 2A showing the surfaces of the femur that are mated with the index surfaces of the tool and the surfaces that correspond to over-estimated or non-contacting surfaces of the tool.

[048] FIG. 5A is an isometric view of another embodiment of a surgical guide tool and a proximal femur with its femoral head, neck and greater trochanter, wherein the tool may be used in either an anterolateral approach or a posterior approach during a hip resurfacing procedure.

[049] FIG. 5B is a side top isometric view of the surgical guide tool of FIG.

5A, wherein the tool is in a non-customized state or is the form of a blank from which the customized tool is generated via a CNC milling machine.

[050] FIG. 5C is a side bottom isometric view of the surgical guide tool of

FIG. 5A, wherein the tool is in a customized state.

[051] FIG. 5D is a top plan view of the surgical guide tool and the femur of

FIG. 5A, wherein the tool is shown mounted on the femur.

[052] FIG. 5E is a longitudinal cross-section of the surgical guide tool and femur as taken along section line 5E-5E of FIG. 5D and corresponding to the path of

Nne 14A-14A of FIG.14A.

[053] FIG. 6 is a side view of a 3D computer generated model of the proximal femur, including its femoral head, neck and greater trochanter, illustrating the angle A at which the bone scan is segmented or sectioned.

[054] FIG. 7A is a 3D view of the proximal femur of FIG. 5A, illustrating a section plane B at which the bone is sectioned during a CT scan to help delineate mating and non-mating regions.

[055] FIG. 7B is a CT slice as taken along section plane B of FIG. 7A.

[056] FIG. 8A is a 3D view of the proximal femur of FIG. 5A, illustrating a section plane C at which the bone is sectioned during a CT scan to help delineate mating and non-mating regions.

[057] FIG. 8B is a CT slice as taken along section plane C of FIG. 8A. [058] FIG. 9A is a 3D view of the proximal femur of FIG. 5A, illustrating a section plane D at which the bone is sectioned during a CT scan to help delineate mating and non-mating regions.

[059] FIG. 9B is a CT slice as taken along section line D of FIG. 9A.

[060] FIG. 10 is an exemplary CT scan of the proximal femur of FIG. 5A, wherein the correct coronal alignment for CT reconstruction is shown. [061] FIG. 11 is an exemplary CT scan of the proximal femur of FIG. 5A, wherein the correct alignment for the final CT reconstruction is shown. [062] FIG. 12 is an embodiment of a femoral resurfacing component that may be used with the proximal femur of FIG. 5A during a hip resurfacing procedure. [063] FIG. 13A is a posterior view of a model of the proximal femur of FIG.

5A, wherein a planning pin which may be used during pre-operative planning is shown.

[064] FIG. 13B is a superior view of the femur and planning pin of FIG.

13A.

[065] FIG. 13C is an anterior view of the proximal femur model of FIG. 5A, wherein the planning pin is shown in a position that may result in notching. [066] FIG. 13D is the same view as FIG. 13C, except the planning pin is in a position that may result in no notching.

[067] FIG. 13E is a posterior view of the model of the femur of FIG. 5A, wherein a guide wire and shaft of the femur are shown. [068] FIG. 13F is a cross-sectional elevation of the proximal femur as taken along section line 13F-13F of FIG. 13E.

[069] FIG. 14A is a posterior view of the proximal femur of FIG. 5A showing the surfaces of the femur that are mated with the index surfaces of an embodiment of the tool and the surfaces that correspond to over-estimated or non- contacting surfaces of the tool, for use with either an anterolateral or posterior approach during a hip resurfacing procedure. [070] FIG. 14B is an anterior view of FIG. 14A.

[071] FIG. 15 is a posterior medial view of the proximal femur of FIG. 5A showing the surfaces of the femur that are mated with the index surfaces of another embodiment of the tool and the surfaces that correspond to over-estimated or non- contacting surfaces of the tool, for use with a posterior approach during a hip resurfacing procedure. [072] FIG. 16A is a posterior view of the proximal femur of FIG. 5A showing the surfaces of the femur that are mated with the index surfaces of still another embodiment of the tool. [073] FIG. 16B is an anterior view of FIG. 16A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[074] The present disclosure describes a customized surgical guide tool or jig 5 for use in arthroplasty and systems and methods for making the same. In some embodiments, the tool 5 may be used in a hip resurfacing surgery. The tool 5 may have a single piece, unitary construction and a customized indexing or mating region 20 having indexing or mating surfaces for matingly contacting predetermined bone surfaces on the proximal femur. Which bone surfaces of the femur end up being used as the predetermined bone surfaces matingly received by the tool mating region 20 may depend on the type of surgery (e.g. hip resurfacing or hip replacement) or the surgical approach (e.g. a posterior approach or an anteriorlateral approach in a hip resurfacing procedure). In one embodiment, the tool 5 is customized such that when its mating region 20 matingly receives a region of the femur having the mating surfaces of the femur, the mating surfaces of the mating region 20 will matingly contact the mating surfaces of the femur. When the tool 5 thus properly fitted and fixed to the femur 40, an axis of a guide hole 65 of the tool 5 may be generally coaxially aligned with an axis extending through the head 30 and neck 35 of the femur 40. The guide hole 65 may then be used to guide a drill in a drilling operation used to form a hole extending along the axis of the femur for insertion of a guide wire used in the femur head resurfacing process. [075] As can be understood from FIG. 1 A, which depicts a system 4 for the planning and manufacture of the customized tool 5, the system 4 may include a planning system or station 6, a medical imaging system 8 (e.g., a MRI system, a CT system, etc.), and an automated manufacturing system 10 (e.g., a CNC machine, a SLA, etc.), all of which may be in communication with one or more of each other via hardwire systems, wireless systems, internet, portable memory storage devices, a combination of these, etc. The planning system 6 may include a CPU 7, a monitor 9, and a user interface 11 such as a keyboard and/or mouse. [076] As can be understood from FIG. 1A, to preoperative^ plan and manufacture the customized tool 5, medical imaging (e.g., MRI, CT, etc.) is taken of the hip region 14 of the patient 12 via the medical imaging machine 8. The resulting medical image slices 500 are sent to the CPU 7 of the planning system 6. The medical imaging slices 500 are segmented to identify the femur contour line 502 in each image slice 500. In one embodiment, the bone surface contour lines 502 of the bone 40 depicted in the image slices 500 may be auto segmented via a image segmentation process as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application 61/126,102, which was filed April 30, 2008, is entitled System and Method for Image Segmentation in Generating Computer Models of a Joint to Undergo Arthroplasty, and is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application in its entirety. In one embodiment, the image segmentation process may be controlled via the user interface 11 and viewed via the monitor 9 to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the level of automation in the image segmentation process. [077] The regions of the femur contour lines 502 having rapid variation and/or associated with features too small to be replicated via automated manufacturing processes (e.g., CNC milling, a stereolithography apparatus ("SLA"), etc.) used to manufacture the tool 5 may be subjected to an overestimation process. Specifically, the contour lines may be moved outwardly away from the interior of the femur. In one embodiment, the method disclosed herein may employ an overestimation process as disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/083,053, which is entitled System and Method for Manufacturing Arthroplasty Jigs Having Improved Mating Accuracy, was filed by Park July 23, 2008, and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this Detailed Description. In one embodiment, the overestimation process may be controlled via the user interface 11 and viewed via the monitor 9 to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the level of automation in the overestimation process.

[078] Subsequent to the overestimation process, the contour lines are compiled into a three-dimensional ("3D") computer generated model 904 of the femur, wherein the surfaces of the 3D femur model are substantially identical to those of the scanned femur, except in those regions wherein the corresponding image contour lines were subjected to the overestimation process. Such surface regions subjected to the overestimation process may project outwardly from the interior of the femur model further than they would otherwise were it not for the overestimation process. Also, such surface regions subjected to the overestimation process may also be substantially smoother than they would otherwise be absent the impact of the overestimation process. The resulting 3D bone model 904 may be viewed on the monitor 9.

[079] Computer programs for creating the 3D computer generated bone model 904 from the 2D images 500 include: Analyze from AnalyzeDirect, Inc., Overland Park, KS; Insight Toolkit, an open-source software available from the National Library of Medicine Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit ("ITK"), www.itk.org; 3D Slicer, an open-source software available from www.slicer.org; Mimics from Materialise, Ann Arbor, Ml; and Paraview available at www.paraview.org. Such programs may be loaded on the CPU 7. [080] The 3D computer generated model 904 of the femur is analyzed on the planning system 6 via one of two methods to identify a desirable axis 100 extending through the femur neck 35 and head 30. In one embodiment, the centroids 135 of the femur neck and head are identified and the axis 100 is the one that extends through both centroids. In another embodiment, the axis is identified using a planning pin method. Each method is discussed separately in detail below. [081] In one embodiment and still using the planning system 6, once the axis 100 is identified, mating surfaces of the 3D femur model may be identified and positionally referenced relative to the axis 100. The axis 100 and mating surfaces may then be imported into a 3D computer model of a tool blank such that the axis 100 is coaxially aligned with an axis extending through a guide hole 65 of the tool blank. The mating surfaces may then be used to define the indexing surfaces of the mating region 20 of the resulting 3D computer model of the tool 5. The resulting 3D computer model of the tool 5 may then be used to create manufacturing instructions, which may be sent from the planning system 6 to the automated manufacturing system 10. The manufacturing system 10 may employ the manufacturing instructions to create the actual tool 5 from an actual tool blank 250. [082] In another embodiment and still using the planning system 6, once the axis 100 of the 3D femur model is identified, a 3D model of the tool blank may be imported into the 3D femur model such that an axis of a guide hole 65 of the tool blank is generally coaxially aligned with the axis 100 of the 3D femur model. The 3D tool blank model may be rotated about the axes, which are coaxially aligned, until the mating region 20 of the 3D tool blank is positioned on the 3D femur model as would be the case with the actual tool 5 on the actual patient femur 40. The mating surfaces of the 3D femur model covered by the mating region 20 of the 3D tool blank model may be used to define the index surfaces the mating region of the resulting 3D tool model. The resulting 3D computer model of the tool 5 or manufacturing instructions (e.g., tool path instructions, etc.) may then be sent from the planning system 6 to the manufacturing machine 10 to manufacture the actual tool 5 from an actual tool blank 250.

[083] While the preceding embodiments are discussed in the context of 3D computer models or surfaces being imported into another 3D computer model, those of skill in the art will readily understand that in a computer environment, what may be caused to occur may be the correlation of one set of data with another set of data to generate manufacturing instructions that may be employed by a rapid manufacturing system such as, for example, a CNC machine or a SLA.

[084] Once the tool 5 is manufactured via the manufacturing machine 10, the tool 5 may be labeled according to patient name, physician, joint name, etc., cleaned and sterilized, packaged and sent to the physician. During surgery, the patient's proximal femur may be exposed and dislocated from the hip joint. The tool 5 may be applied to the exposed proximal femur such that the mating region 20 of the tool 5 matingly receives the corresponding region of the proximal femur. The tool 5 may be held in place or secured in such a mating arrangement on the femur via screws, drill bits or other types of anchoring devices. Because of the preoperative planning that resulted in the customized configuration of the tool 5, the axis of the guide hole 65 of the tool 5 may be generally coaxial with a predetermined axis 100 of the femoral head and neck. A drill guide may be inserted into the tool guide hole, and a drill may be inserted through the drill guide to drill a hole in the proximal femur extending along the axis 100 of the femoral head and neck. Once the hole is drilled, a guide wire may be inserted into the drilled hole and the tool 5 may be removed and thrown away. The guide wire may then be used to guide the resurfacing device in the preparation of the femoral head for receiving the femoral head resurfacing implant 600.

