WO2004107222A1 - Method of evaluating the performance of a product using a virtual environment - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of evaluating a product for use on a body used to develop a preferred product configuration using a computer-based virtual product development and testing system. A virtual wearer sub-model is created of the body and a virtual product sub-model is created of a product for use on the body. An environment sub-model is generated so that environmental factors affecting the product or the body are also used in designing or evaluating the product. Instructions defining how the wearer sub-model, the product sub-model and the environment sub-model interact are introduced in an interaction model. The sub-models and the interaction defined by the interaction model are then combined to create a virtual use model simulating the use of the virtual product sub-model by the virtual wearer sub-model. The use model determines the forces, deformations and stresses caused by movement and interaction between the virtual wearer sub-model and the virtual product sub-model using numerical method analysis. The results of the use model are analyzed to evaluate the performance of product features embodied in the virtual product sub-model such as when positioned on a virtual wearer and exposed to typical movements or forces. The analysis evaluates the performance of at least one product feature of the product and/or wearer body.

Description

METHOD OF EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF A PRODUCT USING A

VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates generally to evaluation of articles positioned on a body, and in particular to a computer-based simulation system for evaluating articles with a comfortable fit to a human body across a body's range of motion.

[0002] Clothing and other articles which are used on the body should interface with the body so as to be comfortable when the user is stationary, such as when standing or sitting, and also during movement, such as when walking. One ideal article would fit against the user's body with suitable contact pressure sufficient to hold the article in place but without constricting the skin or degrading comfort. This is challenging because of the wide variation in body shapes of potential users and the various potential material properties the article may have can affect the interactions between the body and the article.

[0003] Body fit is often influenced by size or shape of the article but is also characterized by less tangible descriptions such as moving with the body or being less noticeable while wearing. Fit depends on an initial position of the article relative to the body and any subsequent user movements which shift relative positions, deflect the article's shape, and/or cause the article to apply greater or lesser pressure against the user's body. Comfort is influenced by multiple factors including the shape of the user's body, mechanical properties of the underlying bodily tissue, the shape and size of the article, mechanical properties of the article, and interactions between the article and any other adjacent articles. These properties are highly three-dimensional in nature and are not easily analyzed when designing a new article or improving an existing article ' s configuration.

[0004] In addition to comfort, articles may have functional requirements which aggravate the difficulty in finding a satisfactory article configuration. For example, absorbent products for personal care and/or personal protective use, such as disposable diapers, disposable pants, medical garments, feminine hygiene products, incontinence products, medical drapes, facemasks and barrier products, should fit well against the body not only for comfort, but also for effectiveness in absorbing bodily exudates without leakage. A product of this type that fails to fit well may apply undesired pressure against the user's body or contain gaps or openings that can cause the product to fail functionally. For example, as a person stands up from a seated position or walks, his or her thighs may squeeze a diaper or other absorbent product and may deform it in a manner that results in leakage of fluid.

[0005] The development of new or improved products that avoid these problems is complex due to the large number of potential shapes, contours, sizes, component materials, and material distributions. The advent of newer materials with an improved range of compressive and elastic properties and less bulk emphasizes a need to understand the complex interactions between the body and the product. Unfortunately, the process of identifying an acceptable or optimum combination of design parameters which is functionally effective and comfortable across a normal range of user body shapes and motions is time consuming and becomes a substantial expense.

[0006] New products are typically defined with initial reliance on historical data, and are subsequently tested both in physical laboratories and in wearer use. Such tests use sample products in conjunction with human test subjects or physical models of test subjects. Unfortunately, physical testing has many limitations. The sample products can be constructed only with readily available materials and construction techniques. Even if materials and construction techniques are available, the time and expense of assembling a variety of sample articles for testing can be substantial and potentially prohibitive. Testing procedures are limited to available and acceptable physical tests. These tests, when available, are limited by their physical nature including safety issues, which are especially applicable as they relate to human-use testing. Moreover, the resources needed for human-use testing can be enormous and the time required for that testing could delay market entry. One can go through considerable time and expense to find out that a material or product idea will not work.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Among the several objects and features of the present invention may be noted the provision of method to simulate movement of a product positioned on a moving body; a method to simulate the wearing of a product on the human body; the provision of such a method which assesses body fit, comfort, or functional performance of the article; the provision of such a method which provides a three-dimensional dynamic simulation of deformation of the article and human body across a user's range of motion; the provision of such a method of screening a number of variant design features on the article; the provision of such a method which characterizes and controls the relationship between a body, a product and an environment with respect to fit and comfort; and the provision of such a method which facilitates development of a product free from physical testing in a virtual, computer-based system.

[0008] In one embodiment, the invention is a method of evaluating a product for use on a body. The method includes creating a computer based body sub-model of at least a portion of the body on which the product is positioned, creating a computer based product sub-model of the product, and creating an interaction model comprising instructions defining how the body sub-model and the product sub-model interact. The method also includes combining the body submodel, the product sub-model and the interaction model in a use model simulating the interaction between the body submodel and the product sub-model to produce a representation of at least one product feature of the product . The method further includes evaluating the use model to determine the performance of the at least one product feature of the product and/or body. In one embodiment, the method further includes modifying the body sub-model and/or the product sub-model in response to the determined performance of a product feature and then reperforming the steps of combining the body submodel, the product sub-model and the interaction model in the use model and evaluating the use model. Additionally, the method includes creating an environment sub-model, and wherein the interaction model further comprises instructions defining how the environment sub-model interacts with the body submodel and/or the product sub-model.

[0009] In another embodiment, the invention is a method of evaluating a product for use on a body. The method includes creating a plurality of computer based body sub-models of at least a portion of the body on which the product is positioned, creating a computer based product sub-model of the product, and creating an interaction model comprising instructions defining how each of the body sub-models and the product sub-model interact. The method also includes combining the interaction model, each of the body sub-models and the product sub-model to thereby create use models simulating the interaction between each of the body sub-models and the product sub-model when each of the body sub-models simulates movement of the portion of the body. The method further includes evaluating the use model to determine the performance of the at least one product feature of the product and/or body.

[0010] In another embodiment, the invention is a method of evaluating a product for use on a body including creating a computer based body sub-model of at least a portion of the body on which the product is positioned, creating a plurality of computer based product sub-models of the product, wherein each product sub-model defines a different product geometry and/or material property of the product, and creating an interaction model comprising instructions defining how the body sub-models and each of the product sub-models interact. The method further includes combining the interaction model, the body sub-model and each of the product sub-models to thereby create use models simulating the interaction between the body sub-model and each of the product sub-models when the body sub-model simulates movement of the portion of the body. The method also includes evaluating the use model to determine the performance of the at least one product feature of the product and/or body.

[0011] Other objects and features of the present invention will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram showing a method of evaluating and designing a product for use on a body;

[0013] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing steps of creating a wearer sub-model for the method of FIG. 1;

[0014] FIG. 3 is a perspective representation of a point cloud model of a representative wearer;

[0015] FIG. 4 is a perspective representation of a volume mesh model of the representative wearer shown in FIG. 3;

[0016] FIG. 5 is a perspective representation of a volume mesh model of a pelvis and femurs of the representative wearer;

[0017] FIGS. 6A-C are perspective representations of a finite element model of the representative wearer illustrating fore/aft articulation;

[0018] FIGS. 7A-C are perspective representations of a finite element model of the representative wearer illustrating leg closure articulation;

[0019] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing steps of creating a product sub-model for the method of FIG. 1;

[0020] FIG. 9 is a perspective representation of a finite element model of the representative product;

[0021] FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing steps of creating an environment sub-model for the method of FIG. 1;

[0022] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram showing steps of creating an interaction model for the method of FIG. 1;

[0023] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram showing steps of creating a use model for the method of FIG. 1;

[0024] FIG. 13 is a top plan view of a representative product, partly broken away to show internal construction;

[0025] FIG 13A is a perspective simplified representation of the product of FIG.13 according to one embodiment of the method;

[0026] FIG. 14 is a perspective representation of an example of the product in a simulated final position;

[0027] FIG. 15 is a perspective representation of the stresses (Mises stresses) in the product;

[0028] FIG. 16 is another perspective representation of the product applied to the wearer showing placement of the product;

[0029] FIG. 17 is a perspective representation of a product according to one embodiment of the method;

[0030] FIG. 18 is a perspective representation of the wearer showing the contact pressure profile between the product and the wearer;

[0031] FIG.' 19 is another perspective representation of the wearer showing the contact pressure profile between the product and the wearer at a different point during application;

[0032] FIG. 20 is a perspective representation of the wearer walking with the product;

[0033] FIG. 21 is a perspective representation of forces on the product represented as vectors;

[0034] FIG. 22 is a schematic plan representation of a panty and a rigid surface used to apply the product of FIG. 9;

[0035] FIG. 23 is a schematic cross-sectional representation of the representative product of FIG. 22 in conjunction with a representative wearer;

[0036] FIG. 24 is a schematic cross-sectional representation of the wearer with the representative product in place; and

[0037] FIG. 25 is a schematic cross-sectional representation of the wearer after thighs have moved together illustrating deformation of the product.

[0038] Appendix 1 provides an example of input files for an example using the method to evaluate a diaper.

[0039] Appendix 2 provides an example of input files for an example using the method to evaluate a feminine care pad.

[0040] Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the views of the drawings .

DEFINITIONS

[0041] "Body fit" is the relationship between a body and a product, and may also include the influence of the environment on the body and product .

[0042] "Constraints" may include forces, internal pressure, and limits to displacement at selected nodes.

[0043] "Contact constraints" define how components interact with each other such as by including specifications dictating or restricting the relative locations or contact surfaces of a model or sub-model and assigning frictional or thermal characteristics when surfaces meet.

[0044] "Kinematic constraints" define specifications dictating or restricting the motions of a model or sub-model.

[0045] "Instruction" defines how parts of the different sub-models interact with each other.

[0046] "Material properties" define the characteristics or parameters of a modeled material and may include the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and the like. For example, a user can select mechanical properties to simulate fabric, nonwovens, elastics, bone, muscle, body fat, tendon, etc.

[0047] "Product features" are measurable features of a product used to evaluate or design the product, such as stress, force vectors, contact pressure, curvature of a surface, deformation, density profiles, etc.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0048] Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIG. 1, a method, generally indicated by reference numeral 10, of evaluating a product for use on a body, is shown. The method 10 is used to develop a preferred product configuration using a computer-based virtual product development and testing system. When used herein, examples of specific equipment, software, products, and wearers are for illustrative purposes, and other types of these items may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention. In one embodiment, the method 10 includes creating a virtual wearer sub-model 20 at step 20' and creating a virtual product sub-model 22 at step 22 ' . An environment sub-model 24 may also be generated at step 24 ' so that environmental factors affecting the product or the wearer may also be used in designing or evaluating the product. Information used to create the submodels 20, 22 and 24 can be obtained from product studies, databases, input from customers, or other sources of product, wearer or environmental data. Numerical method analysis is used to transform the modeling solution of complex interaction between the wearer sub-model 20 and the product sub-model 22 into a system of algebraic equations. Any of the several methods of conducting numerical method analysis known to those skilled in the art may be used. Preferably, finite element analysis (FEA) is used, however, other methods such as finite difference scheme (FDS) , boundary element method, minimax methods for parameterized forms, neural network schemes, or cellular automata can also be used. Generally, FEA simplifies the problem into a finite number of unknown fields, subdivides the region to be analyzed into elements, and expresses each unknown field in terms of assumed approximating functions within each element. Each geometric sub-model is divided into small sections called finite elements through a process referred to as meshing, with a number of nodal points, or nodes, defined at intersections of adjacent elements in the mesh. Meshing is performed using conventional software. Constraints and material properties are then applied to each element of the meshed structure. For example, a user can select mechanical properties to simulate fabric, nonwovens, elastics, bone, muscle, body fat or tendon. As known to those skilled in the art, the types of analysis on the meshed model may include static linear analysis, dynamic non-linear analysis, stability analysis, fluid flow analysis, or heat transfer analysis.

[0049] Instructions defining how the wearer sub-model 20, the product sub-model 22 and the environment sub-model 24 interact are introduced in an interaction model 28 created at step 28'. The sub-models 20, 22 and 24 and the interaction defined by the interaction model 28 are then combined to create a virtual use model 30 at step 30' simulating the use of the virtual product sub-model 22 by the virtual wearer submodel 20. The use model 30 calculates the forces, deformations and stresses caused by movement and interaction between the virtual wearer sub-model 20 and the virtual product sub-model 22 using FEA analysis to solve the solutions for the algebraic systems of equations using conventional FEA software to produce simulation results 32 at step 32 ' .

[0050] The results 32 of the use model 30 are analyzed at step 34 to evaluate the performance of body and/or product features embodied in the virtual sub-model 20, 22 such as when positioned on a virtual wearer and exposed to typical movements or forces. The analysis evaluates the performance of at least one body and/or product feature of the product and/or wearer body. As will be explained in more detail below, body and product features are analyzed to better understand the product structure prior to developing and manufacturing a prototype. For example, two possible product features that may be measured and analyzed are a stress and a strain field. The stress or strain fields are analyzed to determine if the stresses or strains are within desired parameters. If the desired performance level is not achieved, or if additional testing is desired, the analyzed results can be used at step 36 to redesign the virtual product by modifying the characteristics of one or more of the of the sub-models 20, 22 and 24 or the interaction model 28 in order to modify the properties that affect the performance of the body and product features. A user may decide at step 36 to modify the sub-models, or a software program may perform an iterative process to obtain results 32 within a specified range of values. Alternately, the user may decide to modify the sub-models after completing the interaction model at step 28' or the use model at step 30' . After modifying one or more characteristics of the sub-models 20, 22, 24 or the interaction model 28, the steps of running the interaction model 28 and the use model 30 and to obtain new results 32 are performed. The results 32 are again analyzed at step 34 to evaluate the new design. A user may also perform the method 10 using several sub-models 20, 22 and/or 24 having different parameters to perform a controlled set of experiments. For example, sub-models can be created with high and low values for desired parameters and tested. The user then analyzes the results 32 of the multiple runs and based on expertise, statistical analysis, or other decision-making factors, select suitable parameters. It is contemplated that the user may perform the method 10 using any combination of sub-models, for example, creating several product sub-models 22 for use with a wearer sub-model 20 or several environmental sub-models for use with a wearer sub-model . Once acceptable or optimum performance levels for the performance features are determined, the product sub-model 22 can be used as an aid in designing a prototype of the product or specific components of the product .

[0051] The method of the invention can be used to design and evaluate any product positioned on a body and particularly a product worn on the human body. For purposes of describing the method and system, the invention is described hereinafter primarily with reference to two personal care absorbent products, specifically a feminine care pad and a diaper. However, it is understood that the method and system may be applied to design and evaluate other wearable articles, such as for example incontinence articles, training pants, facemasks, shoes, and clothing, as well as other products such as medical bandages, medical drapes, jewelry and the like without departing from the scope of this invention.

The Virtual Wearer Sub-model

[0052] The computer-based virtual wearer sub-model 20 is a model of a body in a form that can be used for computer simulation. The wearer sub-model 20 preferably defines a deformable "body", such as a person's torso, created to evaluate a product to be worn on the body defined by the product sub-model 22. Alternately, the wearer sub-model 20 can be defined as a rigid body or other object. Preferably, the wearer sub-model 20 is a model of a representative wearer of the product to be designed and evaluated. In one embodiment, the virtual wearer sub-model 20 defines a solid shape corresponding to a representative wearer of the product having mechanical and surface properties. The representative wearer is determined from available usage, demographic, and/or anthropometric data. Although any set of criteria can be used to define this wearer, preferably the criteria defines the three-dimensional surface topography of the wearer, or may include height, weight, and waist, hip, and thigh circumference measurements for the wearer.

[0053] As illustrated in FIG. 2, the virtual wearer submodel 20 includes various sub-models defining information about the typically simplified representation of the wearer. The wearer sub-model 20 includes a wearer initial condition sub-model 40. The wearer initial condition sub-model 40 includes any specified condition that is present at a time selected as the beginning of the event to be modeled. Examples of such initial conditions include the temperature of the body or whether muscles modeled by the model are flexed.

[0054] The virtual wearer sub-model 20 includes a geometry sub-model 42. The geometry sub-model 42 includes specifications of the one dimensional (1-D) , two-dimensional (2-D) , or three-dimensional (3-D) shape and dimensions of the wearer components as well as the position and orientation within a reference frame. In one embodiment, the geometry sub-model 42 includes coordinates of 3-D surface patches describing the exterior shape of the wearer and any internal components to be modeled. For example, the geometry sub-model 42 may include 3-D coordinates relating the location of a hip joint to a point on the surface of the wearer.

[0055] The wearer sub-model 20 includes a wearer material sub-model 44. The wearer material sub-model 44 receives material property data 45 for the wearer to be modeled. The material property data 45 may include information such as the measured, modeled or estimated material characteristics or parameters of the representative wearer. For example, the material property data 45 may include information related to the elastic modulus, Poisson' s ratio, or density, such as density of bone or soft tissue, of the wearer. The wearer material sub-model 44 defines the intrinsic (measured or estimated) material behavior of the material property components. For example, soft tissue is modeled using a hyperelastic material model to describe a nonlinear stress versus strain relationship and incompressibility.

[0056] The wearer sub-model 20 also includes contact constraints 48 that define how wearer components interact with each other. The contact constraints 48 include specifications dictating or restricting the relative locations or contact surfaces of the wearer or portion of the wearer and assigns frictional or thermal characteristics when surfaces meet. The contact constraints 48 include whether the components are bonded together or are free to slide with respect to each other. For example, the exterior surfaces (skin) of the wearer may touch but may not penetrate other surfaces . Preferably, the wearer sub-model 20 defines a representative wearer that is deformable with realistic mechanical properties. The sub-model 20 can account for significant variation in mechanical properties with location, such as inner thigh vs. mid back, and natural contours or overall shapes. The wearer sub-model 20 should include sufficient definition to allow the product to "hang" on natural points on the body (e.g., a diaper is held up by the hips) . The wearer sub-model 20 also includes kinematic constraints 49 dictating or restricting the motions (translational or rotational) of a wearer or portion of the wearer. Some examples of such kinematic constraints 49 are the head of the femur is not allowed to translate with respect to the acetabulum, and the rotation angle of the hip may be limited to, for example, 45 degrees. The wearer sub-model 20 should balance the need to have realistic anatomical features with the need for appropriate model simplicity.

[0057] The virtual wearer sub-model 20 is created from a surface point cloud of the representative wearer as indicated generally by reference numeral 50 in FIG. 3. Point cloud data includes a series of points in 3-space that define the surface of an object or body and are generated from various digitization or scanning technologies as is known in the art. In one embodiment, the surface point cloud 50 is obtained from a database containing surface point clouds of persons of various physical sizes. Although any available database or source of surface point clouds can be used to obtain the surface point cloud 50 of the wearer, in one embodiment the data is obtained for an adult wearer from the well known, commercially-available Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource database collected by the U.S. Air Force commonly known as the CAESAR database (information available at http: //www.hec . afrl . af .mil/cardlab/caesar/index.html) .

[0058] If the method 10 is used to evaluate or design a diaper, a point cloud of a torso is obtained from a mannequin model of a small-size infant. It is desirable to use a surface point cloud 50 of a pose with an unobstructed view of a region of interest on the body to be modeled. Figure 3 illustrates a pose of a standing pose of the subject used for evaluating a feminine pad. In one embodiment, in order to reduce the calculational complexity of the model, only the portion of the body in the vicinity of the region of interest is modeled. For example, the wearer sub-model 20 is used in the design of a feminine care pad. In this example, the lower torso 52 and upper legs 54 of the representative wearer are modeled, as they are the body portions that most strongly influence the performance of the product described herein. However, one skilled in the art will understand that any portion of the body may be considered a region of interest depending on the product being designed or evaluated.

[0059] Referring now to Figure 4, a volume mesh model 56 of the wearer's torso geometry is generated from the surface point cloud 50 of Figure 3. As shown in this example, the volume mesh model 56 defines the surface of the torso 52 and upper legs 54 with a discretized representation of adjacent sections with interconnected nodes. In one embodiment, a watertight volume is generated from the point cloud data using methods known to those skilled in the art. It is desirable to create a "watertight" network of surface patches enclosing the representative wearer volume. The surface model may be subsequently converted to a solid model using appropriate methods specific to the software being used as is known to those skilled in the art. The solid model representation of the wearer may be descretized or meshed using suitable meshing software. Any suitable combinations of geometry manipulation or meshing software can be used to convert the surface point cloud 50 into a volume mesh 56, such as I-DEAS^® meshing software from EDS of Piano, Texas, or Geomagic^® geometry manipulation software from Raindrop Geomagic of Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

[0060] Typically, surface point cloud data inherently contains gaps and distortions resulting from the scanning procedure used to produce the surface point cloud 50. During the mesh generation process, these gaps are filled in and distortions removed. For example, the CAESAR data was obtained by laser scan of a partially clothed person. Therefore, this procedure cannot generate surface point cloud data of hidden regions covered by clothing. The CAESAR database lacks detail in the relevant perineal region of the subject due to the subject's legs being almost closed in the standing position. Accordingly, the labia region and other regions altered or hidden by the clothing are filled in. If needed or desired, more detailed data for the hidden regions can be generated. The enhancement of the raw surface data is done to isolate and carefully define the area of importance. Although any area can be isolated and defined, in this example, the torso region is isolated and key surface features such as areas of high curvature are carefully defined in the volume mesh model 56.

[0061] As depicted in FIG. 5, the internal structure of the torso is also modeled. Previously, a foam torso test stand has been used to physically test products . In one embodiment, the foam torso test stand's internal components are modeled rather than actual human anatomy to simplify the modeling effort and to allow for direct qualitative comparison between virtual models and test stand data. Starting from the triangular-based volume mesh (see FIG. 4) of the torso and a triangular-based volume mesh of internal components such as a pelvis 57 and femurs 58 as illustrated in FIG. 5, triangular- based volume meshes are created to complete the volume between the components that will be filled with solid elements. Thus, disjoint legs are constructed in the same fashion with pivot points 59 located at approximate hip joint locations 60 to allow for realistic leg closure and fore-aft articulation.

[0062] The next step in the simulation process involves adding detail to and refining the user mesh from a coarse mesh to a fine mesh (grid) size if needed. The tissue properties of the representative wearer are then applied to the volume mesh model 56 in the virtual wearer sub-model 20 with the material property data 45. In one embodiment, tissue properties for bone, muscle, fat, and skin are obtained. In another embodiment, bone and bulk soft tissue (lumped properties for muscle, fat, and skin) are modeled. The tissue properties may be obtained from literature and/or test data for use with the wearer sub-model 20. However, one skilled in the art will understand that other suitable tissue properties can be used and any appropriate method used to obtain them. In one embodiment, a softened layer simulating surface fat and muscle is bonded to a rigid substructure to allow for compliance in the torso for later installation of the virtual product sub-model 22.

[0063] The volume mesh model 56 and the tissue properties are combined to create a finite element model using suitable software. Although any suitable finite element software can be used for the modeling, the process described herein uses the ABAQUS^®/Explicit finite element software, such as Version 5.8, 6.2 or 6.3, commercially available from Abaqus, Inc. of Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Alternately ABAQUS^®/Standard finite element software is used. It is desirable to give the finite element model an initial undeformed and unstressed shape in the wearer initial condition sub-model 40. For example, in the feminine pad embodiment, a position approximately halfway between a sitting position and a standing position with the legs slightly spread is desirable. This is to mimic the construction of a physical mannequin torso. This initial position allows the finite element model to be moved into either a sitting or standing position without generating excessively distorted elements within the model. The upper legs 54 can also be articulated fore/aft as illustrated in Figs. 6A-C, or spread through reasonably large angles as illustrated in Figs. 7A-C.

The Product Sub-model

[0064] Figure 8 illustrates the creation of the product sub-model 22 of Figure 1. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the product to be modeled is selected based on the product desired to be developed and evaluated using the virtual model method 10. In one embodiment, the product sub-model 22 simplifies the product into a form having a solid shape with selected mechanical and surface properties so that the model can be placed in simulation. The computer- based virtual product sub-model 22 is preferably created as a three-dimensional definition of a desired product with a conventional Computer Aided Design (CAD) system. Although any suitable computer drawing tool can be used to represent the product, the example described herein uses AutoCAD^® computer drawing software from Autodesk, Inc. of Sausalito, California and Solid Works^® from SolidWorks, Corp. of Concord, Massachusetts .

[0065] As illustrated in FIG. 8, the virtual product sub-model 22 includes various sub-models defining information about the typically simplified representation of the product.

The product sub-model 22 includes a product initial condition sub-model 70. The product initial condition sub-model 70 includes any specified condition from a product data history 71 that is present at a time selected as the beginning of the event to be modeled obtained. Examples of such initial conditions include the initial temperature of the product or initial stress conditions, such as prestressing. For example, elastic in the diaper may be prestressed (stretched) when attached to a cover. The product sub-model 22 may undergo an annealing process to artificially force the accumulated stresses and strains in the product or a portion of the product to be zero while maintaining a specified position.

[0066] The product sub-model 22 includes a product geometry sub-model 72. The product geometry sub-model 72 includes specifications of the 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D shape and dimensions of the product components as well as their position and orientation in a reference frame. For example, in one embodiment, the geometry sub-model 72 includes CAD drawings, solid models, thickness of a layer, embossing lines, and macroscopic absorbent pad topology.

[0067] The product sub-model 22 includes a product material sub-model 74. The product material sub-model 74 is a representation of the intrinsic (measured or estimated) material behavior of the product components. The product material sub-model 74 receives product material property data 75 for the product to be modeled. The material property data 75 may include information such as the measured, modeled or estimated material characteristics or parameters of the representative product. Material property data 75 may be obtained from preexisting databases or through testing. The material property data 75 may include information related to the elastic modulus, Poisson' s ratio, density of product components, shear modulus, bulk modulus, yield stress, and/or elongation at yield of the product. For example, the product material sub-model 74 may use a linear elastic model, a hyperelastic model, or a viscoelastic model to describe the stress and strain behavior, degree of compressibility, and time dependency in the product material. It is understood by those skilled in the art that some material properties are dependent on the "in-use" conditions of the product material.

For example, the material properties of some product materials, such as elastic or elastomeric materials and adhesives may be dependent on such conditions as the product temperature or body temperature of the wearer, the relative humidity, the percent elongation, material deformation, and the like. Preferably, where material properties are dependent on the in-use conditions, material property data 75 specific for the modeled conditions are used. Where the material properties are not substantially dependent on the typical conditions or where it is desired to simplify the complexity of the sub-model, more generic material property data 75 may be used.

[0068] The product sub-model 22 also includes contact constraints 78 that define how product components interact with each other. The contact constraints 78 include specifications dictating or restricting the relative locations or contact surfaces of a product or portion of the product and assigning frictional or thermal characteristics when surfaces meet. The contact constraints include whether the components are bonded together or are free to slide with respect to each other. For example, contact constraints 78 may include forced bonding of product layers, such as a liner and a surge layer, at their interface with a no slip/no separation condition, or engagement of diaper fasteners .

[0069] The product sub-model 22 also includes kinematic constraints 79 which include specifications dictating/restricting the motions (translational or rotational) of a product or portion of the product. Some examples of such kinematic constraints 79 are fixed positions of the mid diaper back during application of the diaper.

[0070] In one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9, a product, generally indicated at 80, representative of a feminine care pad is generated. The feminine pad product submodel 22 comprises five layers 82-86 of different materials. The top layer 82, defined as the layer closest to the torso during use, is the cover and is modeled with shell elements. The second layer 83 is a thick distribution layer modeled with solid elements. One skilled in the art will understand using shell elements or solid elements to model different layers. The third layer 84 is a thin fluid transfer layer modeled with shell elements. The fourth layer 85 is a thick shaping layer modeled with solid elements. The bottom layer 86 is a thin baffle layer modeled with shell elements.

[0071] Mesh density may be increased, if desired, in selected localities to improve both the modeling accuracy and the fidelity of the finite element analysis in a region of interest. Similarly, the number of layers may be reduced and the modeling of layer interaction may be simplified to reduce time required for analysis, if such simplification is not detrimental to accuracy for a particular simulation, such as when layer interaction is of secondary importance. The complexity of the mesh (number, size, and shape of elements) is a balance between the needs to reduce computational analysis requirements and to provide good resolution into the analysis. Contact between the various layers 82-86 is accounted for initially with a tied contact pair option available in the modeling software. In an alternate embodiment, this accounting can be modified to permit slippage between layers 82-86 that are not bonded in the actual product as defined by the contact constraints 78.

[0072] Mechanical properties of the various materials and components of the product 80 are obtained and defined in the material property data 75 to be used in the product submodel 22. Although any suitable mechanical properties could work, the properties used herein include stress and strain relationships , Poisson' s ratio, density and friction properties. These properties are obtained from estimates, measurements, and literature references on the individual components, the product used, or similar products.

[0073] The product and properties are combined to create a finite element model of the virtual product sub-model 22. Although any suitable finite element software can be used for the modeling, the software package used herein is ABAQUS^®/Explicit . The product sub-model 22 can account for multiple layers or components with specific functions (e.g., temporary storage, transport, non-wet feeling) or made from anisotropic materials (e.g., mechanical properties different in x, y and z directions) . The product sub-model 22 can account for material properties for individual components vs. lumped aggregate product. Different material models are required for different components (vs. for example treating everything as a simple linear elastic) . The product sub-model 22 can account for geometry based on design drawings or specifications and products that are often held in place by adjacent clothing structures. The product sub-model 22 can account for buckling behavior or plasticity that can lead to non-reversible or permanent deformation of the product (for example, once the diaper or pad is squeezed between thighs, it does not return to its initial shape) . The product sub-model 22 can account for limited intrinsic drape or preset shaping patterns. Multiple fitting or deformation patterns are possible.

The Environment Sub-model

[0074] The computer-based virtual environment sub-model 24 of FIG. 1 describes the interactive elements of the environment that will participate in the virtual use model 30.

The environment sub-model 24 includes information about typically simplified representation of the surroundings. Examples of environmental elements that can have an effect on deformation of the product during use include fluids, such as blood, urine, sweat, and other body exudates, external forces, such as from a car seat or a panty, temperature which can change mechanical behavior of elastic and gasketing components, and other environmental factors, such as clothing, a mother's hand, and/or a caregiver's habits. Additionally, packaging and storage conditions can dictate appropriate initial conditions for the simulation. One example of an environment item is a virtual panty sub-model used in the feminine pad embodiment . In order to improve the accuracy of the product sub-model 22, the virtual panty model is added to the product sub-model 22 to aid in application of the feminine pad to the wearer.

[0075] As illustrated in 'FIG. 10, the virtual environment sub-model 24 includes an environment initial condition sub-model 90, a geometry sub-model 92, and an environment material sub-model 94. The environment initial condition sub-model 90 includes any specified condition that is present at a time selected as the beginning of the event to be modeled. Examples of such initial conditions are an initial velocity of a caregiver's hand, an ambient temperature, and/or components of the panty that are initially positioned separated from each other.