[085] The following sections A and B of this Detailed Discussion respectively discuss in detail a tool 5 configured for a posterior approach and a tool configured for a posterior or anterolateral approach. Each of these sections of the Detailed Discussion discuss in detail methods of preoperative^ planning, manufacturing and using the respective tool 5. While certain bone mating surfaces and methods of planning and manufacture of the tool are discussed with respect to each type of tool 5 and in certain combinations, it should be understood that the bone mating surfaces and methods of manufacture and use of the tool are interchangeable in different combinations between the various tool embodiments disclosed herein, and these combinations and variations should be considered as being part of the inventions disclosed herein. Accordingly, any limitations associated with the inventions disclosed herein should be according to the scope of claims accompanying this Detailed Disclosure. A. Surgical Guide Tool for a Posterior Approach

[086] For a general discussion of features of an embodiment of a surgical guide tool 5 for use in a posterior approach to a hip resurfacing surgery, reference is first made to FIGS. 2A-2F. FIG. 2A is an isometric view of the surgical guide tool 5 and a proximal femur 40 with its femoral head 30, neck 35 and greater trochanter 115. FIG. 2B is side top isometric view of the surgical guide tool 5, wherein the tool 5 is in a non-customized state or is in the form of a blank from which the customized tool 5 is generated via a CNC milling machine. FIG. 2C is a side bottom isometric view of the surgical guide tool 5, wherein the tool 5 is in a customized state. FIGS. 2D and 2E are, respectively, isometric and top plan views of the surgical guide tool 5 and the femur 40 of FIG. 2A, wherein the tool 5 is shown mounted on the femur 40. FIG. 2F is a longitudinal cross-section of the surgical guide tool 5 and femur 40 as taken along section line 2E-2E of FIG. 2E.

[087] As illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2E, in one embodiment, the surgical guide tool 5 includes a head end 45, a mating end 50, and a connecting arm 55. In one embodiment, the ends 45, 50 and the connecting arm 55 are formed or otherwise joined together such that the tool 5 is a single-piece tool having a single-piece construction that is generally unitary and continuous in nature. In other embodiments, the tool 5 will have a multi-piece construction formed of two or more individual pieces joined together in preparation for, or in the course of, being mounted on a femur during a HRS.

[088] The mating end 50 may be machined or otherwise manufactured to have a mating region 20 that matingly receives a corresponding surface area of the proximal femur 40. More specifically, the mating region or surface 20 may have mating or index surfaces 101 , 102, 103 and overestimated or non-contacting surfaces 22, 24, wherein, when the mating region 20 matingly receives the corresponding surface area of the proximal femur 40, the mating or index surfaces 101 , 102, 103 matingly contact corresponding surfaces of the proximal femur 40 and the overestimated or non-contacting surfaces 22, 24 are spaced apart from their corresponding surfaces of the proximal femur 40 so as to not contact those proximal femur surfaces.

[089] As will be discussed with respect to FIG. 4 later in this Detailed

Description, which details those femur surfaces corresponding to the mating contact surfaces 101 , 102, 103 and the overestimated non-contacting surfaces 22, 24 of the mating region 20 of the surgical guide tool 5 for a posterior approach, the mating end 50, and more specifically, the mating region 20 may be adapted to receive therein and mate with surfaces of the proximal femur 40, such as, for example, the posterior region 37 of the neck 35, a medial posterior surface 38 of the greater trochanter 115 between the intertrochanteric crest 116 and trochanteric fossa 118 and a region 39 that is part of the lateral posterior greater trochanter 115 and the lateral posterior body of the femur bordering the intertrochanteric crest 116. The surfaces 37, 38, 39 to be mated or indexed by the tool index surfaces 101 , 102, 103 and may be separated by areas of non-mating regions 110, 111 that are spanned in a spaced- apart or non-contacting arrangement by non-contacting surfaces 22, 24 of tool 5. The non-contacting surfaces 22, 24 of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 are surfaces that do not contact the non-mating regions 110, 111 and may be generated via an over-estimating process during image segmentation as described later in this Detailed Description. The non-mating regions 110, 111 of the proximal femur 40 may be portions 111 of the trochanteric fossa 118 (i.e., the depression between the greater trochanter and the femur neck) and portions 110 of the intertrochanteric crest 116.

[090] The head end 45 includes a guide hole 65 and is configured to be positioned adjacent to the femoral head 30 without contacting the femoral head 30 and, more specifically, to position the guide hole 65 near the center of the spherical surface of the femur head 30. In some embodiments, the head end 45 may contact the surface of the femoral head 30 while still positioning the guide hole 65 near the center of the spherical surface of the femur head 30. The connecting arm 55 extends from the mating end 50 to the head end 45, thereby connecting the ends 50, 45. The tool 5 may be made of polyoxymethylene (acetal resin), a low density polyethylene, or other biocompatible plastics. [091] As shown in FIGS. 2A-2F, the connecting arm 55 includes a top face

17 and a femur face 19, a first end 85 and a second end 90. In one embodiment, as best understood from FIG. 2F, the femur face 19 of the arm 55 is generally a rectangular-shaped arch and the top face 17 of the arm 55 is generally arcuate. The arm 55 is configured to generally extend across the femoral head 30 without contacting the head 30. That is, the arm 55 extends between, and thereby connects, the head and mating ends 45, 50 but does not contact the external surface of the head 30. In some embodiments, the arm 55 may contact the external surface of the head 30 or other portions of the proximal femur 40. In some embodiments, the femur face 19 of the arm 55 may not be a rectangular-shaped arch, but may be an arcuate shape to enable the tool 5 to fit or more closely follow along the femoral region as described herein.

[092] As can be understood from FIGS. 2A-2C, the head end 45 of the tool

5 includes a semi-circular or U-shaped end 60 and at least one guide hole 65. The U-shaped end 60 generally extends from the first end 85 of the connecting arm 55 to approximately the center of the spherical surface of the femoral head 30 without contacting the head 30. In some embodiments, the U-shaped end 60 may contact an external surface of the femoral head 30.

[093] The guide hole 65 of the head end 45 extends axially through the head end 45 and may have a cylindrical construction. As can be understood from FIGS. 2D-2F, the guide hole 65 of the head end 45 defines a passageway to receive a guide rod 70 through which a drill 74 is extended during surgery to drill a hole 77 through the femur head 30 and femur neck 35 along the central axis 100 thereof. Once the hole 77 is complete, the drill 74 can be removed and replaced with a guide wire 75 that may be used as a reference post for the devices employed in the resurfacing of the spherical surface of the femur head 30.

[094] In one embodiment, the mating end 50 of the tool 5 may be adapted to receive therein and mate with the proximal femur 40 and, more specifically, limited and predetermined regions 37, 38, 39 of the proximal femur 40. As can be understood from FIGS. 2B and 2C, the mating end 50 of the tool 5 includes a top side 52 and a femur side 54. A portion of the femur side 54 of the mating end 50 includes a customizable or mating region 20, which, as depicted in FIG. 2F, may include one or more indexing or mating surfaces 101 , 102, 103 configured to matingly contact portions of the proximal femur 40 (e.g., regions 37, 38, 39 of the proximal femur 40 as discussed with respect to FIG. 4) when the mating region 20 matingly receives the corresponding portion of the femur 40. [095] As shown in FIG. 2B, the mating end 50, when in a non-customized state such as when the tool 5 exists as a blank from which the tool 5 is machined, includes a generally arcuate top side 52, a generally U-shaped femur side 54, and fastening member-receiving openings 82. As indicated in FIGS. 2B and 2C, the openings 82 extend through the mating end 50 from the top side 52 to the femur side 54 and may have a cylindrical construction. The openings 82 are configured to receive fastening members 80 used to secure the tool 5 to the proximal femur 40 when the indexing surfaces 101 , 102, 103 matingly contact the corresponding bone surfaces 37, 38, 39. In one embodiment, there may be two openings 82. In alternative embodiments, there may be more than two openings 82 or less than two openings 82.

[096] As described in more detail below, the mating region 20 of the tool 5 may be customized based on a patient's individual bone shape. The tool 5 may be machined, molded or otherwise formed from the non-customized state as illustrated in FIG. 2B to a customized state as indicated in FIG. 2C, based on a patient's individual bone scan, for example an MRI scan or CT-scan. That is, through the information received from the MRI scan or CT-scan, the tool 5 may be customized at the mating region 20 such that the tool 5 will have mating or indexing surfaces 101 , 102, 103 generally conforming to the predetermined specific surface geometry of the patient's own proximal femur 40. In some embodiments, the predetermined specific geometry will be that of regions 37, 38, 39 discussed with respect to FIG. 4. Such customization increases the likelihood the drill hole 77 (see FIG. 2F) will extend along the central axis 100 of the femur head 30 and neck 35, thereby increasing the accuracy of the femur head resurfacing procedures indexed off of the hole 77 and the placement of the prosthetic surface implanted on the resurfaced femur head as part of a HRS. Depending on the embodiment, the tool 5 may be manufactured in its customized configuration via a CNC machine or a SLA.

[097] As illustrated in FIG. 2C, in a customized state, the mating end 50 includes a top side 52, a femur side 54, and fastening member-receiving openings 82. As described above with respect to FIG. 4 and 2F, the bone mating region 20, in a customized state, includes mating surfaces 101 , 102, 103 configured to matingly contact corresponding femoral bone surfaces 37, 38, 39 and overestimated or non- contacting surfaces 22, 24 configured to extend over, but not contact, corresponding surfaces 110, 111.

[098] As can be understood from FIGS. 2D-2F, the fastening members 80 may be received in the fastening member-receiving openings 82 in the mating end 50, thereby securing or coupling the mating end 50 of the tool 5 with the proximal femur 40 in the vicinity of the greater trochanter 115 and maintaining the mating surfaces 101 , 102, 103 of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 in an indexed or mating arrangement corresponding with mating surfaces 37, 38, 39 of the femur 40. The fastening members 80 may stabilize the tool 5 during surgery such that the guide rod 70 extending through the guide hole 65 may provide a stable and accurate mechanism for guiding a drill bit 74 extended through the guide rod 70. The fastening members 80 may be screws, pins, or drill bits.

[099] As can be understood from FIGS. 2D-2F, and with reference to FIG.

2A, by securely mounting the tool 5 on the femur 40 such that the tool index surfaces 101 , 102, 103 matingly receive corresponding mating surfaces 37, 38, 39 of the femur 40, the guide hole 65 is properly aligned to guide a drill bit in forming a hole 77 that is aligned with a central axis 100 of the femur head 30 and neck 35. Proper alignment of the hole 77 with the axis 100 prevents or at least minimizes the chances of several undesirable complications. For example, failure of the hole 77 to properly align with the axis 100 can cause the femoral neck to become prone to fracture. Additionally, failure of the hole 77 to properly align with the axis 100 can cause the drill bit 74 to hit the femoral artery when drilling the hole 77. The femoral artery is the only blood supply to this region of the femur and if severed, the hip will develop avascular necrosis.