[0076] The geometry sub-model 92 may include specifications of the 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D shape and dimensions of the initial of the environmental objects as well as their position and orientation in a reference frame. For example, in some embodiments, the geometry sub-model 92 includes 2-D or 3-D geometry of a car seat or changing table, a parent's hand, and/or geometry of the panty. The environmental material submodel 94 uses material property data 95. The material property data 95 may include information such as the measured, modeled or estimated material characteristics or parameters of the environmental objects. For example, the material property data 95 may include information related to the density of the environmental item, such as the density of a car seat or panty. The environmental material sub-model 94 is a representation of the intrinsic (measured or estimated) material behavior of the environmental objects. For example, the environmental material sub-model may use a hyperelastic model to describe the panty material .

[0077] The environmental sub-model 24 also includes contact constraints 98 that define how environmental components interact with each other such as by including specifications dictating/restricting the relative locations or contact surfaces of the environmental objects or portion of the objects and assigning frictional or thermal characteristics when surfaces meet. The contact constraints 98 include whether the components are bonded together or are free to slide with respect to each other. For example, contact constraints 98 may include information as to whether the cushion on the changing table is in contact with the table and can move on the surface of the table, but not pass through the table .

[0078] The environmental sub-model 24 also includes kinematic constraints 99 which include specifications dictating or restricting the motions (translations or rotations) of environmental objects. Some examples of such kinematic constraints 99 are a changing table, car seat, infant carrier or other item fixed in space (i.e., not allowed to move) , a pad pusher constrained to move in the vertical direction, or edges of different panty materials joined so as to make a single seam move together.

Virtual Interaction Model

[0079] Referring now to FIG. 11, the interaction model 28 is intended to establish interactive relationships between the sub-models 20, 22 and 24 and includes both additional constraints as well as dynamic instructions. In one embodiment, the interaction model 28 defines how the product as defined in the product sub-model 22 is applied to the body as defined in the wearer sub-model 22. For example, the interaction model 28 may constrain the product components (from the product sub-model 22) from penetrating the wearer (from the wearer sub-model 20) . The interaction model 28 may also specify how the product and body are to move to facilitate the virtual donning of a product . The interaction model 28 may specify the stresses, forces, contacts pressures, displacements, velocities or accelerations (in the. product or the body) at a node, along a line or on a surface. Additionally, the interaction model 28 may account for placement of the product on the body which can affect performance. In one embodiment, an external pad pusher is used to apply and position a feminine hygiene pad relative the body, and then removed for the remainder of the run. The interaction model 28 may account for realistic application (in terms of force, location) of the product to the body (vs. another approach, such as an expanding second skin that becomes a product) . Additionally, the expected latitude in product placement due to individual preference can be defined in the interaction model 28. The interaction model 28 can force the product into a certain configuration to position the product and then relax to allow the product to reach an equilibrium condition determined by the internal forces of the product. For example, waist elastics on a diaper are forced into a desired position relative the wearer and then the internal forces of the diaper are allowed to move the diaper into an equilibrium position on the wearer.

[0080] The interaction model 28 includes kinematic instructions 109 which may include specifications defining the positions and motions (translational or rotational) of the sub-models, such as the wearer walking when the product is in place and applying product and clothing to the wearer. The kinematic instructions may include position/displacement instructions (e.g., the front edge of diaper is displaced by (dx, dy, dz) ; back edge of diaper is free to move in the x direction but constrained in the y and z directions to dy=dz=0) . The kinematic instructions 109 may include velocity vector instructions (e.g., an initial velocity vector is specified on an object initially in motion, the motion can be allowed to decay or maintained using a boundary condition) . The kinematic instructions 109 may include acceleration instructions (e.g., an acceleration may be specified at one or more points to facilitate the application of a virtual product) .

[0081] Additionally, the kinematic instructions 109 may include multi-point constraints (MPC's) (e.g., the points on adjacent seam edges of a panty may have their translational degrees of freedom constrained to be equal - causing them to move together) . The kinematic instructions may include equation instructions (e.g., relating one or more degrees of freedom of two or more points by some specified mathematical equation, thus constraining their relative motion) . The kinematic instructions 109 may include connector instructions (e.g., a pre-built set of loading and/or kinematic constraints intended to mimic mechanical joints such as a slider or a revolute joint) . The kinematic instructions may include damping instructions (e.g., a relation that produces a force opposing motion based on a relative velocity of a component) .

[0082] The kinematic instructions 109 may include sticking instructions (e.g., no relative motion between surfaces allowed) and sliding instructions (e.g., relative motion allowed, separation of surfaces may or may not be allowed depending on the specification) . Additionally, the kinematic instructions 109 may include friction instructions (e.g., mechanism to produce a force opposing motion between surfaces in contact) and lubrication effect instructions (e.g., a means of affecting the friction behavior depending on one or more independently specified values such as degree of lubrication or temperature) . Kinematic instructions also define the motion of the wearer throughout the simulation. One to several representational uses and motions of the product sub-model 22 by the wearer sub-model 20 and the forces generated can be modeled in the interaction model 28. The motions defined in the interaction model 28 to be modeled are selected based on the motions a developer desires to model to assist in developing the product . As illustrated in the examples described herein, the type of motions typically selected are everyday motions (e.g., walking, a sit to stand movement, spreading/closing legs, etc.) or motions that cause a performance stress on the product, such as motions that might cause tearing of the product. For example, although any series of motions may result in a positional gush from a feminine₎ care pad, motions performed transitioning from a sitting to a standing position and motions performed when closing the legs resulting in squeezing of the product are particularly useful in evaluating the performance of the product and are modeled. Although any suitable technique can be used to determine the motions of the wearer, one technique used herein is the MotionStar^® motion modeling system from Ascension Technology Corp. of Burlington, VT, coupled with the JACK human simulation software from EDS of Piano, Texas to determine the motion. To analyze the motion of the wearer, data is obtained using sensors at certain wearer body points.

Although many sensors can be used with the MotionStar system, the analysis described herein uses six sensors. These sensors determine the position and orientation associated with the back of the neck, the back of the waist, the right and left knees, and the right and left feet. The data obtained is interpreted and translated through the JACK software into joint center motion of the bottom vertebrae in the spine, the right and left hip joints, and the right and left knee joints. The motion data obtained is then incorporated into the interaction sub-model 28. Other sources of data for body movement or motion analysis can be utilized, such as data from one of several published sources known to those familiar with the art of motion analysis.

[0083] The interaction model 28 includes loading instructions 106 defining pressures, moments or forces, temperatures or other thermodynamic fields acting on the submodels. For example, the loading instructions may include the parent's hand pulling the diaper fastener with a given force, or gravity. Additionally, the loading instructions 106 may include force (e.g., concentrated load acting on a single point of series of points), pressure (e.g., force distributed over an area) and body force (e.g., the force acting on a body continuum such as gravity or buoyancy) .

[0084] The interaction model 28 includes contact instructions 108 dictating or restricting the relative locations or contact surfaces of the sub-models 20, 22, 24 or portion of the objects and assigning frictional or thermal characteristics when surfaces meet. For example, the interaction model 28 can define that the product sub-model 22 cannot penetrate the wearer sub-model 20, that clothing modeled in the environment sub-model 24 cannot penetrate the product sub-model 22, and the friction type and value between product sub-model and the wearer sub-model. Additionally, heat source and/or sink factors and the transfer of heat between components in contact can be defined. For example, heat transferred from the wearer sub-model 20 to the product sub-model 22 simulates body heat going into the product. The contact instructions 108 may include contact/surface interactions (e.g., specification of how two or more surfaces or surface representations interact when and while they meet) .

[0085] The interaction model 28 receives field variables 110 such as field intensity for various physical or fictitious quantities that can affect material properties or potentially other loads or instructions. These field values may correspond to physical or fictitious quantities such as temperature. In one embodiment, the nodal temperatures are specified to facilitate shrinkage/expansion as in stretched elastics. In another embodiment, varying (temperature dependent) material properties are introduced, using temperature as a true or fictitious value. Other field variables may include light intensity, proximity to a magnetic source, intensity of fields generated by electric energy, microwave energy, or ultrasound, a lubrication factor, a relative humidity factor, the skin orientation (i.e., Langer's lines), a local body tissue modulus, material (property) variability, heat transfer factors to/from a heat source/sink, and initial or boundary conditions for field dependent loads. Other field variables 110 may include local (non-uniform) material property (e.g., specifying some areas of the body' s local material property) , stochastical local variation (local deviation of a property or boundary condition) . Other field variables 110 may include the mass fraction or a fraction of a quantity of interest with respect to the total mass of the volume, such as, for example, the mass of fluid in a cubic mm of absorbent material . Additionally, the mass transfer or movement of mass across a defined boundary, typically specified as the flux or mass moving through a unit area can be specified as a field variable .

The Use Model

[0086] Referring now to FIG. 12, the virtual use model 30 combines and integrates instructions and model definitions from the wearer sub-model 20, the product sub-model 22, the environment sub-model 24 and the interaction model 28, to define a virtual use simulation. The use model 30 calculates or otherwise determines the forces, stresses and strains caused by movement and interaction between the virtual wearer sub-model 20, the virtual product sub-model 22 and the environment sub-model 24 using FEA analysis to produce simulation results 32. Any combination of one or more of the virtual wearer sub-models 20, virtual product sub-models 22, and virtual environment sub-models 24 may be included in the virtual use model 30 as desired for the particular evaluation to be performed or product to be designed. The virtual use model 30 is driven by the instructions provided by the interaction model 28 and is representative of motion induced by the interaction model 28 on the sub-models 20, 22, 24 through an elapse of time. Preferably, the use model 30 calculates the actual forces on the product or the body at a level of mm resolution.

[0087] Animations can be produced as an aid in setting up, using and interpreting the models. Animations can display simulation results over time, depicting the model in any desired orientation. The display options may be set to show the entire wearer and product or just that portion of the wearer and/or product that is of interest for a particular result. Some examples of animations used for viewing results are as follows. The animations help to visualize the actual articulation of the torso and the application of the product discussed herein with references to static images. For example, animations can show the product being applied to the torso, followed by leg closure, then by leg stride. Animations can also show the articulation of the torso from a frontal view, a side view, and an isometric view. Animation can also show a coronal cross-section view of the product being applied to the torso. Views of the torso, product, and environmental features, or of the torso and product, or of only the product can be shown. Finally, animation can show a coronal cross-section view of the product being applied to the torso, initially with legs spread, followed by leg closure.

[0088] It may be necessary to use various techniques known to those skilled in the art of FEA to enable the numerical methods to operate . For example to prevent element hourglassing, beam elements around the perimeter of the product can be inserted. To prevent long run times due to artificial intertial effects, mass scaling may be used. To prevent overclosure/wave propagation, damping can be inserted.

To prevent limited wearer range of motion due to excessive element distortion, the removal volumes of material can be used. To more accurately model the anisotropic elastic material, a homogeneous membrane together with elastic strands can be used. To allow for non-uniform strain between attached elastic components, elastics can be tied to every 3rd node of the product. To provide controlled contraction of elastics, temperature and thermal expansion can be controlled. To control buckling in a certain direction, a pressure such as from an air puff or rigid pusher can be used. To control contact instabilities, the penalty contact method can be used. To reduce non-physical stress buildup (e.g., in the body) annealing protocols can be used to remove stresses and strain. To control the speed versus accuracy and stability, local or global remeshing can be used. These examples are for illustrative purposes. It may be necessary to use some, all, or additional techniques during the performance of this method 10 to control excessive element distortion, propagation of numerical instability and speed versus accuracy issues.

[0089] The results 32 of the use model 30 are analyzed at step 34 to evaluate the performance of virtual product. The analysis 34 evaluates the performance of at least one body or product feature of the product and/or wearer body. The response includes details of the product's behavior, driven by interactions with itself and potentially other factors such as a wearer and/or its surrounding environment. The results 32 include the performance of one or more product features related to the fit, comfort or use of the product. Depending on the product to be developed, a number of body or product features can be looked at to determine whether the product will perform satisfactorily under normal use conditions.

[0090] The product features analyzed may include one or more of features such as, but without limitation, product stress, product force vectors, contact pressure distribution on the body, curvature of a product surface, product deformation, density profiles, predicted stresses at selected locations of the product, the gaps between the body and the product, the appearance of the product or garments introduced by the environment sub-model when worn by the body, deformation of the body, contact area between the body and the product, the integral of the pressure over the contact area, the contact area between the panty and the product, appearance of the product when in contact with an external article . For the examples described herein, a product developer can examine the contact pressure on the user from the product, which is a factor in determining the product's comfort. It was seen that the contact pressure distribution in the product varied during use, with higher contact pressure regions adjacent the legs, and lower contact pressure regions away from the legs . In addition, density variations in the product provide insight into the absorbent behavior or permeability of the product. Areas of higher density can tend to absorb fluid less rapidly than areas of lower density. Tensile stress within the product is a large factor in determining the integrity of the product. A concentration of tensile stress in a particular region of the product can lead to tearing of the materials in that region. The fit of the product relative to the wearer contributes to the discretion in the use of the product. Also, the shape of the product during use contributes to many of these results including discretion, pressure, and absorbency. Some or all of these and other product features can be modeled and analyzed by the process described herein. A variety of product designs (e.g., shape, size, materials) may be simulated and comparatively analyzed. Less promising candidate designs may be removed from further study.

[0091] The fit of the product can be measured using quantitative measurements to define fit. Some measurements include uniform and optimal tension, contact pressure or stress throughout the product or a portion of the product, providing and/or maintaining a desired surface area of coverage during changes in body position, and conformance to the body surface area. Additional measurements can include how the product follows the natural lines of the body, the relative motion between portions of the product and the body, and bunching, twisting or roping of the surface topography of the product . Examples of product features analyzing the fit of the product include product deformation such as can be determined by the measurement of product movement or shift during wear (i.e., during wearer movement) and gaps formed between the product and the body. In some instances, gaps can cause particular products, such as absorbent articles, to have reduced effectiveness. Product stresses can be analyzed to determine the potential for material tears or places that need stretchable material or reinforcement . The force vectors for every element of the diaper may be output throughout the simulation. This type of output aids product developers when investigating different product designs. Specifically, product developers can analyze the forces, noting any large vectors such as those which may cause the product to droop over time. Reduction of large forces may lead to better fit maintenance or a reduction of product failures (i.e., tearing) . The product curvature can be analyzed to determine the conformance of the product toward or away from the body. The product strain can be analyzed such as to determine the amount of stretch being used by diaper fasteners . The contact area can be analyzed to determine if the product is covering the entire target surface area of the body. Shape analysis or anthropometric landmark analysis of the wearer can be used to determine fit ranges such as the distance between facial landmarks to determine area for facemask coverage . Additionally, the relative distance between a product feature and a wearer landmark can be analyzed to determine fit such as the droop measured as the distance from the belly button to the top of the product waist .

[0092] Examples of body and product features analyzing the comfort of the product include contact pressure distribution on the body and the magnitude of natural body shape alteration caused by product. These features can lead to skin irritation or make the product uncomfortable to wear. The appearance of the product when worn by the body can be analyzed to determine how the product buckles, twists and/or bunches during wearer movement . The contours of the product can be mapped to trace the path on the wearer where the contact pressure is equal to a certain value or range. A thermal analysis can be performed to determine the heat or humidity between the product/wearer as compared to environment .

[0093] Examples of product features analyzing the effects of the environment on the product include the appearance of the product such as the discreetness of product during wear. The contact area between the product and any additional garment worn on the body can be analyzed, such as whether the product is in contact with the garment or does a portion of the product hang outside the garment.

[0094] Analysis 34 of the performance of the body and product features typically indicates changes that may be made to the product for improved performance. If the desired performance level is not achieved, or if additional testing is desired, the product sub-model 22 is redesigned in order to modify the performance of the product feature. For example, a concentration of tensile stresses in a particular region of the product may indicate that a material or shape change needs to be made in that region. The product developer may also revise the wearer sub-model 20 to revise the body that the product is being evaluated on. Additionally, the environmental sub-model can be modified to account for different environmental conditions. After modifying one or more characteristics of the sub-models 20, 22, 24, the steps of running the interaction model 28 and the use model 30 and to obtain new results 32 are performed. The results 32 are again analyzed at step 34 to evaluate the new design. In this manner, results of a product analysis may be fed back into the product design process in an iterative manner until the design of a product meets whatever goals are set out for it. The product developer may decide at step 36 to modify the submodels, or a software program may perform an iterative process to obtain results 32 within a specified range of values. Once acceptable or optimum performance levels for the performance features are determined, the product sub-model 22 can be used as an aid in designing a prototype of the product or specific components of the product .

[0095] The process may also be repeated using different products, wearers, and uses. Thus, virtually any combination of a wearer and a product of clothing or other articles which are used on the body may be modeled. For example, the entire modeling process may be repeated for a representative baby using a particular diaper design. In another example, a representative adult incontinence product user may be modeled using a particular adult incontinence product. In another example, a representative child may be modeled using a product of clothing such as pajamas. In each of these, the same iterative product development process may be followed to develop a product that meets any initial performance goals.

[0096] Correlations can be made between simulated or virtual data and in-use wearer data to establish product shaping, body fit and comfort targets for multiple product platforms, improving product fit with the body and wearer perception of wearing comfort and security. Proposed improvements can be screened virtually to ascertain if the product achieves desired performance of product features related to, for example, absorption of the product, gapping between the product and the wearer, contact pressure between the product and the wearer, proximity of the product to the wearer, and/or relative orientation of surfaces of the product to gravity. The performance of body and product features can be compared against wearer preferences for fit and comfort.

Example 1- Diaper Embodiments

Embodiment la :

[0097] The first diaper embodiment described herein is a product only model used to evaluate deformation and stresses around the leg and containment flap elastic regions. Figure

13 illustrates an exemplary diaper, indicated generally at

111, with typical fasteners and elastics. For example, the diaper 111 has a cover 112, an absorbent body 113, fasteners

114, fastener elastics 115, containment flaps 117 and leg elastics 118. Initially, a plane of symmetry along the long axis of the diaper was implemented to reduce computer run times during the initial steps of development. Later, the plane of symmetry constraint was removed by mirroring the diaper about the plane of symmetry. When the mirroring was implemented, modifications were also made to the loading conditions (i.e., forces necessary to apply the diaper), kinematic instructions, and contact instructions. Appendix 1 provides an example of the input files for the diaper embodiments. Diaper embodiment la focused on the leg and containment flap elastics and simulated the diaper being stretched out flat, released, and then allowed to come to a "resting" position. Therefore, the geometry in this phase of the diaper creation was relatively simplistic, and only included detailed material models for the leg and containment flap elastics . The rest of the diaper was modeled as one continuous homogeneous sheet. Figure 13A shows the diaper in the simulation initial position, held flat and under tension.

Figure 14 depicts the diaper in the simulation final position, with external tensions released and the diaper allowed to relax. Element stresses were also calculated >- throughout the simulation, and the final stresses (Mises stresses) are displayed in Figure 15.

[0098] The non-woven materials were modeled as shell elements of type S4R (reduced integration quadrilateral shell element) . This is a shell element, which is often used for structures in which the thickness is significantly smaller than the other dimensions . The leg and containment flap elastics were modeled as two force members (ABAQUS type T3D2 truss elements) , which act as rods that can only support an axial force between the two points. They have no resistance to bending. This description is representative of how the leg and containment flap elastics primarily behave, and demonstrates the importance of choosing elements that best represent the behavior of the material they are modeling. Table 1 lists the material definitions and material property data of embodiment la of the virtual diaper.

Table 1. Material definitions and material property data of the virtual diaper. The units for this model are a standard

SI form of N-mm-sec-Mgr. Note: a Megagram is equal to a metric ton.

[0099] With no external wearer or environment in this simulation, it was necessary to apply a very small pressure (similar to a puff of air) in the negative (3) direction (refer to Figure 13A for axes orientation) . This allowed the diaper to buckle downwards, or away from the body, instead of upwards, or toward the body. To account for the variation in amount of strain between the elastics and the diaper, the elastics were connected to every 3^rd node instead of every node. This allowed the elastics to stretch without distorting the diaper elements .

Embodiment lb :

[0100] The second embodiment included a more detailed product and a wearer located in a static position. In this model, contact pressures during product application and deformation of the product were investigated. The increased detail in the product included modeling the geometry and properties of an absorbent core, fastener elastic, and a fastener in addition to the leg elastic, containment flap elastic, and containment flap material modeled in embodiment la.

[0101] Material property data of the updated diaper may be found in Table 2. The elastics (containment flap, leg, and fastener elastic) were modeled as Neo-Hookean hyperelastic materials, which means that the materials are incompressible and show non-linear behavior. To accurately describe the non- linearity in these materials, stress vs. strain data was directly input to the model . All of the elements except the leg and containment flap elastic were modeled as S4Rs. These elements allow a user to represent many types of materials in one element (e.g., a composite shell element) . For example, a section may be modeled as having cover and absorbent. Each material in this section will be defined by its own properties, but the materials will not be allowed to "shear" (move back and forth) with respect to one another, but are constrained to move as a unit. Utilizing this assumption allows for faster simulation run times during model development . The leg and containment flap elastics continue to be modeled as T3D2 truss elements, but the material properties were updated to better represent their characteristics .

Table 2. Material definitions and material property data for the updated virtual diaper.

[0102] In addition to adding complexity to the diaper, the method of diaper application during the simulation was refined to appear representative of actual diaper application.

This included refining the direction, timing, and magnitude of the application forces so that the data is consistent with typical use. Figure 16 depicts how the diaper is pulled between the legs and then wrapped onto the torso of the body.

Deformation of the product and contact between the virtual product and virtual infant during the simulation of application is shown in Figure 16 and 17.

[0103] A model of a baby's torso situated in the diapering position (e.g., lying down with legs spread) was used for the wearer sub-model . The geometry data for the infant wearer sub-model 20 was obtained from a mannequin model of a small infant. The process used to obtain this data included scanning a mannequin torso to obtain a 3-D point cloud. The point cloud data was then converted into a surface model using Geomagic software. The surface model was then converted into a FEA model using the meshing and model definition features of Abaqus/CAE. This step requires specification of both the geometry and element type (with associated material properties) of the wearer. The elements specified for this virtual wearer were the rigid material R3D4 elements (three-dimensional quadrilaterals) . This element type does not require the specification of any material properties. It is used to model the 2-D surfaces of a 3-D rigid body. To make the surface properties more realistic, a softening layer was included above the rigid foundation. The softening layer was specified as a 3 mm thick layer that would fully compress to the rigid foundation at a contact pressure of 0.1 MPa.

[0104] Techniques necessary to enable the simulation to operate for this embodiment included changing from the default Lagrange contact algorithm to Penalty contact in order to fasten the diaper ear. This was done to prevent element hourglassing (nonphysical grid distortions, potentially leading to contact problems) . Placing 0.1 mm beam elements around the perimeter of the diaper prevented hourglassing elsewhere in the diaper. These elements were given the properties of diaper cover material. To stabilize and better control the rate of contraction of the elastics and the diaper, the initial condition pre-stress in the elastics was removed and replaced with a temperature control . Instead of causing elastic contraction by lessening the pre-stress, an arbitrary temperature lowering is used to contract the elastics. This method provides more control over the rate of diaper deformation and results in a successful and more stable simulation.

[0105] A snapshot from the simulation of applying the diaper to the virtual user is shown in Figure 17. During this simulation, contact pressures between the diaper and the baby were also calculated as the diaper was applied. Figures 18 and 19 show the contact pressures at different moments during the application. The diaper is hidden in these pictures so that the effects of the diaper on the baby can be easily visualized. It was necessary to reduce the element size on the user for this simulation so that accurate readings of contact pressure could be obtained. Contact pressure could be used to investigate diaper gaps (potential leakage sites) , which have no contact pressure, and potential redmarking sites, which are areas of higher contact pressure. Diaper designs can then be modified based on the results of such simulations to obtain consistent pressures around the whole gasket that are not so high as too cause redmarking but high enough to prevent gapping. [0106] Simulations were run with varying diaper coefficients of friction between the diaper and the torso from 0 to 3. Between 0 and 0.5 no significant difference was found in the deformation or contact pressure results. At a friction coefficient of 3, the contact pressure was only slightly different, but the positioning of the diaper did vary. It was found that at higher levels of friction the diaper sits lower at the waist and on the leg. Additionally, as the friction level is increased, the results become more sensitive to the method of diaper application.

Embodiment lc :

[0107] The _ι third embodiment included a dynamic wearer with an internal bone structure, joints, and deformable soft tissue. In this embodiment, deformation of the product and wearer were investigated along with stresses, contact pressures, and force vectors over a range of wearer motion. To incorporate motion into the user, it was necessary to update the user from a rigid model with a compliant surface to a completely soft model with an internal bone structure . The model was given a simplified backbone, pelvis, and two femurs.

Specifications of the material properties for both the soft tissue and the bones in this embodiment are summarized Table 3 below. It should be noted that these values may be altered based upon the desired characteristics of the wearer to be modeled.

Table 3. Material definitions and material property data for the virtual wearer.

[0108] The elements chosen to represent the bones were beam elements. This type of element was chosen because it is good for components in which the length dimension is significantly greater than the other two dimensions (such as the femurs and backbone) . The soft tissue was modeled with continuum elements that are flexible enough to adequately represent almost any shape and loading. These elements model small blocks of material in a component and can be connected to each other on any face. This allows for the versatility to model the complex shape of the infant torso . Once the torso was updated with a bone structure to allow for movement, motion could be applied to the model. The average hip motion of 2 year olds during walking was obtained for use in the simulation. (See Sutherland et al . , The Development of Mature Walking, MacKeith Press, London, England, 1998, illustrating graphs that depict the hip angle versus percent gait cycle.) A representative depiction of the virtual user walking may be found in Figure 20.

[0109] The simulation output included diaper and wearer deformation, product stresses, and contact pressures between the product and wearer through the entire process of applying the diaper and moving the wearer through the walking motion. The force vectors for every element of the diaper were also output throughout the simulation. This type of output aids in the analysis of different product designs. Specifically, it can be used to analyze force magnitudes and directions, noting any large vectors such as those highlighted in Figure 21. Different diaper designs may be compared to display force variations. Reduction of large forces may lead to better fit maintenance or a reduction of diaper failures (i.e., ear tears) .

Example 2- Feminine Care Pad

[0110] Additional features of the feminine care pad embodiment are discussed below. Appendix 2 provides an example of the input files for the feminine care pad embodiments. In one embodiment, a typical feminine pad wearer was determined from available usage, demographic, and/or anthropometric data and modeled as the representative wearer. A representative wearer for the feminine pad is defined as a person that is 5 feet 6 inches tall, weighs 140 pounds, and has waist, hip, and thigh measurements of 27 inches, 41 inches, and 24 inches, respectively. To specify the geometry of the wearer, a point cloud of an adult female with similar body measurements to those listed above was identified from the CAESAR database . The point cloud was then converted into a Finite Element mesh using software programs such as Geomagic, Ideas or Abaqus/CAE. Material property definitions used to describe wearer soft tissue behavior have used a Neo- Hookean hyperelastic material model . Bones can be treated as rigid or as elastic. Skin can be defined as either a layer of shell or membrane elements over the soft tissue volume and is typically given the same material behavior as the underlying soft tissue.

[0111] To improve the virtual wearer sub-model 20, quasi-spherical volumes of simulated material are removed from the finite element model in the regions surrounding the hip joints 60 of Figure 5. This is done to allow for a greater range of motion of the leg which would be inhibited due to deformation and possible failure (due to excessive deformation) of the elements in the regions surrounding the hip joints 60 because of modeling simplifications of the soft tissue and joints. Similar failure in the physical foam torso material in these regions was noted resulting in tears that could propagate to the model surface .

[0112] The product sub-model 22 is simplified to reduce calculational complexity only modeling the two solid layers

83, 85 as illustrated in FIG. 9. Alternately, in one embodiment, a continuous mesh between the distribution and shaping layers 83, 85 is used instead of contact modeling.

Slots in the distribution layer are modeled and retained, as these slots tend to focus the deformation during movement, such as when the wearer closes her legs. The simplified product consists of the two thick layers, the distribution layer 83, and the shaping layer 85, bonded at their interface.

This simplification reduces numerical problems encountered with the stacked design, but allows for the general product deformations observed in visualization of the product in conjunction with the foam torso test stand.

[0113] An environmental sub-model was also created to represent a panty, generally indicated at 120. A depiction of the product sub-model 22 and panty sub-model is illustrated in FIG. 22. The virtual panty model 120 is used on the simplified torso application runs. The panty as modeled is initially flat and without material away from V-shaped regions 122, 123 at the front and rear. Panty waistbands (not shown) are pulled up and toward the torso by enforced displacements .- Lines of beams are desirable along each waistband to provide lateral .stiffness to avoid numerical problems with modeling as will be understood by one skilled in the art. Table 4 lists the material definitions and material property data of the feminine care pad, the panty and the representative wearer.

Table 4. Material definitions and material property data for the virtual wearer and virtual feminine care pad.

[0114] Application of the product involves the virtual panty model 120 being moved down and the waistbands moved away from the torso, from the original, neutral position to a position that permits the virtual product sub-model 22 to be captured between the virtual panty model 120 and the virtual wearer sub-model 20. The motion of the waistbands can then be reversed, allowing the virtual panty model 120 to return to the known waistband locations, thus applying the virtual product sub-model 22 to the torso with reasonable restraint forces. It was found that the virtual wearer sub-model 20 had many small element faces in the torso 52 to leg 54 transitional areas that presented some issues in the numerical stability of the panty component. The panty was remeshed in this region, keeping the same outline and topology, but replacing many of the smaller elements with several larger elements closer to the average element size in the rest of the panty. Panty models of various types of panties (e.g., bikini, briefs, etc.) can be generated and tested with the use model 30.

[0115] The use model 30 is used to determine if the virtual product sub-model 22 can be applied to the torso with the virtual panty 120, or if the panty can only be used to contain the product after application. An explicit integration based finite element software should be used for the application process because of the many contact interactions that are active. To achieve reasonable run times, the technique of mass scaling can be used to increase the stable time increment. It was seen that appropriate mass scaling allows the simulation to proceed using larger stable time increments without adversely affecting the validity of the simulation result . This causes the panty to deform and stretch without moving the product against the torso.

[0116] In one embodiment, a rigid surface or pad pusher

(not shown) was modeled to push the product 80 against the torso 52 and then move away, allowing the panty model 120 to retain the product 80 against the torso. This rigid surface is based upon the topology of the panty that would come into contact with the product during installation. The initial position of the surface is slightly above the panty surface, and its motion history is slightly in advance of the panty motion. This avoids any problems with duplicate contact conditions on the product from the panty during installation.

The surface is quickly moved away from the product once the application is complete to allow the panty to take over the contact interaction that would retain the product against the torso.

[0117] To obtain suitable virtual product response, it is desirable that the restraint conditions imposed by the panty are as close to reality as possible. In one detailed model, the virtual panty model 120 is still only composed of the V-shaped regions 122,123 at the front and rear of the panty, but the initial shape is not arbitrary and flat, but rather based upon the topology of the standing torso. A coating of membrane elements is placed upon the standing torso, and then modified to obtain a straight panty waistband at the front and rear. The edges of the panty mesh connecting the front and rear waistbands on either side of the panty are also modified to yield as smooth a transition as possible. The virtual panty in the detailed model is related to the torso in overall topology, and the location of the waistbands in a neutral applied position is known.