[0100] As shown in FIGS. 2D-2F, during surgery, the guide rod 70 is received in the guide rod-receiving opening or guide hole 65 in the head end 45 of the tool 5. The guide rod 70 is configured to receive the drill hole 74 and guide wire 75. The guide rod 70 may be made of surgical stainless steel or titanium. The guide wire 75 may be made of surgical stainless steel or titanium.

During surgery, the guide rod 70 is inserted in the guide rod-receiving opening 65 to aid the surgeon in aligning the drill 74 for accurately forming the reference hole 77 in the femur 40. A guide wire 75 may be placed in the hole 77 and used to guide the devices used in resurfacing the spherical surface of the femur head 30 in preparation for receiving the spherical prosthetic surface to be mounted on the resurfaced femur head. Thus, the tool 5 aids the surgeon in accurately drilling the hole 77 to extend along the central axis 100 of the femur head and neck, thereby decreasing the risks commonly associated with hip surface replacement surgery, such as fractures to the femoral neck and damage to the femoral artery. 1. Alignment Through a Central Axis

[0101] In some embodiments, the proper orientation of the guide hole 65, wherein a drill extended through the guide hole will be caused to extend along a central axis extending through the femoral head and neck, may be determined during the preoperative planning process by analyzing transverse cross-sections of the neck and head of a 3D computer model of the femur and approximating the centroid of each such transverse cross-section. For a discussion of one embodiment of this centroid determination method, reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is an isometric view of the proximal femur 40 of FIG. 2A, wherein the central axis 100 through the proximal femur 40 is shown.

[0102] With the aid of a modeling program, such as Solidworks or others described above in the section entitled Overview of System and Method for Manufacturing Customized Surgical Guide Tools or Jigs", and as shown in FIG. 3, the approximate center axis 100 of the femoral neck 35 and head 30 may be found by identifying the centroids 135 of the cross-sections 130 of the head 30 and neck 35 of a 3D computer model of the femur 40. At each of these cross-sections 130, the centroid 135 of the section is approximated. An axis line 100 is drawn through the two approximated centroid points 135 determined by the centroid analysis of the two cross sections 130 of the neck 35 and head 30 of the 3D computer generated model of the proximal femur 40. The placement of a 3D computer generated model of the guide wire 75 may then be determined by positioning the 3D modeled guide wire to be coaxially aligned with the center axis 100 of the neck 35 and head 30 of the 3D model of the femur 40.

[0103] Computer modeling during the preoperative planning process may also determine placement of the tool relative to the femur. That is, the placement of the 3D model of the guide wire 75 may determine where the 3D computer model of the tool may be positioned on the 3D computer generated model of the femur. During the preoperative planning process, the guide rod receiving opening of the 3D model of the tool may be placed concentrically around the 3D model of the guide wire, and the 3D model of the tool is then free to rotate around the axis 100, wherein the axis 100 and the axis of the guide wire are maintained coaxial during the rotation. This coaxially consistent rotation is used to position the 3D model of the tool in proper position relative to the 3D model of the femur for the importation of the mating surfaces into the mating region 20 of the 3D model of the tool.

2. Mating Regions

[0104] Generation of the mating regions 101 , 102, 103 may also be determined with the aid of a modeling computer program, such as Solidworks. For a discussion of the mating surfaces of one embodiment of a hip resurfacing surgical guide tool 5, reference is now made to FIG. 4, which is an isometric view of the proximal femur 40 of FIG. 2A showing the regions of the femur that are mated with the index surfaces of the tool and the regions that correspond to over-estimated or non-contacting surfaces of the tool.

[0105] As can be understood from FIG. 4, the mating end 50 may be adapted to receive therein and mate with surfaces of the proximal femur 40, such as, for example, the posterior region 37 of the neck 35, a medial posterior surface 38 of the greater trochanter 115 between the intertrochanteric crest 116 and trochanteric fossa 118, and a region 39 that is part of the lateral posterior greater trochanter 115 and the lateral posterior body of the femur bordering the lateral side of the intertrochanteric crest 116. The mating surface 37 may cover portions of the posterior region of the neck 35, starting medially between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm after the cartilage covering the head 30 of the femur 40 terminates laterally and laterally extends between approximately 15 mm and approximately 35 mm to or towards the trochanteric fossa 118. Region 38 may be a band, extending from the lesser trochanter 740 to the anterior surface of the femur, and ranging in width from between approximately 0 mm to approximately 14 mm. The medial border of region 38 is the trochanteric fossa 118 and the lateral border is approximately the intertrochanteric crest 116. Region 39 begins medially at approximately the crest 116, and may extend from 0 mm to approximately the edge of the posterior surface of the femur 40. The inferior/superior length of region 39 may be 0 mm, or may extend from the lesser trochanter 740 to the superior border of the posterior surface of the femur 40.

[0106] The surfaces 37, 38, 39, which are to be mated or indexed by the tool index surfaces 101 , 102, 103 of the mating region 20 of the tool 5, may be separated by areas of non-mating surfaces 110, 111 that are spanned by overestimated or non-contacting surfaces 22, 24 of the mating region 20 of the tool 5. The non-contacting surfaces 22, 24 (see FIG. 2F) of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 do not contact the corresponding non-mating surfaces 110, 111 of the femur 40 and may be generated via an over-estimating process during image segmentation. The non-mating surfaces 110, 111 of the proximal femur 40 may be portions 111 of the trochanteric fossa 118 (i.e., the depression between the greater trochanter and the femur neck) and portions 110 of the intertrochanteric crest 116. The non-mating surface or portion 111 may span portions of the trochanteric fossa 118, and may have a medial boundary that is the mating surface 37 and a lateral boundary that is the mating surface 38, and a medial-lateral width that may vary between approximately 0 mm and approximately 20 mm. Non-mating surface or portion 110 may be a band including the intertrochanteric crest 116, and may extend from the lesser trochanter 740 to the most superior point of the greater trochanter 115. The medial-lateral width of the surface 110 may be from approximately 0mm to approximately 12 mm. Generally, any surface of mating region 20 that is outside of tool mating surfaces 101 , 102, 103 (which correspond to femur mating surfaces 37, 38, 39, respectively) may be tool non-contacting surfaces 22, 24, which correspond, respectively to femur non-contacting surfaces 110,111.

[0107] As can be understood from FIG. 4, the mating end 50 of the tool may be placed on the femur 40 such that the mating region 20 of the tool 5 covers and matingly receives the femur area encompassing the mating surfaces 37, 38, 39 and non-mating surfaces 110, 111 of the proximal femur 40. As discussed above, non- mating regions 110, 111 , including portions of the trochanteric fossa 118 (the depression between the greater trochanter and the neck of femur) and the intertrochanteric crest 116, are not easily estimated due to drastic changes in surface geometry, and corresponding non-mating surfaces 22, 24 of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 do not contact these surfaces 110, 111 when the region of the femur that includes the femur mating surfaces 37, 38, 39 and non-mating surfaces 22, 24 are matingly received by the mating region 20 of the tool 5. While this discussion of mating region 20 is made with respect to FIG. 4, the tool mating region 20 configured to have mating and non-mating surfaces that correspond to mating and non-mating surfaces of the femur, such as those discussed with respect to FIGS. 14A-16B, may also be used. [0108] In one embodiment, during the preoperative planning process, once the 3D computer generated model of the blank of the tool 5 is rotated into a desired position about the coaxially aligned 3D computer generated model of the guide wire 75 and the axis 100 of the 3D computer generated model of the femur 40 such that the mating end 50 of the 3D model of the blank of the tool 5 is positioned over the desired mating region of the model of the femur 40, the mating surfaces 37, 38, 39 of the model of the femur 40 may be used to generate or define corresponding index surfaces 101 , 102, 103 of the mating region 20 into the 3D model of the blank of the tool 5. The non-mating surfaces 110, 111 of the 3D model of the femur 40 may overestimated and then used to generate or define corresponding non-mating surfaces 22, 24 of the mating region 20 into the 3D model of the blank of the tool 5. Thus, the resulting 3D computer generated model of the tool 5 represents a tool 5 having a customized mating end 50 configured to matingly receive a desired and specific mating region of the patient's femur. The data associated with the 3D computer model of the customized tool 5 can be sent to a CNC machine or SLA to create an actual customized tool from an actual blank of the tool. The mating region 20 of the actual customized tool 5 will conform to the segmented CT scan or MRI scan of the patient's femur and be capable of matingly receiving the desired mating region of the patient's actual femur in a manner that causes the axis of the guide hole 65 to be coaxially aligned with the actual axis 100 of the actual patient's femur head and neck.

3. Method of Manufacture and Use

[0109] For a discussion of a method of preoperative^ planning and manufacturing the above-described tool 5, reference is made to FIGS. 1A-1B and1D. FIG. 1A is a diagrammatic depiction of a system 4 for manufacturing a surgical guide tool 5 as described herein. FIG. 1 B is a diagrammatic depiction of the process of manufacturing some embodiments of the tool 5. FIG. 1 D is a flow chart describing a method of manufacturing and using a surgical guide tool 5 as described herein. [0110] As can be understood from FIGS. 1A-1 B and 1 D, a process for producing the tool 5 may be as follows. CT or MRI image scans 500 are generated via a medical imaging machine 8 of the proximal femur 14 of the patient 12 and sent to the modeling system 6 [blocks 1400 and 1600]. Each image scan 500 may be subjected to a segmentation process to identify the femur contour line 502 depicted in the image scan 500 [block 1602]. Where the contour lines 502 correspond to regions of the femur contour that have rapidly changing geometry or geometry that is too small to be milled into or otherwise formed into the mating region 20 of the tool 5 (e.g., the non-mating surfaces 110, 111 discussed above), the contour lines 502 in such regions are subjected to an overestimation process as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 61/083,053, entitled System and Method for Manufacturing Arthroplasty Jigs Having Improved Mating Accuracy, filed July 23, 2008 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Specifically, in one embodiment of the overestimation process, the contour lines 502 in such regions (e.g., 110, 111) are adjusted outwardly away from the interior region of the bone and potentially smoothed with respect to contour line variance.

[0111] As can be understood from FIG. 6, which is a side view of a 3D computer generated model of the proximal femur 40, including its femoral head 30, neck 35 and greater trochanter 115, the femur may be segmented or sectioned during or after the imaging process at an angle A relative to the axis 100 of the femur. More specifically, in one embodiment, segmentation is performed utilizing slices or sections at an angle A off the central axis 100 of the femoral neck 35 viewed posteriorly. The segmentation can be done in several ways and for ease of the reader are described in relation to a CT-scan. It can be appreciated that segmentation of an MRI scan may be achieved in a similar manner. For example, the CT locator could be positioned at an angle A to section the CT scan. Alternatively or additionally, the CT scan could be sectioned at an angle A during post-processing. In one embodiment, the angle A is between approximately thirty degrees and approximately sixty degrees. In an alternative embodiment, the angle A is approximately a forty-five degree angle.

[0112] Once any overestimation is done for a specific contour line 502, the contour line 502 may be a combination of overestimated portions and portions that are not modified. Subsequent to the overestimation process, the various contour lines 502 from the various scans 500, which may be a combination of scan images with no adjustment to their respective contour lines and scan images that have undergone the overestimation process, are compiled via a 3D computer modeling program loaded on the modeling system 6 into a 3D bone model 904 of the proximal femur [block 1402].