[0118] Figures 23-25 are cross-sectional views of one embodiment of the product 80, illustrated as a feminine care pad, showing the product/torso deformations during product installation onto the torso 58 followed by leg closure. In the example shown, the product 80 is initially deformed onto a standing torso 58 with legs spread at an 18 degree angle using the rigid surface (not shown) and the conformal panty (not shown) . This allows the product 80 to conform to the torso 58 over the entire area of the product. Because the legs have to be spread during the initial product application, the panty only consists of the V-shaped regions (122, 123 of FIG. 22) at the front and rear of the torso. Using the V-shaped region simplifies the application process because a full panty would not have to be pulled up and over the outer thighs with the legs spread. Once the product 80 is snug against the torso 58 as illustrated in FIG. 24, the rigid surface is removed, and the panty is allowed to provide the retention force by controlling the waistband position against the torso.

[0119] With the product, panty, and torso in their as- installed positions, the legs are closed as illustrated in

FIG. 25. In one embodiment, closing the legs results in the outer edges of the shaping layer 85 near the center of the product 80 being bent down by contact with the thighs, while the rest of the product, mainly the distribution layer 83, is in partial contact with the torso 58. When the legs are closed, the deformation pattern of the product 80 closely resembles the deformation seen in test stand data.

[0120] Use of a conformal panty model 120 and known waistband locations ensure that the retention forces after product installation are reasonable. Because the panty model 120 provides the base for the product 80 in actual use, the interaction of the panty with not only the product, but also with the articulating torso 58, should be well defined.

[0121] The method and apparatus described herein has the advantage of being able to model a product being put on as a wearer would put it on, in addition to modeling the product while the product is being worn. Also, the method and apparatus described herein provide dynamic modeling of the product in use, as opposed to previous systems that typically provide only static modeling. In addition, the computer-based modeling of virtual products and uses can examine features and results that cannot be seen through physical testing. Finally, the apparatus and method can be used for optimization modeling; a product developer selects a desired product performance, and the model designs a product that will meet that performance .

[0122] The invention described herein provides an improved method to virtually evaluate and design products. Virtual development does not have the limitations of resource and material availability, or safety issues associated with human testing. Virtual development allows exploration of concepts not achievable previously using conventional methods. This virtual advantage expedites innovations by allowing new products to get to market faster and with less cost.

[0123] While the invention has been described in conjunction with several specific embodiments, it is to be understood that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, this invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims .

[0124] When introducing elements of the present invention or the preferred embodiment (s) thereof, the articles "a", "an", "the" and "said" are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms "comprising", "including" and "having" are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.

[0125] As various changes could be made in the above without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

APPENDIX 1. .DIAPER EXAMPLE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIAPER 1ST EMBODIMENT 47 diaper. inp Z 47

DIAPER 2ND EMBODIMENT 50 FILES 50 assy .geom.Z 50 assy4. sets . Z 54 assy4. surfaces . Z 57 assy3.materials 59 assy3.boundary 62 assy3.pressure 64 END FILES 64 Assy4.inp.Z 65 DIAPER 3RD EMBODIMENT 66

FILES 66

LeftLegForward. amp 66

LeftLegSide . amp 67 phase7.bcs 68 phase7.geom 69 phase7. loads 72 phase7.materials 73 phase7. sections 74 phase7. sets 76 phase7. surfaces 77

RightLegForwawrd. amp 80

RightLegSide . amp 81

END FILES 81 phase7.inp 82

END 83

NOTE: Several periods in a row on one line (e.g.,....) indicates additional similar lines of code which have been deleted.

DIAPER 1ST EMBODIMENT

2772, 3009, 3006 diaper . in . Z 2773, 3006, 3003

2774, 3003, 3000

♦HEADING 80 2775, 3000, 2997

** UNITS 2776, 1405, 1397

** Length = mm ^♦ELEMENT, TYPEι=T3D2, ELSET=ELASTI 1

^♦♦ Time = Sec 2655, 2, 57

** Mass = Tonne 2656, 57, 54

** Force = N 85 2657, 54, 51

** Stress = MPa 2658, 51, 48

** 2659, 48, 45

*NODE 2660, 45, 42

1,r 143.272, 2661, 42, 39

107 .569, -1 .16582E-13 90

2, -143.763, 2724, 333, 336

127, .257, -1 .16582E-13 2725, 336, 339

3, 138.398, 2726, 339, 342

106. .323, -1 .16582E-13 2727, 342, 345

4, 133.524, 95 2728, 345, 348

105. .077, -1 .16582E-13 2729, 348, 351

5, 128.635, 2730, 351, 297

103, .897, -1 .16582E-13 ^♦ELEMENT, TYPE :=S4R, ELSET=FLAP

6, 123.701, 2305, 449, 3066, 1473, 433

102 .918, -1 .16582E-13 100 2306, 450, 3067, 3066, 449

7, 118.766, 2307, 451, 3068, 3067, 450

101. .94, -1.16582E-13 2308, 452, 3069, 3068, 451

8, 113.832, 2309, 453, 3070, 3069, 452

100, .961, -1 .16582E-13 2310, 454, 3071, 3070, 453

9,r 108.869, 105 2311, 455, 3072, 3071, 454

100, .15, -1.16582E-13 ιo 103.888, 2648, 3338, 3057, 3056, 3337

99.4433, -1 .16582E-13 2649, 3339, 3058, 3057, 3338

11, 98.9072, 2650, 3340, 3059, 3058, 3339

98 . 7367 , - 1 . 16582E- 13 110 2651, 3341, 3060, 3059, 3340

2652, 3342, 3061, 3060, 3341

3338, -139.543, 2653, 3343, 3062, 3061, 3342

50 .6953, -l.l 52006E-13 2654, 3343, 1753, 1401, 3062 3339, -144.558, ^♦ELEMENT, TYPE =S4R, ELSET=LEG- ^■ELAS

50 .6953, -1 .6262E-13 115 1, 3, 118, 61, 1 3340, -149.572, 2, 4, 117, 118, 3

50 .6953, -l.f 53234E-13 3, 5, 116, 117, 4 3341, -154.586, 4, 6, 115, 116, 5

50 .6953, -l.( 53849E-13 5, 7, 114, 115, 6 3342, -159.6, 120 6, 8, 113, 114, 7

50 .6953, -l.f 54463E-13 7, 9, 112, 113, 8 3343, -164.615, 8, 10, in, 112, 9

50 .6953, -l.f -5077E-13

** 167, 348, 230, 229, 347

** 125 168, 349, 231, 230, 348

^★ELEMENT, TYPE=S4R, ELSET=CENTER 169, 350, 232, 231, 349

975, 449, 433, 1473, 1474 170, 351, 233, 232, 350

976, 450 449, 1474, 1475 171, 352, 234, 233, 351

977, 451, 450, 1475, 1476 172, 353, 235, 234, 352

978, 452 451, 1476, 1477 13 0 173, 354, 236, 235, 353

979, 453, 452, 1477, 1478 174, 354, 297, 179, 236

980, 454, 453, 1478, 1479 ^♦ELEMENT, TYPE =S4R, ELSET=SIDE

981, 455 454, 1479, 1480 175, 37, 968, 969, 38

982, 456, 455, 1480, 1481 176, 36, 967, 968, 37

983, 457 456, 1481, 1482 135 177, 35, 966, 967, 36

984, 458, , 457, 1482, 1483 178, 34, 965, 966, 35

985, 459 458, 1483, 1484 179, 33, 701, 965, 34

180, 32, 702, 701, 33

2298, 2880, 2916, 2915, 2879 181, 31, 703, 702, 32

2299, 2881, 2917, 2916, 2880 140 182, 30, 704, 703, 31

2300, 2876, 2917, 2881, 2875

2301, 2910, 2917, 2876, 2877

2302, 2911, 2916, 2917, 2910 966 , 1320, 1270, 1271, 1319

2303, 2912, 2915, 2916, 2911 967 , 1321, 1269, 1270, 1320

2304, 2912, 2913, 2914, 2915 145 968 , 1322, 1268, 1269, 1321

:LEMENT, , TYPE=T3D2, ELSET=ELASTIC- 969 , 1322, 1266, 1267, 1268

2731, 1753, 3341 970 , 812, 1021, 1323, 811

2732, 3341, 3338 971 , 1023, 1172, 1324, 1022

2733, 3338, 3335 972 , 1174, 1247, 1325, 1173

2734, 3335, 3332 150 ♦ELEMENT, TYPE=S3R, ELSET=SIDE

2735, 3332, 3329 973, 8, 725, 724 974 , 350 , 744 , 743

♦♦ leg-elastic ♦♦ elastic-flap

*_* *_*

*NSET , NSET=LEG-ELAS , GENERATE 80 ♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=ELASTIC- , 1 , 118 , 1 MATERI L= FLAP - ELA

178 , 236 , 1 0.113131,

296 , 354 , 1 **

** ♦♦ elastic-leg

♦♦ leg-elastic 85 **

^♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=ELASTI_1 ,

♦ELSET, ELSET=LEG-EL_1, GENERATE MATERIAL=LEG-ELAS

1, 174, 0.1,

** **

*^♦ side 90 ♦♦ flap **

♦NSET, NSET=SIDE, GENERATE ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=FLAP,

1, 61, 1 MATERIAL=FLAP

178, 179, 1 0.065, 5

296, 576, 1 95 ** 701, 1325, ^♦♦ leg-elastic **

^♦♦ side ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=LEG-ELAS,

** MATERI L=COVER

♦ELSET, ELSET=SIDE 1, GENERATE 100 0.0574, 5

175, 204, 1 **

206, 221, 1 ^♦♦ side

223, 974, 1 **

** ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=SIDE,

♦♦ flap 105 MATERIAL=COVER

** 0.0574, 5

♦NSET, NSET= =FLAP, GENERATE **

433, 433, 1 ^♦♦ cover

448, 517, 1 ♦♦ Date: 10-Jul-Ol Time : 11 : 48 : 4.

1397, 1401, 1 110 **

1471, 1473, 1 ♦MATERIAL, NAME=COVER

1752, 1753, 1 **

2994, 3062, 1 ^♦DENSITY^'

3066, 3272, 1 9.32E-10,

3275, 3343, 1 115 **

** ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=IS0

♦^♦ flap 7.549, 0.3

** ^♦Damping, lpha=l .0E+2

♦ELSET, ELSET=FLAP_1 , GENERATE **

2305, 2654, 1 120 ♦♦ flap ** ♦♦ Date: 10-Jul-Ol Time: 11:48:48

♦^♦ center ** ** ♦MATERIAL, NAME=FLAP

♦NSET, NSET=CENTER, GENERATE **

421, 421, 1 125 ^♦DENSITY

433, 527, 1 1.23E-9,

1397, 1680, 1 **

1752, 1918, 1 ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISO

1920, 1932, 1 29.9, 0.3

2038, 2917, 1 130 ^♦Damping, lpha=l .0E+2

** **

♦♦ center ^♦♦ leg-elastic

** ♦^♦ Date: 10-Jul-Ol Time: 11:48:48

^♦ELSET, ELSET=CENT **

975, 2304, 135 ♦MATERIAL, NAME=LEG-ELAS

** **

^♦♦ elastic- -leg ^♦DENSITY l.E-9,

^♦ELSET, ELSET=ELASTI_ , GENERATE **

2655, 2730, 1 140 ♦ELASTIC, TYPE=IS0 ** 2. , 0.4

♦♦ elastic-flap ♦Damping,Alpha=l . Oe+4 **

^♦ELSET , ELSET=ELASTI_3 , GENERATE ♦♦ flap-elastic

2731 , 2776 , 1 145 ♦^♦ Date: 10-Jul-Ol Time: 11:48:46

** **

♦♦ center ♦MATERIAL, NAME=FLAP-ELA ** **

^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=CENTER, ^♦DENSITY MATERIAL=COVER 150 1.1E-9,

0 . 1574 , 5 **

^{♦ ♦} 0 . 0574 , 5 ♦ELASTIC, TYPE=IS0 2 . 82 , 0 . 4 ** ♦Damping, Alpha=l . 0e+4 ♦END STEP **

♦♦ centerline 80

♦BOUNDARY , OP=NE

1825, 2, , 0.

1826, 2, , 0

1827, 2, , 0

1828, 2, , 0

1829, 2, , 0

1830, 2, , 0

1914, 2, , 0

1915, 2, , 0

1916, 2, , 0

1917, 2, , 0

1918, 2, , 0

**

♦BOUNDARY , OP=NE

1823, 4,, 0.

1824, 4,, 0

1825, 4,, 0

1826, 4, , 0

1827, 4,, 0

1828, 4,, 0

1829, 4,, 0

1830, 4,, 0

2045, 3,, 0

2046, 3, , 0

2047, 3,, 0

2048, 3,, 0

2049, 3,, 0

2050, 3,, 0

♦ELSET, ELSET=PRESSURE, GENERATE 1, 204, 1 206, 221, 1 223, 2304, 1

**

♦Initial Conditions, type=stress elastic- ,2.82

♦♦elastic-, 0.282

♦Initial Conditions, type=stress elasti_l,2.00

^♦♦elasti_l, 0.200

♦STEP

^♦dynamic, Explicit

,0.25

**

♦Variable mass scaling, type=below min,dt=2e-5, number interval=2 ♦Amplitude, name=pressure 0.0,1.0e-4,100.0,1.0e-4 **

^♦♦ pressure

**

♦DLOAD, OP=NE amplitude=pressur

1, P, -0.43666

2, P, -0.456156

3, P, -0.475681

4, P. -0.495328

5, P, -0.515066

6, P, -0.534804

7, P, -0.554599

2300, P, -0.18278

2301, p , -0.163574

2302, P, -0.162659

2303, P, -0.163195

2304, P, -0.163514

♦output, field, number interval=30 ♦Element output, ariables=preselect ♦Node output, ariables=preselect 10005, -219 88, -23.5146, 164.149

DIAPER 2ND EMBODIMENT 75 10006, -217 189 -8. 41114, 167.86

FILES 16672, -159 489 38 .8181, 151.146 assy4.geo .Z 16673, -160 357 40 .7464, 149.863