[0113] To begin the preoperative planning process [block 1604], the bone model 904 may be analyzed as discussed above with respect to FIG. 3 to determine the central axis 100 through the centroids 135 of the transverse centroid cross- sections 130 of the neck 35 and head 30 of the bone model 904 of the femur 40. The bone model 904 may also be analyzed to determine indexing or mating surfaces 537, 539 (corresponding to femur mating surfaces such as, for example, 37, 38, 39 in FIG. 3) that will be determined and imported into a tool blank model 550 and be used to form the indexing surfaces 101 , 102, 103 in the mating region 20 of the actual tool 5, as indicated in FIGS. 2A-2F. A tool blank model 550 is provided [blocks 1403 and 1606]. In one embodiment, the surfaces 537, 539 and axis 100 are positionally correlated and referenced with respect to each other and imported as a unit into the tool blank model 550 such that the axis 100 coaxially aligns with the axis of the guide hole 565 in the blank model 550, thereby creating a tool model 505 [blocks 1404, 1406 and 1606]. The tool model 505 is used to create milling tool paths that are sent to the CNC machine 10 [block 1408]. The CNC machine 10 uses the milling paths to generate the customized tool 5 of FIG. 2C from a tool blank 250 [block 1608]. Post processing of the tool may include cutting the tool away from the struts that may or may not be part of the blank and smoothing around the edges. The finished tool may then be shipped to the surgeon [block 1610]. [0114] As can be understood from FIGS. 1C and 2A-2F, during surgery, the surgeon may fit the tool 5 appropriately on the femur such that the tool index surfaces 101 , 102, 103 matingly contact the corresponding femur mating surfaces 37, 38, 39 and the tool overestimated or non-contact surfaces 22, 24 do not contact the femur non-contact surfaces 110, 111 when the tool mating region 20 matingly receives the mating region of the femur 20. Once the tool 5 is appropriately fit to the femur 40, the surgeon drills into the two openings 82 at the mating end 50 of the tool 5 and insert fastening members 80 to stabilize the tool 5 on the femur 40 [block 1612]. Once tool 5 is appropriately positioned and secured to the femur 40, the surgeon may place the guide rod 70 through the guide rod receiving opening 65 and prepare to drill the hole for the guide wire 75 [block 1618]. Once the guide wire 75 is in place, the fastening members 80 at the mating end 50 of the tool 5 may be removed and the tool 5 may be discarded [block 1620]. The surgeon may then utilize the guide wire 75 to guide the resurfacing process used to prepare the femur head for the resurfacing prosthetic implant.

[0115] Some embodiments of the hip resurfacing tool, such as those discussed with respect to FIGS. 2A-4, may be for a posterior approach and designed based at least partially upon determining the central axis through the femur head and neck via a centroid determination process. In other embodiments, the hip resurfacing tool 5 may be for a posterior or an anterolateral approach and at least partially designed based on a 3D computer model of the actual resurfacing component (i.e. a planning pin model 900) to help determine the central axis through the femur head and neck. Such an embodiment will now be discussed in the following sections of this Detailed Description. B. Surgical Guide Tool for a Posterior or Anterolateral Approach [0116] For a general discussion of features of an embodiment of the tool 5 that may be used in a posterior or an anterolateral approach and may utilize a computer model of the resurfacing component to determine the central axis through the femoral head and neck, reference is first made to FIGS. 5A-5E. FIG. 5A is an isometric view of the surgical guide tool 5 and a proximal femur 40 with its femoral head 30, neck 35 and greater trochanter. FIG. 5B is a side top isometric view of the surgical guide tool 5 in a non-customized state or in the form of a blank from which the customized tool 5 is generated via a CNC milling machine. FIG. 5C is a side bottom isometric view of the surgical guide tool 5 of FIG. 5A, wherein the tool 5 is in a customized state. FIG. 5D is a top plan view of the surgical guide tool 5 and the femur 40 of FIG. 5A, wherein the tool 5 is shown mounted on the femur 40. FIG. 5E is a longitudinal cross-section of the surgical guide tool 5 and femur 40 as taken along section line 5E-5E of FIG. 5D and corresponding to the path of line 14A-14A of FIG.14A.

[0117] As illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, in one embodiment, the surgical guide tool 5 includes a mating end 50, a head end 45 and a connecting arm 55. In one embodiment, the ends 45, 50 and the connecting arm 55 are formed or otherwise joined together such that the tool 5 is a single-piece tool having a single- piece construction that is generally unitary and continuous in nature. In other embodiments, the tool 5 will have a multi-piece construction formed of two or more individual pieces joined together in preparation for, or in the course of, being mounted on a femur during a HRS.

[0118] As can be understood from FIG. 5C and as will be discussed with respect to FIGS. 14A-16B later in this Detailed Description, the mating end 50 may include a mating region 20 adapted to receive therein and mate with surfaces of the proximal femur 40 that are available based on the surgical approach, such as, for example, the superior-posterior region 700a of the neck 35, the superior-anterior region 701a of the neck 35, a region 702a bordering the intertrochanteric crest 116, a region 704a of the anterior greater trochanter 115, a region 706 that may extend past the intertrochanteric crest 116, from the lesser trochanter 740 to the superior tip 215 of the greater trochanter 115 on the posterior side and past the intertrochanteric line 738 on the anterior side as well as the medial surface 216 of the greater trochanter 115, a region 708 covering portions of the posterior region of the neck 35, and a region 710 which is a narrow band following along the intertrochanteric crest 116. The surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a, 706, 708, 710 to be mated or indexed by the tool index surfaces 700b, 701b, 702b, 704b of the mating region 20 may be separated by areas of non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716, 718, 720 that are spanned by non-contacting surfaces 22, 24, 26of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 and which are also determined by the regions exposed by the surgical approach. The non-contacting surfaces 22, 24, 26 of mating region 20 the tool 5 have surfaces that do not contact the non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716, 718, 720 and may be generated via an over-estimating process during image segmentation as described later in this Detailed Description. The non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716, 718, 720 of the proximal femur 40 may be surfaces 712 of the tubercle 730 of the femur 40, surface portions 714 of the trochanteric fossa 210 (i.e., the depression between the greater trochanter and the femur neck), surface 716 which may contain the superior junction 728 between the posterior and anterior surfaces of the neck 35, region 718 which may include portions of the posterior greater trochanter 116, and region 720 which may span portions of the trochanteric fossa 210.

[0119] For ease of the reader, the mating end of the tool 5 as shown in

FIGS. 5A-5E is discussed with reference to the mating regions 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a of FIG. 14A-14B. In other embodiments, the tool 5, and more specifically the mating region 20 of the mating end 50, may be configured to have mating surfaces that correspond to other mating surface arrangements of the femur as depicted in FIGS. 4, 15, and 16A-16B. Also, in general, any surface of mating region 20 that is outside of tool mating surfaces 700b, 701b, 702b, 704b may be tool non-contacting surfaces 22, 24, 26 which correspond to non-contacting surfaces 712, 714, 716 of the femur.

[0120] As can be understood from FIGS. 5A-5E, the head end 45 includes a guide hole 65 and is configured to be positioned adjacent to the femoral head 30 without contacting the femoral head 30 and, more specifically, to position the guide hole 65 near the center of the spherical surface of the femur head 30. In some embodiments, the head end 45 may contact the surface of the femoral head 30 while still positioning the guide hole 65 near the center of the spherical surface of the femur head 30. The connecting arm 55 extends from the mating end 50 to the head end 45, thereby connecting the ends 50, 45. The tool 5 may be made of polyoxymethylene (acetal resin), a low density polyethylene, or other biocompatible plastics.

[0121] As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the connecting arm 55 includes a top face 17 and a femur face 19, a first end 85 and a second end 90. In one embodiment, as best understood from FIG. 5E discussed in more detail below, the femur face 19 of the arm 55 is generally a rectangular-shaped arch and the top face 17 of the arm 55 is generally arcuate. The arm 55 is configured to generally extend across the femoral head 30 without contacting the head 30. That is, the arm 55 extends between, and thereby connects, the head and mating ends 45, 50 but does not contact the external surface of the head 30. In some embodiments, the arm 55 may contact the external surface of the head 30 or other portions of the proximal femur 40. In some embodiments, the femur face 19 of the arm 55 may not be a rectangular-shaped arch, but may be an arcuate shape to enable the tool 5 to fit or more closely follow along the femoral region as described herein. [0122] As can be understood from FIGS. 5A-5B, the head end 45 of the tool

[0123] The guide hole 65 of the head end 45 extends axially through the head end 45 and may have a cylindrical construction. As can be understood from FIGS. 5C-5E, discussed in more detail below, the guide hole 65 of the head end 45 defines a passageway to receive a guide rod 70 through which a drill 74 is extended during surgery to drill a hole 77 through the femur head 30 and femur neck 35 along the central axis 100 thereof. Once the hole 77 is complete, the drill 74 can be removed and replaced with a guide wire 75 that may be used as a reference post for the resurfacing devices employed in preparing the femur head 30 to receive the prosthetic resurfacing component 600.

[0124] In one embodiment, the tool 5 may be adapted to receive therein and mate with the proximal femur 40 and, more specifically, limited and predetermined surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a, 706, 708, 710 (depending on the surgical approach) of the proximal femur 40.

[0125] As can be understood from FIGS. 5A and 5B, the mating end 50 of the tool 5 includes a top side 52 and a femur side 54. A portion of the top side 52 and the femur side 54 of the mating end 50 includes a customizable or mating region 20, which, as depicted in FIG. 5C and with reference to FIGS. 14A-14B, may include one or more indexing or mating surfaces 700b, 701b, 702b, 704b configured to matingly receive portions of the proximal femur 40 such as surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a of the proximal femur 40 as discussed with respect to FIGS. 14A-14B. [0126] As shown in FIG. 5B, the mating end 50, when in a non-customized state such as when the tool 5 exists as a blank from which the tool 5 is machined, includes a generally arcuate top side 52 and a generally U-shaped or rectangular shaped femur side 54. In some embodiments, the mating end 50 may include fastening member-receiving openings 82 (which are configured to receive fastening members) for securing the tool 5 to the proximal femur 40 when the indexing surfaces 700b, 701b, 702b, 704b of the mating region 20 matingly receive the corresponding bone surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a, 706, 708, 710. In some embodiments, the mating end 50 may be secured to the proximal femur 40 without fastening members and instead simply by the indexing surfaces 700b, 701b, 702b, 704b of the mating region 20 matingly receiving the corresponding bone surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a or by the surgeon or other medical personnel securing the tool 5 in place.