16674, -161 228 42 .6357, 148.51

** Units 80 16675, -162 098 44 .4874, 147.089

** Length mm 16676, -162 959 46 .3019, 145.602 ** 16677, -163 802 48 .0777, 144.057

^♦NODE 16678, -164. 617 49 .8144, 142.467

1 -163. 60. , 1 .E-5 16681, -159 218 32 .7022, 155.281

2 -225. 140. , 1 .E-5 85 16682, -160 041 34 .749, 154.173

3 -155. 140. , 1 .E-5 16683, -160 877 36 .7531, 153.006

4 -220.882 140. , 1 .E-5 16684, -161 725 38 .7176, 151.774

5 -216.765 140. , 1 .E-5 16685, -162 .58 40 .643, 150.473

6 -212.647 140. , 1 .E-5 16686, -163 439 42 .5295, 149.103

7 -208.529 140. , 1 E-5 90 16687, -164 295 44 .3786, 147.668

8 , -204.412 140. , 1 .E-5 16688, -165. 143 46 .1914, 146.169

9 -200.294 140. , 1 .E-5 16689, -16E .97 47 .9667, 144.614

10 -196.177 140. , 1 E-5 16690, -166 767 49 .7037, 143.014

11 -192.059 140. , 1 .E-5 16693, -161. 506 32 .5828, 155.916

12 -187.941 140. , 1 .E-5 95

13 -183.824 140. , 1 E-5 26351, -237.802, -23. 7646, 163.548

14 -179.706 140. , 1 .E-5 26352, -240 04, -23. 7627, 163.414

15 -175.588 140. , 1 E-5 26353, -242.278, -23. 7598, 163.277

16 -171.471 140. , 1 E-5 26354, -244.516, -23. 7593, 163.145

17 -167.353 140. , 1 E-5 100 26355, -246.755, -23. 7644, 163.022

18 -163.235 140. , 1 E-5 26356, -248.994, -23. 7784, 162.917

19 -159.118 140. , 1 E-5 26357, -251.235, -23. B047, 162.834

20 -155. 178. , 1 E-5

21 -155. 143.8, 1 E-5 ^♦♦ torso

22 -155. 147.6, 1 E-5 105 **

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE=R3D4, ELSET=TORSO

2601 200.889 56.1228, 1 E-5 6654, 10000, 10001, 10007 10006

2602 200.302 60.0498, 1 E-5 6655, 10001, 10002, 10008 10007

2603 200.28 63.4099, 1 E-5 6656, 10002, 10003, 10009 10008

2604 238. 71., 1 E-5 110 6657, 10003, 10004, 10010 10009

2605 218. 71. , 1 E-5 6658, 10004, 10005, 10011 10010

2606 222. 71. , 1 E-5 6659, 10006, 10007, 10013 10012

2607 226. 71. , 1 E-5 6660, 10007, 10008, 10014 10013

2608 230. 71. , 1 E-5 6661, 10008, 10009, 10015 10014

2609 234. 71. , 1 E-5 115 6662, 10009, 10010, 10016 10015

2610 238. 116. , 1 E-5 6663, 10010, 10011, 10017, 10016

2611 238. 75.0909, 1 E-5

2612 238. 79.1818, 1 E-5 20851, 26335, 26336, 26351, 26350

2613 238. 83.2727, 1 E-5 20852, 26336, 26337, 26352, 26351

2614 238. 87.3636, 1 E-5 120 20853, 26337, 26338, 26353, 26352

2615 238. 91.4545, 1 E-5 20854, 26338, 26339, 26354, 26353

2616 238. 95.5454, 1 E-5 20855, 26339, 26340, 26355, 26354

2617 238. 99.6364, 1 E-5 20856, 26340, 26341, 26356, 26355

2618 238. 103.727, 1 E-5 20857, 26341, 26342, 26357, 26356

2619 238. 107.818, 1 E-5 125 **

2620 238. 111.909, 1 E-5 ^♦ELEMENT, TYPE =S4R, ELSET=A

2621 214. 116. , 1 E-5 1, 21, 56, 19, 3

2622 234. 116., 1 E-5 2, 22, 57, 56, 21

2623 230. 116. , 1 E-5 3, 23, 58, 57, 22

2624 226. 116. , 1 E-5 130 4, 24, 59, 58, 23

2625 222. 116. , 1 E-5 5, 25, 60, 59, 24

2626 218. 116. , 1 E-5 6, 26, 61, 60, 25

2627 214. 111.909, 1 E-5 7, 27, 62, 61, 26

2628 214. 107.818, 1 E-5 8, 28, 63, 62, 27

135 9, 29, 64, 63, 28

4557 -106.315 89.1919, 1 E-5

4558 -112.82, 91.1875, 1 E-5 159, 178, 193, 192, 177

4559 -112.82, 91.1875, 1 E-5 160, 179, 194, 193, 178

4560 -123.683 93.8327, 1 E-5 161, 188, 195, 184, 185

4561 -123.683 93.8327, 1 E-5 140 162, 189, 196, 195, 188

4562 -130.408 95.2285, 1 E-5 163, 182, 195, 196, 181

4563 -137.134 96.6243, 1 E-5 164, 182, 183, 184, 195

9999 0. 0. 165, 180, 191, 194, 179

10000 -219.649 -8.51561, 167 795 166, 181, 190, 191, 180

10001 -219.6 -11.5794, 167 355 145 167, 181, 196, 189, 190

10002 -219.599 -14.6195, 166 772 ♦ELEMENT, TYPE =S4R, ELSET=B

10003, -219.643 -17.6284, 166 046 168, 203, 225, 4, 2

10004 -219.734 -20.5967, 165 172 169, 204, 226, 225, 203

170, 205, 227, 226, 204 171, 206, 228, 227, 205 665, 728, 729, 730, 731

172, 207, 228, 206, 202 ♦ELEMENT , TYPE =S4R, ELSET=G

173, 198, 229, 224, 197 666, 735, 756, 604, 591

174, 199, 230, 229, 198 80 667, 736, 757, 756, 735

175, 200, 231, 230, 199 668, 737, 758, 757, 736

669, 738, 759, 758, 737

247, 270, 283, 284, 269 670, 739, 760, 759, 738

248, 271, 282, 283, 270 671, 741, 760, 739, 734

249, 272, 273, 282, 271 85 672, 742, 761, 760, 741

250, 275, 276, 277, 274 673, 743, 762, 761, 742

251, 275, 265, 266, 276 674, 744, 763, 762, 743

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE= =S4R, ELSET =C 675, 745, 764, 763, 744

252, 224, 309, 289, , 197

253, 223, 310, 309, 224 90 726, 794, 805, 792, 793

254, 222, 311, 310, 223 727, 795, 804, 805, 794

255, 221, 342, 311, 222 728, 796, 803, 804, 795

256, 220, 341, 342, 221 729, 797, 802, 803, 796

257, 219, 340, 341, 220 730, 798, 801, 802, 797

258, 218, 312, 340, 219 95 731, 798, 799, 800, 801

259, 217, 313, 312, 218 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE- =S4R, ELSET=H

732, 507, 817, 816, 344

300, 335, 341, 340, 334 733, 506, 818, 817, 507

301, 336, 342, 341, 335 734, 505, 819, 818, 506

302, 337, 311, 342, 336 100 735, 504, 820, 819, 505

303, 339, 309, 310, 338 736, 503, 821, 820, 504

304, 337, 338, 310, 311 737, 502, 822, 821, 503

305, 313, 314, 333, 312 738, 755, 822, 502, 489

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE= =S4R, ELSET =D 739, 754, 823, 822, 755

306, 368, 380, 367, 365 105

307, 369, 381, 380, 368 770, 839, 846, 837, 838

308, 370, 382, 381, 369 771, 841, 846, 839, 840

309, 371, 383, 382, 370 772, 842, 845, 846, 841

310, 372, 384, 383, 371 773, 842, 843, 844, 845

311, 373, 385, 384, 372 110 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=I

312, 374, 386, 385, 373 3521, 2636, 3676, 2811, 2562

3522, 2635, 2947, 3676, 2636

425, 477, 480, 444, 445 3523, 2634, 2948, 2947, 2635

426, 478, 481, 480, 477 3524, 2633, 2949, 2948, 2634

427, 459, 460, 461, 479 115 3525, 2632, 2950, 2949, 2633

428, 480, 464, 443, 444 3526, 2631, 2951, 2950, 2632

429, 481, 463, 464, 480

430, 481, 461, 462, 463 4361, 3642, 3662, 3663, 3641

431, 481, 478, 479, 461 4362, 3643, 3661, 3662, 3642

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE= =S4R, ELSET =E 120 4363, 3674, 3623, 3664, 3675

432, 483, 508, 345, 343 4364, 3674, 3663, 3622, 3623

433, 484, 509, 508, 483 4365, 2812, 2811, 3676, 2947

434, 485, 510, 509, 484 4366, 3365, 3366, 3097, 3098

435, 486, 511, 510, 485 4367, 3646, 3645, 3677, 3647

436, 487, 512, 511, ^' 486 125 4368, 3508, 3486, 3678, 3487

437, 488, 513, 512, 487 4369, 3657, 3554, 3555, 3658

4370, 3672, 3661, 3643, 3644

515, 564, 579, 554, 555 4371, 3660, 3616, 3617, 3618

516, 574, 573, 566, 567 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=J

517, 575, 572, 573, 574 130 1631, 848, 1402, 1011, 847

518, 576, 571, 572, 575 1632, 849, 1012, 1402, 848

519, 577, 570, 571, 576 1633, 850, 1013, 1012, 849

520, 578, 569, 570, 577 1634, 851, 1014, 1013, 850

521, 579, 568, 569, 578 1635, 852, 1015, 1014, 851

522, 579, 564, 565, 568 135 1636, 853, 1016, 1015, 852

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE= S4R, ELSET =F 1637, 854, 1017, 1016, 853

523, 592, 614, 590, 580 1638, 855, 1018, 1017, 854

524, 593, 615, 614, 592 1639, 856, 1019, 1018, 855

525, 594, 616, 615, 593

526, 595, 617, 616, 594 140 2100, 1353, 1361, 1362, 1352

527, 596, 618, 617, 595 2101, 1354, 1360, 1361, 1353

528, 597, 619, 618, 596 2102, 1354, 1355, 1359, 1360

529, 598, 620, 619, 597 2103, 1010, 1011, 1402, 1012

530, 599, 621, 620, 598 2104, 1310, 1311, 1217, 1218

145 2105, 1092, 1211, 1403, 1091

658, 713, 732, 731, 712 2106, 1205, 1206, 1404, 1358

659, 714, 733, 732, 713 2107, 1359, 1355, 1405, 1356

660, 724, 733, 714, 715 ♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=

661, 730, 729, 722, 723 2108, 1508, 1500, 1506, 1530

662, 726, 733, 724, 725 150 2109, 1509, 1508, 1530, 1531

663, 727, 732, 733, 726 2110, 1510, 1509, 1531, 1532

664, 728, 731, 732, 727 2111, 1511, 1510, 1532, 1533 2112, 1512, 1511, 1533, 1534 3296, 2607, 2639, 2638, 2606

2113, 1507, 1512, 1534, 1535 3297, 2608, 2640, 2639, 2607

2114, 1513, 1507, 1535, 1536 3298, 2609, 2641, 2640, 2608

2115, 1513, 1536, 1537, 1538 80 3299, 2611, 2641, 2609, 2604

2116, 1515, 1513, 1538, 1539 3300, 2622, 2642, 2620, 2610

2117, 1516, 1515, 1539, 1540

2118, 1517, 1516, 1540, 1541 3350, 2678, 2684, 2683, 2677

2119, 1518, 1517, 1541, 1542 3351, 2679, 2685, 2684, 2678

2120, 1519, 1518, 1542, 1543 85 3352, 2680, 2686, 2685, 2679

3353, 2664, 2686, 2680, 2663

3240, 2538, 2537, 2556, 2555 3354, 2669, 2686, 2664, 2665

3241, 2539, 2538, 2555, 2554 3355, 2670, 2685, 2686, 2669

3242, 2540, 2539, 2554, 2553 3356, 2671, 2684, 2685, 2670

3243, 2541, 2540, 2553, 2552 90 3357, 2672, 2683, 2684, 2671

3244, 2542, 2541, 2552, 2551 3358, 2673, 2682, 2683, 2672

3245, 2543, 2542, 2551, 2550 3359, 2673, 2674, 2681, 2682

3246, 2544, 2543, 2550, 2549 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=N

3247, 2544, 2549, 2548, 2545 3360, 2693, 2699, 2692, 2687

3248, 2455, 2454, 2559, 2561 95 3361, 2694, 2700, 2699, 2693

3249, 2366, 2365, 2451, 2452 3362, 2695, 2701, 2700, 2694

3250, 2486, 2515, 2560, 2487 3363, 2696, 2702, 2701, 2695

3251, 2456, 2455, 2561, 2457 3364, 2697, 2703, 2702, 2696

^♦ELEMENT , TYPE =S4R, ELSET=T 3365, 2698, 2704, 2703, 2697

3468, 2811, 2813, 2567, 2562 100 3366, 2609, 2704, 2698, 2604

3469, 2812, 2814, 2813, 2811 3367, 2568, 2705, 2605, 2562

3470, 2795, 2815, 2814, 2812 3368, 2569, 2706, 2705, 2568

3471, 2797, 2816, 2815, 2795 3369, 2570, 2707, 2706, 2569

3472, 2798, 2850, 2816, 2797 3370, 2571, 2708, 2707, 2570

3473, 2799, 2818, 2850, 2798 105

3474, 2796, 2819, 2818, 2799 3400, 2723, 2726, 2727, 2722

3475, 2801, 2820, 2819, 2796 3401, 2723, 2724, 2725, 2726

3476, 2802, 2821, 2820, 2801 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=θ

3477, 2803, 2822, 2821, 2802 3402, 2730, 2745, 1529, 1406

3478, 2800, 2823, 2822, 2803 110 3403, 2731, 2746, 2745, 2730

3479, 2805, 2824, 2823, 2800 3404, 2732, 2747, 2746, 2731

3480, 2806, 2825, 2824, 2805 3405, 2733, 2748, 2747, 2732

3406, 2734, 2749, 2748, 2733

3510, 2824, 2847, 2846, 2823 3407, 2735, 2749, 2734, 2729

3511, 2825, 2848, 2847, 2824 115 3408, 2736, 2750, 2749, 2735

3512, 2842, 2840, 2841, 2817 3409, 2737, 2751, 2750, 2736

3513, 2844, 2838, 2839, 2843 3410, 2738, 2752, 2751, 2737

3514, 2844, 2845, 2837, 2838

3515, 2847, 2831, 2832, 2837 3460, 2779, 2794, 2793, 2778

3516, 2826, 2827, 2848, 2825 120 3461, 2781, 2794, 2779, 2780

3517, 2847, 2837, 2845, 2846 3462, 2783, 2794, 2781, 2782

3518, 2842, 2843, 2839, 2840 3463, 2784, 2793, 2794, 2783

3519, 2809, 2810, 2849, 2829 3464, 2785, 2792, 2793, 2784

3520, 2817, 2816, 2850, 2818 3465, 2786, 2791, 2792, 2785

^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=L 125 3466, 2787, 2790, 2791, 2786

3252, 2568, 2562, 2567, 2574 3467, 2787, 2788, 2789, 2790

3253, 2569, 2568, 2574, 2575 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=P

3254, 2570, 2569, 2575, 2576 4988, 1508, 1500, 1506, 3853

3255, 2571, 2570, 2576, 2577 4989, 1509, 1508, 3853, 3854

3256, 2572, 2571, 2577, 2578 130 4990, 1510, 1509, 3854, 3855

3257, 2573, 2572, 2578, 2579 4991, 1511, 1510, 3855, 3856

3258, 1519, 1514, 2573, 2579 4992, 1512, 1511, 3856, 3857

3259, 1507, 1513, 1515, 2580 4993, 3679, 1507, 1512, 3857

3260, 1512, 1507, 2580, 2581 4994, 808, 806, 3765, 3858

135 4995, 809, 808, 3858, 3859

3280, 2582, 2581, 2596, 2597 4996, 1, 809, 3859, 3860

3281, 2583, 2582, 2597, 2598 4997, 807, 1, 3860, 3861

3282, 2584, 2583, 2598, 2599 4998, 811, 807, 3861, 3862

3283, 2589, 2585, 2584, 2599 4999, 927, 810, 811, 3862

3284, 2587, 2586, 2595, 2600 140 5000, 926, 927, 3862, 3863

3285, 2596, 2588, 2587, 2600

3286, 2597, 2596, 2600, 2601 5510, 4199, 4198, 4211, 4210

3287, 2598, 2597, 2601, 2602 5511, 4200, 4199, 4210, 4209

3288, 2599, 2598, 2602, 2603 5512, 4201, 4200, 4209, 4208

3289, 2590, 2589, 2599, 2603 145 5513, 4202, 4201, 4208, 4207

3290, 2592, 2591, 2590, 2603 5514, 4203, 4202, 4207, 4206

3291, 2593, 2592, 2603, 2602 5515, 4203, 4206, 4205, 4204

3292, 2594, 2593, 2602, 2601 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=Q

3293, 2594, 2601, 2600, 2595 4900, 3765, 806, 740, 3852

^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=M 150 4901, 3764, 3765, 3852, 3851

3294, 2605, 2637, 2636, 2562 4902, 3763, 3764, 3851, 3850

3295, 2606, 2638, 2637, 2605 4903, 3762, 3763, 3850, 3849 4904, 3761, 3762, 3849, 3848 4905, 3760, 3761, 3848, 3847 4906, 3759, 3760, 3847, 3846 4907, 3758, 3759, 3846, 3845 4908, 3757, 3758, 3845, 3844 4909, 3756, 3757, 3844, 3843 4910, 3755, 3756, 3843, 3842