[0127] As described in more detail below, the mating region 20 of the tool 5 may be customized based on a patient's individual bone shape. The tool 5 may be machined, molded or otherwise formed from the non-customized state as illustrated in FIG. 5B to a customized state as indicated in FIG. 5C, based on a patient's individual bone scan, for example an MRI scan or CT-scan. For example, the bone scan data may be utilized to generate a 3D computer generated model of the patient's proximal femur. A 3D computer generated model of a resurfacing component 600 and a 3D computer generated model of the tool blank may be superimposed onto and properly aligned with the 3D bone model to preoperative^ plan the patient specific tool 5. That is, through the information received from the MRI scan or CT-scan and the computer modeling, the tool 5 may be customized at the mating region 20 such that the tool 5 will have mating or indexing surfaces 700b, 701b, 702b, 704b of the mating region 20 that generally conform to the predetermined specific surface geometry of the patient's own proximal femur 40. In some embodiments, the predetermined specific geometry will be that of surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a discussed with respect to FIGS. 14A-14B. In some embodiments, the predetermined specific geometry will be that of surface 706 discussed with respect to FIGS. 16A-16B. In some embodiments, the predetermined specific geometry will be that of surfaces 708, 710 discussed with respect to FIG. 15. In some embodiments, the predetermined specific geometry will be that of surfaces 37, 38, 39 discussed with respect to FIG. 4. In some embodiments, the predetermined specific geometry will be various combinations of the aforementioned mating surfaces in FIGS. 4 and 14A-16B, portions of those aforementioned mating surfaces, or other surfaces capable of offering the similar modeling, mating and manufacturing characteristics as the aforementioned mating surfaces. The customized mating surfaces ensure that the mating region 20 can properly matingly receive the corresponding regions of the proximal femur. The positional correlation between the axis of the guide hole 64 and the aforementioned mating surfaces of the mating region 20 ensures the drill hole 77 (see FIG. 5E) will extend along the central axis 100 of the femur head 30 and neck 35, thereby increasing the accuracy of the femur head resurfacing procedures indexed off of the hole 77 and the placement of the prosthetic surface 600 implanted on the resurfaced femur head as part of a HRS. [0128] As mentioned above, creation of the customized tool 5 (see FIG. 5C) is discussed with respect to FIGS. 14A-14B. However, it is understood that the tool 5 may be customized to correspond with any of the mating and non-mating surfaces disclosed herein, such as those depicted in FIGS. 4, 15 and 16A-16B. As can be understood from FIG. 5C and with reference to FIGS. 14A-14B, the mating end 50 of the tool 5 may be adapted to receive therein and mate with surfaces of the proximal femur 40, such as, for example, portions of the superior posterior surface 700a of the neck 35, a superior anterior surface 701a of the neck 35, a surface 702a that follows along the intertrochanteric crest 116 and a surface 704a that lies on the anterior greater trochanter 115. The femur surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a to be mated or indexed by the tool index surfaces 700b, 701b, 702b, 704b of the mating region 20 may be separated by areas of non-mating femur surfaces 712, 714, 716 that are spanned by non-contacting surfaces 22, 24 of the mating region 20 of tool 5. The non-contacting surfaces 22, 24, 26 of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 have surfaces that are spaced apart from the non-mating femur surfaces so as to not contact the non-mating femur surfaces 712, 714, 716 when the mating region 20 matingly receives the corresponding region of the femur. These tool non-mating surfaces 22, 24, 26 may be generated via an overestimating process during image segmentation. Specifically, during the image segmentation process wherein the bone contour lines are identified in each medical imaging slice, the contour lines are moved outward from the interior region of the bone and, in some cases, variations in the contour lines are reduced to result in a smoother line contour. When the contour lines are combined into the 3D computer generated bone model, the regions of the bone model corresponding to the portions of the contour lines subjected to the overestimation process are further from the interior of the bone than they would otherwise be and, in some cases, present a generally smoother surface than the actual bone in corresponding areas. Thus, non-mating surfaces 22, 24, 26 of the tool 5 resulting from the overestimated regions of the bone model (e.g., those areas corresponding to regions 712, 714, 716) will end up being spaced apart from the patient's bone when the mating region 20 matingly receives the patient's femur. [0129] The non-mating surfaces of the patient's femur may correspond to those surface areas having rapidly changing topography and/or those surface areas that are difficult or impossible to machine or manufacture due to their size or configuration. Examples of such areas may be non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716 of the proximal femur 40. Non-mating surface 712 may include portions of the tubercle 730 of the femur 40. Non-mating surface 714 may include portions of the trochanteric fossa 210 (i.e., the depression between the greater trochanter and the femur neck). Non-mating surface 716 may include portions of the superior junction 728 between the posterior and anterior surfaces of the neck 35. [0130] As can be understood from FIG. 5C, the mating region 20 of the tool may be placed to cover or matingly receive the area encompassing the mating surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a of the proximal femur 40. As discussed above, non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716, including portions of the trochanteric fossa 210 (the depression between the greater trochanter and the neck of the femur) and portions of the tubercle 730, are not easily estimated due to drastic changes in surface geometry. Corresponding non-mating surfaces 22, 24, 26 of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 may be configured to be spaced away from and not contact these surfaces 712, 714, 716 of the femur 40. Once the tool is positioned, a cavity or mating region 20, which has index surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a, is created in the non-customized tool of FIG. 5B. The cavity or mating region 20 conforms to the segmented CT scan or MRI scan of the patient's femur, thereby creating the customized tool as shown in FIG. 5C.

[0131] As shown in FIGS. 5D-5E, during surgery, the guide rod 70 is received in the guide rod-receiving opening or guide hole 65 in the head end 45 of the tool 5. The guide rod 70 is configured to receive the drill bit 74 and guide wire 75. The guide rod 70 may be made of surgical stainless steel or titanium. The guide wire 75 may be made of surgical stainless steel or titanium. [0132] As can be understood from FIGS. 5D-5E, and with reference to

FIGS. 5C and 14A-14B, by securely mounting the tool 5 on the femur 40 such that the tool index surfaces 700b, 701b, 702b, 704b matingly contact corresponding surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a of the femur 40, the guide hole 65 is properly aligned to guide a drill bit in forming a hole 77 that is coaxially aligned with a central axis 100 of the femur head 30 and neck 35. Proper alignment of the hole 77 with the axis 100 prevents or at least minimizes the chances of several undesirable complications. For example, failure of the hole 77 to properly align with the axis 100 can cause the femoral neck to become prone to fracture. Additionally, failure of the hole 77 to properly align with the axis 100 can cause the drill bit 74 to hit the femoral artery when drilling the hole 77. The femoral artery is the only blood supply to this region of the femur and if severed, the hip will develop avascular necrosis. [0133] During surgery, and with reference to FIG. 1 D, the surgeon may fit the tool appropriately on the femur and in one embodiment, drill into openings 82 at the mating end of the tool and insert fastening members to stabilize the tool [block 1612]. In some embodiments, the tool 5 may be held in place by the surgeon or other medical personnel. Once positioned, the surgeon may place the guide rod through the guide rod receiving opening and prepare to drill the hole for the guide wire [block 1618]. The guide rod 70 is inserted in the guide rod-receiving opening 65 to aid the surgeon in aligning the drill 74 for accurately forming the reference hole 77 in the femur 40. A guide wire 75 may be placed in the hole 77 and used to guide the devices used in resurfacing the spherical surface of the femur head 30 in preparation for receiving the spherical prosthetic surface to be mounted on the resurfaced femur head (e.g. the resurfacing component 600). Once the guide wire is in place, the fastening members at the mating end of the tool may be removed or the surgeon or other medical personnel may discontinue holding the tool in place and the tool may be discarded [block 1620]. The surgeon may then place the hip surface replacement 600 as chosen during the planning step (described below with reference to FIGS. 1A and1C-1 D and FIGS. 13A-13F) and do so more accurately with the single piece tool 5 than with conventional, multiple piece tools. Thus, the tool 5 aids the surgeon in accurately drilling the hole 77 to extend along the central axis 100 of the femur head and neck, thereby decreasing the risks commonly associated with hip surface replacement surgery, such as fractures to the femoral neck and damage to the femoral artery.

1. Pre-Operative Planning

[0134] In some embodiments, the proper orientation of the guide hole 65 may be such that a drill extended through the guide hole will extend along the central axis of the femoral head and neck. In some embodiments, the central axis of the femoral head and neck may be determined by analyzing transverse cross-sections of the head and neck and approximating the centroid of each cross-section (see discussion with respect to FIGS. 2A-4, and specifically, FIG. 3, which method may be applied similarly in this and other embodiments). In some embodiments, after determining the central axis based on the centroid method, the placement of the guide wire of a planning pin model may be adjusted to a more valgus position, if necessary. As discussed above, in a first portion of the process, a bone scan, such as a CT scan or an MRI scan, is obtained. The 2D scans may be reconstructed into a 3D bone model, which will be used in the second portion of the process to place the guide wire in a more valgus position and to determine the proper type and placement of a resurfacing component.

[0135] For a discussion of one embodiment of the first portion of the process, reference is first made to FIGS. 6-11. FIG. 6 is a side view of a 3D computer generated model of the proximal femur 40, including its femoral head 30, neck 35 and greater trochanter 115, illustrating the angle A at which the bone scan is sectioned. FIG. 7A is a 3D view of the proximal femur 40 of FIG. 5A, illustrating a section line B at which the bone is sectioned during a CT scan to help delineate mating regions 708, 710 and non-mating regions 718, 720. FIG. 7B is a CT slice as taken along section line B of FIG. 7A. FIG. 8A is the same view as FIG. 7A, except illustrating a section line C at which the bone is sectioned. FIG. 8B is a CT slice as taken along section line C of FIG. 8A. FIG. 9A is the same view as FIG. 7A, except illustrating a section line D at which the bone is sectioned. FIG. 9B is a CT slice as taken along section line D of FIG. 9A. FIG. 10 is an exemplary CT scan of the proximal femur 40 of FIG. 5A, wherein the correct coronal alignment for CT reconstruction is shown. FIG. 11 is an exemplary CT scan of the proximal femur 40 of FIG. 5A, wherein the correct alignment for the final CT reconstruction is shown. [0136] As discussed above, and with reference to FIGS. 1A,1C and 1 D, a first step in product development using the tool design and manufacturing system 4 is to employ a medical imaging machine 8 to generate 2D scan images 500 via a bone scan, such as a CT scan or MRI scan, of the proximal femur 40 of the patient 12 [blocks 1500 and 1600]. In one embodiment, the scan may include up to one- third of the proximal femur 40, including the femoral head 30 and the lesser trochanter 740. As discussed in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 7A-9B and 14A-16B, the scan may also help to delineate between mating surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a, 706, 708, 710 and non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716, 718, 720. The CT-scan or MRI scan decreases errors that may occur when the surgeon utilizes an x-ray and a ruler to estimate by observation the center-point of the femoral head and neck. The estimation errors inherent in an estimation by observation technique may lead to inaccurate placement of the hip surface replacement and may cause additional complications such as damage to the femoral artery or femoral neck instability, which may lead to fractures.

[0137] The resolution of a CT scan or a MRI scan is also greater than the resolution of the x-ray. Greater resolution leads to more accuracy in the design of the tool and hence, placement of the hip surface replacement. In some embodiments, the resolution of the scan is between approximately 0 mm and approximately 2 mm. In other embodiments, the resolution of the scan is between approximately 0.3 mm and approximately 0.6 mm. In one embodiment, a CT scan with a resolution of approximately 0.6 mm is utilized for creation of the tool. In one embodiment, a CT scan with a resolution of approximately 0.5 mm to 2 mm, with a tube current ranging from 200 to 400 mA and a tube voltage ranging from 120 to 14OkV and a direct field of view (DFOV) ranging from approximately 16 cm to approximately 26 cm is utilized for creation of the tool.

[0138] As indicated in FIG. 1 D, after obtaining the CT or MRI scan images

500, the scan images 500 may be segmented to identify bone contour lines 502 in the scan images 500 [block 1602]. As shown in FIG. 6, in one embodiment, segmentation is performed utilizing slices or sections at an angle A off the central axis 100 of the femoral neck 35 viewed posteriorly. The segmentation can be done in several ways and for ease of the reader are described in relation to a CT-scan. It can be appreciated that segmentation of an MRI scan may be achieved in a similar manner. For example, the CT locator could be positioned at an angle A to section the CT scan. Alternatively or additionally, the CT scan could be sectioned at an angle A during post-processing. In one embodiment, the angle A is between approximately thirty degrees and approximately sixty degrees. In an alternative embodiment, the angle A is approximately a 45 degree angle. [0139] As can be understood from FIG. 1C and FIGS. 7A-9B, in some embodiments, the contours 502 of the CT or MRI scans 500 in the vicinity of various drastic and abrupt changes in surface geometry in the proximal femur, for example, in the regions of the trochanteric fossa 210 and intertrochanteric crest 116, are modified to be extended outwardly (i.e., over-estimated) to result in CNC tool paths that remove excess materials from the blank used to form the tool 5. Thus, for regions of the tool 5 that would: (1) be difficult to machine to correspond to regions of the femur 40 due to limitations in the milling process; or (2) be difficult to model because of limitations in the scanning or 3D computer modeling processes, the contour lines 502 for the corresponding image slices 500 are modified such that the CNC tool paths create surfaces of the tool 5 that do not contact the proximal femur 40.

[0140] Thus, as can be understood from FIGS. 7A-9B, and with reference to

FIG. 15, during segmentation, portions of contour lines 502 corresponding to femur non-mating surfaces 718, 720 and the surfaces of osteophytes 742 may be overestimated. As a result, non-mating tool surfaces 22, 24 corresponding to the overestimated portions of contour lines do not contact the corresponding non-mating surfaces 718, 720 of the bone. Through the overestimation process, portions of bone contour lines associated with mating surfaces 708, 710 may be delineated from portions of the bone contour lines associated with non-mating surfaces 718, 720. [0141] Examples of non-contacting surfaces 22, 24, 26 of the tool 5 that may be the result of the over-estimating process can be seen in surfaces 22, 24, 26 in FIG. 5E, and these over-estimated surfaces 22, 24, 26 may correspond to non- mating surfaces 712, 714, 716, 718, 720 of the proximal femur 40 in FIGS. 14A-14B, respectively. That the tool indexing region 20 may include mating surfaces 700b, 701b, 702b, 704b that matingly receive, contact and index with corresponding mating surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a, 704a of the proximal femur 40 can be seen in FIG. 14A- 14B, respectively. Also, that the tool over-estimated surfaces 22, 24, 26 extend over, but do not contact their corresponding non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716 of the proximal femur 40 can be seen in FIG. 5E, with reference to FIGS. 14A-14B. [0142] Although FIGS. 7A-9B are discussed with reference to FIG. 15, it can be appreciated that the same or similar methods of delineation of mating and non- mating regions and overestimation of non-mating regions may be utilized where needed with other non-mating regions that may be exposed during other surgical approaches, as discussed with respect to FIGS. 4, 14A-14B, and 16A-16B. Methods and processes for such overestimation are described in more detail in commonly- owned U.S. Patent Application No. 61/083,053, entitled System and Method for Manufacturing Arthroplasty Jigs Having Improved Mating Accuracy, filed July 23, 2008, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0143] As can be understood from FIG. 10, the CT scan discussed above may be reconstructed if necessary for proper coronal alignment, so that the coronal slices are parallel to the femoral neck 35. For this procedure, the slice width and overlap may range from approximately 0.5mm to approximately 2mm. In one embodiment, a slice width and overlap of 0.5mm is used. The DFOV may range between approximately 16cm to approximately 26cm field of view. In one embodiment, the reformatted CT may include up to one-third of the proximal femur 40, including the femoral head 30 and the lesser trochanter 740. [0144] As indicated in FIG. 11 , from a coronal slice, the final reconstruction alignment 744 is set to an angle C relative to the long axis 746 of the femoral neck 35. Angle C may range from approximately 30 degrees to approximately 60 degrees. In one embodiment, angle C is 45 degrees. The slice width and overlap may range from approximately 0.5mm to approximately 2mm. In one embodiment, the slice width and overlap is 1mm. The field of view may range from approximately 16mm to approximately 26mm. In one embodiment, the scan may include up to one- third of the proximal femur 40, including the femoral head 30 and the lesser trochanter 740.

[0145] For a discussion of one embodiment of the second portion of the process, reference is now made to FIGS. 12-13F. FIG. 12 is an embodiment of a femoral resurfacing component 600 that may be used with the proximal femur 40 of FIG. 5A during a hip resurfacing procedure. FIG. 13A is a posterior view of a model 904 of the proximal femur 40 of FIG. 5A, wherein a planning pin 900 which may be used during pre-operative planning is shown. FIG. 13B is a superior view of a femur model 904 and planning pin 900 of FIG. 13A. FIG. 13C is an anterior view of the proximal femur 904 of FIG. 13A, wherein the planning pin 900 is shown in a position that may result in notching. FIG. 13D is the same view as FIG. 13C except the planning pin 900 is in a position that may result in no notching. FIG. 13E is a posterior view of the femur model 904 of FIG. 13A, wherein a guide wire 902 of the planning pin 900 and shaft 906 of the femur model 904 are shown. FIG. 13F is a cross-sectional elevation of the femur model 904 as taken along section line 13F- 13F of FIG. 13E.

[0146] As can be understood from FIG. 1A, for the surgical planning step, the CT section scans are imported from the medical imaging machine 8 into a modeling program at a workstation 6 having a monitor 9, a user interface 11 and a CPU 7. With the aid of the modeling program, a 3D model 904 of the proximal femur 40 is created and may be displayed on the monitor 9. The surgical planning step can apply to a posterior approach, an anteriorlateral approach or a straight anterior approach. For the surgical planning step, the CT femur model 904 and a planning pin 900 are both provided and used to plan the alignment of the guide wire 75 [block 1502 and block 1604]. As can be understood from FIGS. 13A-13F, the planning pin 900 may include a guide wire model 902, a sphere 908 and a virtual barrel cut or cylinder 910. The planning pin 900 corresponds to a specific size of a resurfacing component 600. That is, the radius of the sphere 908 is equal to the outer radius R1 of the corresponding femoral resurfacing component 600 (as shown in FIG. 12). The radius of the virtual barrel cut 910 is equal to the inner cylindrical radius R2 of the femoral resurfacing component 600 (see FIG. 12).

[0147] Using 3D CAD software or 3D imaging software, the CT model of the femur 904 and planning pin 900 are opened together [block 1502]. Initially, and as can be understood from FIGS. 13A and 13B, the planning pin 900 is aligned so that it passes approximately through the center 100 of the femur model 904 in both posterior (FIG. 13A) and superior views (FIG. 13B) [block 1503]. This may be accomplished by simply visually analyzing the position of the guide wire 902 of the planning pin 900 relative to the femur neck and head from different views in a 3D computer environment such that the guide wire 902 appears to pass through the center of the femoral neck and head when viewed from the different views. In other embodiments, the guide wire 902 of the planning pin 900 may be caused to pass through the centroids 135 of transverse cross-sections 130 through the neck and head, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 3.

[0148] As shown in FIG. 13C, the virtual barrel cut 910 may be set to some level of transparency such that the pin 900 may be further aligned properly. As indicated in FIGS. 13A-13F, the sphere 908 of the planning pin 900 should be positioned such that it generally corresponds to the surface of the head 30 of the virtual femur model 904. Generally, if there is damage to the head, the damage is typically to the superior and anterior surfaces, so the sphere 908 is typically positioned to correspond to the inferior and posterior regions of the head. The size of the planning pin 900 may be increased or decreased as needed to more accurately fit the femur model 904 and, more specifically, to cause the sphere 908 of the planning pin 900 to correspond as needed to the femoral head. [0149] As can be understood from FIGS. 13C and 13D, the position of the barrel cut 910 relative to the bone model is then checked to see if notching will occur. For this step, it may be necessary to increase the opacity of the barrel cut 910. Notching is indicated by a break 912 in the surface of the virtual barrel cut 910 (FIG. 13C). If notching occurs, the planning pin 900 may be rotated, translate or otherwise adjusted with respect to position or orientation relative to the femur model 904 to achieve a position where no notching occurs (as shown in FIG. 13D). During this realignment, the guide wire 902 of the planning pin 900 should still pass through the approximate center 100 of the neck 35 of the femur model 904. If such a position cannot be found, the size of the planning pin 900 may be increased or decreased as needed.

[0150] As shown in FIG. 13E, the angle between the shaft 906 of the femur

904 and the neck 35 may be measured in a posterior view of the femur model 904 by measuring the angle B between the guide wire model 902 of the planning pin 900 and the approximate long axis 914 of the femur. If this angle B is not sufficiently valgus, the planning pin 900 may be rotated about the center of its sphere 908 into a more valgus position, while ensuring that notching doesn't occur, and that the guide wire model 902 still passes through the approximate center 100 of the neck 35 in a superior view. As indicated in FIG. 13F, one or more cross sections 916 through the neck 35 may be used to inspect the position of the guide wire model 902 of the planning pin model 900. Thus, causing the surface of the sphere model 908 to correspond to the proper surface of the head 35 of the femur model 904 while both causing the guide wire model 902 to extend through the center of the neck of the femur model 904 and avoiding notching of the femur neck by the barrel cut 910, the resulting planning pin model 900 may be used to estimate the size of the resurfacing component 600 to be used in surgery. Further, the information regarding the orientation of the guide wire model 902 of the planning pin 900 may be utilized to properly align the tool 5. Specifically, the orientation of the guide wire model 902 may be used to define a desired reference axis 100 that may represent a drilling pathway through the patient's actual femur during the resurfacing procedure and which may be used in the preoperative planning to coordinate the mating surface models 539, 537 relative to the tool blank model 550 during the preoperative planning of the tool model 505 [block 1503].

[0151] The generation and placement of the mating surfaces 537, 539 on the tool blank model 550 may determined with the aid of a modeling computer program, such as Solidworks. For example, in one embodiment, a model 550 of a blank of the tool 5 is provided [block 1504]. In one embodiment, the tool blank model 550 may be imported into the models of the femur 904 and planning pin 900 or, alternatively, the femur model 904 and planning pin model 900 may be imported into the tool blank model 550. Thus, in the models and in use, the placement of the guide wire determines where the tool may be positioned on the femur. Since the guide hole 565 of the tool blank model 550 may be placed concentrically around the axis 100, the tool blank model 550 may then be free to rotate around the axis 100 to determine the correct mating regions of the femur to be imported into the tool blank model as mating surfaces for the tool model 505 to be generated and sent to the CNC machine.