4980, 3685, 36 86 3773, 3772 4981, 3684, 3685 3772, 3771 4982, 3683, 3684 3771, 3770 4983, 3682, 3683 3770, 3769 4984, 3681, 3682 3769, 3768 4985, 3680, 3681 3768, 3767 4986, 3679, 3680 3767, 3766 4987, 3679, 3766 1513, 1507

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE=T3D2 , ELSET=R

5722, 4348, 4349

5723, 4349, 4350

5724, 4351, 4352

5725, 4352, 4353

5726, 4354, 4355

5727, 4355, 4356

5728, 4357, 4358

5729, 4358, 4359

5730, 4360, 4361

5860, 4548, 4549

5861, 4550, 4551

5862, 4551, 4552

5863, 4553, 4554

5864, 4555, 4556

5865, 4556, 4557

5866, 4557, 4558

5867, 4559, 4560

5868, 4561, 4562

5869, 4562, 4563

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE=T3D2 , ELSET=S

5664, 4288, 4289

5665, 4289, 4290

5666, 4290, 4291

5667, 4291, 4292

5668, 4292, 4293

5669, 4293, 4294

5670, 4294, 4295

5715, 4340, 4341

5716, 4341, 4342

5717, 4342, 4343

5718, 4343, 4344

5719, 4344, 4345

5720, 4345, 4346

5721, 4346, 4347

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE=B31 , ELSET=U

6447, 2729, 2735

6448, 2735, 2736

6449, 2736, 2737

6450, 2737, 2738

6650, 587, 588

6651, 588, 589

6652, 589, 590

6653, 590, 580 assy4. sets . Z ^♦ELSET, ELSET=S_1 , GENERATE

5664 , 5721 , 1

♦♦ torso **

** ♦ ^♦ a

♦NSET, NSET- =TORSO, GENERATE 80 **

9999, 10311, 1 ♦NSET, NSET=A, GENERATE

10313, 10326, 1 1, 196, 1

10342, 10557, 1 **

10564, 10668, 1 ♦♦ a

10691, 10696, 1 85 **

10698, 10703, 1 ♦ELSET, ELSET=A_1, GENERATE

10705, 10710, 1 1, 167, 1

1 **

10712, 10717,

10719, 10724, 1 ♦♦ b

10726, 10731, 1 90

^♦NSET, NSET=B, GENERATE

26209, 26227, 1 2, 19,

26229, 26247, 1 197, 286,

26283, 26296, 1 **

26299, 26312, 1 95 ♦♦ b **

26314, 26327, 1

26329, 26342, 1 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=B_1 GENERATE

26344, 26357, 1 168, 251, 1

** **

^♦♦ torso 100 ♦♦ c **

^♦ELSET, ELSET=TORSO, GENERATE ^♦NSET, NSET=C, GENERATE 6654, 20857, 1 197 , 197 ,

** 202 , 202 ,

** r 105 207 , 224 ,

** 287 , 342 ,

^♦NSET, NSET=R, GENERATE **

4348, 4563, 1 **

** **

** r 110 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=C 1 , GENERATE

** 252 , 305 ,

^♦ELSET, ELSET=R_1, GENERATE ** 5722, 5869, 1 **

** **

^♦♦ p 115 ^♦NSET, NSET=D, GENERATE 202, 202,

^♦NSET, NSET=P, GENERATE 290, 301,

1, 1, 343, 481,

806, 811, **

847, 927, 120 **

1500, 1512, **

3679, 3765, ^♦ELSET, ELSET=D \ , GENERATE

3853, 4287, 306, 431,

** ** ** 125 ** ** **

^♦ELSET, ELSET=P 1, GENERATE ^♦NSET, NSET=E, GENERATE

4988, 5515, 343, 356,

** 482, 579, ^♦♦ q 130 ** ♦♦ e **

^♦NSET, NSET=Q, GENERATE

740, 740, ^♦ELSET, ELSET=E_1, GENERATE

806, 806, 432, 522, 1

1507, 1507, 135 ^♦♦

** f

1513, 1513, **

3679, 3852,

** ^♦NSET, NSET=F, GENERATE ** 482, 482, 1 ** 140 489, 501, 1

^♦ELSET, ELSET=Q 1, GENERATE 580, 733, 1 **

4900, 4987,

** ** f * *

♦♦ s ** 145 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=F 1 , GENERATE

^♦NSET , NSET=S , GENERATE 523 , 665 ,

4288 , 4347 ,

** ♦♦ g

♦ ♦ s **

150 ^♦NSET, NSET=G, GENERATE 489 , 489 , 591, 591, 1 **

604, 613, 1 **

734, 805, 1 ^♦NSET, NSET=L, GENERATE

** 80 1500, 1500,

** g 1507, 1519,

** 2562, 2603,

♦ELSET, ELSET= =G 1, GENERATE **

666, 731, 1 **

** **

^♦♦ h ^♦ELSET, ELSET=L 1, GENERATE

** 3252, 3293,

♦NSET, NSET= =H, , GENERATE **

1, 1, 1 **

344, 344, 1 90 **

489, 489, 1 ^♦NSET, NSET=M, GENERATE

502, 507, 1 2562, 2562,

740, 740, 1 2604, 2686,

751, 755, 1 **

806, 846, 1 95 ^♦♦ m

** **

^♦♦ h ^♦ELSET, ELSET=M_1, GENERATE

** 3294, 3359, 1

^♦ELSET, ELSET=H_1 , GENERATE ** 732 , 773 , 1 100 ^♦♦ n

** **

♦ ♦ i ♦NSET, NSET=N, GENERATE ** 1514, 1514, 1

^♦NSET, NSET=I, GENERATE 2562, 2562, 1

197, 197, 105 2568, 2573, 1

287, 289, 2604, 2609, 1

293, 293, 2687, 2728, 1

302, 308, **

344, 344, *^♦ n

357, 364, 110 **

810, 810, ^♦ELSET, ELSET=N 1, GENERATE

812, 816, 3360, 3401, 1

847, 927, **

2562, 2562, *♦ o

2610, 2610, 115 **

2621, 2636, ♦NSET, NSET= =0, GENERATE

2795, 2812, 1406, 1406, 1

2851, 3678, 1514, 1514, 1

** 1520, 1529, 1 ** 120 2687, 2692, 1 ** 2729, 2794, 1

^♦ELSET, ELSET=I_1, GENERATE ** 3521, 4371, 1 ♦ ♦ o

** ** ** 125 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=0_1, GENERATE ** 3402, 3467, 1

^♦NSET, NSET=J, GENERATE **

807, 807, *♦ t 810, 811, ** 847, 1405, 130 ♦NSET, NSET=T, GENERATE

** 847, 847, 1

** j 1500, 1506, 1 ** 2562, 2567, 1

^♦ELSET, ELSET=J_1, GENERATE 2795, 2850, 1 1631, 2107, 1 135 ** ** ♦♦ t

^♦♦ ** ** ♦ELSET, ELSET=T 1, GENERATE

^♦NSET, NSET=K, GENERATE 3468, 3520, 1

1, 1, 1 140 **

734, 734, 1 ♦♦ waistnodes

740, 750, 1 **

806, 809, 1 ♦NSET, NSET=WAISTNOD

847, 847, 1 4958, 4961, 4964, 4967,

928, 1011, 1 145 4970, 4972, 4974, 4979,

1406, 2561, 1 4982, 4983, 4988, 4991,

** 4994, 4997, 5000, 5003,

^♦* k 5006, 5009, 5012, 5015,

** 5018, 5021, 5024, 5027,

♦ELSET, ELSET=K 1, GENERATE 150 5030, 5033, 5036, 5039,

2108, 3251, 1 5042, 5073, 5076, 5123,

** 5126, 5153, 5155, 5159,

5162, 5163, 5168, 5171,

5172, 5177, 5180, 5183,

5186, 5189, 5192, 5195,

5210, 5213, 5270, 5273, 5276 **

^♦♦ u **

^♦NSET, NSET=U, GENERATE

2, 3, 1

20, 55, 1

197, 206, 1

343, 343, 1

365, 379, 1

482, 488, 1

580, 590, 1

2604, 2604, 1

2610, 2620, 1

2687, 2687, 1

2693, 2698, 1

2729, 2729, 1

2735, 2744, 1

2851, 2946, 1

**

^♦♦ u

**

^♦ELSET, ELSET=U_1, GENERATE

6447, 6653, 1 **

♦♦ Pull-RT **

♦ELSET, ELSET=PULL-RT, GENERATE

6588, 6604, 1 **

♦♦ Pull-FT

♦ELSET, ELSET=PULL-FT, GENERATE

6478, 6504, 1 **

♦^♦ Pull-FE **

♦ELSET, ELSET=PULL-FE, GENERATE 6447, 6477, 1

♦ELSET, ELSET=PRESSURE, GENERATE 1, 773, 1 1631, 4371, 1 **

assy4. surfaces. Z

** 4360, SPOS

^♦♦ flap 4361, SPOS ** 4362, SPOS ♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=M2 80 4363, SPOS

4900, SPOS 4364, SPOS

4901, SPOS 4367, SPOS

4902, SPOS 4368, SPOS

4903, SPOS 4370, SPOS 4904, SPOS 85 4371, SPOS

4905, SPOS ♦CONTACT NODE SET, NAME=S3

4906, SPOS 4348, 4349, 4350, 4351,

4907, SPOS 4352, 4353, 4354, 4355,

4908, SPOS 4356, 4357, 4358, 4359, 4909, SPOS 90 4360, 4361, 4362, 4363,

4910, SPOS 4364, 4365, 4366, 4367, 4368, 4369, 4370, 4371,

4980, SPOS 4372, 4373, 4374, 4375,

4981, SPOS 4376, 4377, 4378, 4379, 4982, SPOS 95 4380, 4381, 4382, 4383,

4983, SPOS 4384, 4385, 4386, 4387,

4984, SPOS 4388, 4389, 4390, 4391,

4985, SPOS 4392, 4393, 4394, 4395,

4986, SPOS 4396, 4397, 4398, 4399, 4987, SPOS 100 4400, 4401, 4402, 4403,

^♦CONTACT NODE SET, NAME=S2 4404, 4405, 4406, 4407,

4288, 4289, 4290, 4291, 4408, 4409, 4410, 4411,

4292, 4293, 4294, 4295, 4412, 4413, 4414, 4415,

4296, 4297, 4298, 4299, 4416, 4417, 4418, 4419, 4300, 4301, 4302, 4303, 105 4420, 4421, 4422, 4423,

4304, 4305, 4306, 4307, 4424, 4425, 4426, 4427,

4308, 4309, 4310, 4311, 4428, 4429, 4430, 4431,

4312, 4313, 4314, 4315, 4432, 4433, 4434, 4435,

4316, 4317, 4318, 4319, 4436, 4437, 4438, 4439, 4320, 4321, 4322, 4323, 110 4440, 4441, 4442, 4443,

4324, 4325, 4326, 4327, 4444, 4445, 4446, 4447,

4328, 4329, 4330, 4331, 4448, 4449, 4450, 4451,

4332, 4333, 4334, 4335, 4452, 4453, 4454, 4455,

4336, 4337, 4338, 4339, 4456, 4457, 4458, 4459, 4340, 4341, 4342, 4343, 115 4460, 4461, 4462, 4463,

4344, 4345, 4346, 4347 4464, 4465, 4466, 4467, ** 4468, 4469, 4470, 4471,

^♦♦ TIED Contact between the flap 4472, 4473, 4474, 4475, elastic and the flap 4476, 4477, 4478, 4479, ♦♦ 120 4480, 4481, 4482, 4483,

^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=I2 , 4484, 4485, 4486, 4487, ADJUST=1. , TIED 4488, 4489, 4490, 4491,

S2, M2 4492, 4493, 4494, 4495, ^♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I2 4496, 4497, 4498, 4499,

** 125 4500, 4501, 4502, 4503,

*♦ leg 4504, 4505, 4506, 4507,

** 4508, 4509, 4510, 4511,

^♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=M3 4512, 4513, 4514, 4515,

1634, SPOS 4516, 4517, 4518, 4519,

1635, SPOS 130 4520, 4521, 4522, 4523,

1636, SPOS 4524, 4525, 4526, 4527,

1637, SPOS 4528, 4529, 4530, 4531,

1638, SPOS 4532, 4533, 4534, 4535,

1639, SPOS 4536, 4537, 4538, 4539,

1640, SPOS 135 4540, 4541, 4542, 4543, 4544, 4545, 4546, 4547,

1950, SPOS 4548, 4549, 4550, 4551,

1951, SPOS 4552, 4553, 4554, 4555,

1952, SPOS 4556, 4557, 4558, 4559,

1953, SPOS 140 4560, 4561, 4562, 4563

1954, SPOS **

1955, SPOS ^♦♦ TIED Contact between the leg

1956, SPOS elastic and the cover

1957, SPOS **

3595, SPOS 145 ^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=I3,

3596, SPOS ADJUST=1., TIED

3597, SPOS S3, M3

3598, SPOS ^♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I3

3599, **

SPOS

3600, SPOS 150 ^♦RIGID BODY, ELSET=TORSθ, REF N0DE=9999 velcro, waistband

^♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=torso

TORSO, SPOS

♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=S4

1, SPOS

2, SPOS

3, SPOS

4, SPOS

5, SPOS

6, SPOS

7, SPOS

8, SPOS

9, SPOS 10, SPOS

4370, SPOS

4371, SPOS

♦♦ Contact between the diaper and the torso **

^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=I4

S4, torso ** ♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=S5 4900, SPOS

5510, SPOS

5511, SPOS

5512, SPOS

5513, SPOS

5514, SPOS

5515, SPOS

**

** Contact between the diaper and thes torso

**

♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION =15

S5, Torso

**

** f sten

**

^♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=waistband

2108 sneg

2109 sneg

2110 sneg

4370 sneg

4371 sneg

♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=velcro

1 SPOS

2 SPOS

3 SPOS

4 SPOS

5 SPOS

6 SPOS

7 SPOS

8 SPOS

9 SPOS

10 SPOS

160 SPOS

161 SPOS

162 SPOS

163 SPOS

164 SPOS

165 SPOS

166 SPOS

167 SPOS

♦^♦ Contact to simulate fastening of the velcro wasit tab

**

♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=I10 , Mechanical Constraint=Penalty, Weight--!.0 assy3.materials 0.339945275 ,0.0915 0.311616741 ,0.095

^♦♦Material Units 0.339945275 ,0.0985 ^♦♦Density Tonne/mm^3 0.339945275 ,0.10150005 ♦♦Modulus MPa 80 0.339945275 ,0.105 ♦^♦Stress MPa 0.368273808 ,0.10850005 ** 0.368273808 ,0.1115

************************************* 0.368273808 ,0.1145 ****************** 0.396602341 ,0.118 ♦♦ 85 0.396602341 ,0.1215

^♦MATERIAL, NAME=PAD 0.396602341 ,0.12450005 ^♦Damping, Alpha=100 0.396602341 ,0.128 ♦DENSITY 0.424930875 ,0.131

5.E-10, 0.424930875 ,0.1345 ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=IS0 90 0.45326237, 0.1375

1.0, 0.1 0.45326237, 0.14100005

************************************* 0.45326237, 0.1445 ****************** 0.45326237, 0.14750005 ** 0.481590903 ,0.151 ^♦MATERIAL, NAME=COVER 95 0.481590903 ,0.154

^♦Damping, Alpha=100 0.481590903 ,0.1575 ^♦DENSITY 0.509919436 ,0.1605

9.32E-10, 0.481590903 ,0.16400005 ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=IS0 0.509919436 ,0.1675 7.549, 0.3 100 0.509919436 ,0.17050005