[0152] In another embodiment, as indicated in FIG. 1C, the mating surface models 537, 539, which correspond to mating surfaces of the actual femur as discussed above and below with respect to FIGS. 4 and 14A-16B, are identified and defined [block 1502] and referenced both with respect to position and orientation relative to the axis 100 identified via the planning model 900 [block 1503]. The combined axis 100 and surface models 537, 539, which may be considered a referenced set of data, may then be imported into the tool blank model 550 such that the axis 100 is coaxial with axis of the guide hole 565 of the blank model 550 or, alternatively, the blank model 550 may be imported into the combined axis 100 and surface models 537, 539 and aligned in the same fashion [block 1505]. [0153] The surface models 537, 539 are then used to form mating regions of the tool model 505, the mating regions of the tool model 505 being positionally and orientationally referenced to the axis of the guide hole 565 such that when the mating regions matingly receive the corresponding femur mating surfaces, the guide hole 565 will be generally coaxially aligned with the desired axis 100 extending through the femoral head and neck [block 1506]. As can be understood from FIGS. 1A, 1C and 1 D, after the tool model 505 is designed, the tool model 505 may be used to create manufacturing instructions, which are sent to a manufacturing device 10, such as, for example, a CNC machine or SLA, that forms an actual physical customized tool 5 of FIG. 5C from an actual physical tool blank 250 [blocks 1507, 1606 and 1608]. In one embodiment, the tool manufacturing instructions or tool paths may be generated from the tool model 505 via Visual Mill or Cam Works. [0154] Post processing of the tool may include cutting the tool away from the struts and smoothing around the edges. The tool 5 may then be packaged and sent to the surgeon [block 1610]. During surgery, the surgeon fits the tool 5 to the patient's femur such that the mating region matingly receives the corresponding region of the patient's femur, the mating surfaces of the tool mating region matingly contacting the corresponding femur mating surfaces, the non-mating surfaces of the tool mating region being spaced apart from the corresponding non-mating surfaces of the femur so as to not contact the femur non-mating surfaces, and the axis of the guide hole being generally coaxial with a predetermined desired axis extending through the femoral head and neck [block 1612]. Once the tool 5 matingly receives the femur and is secured thereto, the guide rod is placed in the guide hole and the guide rod is used to guide the drilling of a hole along the axis of the femur in preparation for the insertion of the guide wire into the drilled hole [block 1618]. Once the guide wire is in the drilled hole, the tool may be removed and discarded [block 1620]. The resurfacing device can then be applied to the femoral head and guided during its operation via the guide wire.

[0155] Generation of the above described mating region models 537, 539 used in the generation of the tool model 505 and corresponding to the mating surfaces discussed above and below with respect to FIGS. 4 and 14A-16B may also be determined with the aid of a modeling computer program, such as Solidworks.

2. Potential Mating Regions

[0156] For a discussion of the mating surfaces of an alternative embodiment of a hip resurfacing surgical guide tool 5, reference is now made to FIGS. 14A-16B. As can be understood from FIGS 14A-16B, depending on the approach (e.g., posterior approach, anteriorlateral approach, straight anterior approach, etc.), there are several different potential mating and non-mating surfaces. As shown in FIGS. 14A-14B, in one embodiment, for use in a posterior or anteriorlateral approach, mating surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a 704a of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 may help to stabilize the positioning of the tool 5. A first mating surface 700a includes portions of the posterior region 724 of the neck 35, having a medial starting point between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm after the cartilage covering the femoral head 30 terminates laterally and extends laterally between approximately 15 mm and approximately 35 mm to or towards the trochanteric fossa 210. The inferior border of the first mating surface 700a begins approximately midway superiorly-inferiorly along the intertrochanteric crest 116, and follows the long axis of the neck 35. The superior border of the first mating surface 700a is between approximately 1 mm and approximately 3 mm below the superior junction 728 between the posterior and anterior surfaces of the neck 35. A second mating surface 701a has approximately the same medial-lateral width as section 700a, but may terminate before the tubercle 730 of the femur 40. The superior border of the second mating surface 701a is approximately 1 mm to approximately 3 mm below the superior junction 728 between the posterior and anterior surfaces of the neck 35. The inferior-superior distance of second mating surface 701a is between 5 and 10 mm. A third mating surface 702a is a narrow band, measuring generally medial-lateral between approximately 0.5 mm and approximately 8 mm, that follows along the intertrochanteric crest 116. Mating surface 702a begins approximately midway superior-inferior along the intertrochanteric crest 116 and may extend any length greater than approximately 5 mm to or towards the most superior tip 215 of the posterior surface of the greater trochanter 115. A fourth mating surface 704a lies on the anterior greater trochanter 115, lateral to the tubercle 730 of the femur 40, and inferior to the origin of the obturator intemus 732. The medial- lateral distance of mating surface 704a measures between approximately 3 mm to approximately 14 mm, and its inferior-superior distance measures between approximately 3 mm to approximately 10 mm.

[0157] As indicated in FIGS. 14A-14B, mating surfaces 700a, 701a, 702a,

704a may be separated by non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716 that are spanned by and correspond respectively with non-contacting surfaces 22, 24, 26 of the mating region 20 of the tool 5. A first non-mating surface 712 may include portions of the tubercle 730 of the femur 40. A second non-mating surface 714 may span portions of the trochanteric fossa 210. A third non-mating surface 716 may contain the superior junction 728 between the posterior and anterior surfaces of the neck 35, and may be between approximately 1mm to approximately 5 mm anterior-posterior. As described in more detail above, and with reference to FIGS. 7A-9B, during segmentation, contour line portions corresponding to non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716 may be overestimated (e.g., moved outward from the interior of the bone and smoothed) such that portions of the tool mating region 20 defined according to those overestimated contour line portions are over-machined, ensuring that little or no contact occurs between the resulting non-mating surfaces 22, 24, 26 of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 and the corresponding non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716 of the bone when the tool mating region 20 matingly receives the region of the bone having the non-mating surfaces 712, 714, 716.

[0158] In other embodiments, as shown in FIG. 15, other mating surfaces

708, 710 may be available in a posterior approach to help with stable positioning of the tool 5 on the femur 40. A first mating surface 708 covers portions of the posterior region of the neck 35, starting medially between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm after the cartilage covering the head 30 of the femur 40 terminates laterally and laterally extends between approximately 15 mm and approximately 35 mm to or towards the trochanteric fossa 210. The inferior boundary of surface 708 may terminate approximately 5 mm superior to the inferior border between the posterior and anterior surfaces of the neck 35, or may extend up to approximately 5 mm anterior past this border. The superior boundary of mating surface 708 may extend approximately 0 mm to approximately 5 mm posterior to the superior junction between the posterior surface and the anterior surface of the neck 35. A second mating surface 710 may be a narrow band measuring between approximately 0.5 mm and approximately 12 mm medial-lateral. The second mating surface 710 may follow along the intertrochanteric crest 116. Mating surface 710 may begin approximately 0 mm to approximately 12 mm superior to the lesser trochanter 740 and may extend approximately 0 mm to approximately 18 mm inferior to the most superior tip 215 of the posterior surface of the greater trochanter 115. [0159] As indicated in FIG. 15, non-mating surfaces 718, 720 are spanned by non-contacting surfaces 22, 24, 26 of the tool 5. A first non-mating surface 718 may include portions of the posterior greater trochanter 115 and extend superior- inferior adjacent the intertrochanteric crest 116. The medial boundary of the first non-mating surface 718 may be the second mating surface 710, and may extend medial-lateral approximately 0mm to approximately 12 mm. The second non-mating surface 720 may span portions of the trochanteric fossa 210, and may have a medial boundary that is the first mating surface 708 and a lateral boundary that is the second mating surface 710, and a medial-lateral width that may vary between approximately 0mm and approximately 20 mm. Both the first non-mating surface 718 and the second non-mating surface 720 may have inferior-superior dimensions similar to the first mating surface 708 and the second mating surface 710. During segmentation, contour line portions corresponding to non-mating surfaces 718, 720 and osteophytes 742 may be overestimated (e.g., moved outward from the interior of the bone and smoothed) such that portions of the tool mating region 20 defined according to those overestimated contour line portions are over-machined, ensuring that little or no contact occurs between the resulting non-mating surfaces of the mating region 20 of the tool 5 and the corresponding non-mating surfaces 718, 720 of the bone when the tool mating region 20 matingly receives the region of the bone having the non-mating surfaces 718, 720.

[0160] In other embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 16A-16B, for use with any approach, a first mating surface 706 of the femur 40 may include the entire or any portion of the circumferential surface 734 of the neck 35. On the posterior surface, the mating surface 706 may start medially between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm after the cartilage covering the head 30 of the femur 40 terminates laterally and extend laterally up to approximately 8 mm past the intertrochanteric crest 116, extending along the intertrochanteric crest 116 from the lesser trochanter 740 to or towards the tip 215 of the greater trochanter 115. On the anterior surface, the mating surface 706 may start medially between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm after the cartilage covering the head 30 of the femur 40 terminates laterally and extend laterally up to approximately 8 mm laterally past the intertrochanteric line 738. The surface 706 may also contain the medial surface of the greater trochanter 115. As discussed above, portions within the mating surface 706 may be overestimated if geometry is too erratic for the surface to be accurately captured with the CT scan. Some such areas may include the trochanteric fossa 210, the superior junction 728 between the posterior and anterior surfaces of the neck 35, and the tubercle 730.

3. Method of Manufacture and Use

[0161] For a general discussion of a method of manufacturing and using the tool, reference is now made to FIGS. 1A, 1C and 1 D. FIG. 1 C is a diagrammatic depiction of a process of manufacturing some embodiments of the tool 5. As can be understood from FIGS. 1A, 1C and 1 D, in one embodiment, a process for producing the tool 5 may be as follows. CT image scans 500 of the joint 14 of the patient 12 are generated via the CT machine 8 and sent to the modeling system 6 [block 1500 and block 1600]. Each image scan 500 may have a femur contour line 502 that is identified via an image segmentation process [block 1602]. Where the contour lines 502 have portions corresponding to regions of the femur contour that have rapidly changing geometry, the portions of the contour lines 502 may be subjected to an overestimation process wherein the portions of the contour lines may be moved outwardly into a smoothed, outwardly enlarged, and less erratic contour. The scans 500, which may be a combination of scan images with contour lines with no overestimation and scan images with contour lines having overestimated portions, are compiled into a 3D bone model 904 of the proximal femur via a 3D computer modeling program loaded on the modeling system 6. The preoperative planning may begin with the bone model 904 may be analyzed to determine the central axis 100 through the femur neck and head [block 1604]. For example, the planning pin model 900 and bone model 904 may be superimposed to identify the appropriate size of the resurfacing component 600 and to identify the desired axis 100 through the femoral neck and head [block 1502 and block 1503]. A tool blank model 550 is provided [block 1504]. The bone model 904 may also be analyzed to determine indexing or mating surfaces 537, 539 that will be imported into the tool blank model 550 and be used to form the indexing surfaces of the mating region 20 of the actual tool 5 [block 1502]. In one embodiment, the surfaces 537, 539 and the axis 100, as may be determined by the centroid method and proper alignment of the planning pin model 900, may be imported into the tool blank model 550 such that the axis 100 aligns with the guide hole 565 in the blank model 550, thereby creating a tool model 505 [blocks 1505 and 1506]. The tool model 505 may be used to create milling tool paths that are sent to the CNC machine 10 [block 1507]. The CNC machine 10 uses the milling paths to generate the tool 5 from an actual tool blank 250 [block 1606 and block 1608]. The finished tool 5 is packaged and sent to the surgeon [block 1610]. [0162] Upon receipt of the tool and as can be understood from FIG. 1 D, the following surgical process may be utilized. During surgery, the surgeon may fit the tool appropriately on the femur 40, stabilize the tool 5 and in one embodiment, drill into the femoral head through the drill hole [block 1612]. In some embodiments, the tool 5 may be held in place by the surgeon or other medical personnel. Once positioned, the surgeon may place a guide wire or rod through the guide hole and into the hole drilled in the femoral head and neck [block 1618]. With the guide wire or rod in place, the tool may be discarded [block 1620]. The surgeon may then use the guide wire or rod to guide the resurfacing of the femoral head in preparation for receiving the resurfacing component 600 chosen during the planning step. [0163] The preoperative planning and resulting customized tool 5 offers a number of benefits. First, there is an increase in the accuracy associated with the resurfacing process. Second, there is an increase in the accuracy in the alignment and fit associated with the resurfacing implant 600. Third, there is a decrease in the risk associated with drilling a hole through the axis of the femoral head and neck. [0164] While the above disclosed embodiments of a arthroplasty jig or surgical guide tool are described in the context of a jig or tool 5 for use in a hip resurfacing procedure and for certain surgical approaches, the features, methods of planning, manufacture and use disclosed herein may be equally useful and applicable for other types of arthroplasty procedures and/or other types of joints. Thus, the disclosure provided herein should be considered as encompassing jigs and the generation thereof for any arthroplasty procedure for any type of joint. [0165] Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, persons skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through a centroid of the head and a centroid of the neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region.

2. The tool of claim 1 , wherein the surface region includes a region that may be accessed via a posterior approach.

3. The tool of claim 1 , wherein the surface region includes a region that may be accessed via an anterior-lateral approach.

4. A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region, the surface region including at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck, the at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck starting between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm after a cartilage covering the head terminates distally and extending between approximately 15 mm and approximately 35 mm to a trochanteric fossa.

5. The tool of claim 4, wherein the at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck has an inferior border that begins approximately midway along an intertrochanteric crest and follows along the axis of the neck.

6. The tool of claim 5, wherein the at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck has a superior border between approximately 1 mm and approximately 3 mm below a junction between superior and anterior surfaces of the neck.

7. A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region, the surface region including at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck, the at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck including a narrow band that follows along an intertrochanteric crest and has a medial- lateral width of between approximately 0.5 mm and approximately 8 mm.

8. The tool of claim 7, wherein the at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck begins approximately midway along the intertrochanteric crest and extends at least approximately 5 mm towards a most superior tip of a posterior surface of a greater trochanter.

9. A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region, the surface region including at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck, the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck starting between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm after a cartilage covering the head terminates distally and extending between approximately 15 mm and approximately 35 mm to terminate before a tubercle.

10. The tool of claim 9, wherein the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck has a superior border approximately 1 mm to approximately 3 mm below a junction between superior and anterior surfaces of the neck.

11.The tool of claim 10, wherein the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck has an inferior border that is between approximately 5 mm and approximately 10 mm from the superior boarder.

12. The tool of claim 9, wherein the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck lies on an anterior greater trochanter, distal to a tubercle, and inferior to an origin of an obturator internus.

13. The tool of claim 12, wherein the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region has a medial-lateral distance that measures between approximately 3 mm to approximately 14 mm.

14. The tool of claim 12, wherein the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region has an inferior-superior distance that measures between approximately 3 mm to approximately 10 mm.

15.A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region, the surface region including at least a portion of a superior-posterior region of the neck and at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck, but does not include a junction between the superior-posterior and superior-anterior regions of the neck.

16. The tool of claim 15, wherein the at least a portion of the superior-posterior region of the neck includes an area that extends along the intertrochanteric chest, but does not include an area that spans portions of a trochanteric fossa.

17. The tool of claim 16, wherein the at least a portion of a superior-anterior region of the neck lies on an anterior greater trochanter, distal to a tubercle, and inferior to an origin of an obturator intemus, but does not include portions of the tubercle.

18.A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region, the surface region including at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck, the at least a portion of the posterior region of the neck including an area that extends towards a trochanteric fossa between approximately 15 mm and approximately 35 mm from a first point being between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm distal of a distal termination of a cartilage covering the head.

19. The tool of claim 18, wherein the at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck has an inferior border that terminates up to approximately 5 mm superior to a border between posterior and inferior surfaces of the neck.

20. The tool of claim 18, wherein the at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck has a superior border that terminates approximately 0 mm to approximately 5 mm posterior of a border between posterior and anterior surfaces of the neck.

21. The tool of claim 18, wherein the at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck extends along an intertrochanteric crest from a lesser trochanter to a point near a tip of a greater trochanter.

22. The tool of claim 21 , wherein the at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck does not include at least one of a portion of the trochanteric fossa and a portion of posterior region of the greater trochanter.

23.A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region, the surface region including at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck, the at least a portion of the posterior region of the neck including an area that includes a narrow band measuring between approximately 0.5 mm and approximately 12 mm and following along an intertrochanteric crest.

24. The tool of claim 23, wherein the narrow band begins approximately 0 mm to approximately 12 mm superior to a lesser trochanter.

25. The tool of claim 24, wherein the narrow band extends approximately 0 mm to approximately 18 mm inferior to a most superior tip of a posterior surface of a greater trochanter.

26. A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region, the surface region including at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck, the at least a portion of the posterior region of the neck including an area that extends towards a trochanteric fossa from a first point being between approximately 1 mm and approximately 5 mm distal of a distal termination of a cartilage covering the head, but does not include an area spanning portions of the trochanteric fossa.

27. The tool of claim 26, wherein the area spanning portions of the trochanteric fossa has a width generally transverse to a femoral longitudinal axis of between approximately 0 mm and approximately 20 mm.

28. The tool of claim 26, wherein the at least a portion of the posterior region of the neck further includes an area that includes a band following along an intertrochanteric crest, but does not include portions of a posterior greater trochanter.

29. The tool of claim 28, wherein the portions of the posterior greater trochanter has a distally extending dimension of between approximately 0 mm and approximately 12 mm.

30. A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region, the surface region including at least a portion of an anterior region of the neck, the at least a portion of an anterior region of the neck extending up to approximately 8 mm laterally past an intertrochanteric line.

31.The tool of claim 30, wherein the surface region includes a medial surface of a greater trochanter.

32.A surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, a surface region distal the head, and a bone axis extending through centers of the head and neck, the tool comprising: a body including a guide hole and a mating region configured to matingly contact the surface region, the guide hole including a hole axis, the guide hole and mating region being positioned relative to each other so the hole axis is generally coaxially aligned with the bone axis when the mating region matingly contacts the surface region, the surface region including at least a portion of a lateral posterior greater trochanter.

33. The tool of claim 32, wherein the surface region further includes at least a portion of a medial posterior greater trochanter.

34. The tool of claim 33, wherein the surface region does not include at least a portion of an intertrochanteric crest.

35. The tool of claim 32, wherein the surface region further includes at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck.

36. The tool of claim 35, wherein the surface region does not include at least a portion of an trochanteric fossa.

37. The tool of claim 33, wherein the surface region further includes at least a portion of a medial posterior greater trochanter and at least a portion of a posterior region of the neck, and wherein the surface region does not include at least a portion of an intertrochanteric crest and does not include at least a portion of an trochanteric fossa.

38.A method of manufacturing a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, and a surface region distal the head, the method comprising:

a) generating medical imaging data associated with the proximal portion of the femur;

b) employing the imaging data to generate a three-dimensional computer-generated femur model of the proximal portion of the femur;

c) identifying a bone axis generally extending through a centroid of a head and a centroid of a neck of the femur model;

d) providing a three-dimensional computer-generated tool model of at least portions of at least a surgical guide tool and a surgical guide tool blank;

e) positionally referencing the bone axis with surface data associated with a surface of the femur model;

f) merging the tool model and the positionally referenced bone axis and surface data so the bone axis and a hole axis associated with a guide hole of the tool model are generally coaxially aligned;

g) computer generating manufacturing instructions from data determined from step f; and

h) employing the manufacturing instructions at a manufacturing machine to generate the surgical guide tool from a surgical guide tool blank.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the medical imaging data is generated via at least one of MRI and CT.

40. The method of claim 38, wherein the manufacturing machine is at least one of a CNC machine and a SLA.

41. The method of claim 38, further comprising subjecting the medical imaging data to a segmentation process that determines bone contour lines and then adjusting the bone contour lines outward in locations of the bone contour lines corresponding to regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies.

42. The method of claim 41 , further comprising employing the adjusted bone contour lines to generate the three-dimensional computer-generated femur model of the proximal portion of the femur.

43. The method of claim 38, wherein the regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies includes at least one of a portion of a tubercle and a portion of a superior intersection between anterior and posterior regions of the neck.

44. The method of claim 38, wherein the regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies includes at least one of a portion of a trochanteric fossa and a portion of a superior intersection between anterior and posterior regions of the neck.

45. The method of claim 38, wherein the regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies includes at least one of a portion of a trochanteric fossa and a portion of a posterior greater trochanter near an intertrochanteric crest.

46. The method of claim 38, wherein the regions of the proximal portion of the femur that have surface topography that rapidly varies includes at least one of a portion of a trochanteric fossa and a portion of an intertrochanteric crest.

47.A method of manufacturing a surgical guide tool for use in hip resurfacing surgery on a proximal portion of a femur having a head, a neck extending distally from the head, and a surface region distal the head, the method comprising:

b) employing the imaging data to generate a three-dimensional computer-generated femur model of the proximal portion of the femur; c) providing a three-dimensional computer-generated pin model including a longitudinal axis;

d) superimposing the pin model and femur model;

e) identifying a bone axis extending through a head and a neck of the femur model as being an axis that is generally coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the pin model;

f) providing a three-dimensional computer-generated tool model of at least portions of at least a surgical guide tool and a surgical guide tool blank;

g) positionally referencing the bone axis with surface data associated with a surface of the femur model;

h) merging the tool model and the positionally referenced bone axis and surface data so the bone axis and a hole axis associated with a guide hole of the tool model are generally coaxially aligned;

i) computer generating manufacturing instructions from data determined from step h; and

j) employing the manufacturing instructions at a manufacturing machine to generate the surgical guide tool from a surgical guide tool blank.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein the medical imaging data is generated via at least one of MRI and CT.

49. The method of claim 47, wherein the manufacturing machine is at least one of a CNC machine and a SLA.

50. The method of claim 47, wherein the pin model further includes a sphere centered on the longitudinal axis and, when the pin model and femur model are superimposed, at least a portion of a surface of the sphere coincides with at least a portion of a surface of the head of the femur model.

51.The method of claim 50, wherein the at least a portion of a surface of the head of the femur model includes at least one of an inferior portion and a posterior portion.

52. The method of claim 47, wherein the pin model further includes at least one of a first feature and a second feature, the first feature corresponding to an outer diameter of a resurfacing prosthetic implant, the second feature corresponding to an inner diameter of the resurfacing prosthetic implant.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the pin model further includes a cylinder and wherein the first feature is an outer diameter of the sphere and the second feature is a diameter of the cylinder.

54. The method of claim 47, wherein the pin model further includes a cylinder generally coaxially centered on the longitudinal axis and further comprising at least one of translating the pin model and increasing the size of the pin model if a portion of the neck radially extends through a wall of the cylinder.

55. The method of claim 47, further comprising segmenting the imaging data via sections oriented at an angle with a central axis of the neck as viewed posteriorly of between approximately thirty degrees an approximately sixty degrees.

56. The method of claim 47, wherein the pin model and femur model are initially superimposed such that the longitudinal axis of the pin model extends through both a centroid of a transverse cross-section of the neck and a centroid of a transverse cross-section of the head.