************************************* 0.53824797, 0.174

******************* 0.53824797, 0.177

** 0.53824797, 0.1805

^♦MATERIAL, NAME=FLAP 0.566576503 ,0.1835 ^♦Damping,Alpha=l00 105 0.566576503 ,0.18700005

^♦DENSITY 0.566576503 ,0.19

1.23E-9, 0.566576503 ,0.19350005 ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=IS0 0.566576503 ,0.197

29.9, 0.3 0.594905036 ,0.2 _***_****_***_***_*******_**_***_****_***_****_* 110 0.594905036 ,0.20350005

******************* 0.594905036 ,0.207 ** 0.594905036 ,0.21000005

♦MATERIAL, NAME=SPANDEX 0.62323357, 0.2135 ^♦Damping,Alpha=100 0.62323357, 0.2165 ^♦Expansion 115 0.62323357, 0.22

1.0 0.62323357, 0.22350005

^♦DENSITY 0.651562103 ,0.22650005

1.1E-9, 0.651562103 ,0.23

♦Hyperelastic, Neo Hooke, Test Data 0.651562103 ,0.23300005 Input 120 0.651562103 ,0.236

^♦Uniaxial Test Data 0.679890636 ,0.2395

^♦♦ Flap and leg elastic, 0.679890636 ,0.24250005

♦♦ Stress (MPa), Strain 0.679890636 ,0.246

0.028328533,0.0035 0.679890636 ,0.24900005 0.056657067,0.0065 125 0.70821917, 0.2525

0.056657067,0.01 0.70821917, 0.256

0.056657067,0.013 0.736547703 ,0.25950005

0.056657067,0.0165 .70821917, 0.2625

0.0849856,0.0195 .736547703 ,0.266 0.113314133,0.02300005 130 .736547703 ,0.269

0.113314133,0.0265 .736547703 ,0.2725

0.113314133,0.0295 .736547703 ,0.2755

0.141642667,0.033 .736547703 ,0.279

0.141642667,0.036 .764879111 ,0.28200005 0.169974075,0.0395 135 0.764879111 ,0.2855

0.169974075,0.043 0.764879111 ,0.28850005

0.169974075,0.04600005 0.793207644 ,0.292

0.198302608,0.0495 0.793207644 ,0.29500005

0.198302608,0.0525 0.764879111 ,0.2985 0.198302608,0.056 140 0.793207644 ,0.302

0.226631141,0.0595 0.793207644 ,0.30500005

0.226631141,0.0625 0.793207644 ,0.3085

0.226631141,0.0655 0.821536178 ,0.31150005

0.254959675,0.06900005 0.821536178 ,0.315 0.254959675,0.072 145 0.821536178 ,0.31800005

0.254959675,0.075 0.821536178 ,0.32150005

0.283288208,0.07850005 0.849864711 ,0.325

0.283288208,0.082 0.849864711 ,0.32800005

0.283288208,0.085 0.849864711 ,0.3315 0.311616741,0.0885 150 0.849864711 ,0.335 0.849864711 ,0.338 0.878193244,0, 3415 ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=E, Composite, 0.849864711,0, 34450005 θrientation=Global, Controls=hg 0.878193244,0. 348 0.15, 3, Cover 0.878193244,0. 35150005 80 0.30, 3, Flap 0.878193244,0. 3545 ** 0.878193244,0, 358 ** F 0.906521778,0, 361 ** 0.906521778,0. 3645 ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=F, Composite, 0.906521778,0. 36750005 85 Orientation=Global, Controls=hg 0.906521778,0, 371 0.15, 3, Cover 0.906521778,0, 3745 ** 0.934850311,0, 3775 ** G

**

1.727586113,2.9766045 90 ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=G, Composite,

1.737161501,2.992923 θrientation=Global, Controls=hg

1.747294761,3.008927 0.15, 3 , Cover

1.756684191,3.025246 **

1.766631494,3.0415845 _{** H}

1.778902896,3.0619295 95 **

1.789222114,3.078268 ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=H, Composite,

1.798797502,3.094616 θrientation=Global, Controls=hg

1.809209646,3.110935 0.15 , 3 , Cover

1.819249769,3.1272835 0.30, 3, Flap

1.831056436,3.147589 100 **

************************************* _**

**************** **

** ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=I, Composite,

^♦♦ Velcro Orientation=Global, Controls=hg ** 105 0.15, 3, Cover

^♦MATERIAL, NAME=VELCRO ** ^♦Damping,Alpha=l00 ** ^♦DENSITY **

1.23E-9, ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=J, Composite, ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=IS0 110 Orientation=Global, Controls=hg

29.9, 0.3 0.15, 3, Cover

************************************* ** ***************** ** K

************************************* ** ***************** 115 ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=K, Composite, ** Orientation=Global, Controls=hg

^♦Orientation, Name=Global 0.15, 3, Cover 1,0,0, 0,1,0 5.00, 3, Pad 3,0 ** ** 120 _{** L}

************************************* ** ****************** ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=L, Composite,

************************************* Orientation=Global, Controls=hg ****************** 0.15, 3, Cover ** 125 5.00, 3, Pad

♦♦ A 0.30, 3, flap ** **

^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=A, ^♦♦ M MATERIAL=VELCR0, Controls=hg **

1.6, 5 130 ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=M, Composite, ** θrientation=Global, Controls=hg

*♦ B 0.15, 3 , Cover ** **

^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=B, _** _N

MATERIAL=WAIST, Controls=hg 135 **

0.6, 5 ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=N, Composite, ** θrientation=Global, Controls=hg

*♦ C 0.15, 3, Cover ** 0.30, 3, flap

♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=C, Composite, 140 ** θrientation=Global, Controls=hg _** o 0.15, 3, Cover ** 0.60, 3, Waist ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=θ, Composite, ** θrientation=Global, Controls=hg

** D 145 0.15, 3, Cover ** **

♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=D, Composite, ** p θrientation=Global, Controls=hg **

0.15 , 3 , Cover ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=P, Composite,

** 150 θrientation=Global, Controls=hg

** E 0.30, 3, flap

** ♦♦ Q **

♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=Q, Composite, θrientation=Global, Controls=hg 0.30, 3, flap **

^♦♦ R **

♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=R, MATERIAL=SPANDEX 0.01767, **

** S ** ♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=S,

MATERIAL=SPANDEX

0.01767, ** _{** T} ♦♦

♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=T, Composite, θrientation=Global , Controls=hg

0.15, 3, Cover

5.00, 3, Pad ♦^♦

♦♦ U

**

♦BEAM SECTION, ELSET=U, SECTION=CIRC, MATERIAL=Cover, POISSON=0. 0.1,

0., 0., 1.

**

assy3.boundary 1452, 2,, 0.

1453, 2, , 0.

1454, 2,, 0.

^♦♦ Torso

** 1455, 2, , 0.

1456, 2,, 0.

♦BOUNDARY, OP=NEW 80

1457, 2, , 0.

9999, 1,6, 0

** 1458, 2, , 0.

1459, 2,, 0.

^♦♦ Sym

** 1460, 2,, 0.

85 1461, 2, , 0.

♦BOUNDARY, 0P=NEW 1462, 2,, 0.

591, 2,, 0. 1463, 2, , 0.

592, 2,, 0. 1464, 2,, 0.

593, 2,, 0. 1465, 2, , 0.

594, 2,, 0. 90 1466, 2, , 0.

595, 2,, 0. 1467, 2,, 0.

596, 2,, 0. 1468, 2, , 0.

597, 2,, 0. 1469, 2,, 0.

598, 2,, 0. 1470, 2, , 0.

599, 2,, 0. 95 1471, 2, , 0.

600, 2,, 0. 1472, 2, , 0.

601, 2,, 0. 1473, 2,, 0.

602, 2,, 0. 1474, 0.

603, 2,, 0. 1475, 2,, 0.

734, 2,, 0. 100 1476, 2, , 0.

735, 2,, 0. 1477, 2,, 0.

736, 2,, 0. 1478, 2, , 0.

737, 2,, 0. 1479, 2, , 0.

738, 2,, 0. 1480, 2, , 0.

739, 2,, 0. 105 1481, 2, , 0.

1406, 2,, 0. 1482, 2, , 0.

1407, 2,, 0. 1483, 2,, 0.

1408, 2,, 0. 1484, 2, , 0.

1409, 2,, 0. 1485, 2,, 0.

1410, 2,, 0. 110 1486, 0.

1411, 2,, 0. 1487, 2,, 0.

1412, 2,, 0. 1488, 2, , 0.

1413, 2,, 0. 1489, 2, , 0.

1414, 2,, 0. 1490, 2, , 0.

1415, 2,, 0. 115 1491, 2, , 0.

1416, 2,, 0. 1492, 2, , 0.

1417, 2,, 0. 1493, 2, , 0.

1418, 2,, 0. 1494, 2, , 0.

1419, 2,, 0. 1495, 2, , 0.

1420, 2,, 0. 120 1496, 2, , 0.

1421, 2,, 0. 1497, 2, , 0.

1422, 2,, 0. 1498, 2, , 0.

1423, 2,, 0. 1499, 2, , 0.

1424, 2,, 0. 2729, 2, , 0.

1425, 2,, 0. 125 2730, 2, , 0.

1426, 2,, 0. 2731, 2, , 0.

1427, 2,, 0. 2732, 2, , 0.

1428, 2,, 0. 2733, 2, , 0.

1429, 2,, 0. 2734, 0.

1430, 2,, 0. 130

1431, 2,, 0. ♦BOUNDARY, OP=NEW

1432, 2,, 0. 580, 4, , 0.

1433, 2,, 0. 591, 4, , 0.

1434, 2,, 0. 592, 4, , 0.

1435, 2,, 0. 135 593, 4, , 0.

1436, 2,, 0. 594, 4, , 0.

1437, 2,, 0. 595, 4, , 0.

1438, 2,, 0. 596, 4, , 0.

1439, 2,, 0. 597, 4, , 0.

1440, 2,, 0. 140 598, 4, , 0.

1441, 2,, 0. 599, 4, , 0.

1442, 2,, 0. 600, 4, , 0.

1443, 2,, 0. 601, 4, , 0.

1444, 2,, 0. 602, 4, , 0.

1445, 2,, 0. 145 603, 4, , 0.

1446, 2,, 0. 734, 4, , 0.

1447, 2,, 0. 735, 0.

1448, 2,, 0. 736, 0.

1449, 2,, 0. 737, 0.

1450, 2,, 0. 150 738, 4, , 0.

1451, 2,, 0. 739, 4,, 0. 2004/107222

1482, 4,, 0.

1406, 4,, 0. 1483, 4,, 0.

1407, 4,, 0. 1484, 4,, 0.

1408, 4,, 0.

80 1485, 4,, 0.

1409, 4,, 0. 1486, 4,, 0.

1410, 4,, 0. 1487, 4,, 0.

1411, 4,, 0. 1488, 4,, 0.

1412, 4,, 0. 1489, 4,, 0.

1413, 4,, 0.

85 1490, 4,, 0.

1414, 4,, 0. 1491, 4,, 0.

1415, 4,, 0. 1492, 4,, 0.

1416, 4,, 0. 1493, 4,, 0.

1417, 4,, 0. 1494, 4,, 0.

1418, 4,, 0.

90 1495, 4,, 0.

1419, 4,, 0. 1496, 4,, 0.

1420, 4,, 0. 1497, 4,, 0.

1421, 4,, 0. 1498, 4,, 0.

1422, 4,, 0. 1499, 4,, 0.

1423, 4,, 0.

95 2729, 4,, 0.

1424, 4,, 0. 2730, 4,, 0.

1425, 4,, 0. 2731, 4,, 0.

1426, 4,, 0. 2732, 4,, 0.

1427, 4,, 0. 2733, 4,, 0.

1428, 4,, 0. 2734, 4,, 0.

1429, 4,, 0. 100

**

1430, 4, , 0. ** HoldRear

1431, 4,, 0. **

1432, 4,, 0. *BOUNDARY, 0P=NEW

1433, 4,, 0. 343, 1,, 0.

1434, 4,, 0. 105

365, 1,, 0.

1435, 4,, 0. 368, 1,, 0.

1436, 4,, 0. 369, 1,, 0.

1437, 4,, 0. 370, 1,, 0.

1438, 4,, 0. 371, 1,, 0.

1439, 4,, 0. 110

372, 1,, 0.

1440, 4,, 0. 373, 1,, 0.

1441, 4,, 0. 374, 1,, 0.

1442, 4,, 0. 375, 1,, 0.

1443, 4,, 0. 376, 1,, 0.

1444, 4,, 0. 115

377, 1,, 0.

1445, 4,, 0. 378, 1,, 0.

1446, 4,, 0. 379, 1,, 0.

1447, 4,, 0. 482, 1,, 0.

1448, 4,, 0. 483, 1,, 0.

1449, 4,, 0. 120

484, 1,, 0.

1450, 4,, 0. 485, 1,, 0.

1451, 4,, 0. 486, 1,, 0.

1452, 4,, 0. 487, 1,, 0.

1453, 4,, 0. 488, 1,, 0.

1454, 4,, 0. 125

580, 1,, 0.

1455, 4,, 0. 580, 2,, 0.

1456, 4,, 0. 581, 1,, 0.

1457, 4, 0. 582, 1,, 0.

1458, 4, 0. 583, 1,, 0.

1459, 4, 0. 130

584, 1,, 0.

1460, 4, 0. 585, 1,, 0

1461, 4, 0. 586, 1,, 0

1462, 4,, 0. 587, 1,, 0

1463, 4,, 0. 588, 1,, 0

1464, 4,, 0. 135

589, 1,, 0

1465, 4,, 0. 590, 1,, 0

1466, 4, , 0.

1467, 4,, 0.

1468, 4,, 0.

1469, 4,, 0.

1470, 4,, 0.

1471, 4,, 0.

1472, 4,, 0.

1473, 4,, 0.

1474, 4,, 0.

1475, 4, , 0.

1476, 4,, 0.

1477, 4,, 0.

1478, 4,, 0.

1479, 4,, 0.

1480, 4,, 0.

1481, 4,, 0. assy3 .pressure

**

♦♦ Pressure added to balloon out the diaper slightly ^♦♦

♦DLOAD, Amp=pressure PRESSURE, P, -1.

**

♦♦ Pressure applied to the velcro to ensure a secure fastening. **

♦DsLOAD, Amp=velcro velcro, P, 1.

**

END FILES

^♦DLOAD, amp=Pull-FE-X

Pull -FE , px, 1 . 0

Assy4.inp.Z ^♦DL0AD,amp=Pull-FE-Z

^♦HEADING Pull-FE,pz,1.0 ** 80 **

♦♦ UNITS ^♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-FT-Y

^♦♦ Length = mm Pull-FT,py,1.0

^♦♦ Time = Sec ♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-FT-Z

♦♦ Mass = Tonne Pull-FT,pz,1.0

♦♦ Force = N 85 **

^♦♦ Stress = MPa ♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-RT-Y

** Pull-RT,py,1.0

^♦Include, input=/u/u7/dbarnes/projects ♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-RT-Z /kcc/assy4/files/assy .geom Pull-RT,pz,1.0 ^♦Include, input=/u/u7/dbarnes/projects 90 ** /kcc/assy4/files/assy4. sets ♦Include , input=/u/u7/dbarnes/proj ects ^♦Include, input=/u/u7/dbarnes/projects /kcc/assy4/files/assy4. surfaces /kcc/assy3/files/assy3.materials ^♦Include, input=/u/u7/dbarnes/projects ^♦Include, input=/u/u7/dbarnes/projects /kcc/assy3/files/assy3.pressure /kcc/assy3/files/assy3.boundary 95 ** ** ♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I4

^♦Section Controls, Name=hg, ♦Surface Behavior, Pressure- Hourglass=enhanced, Second order Overclosure=Exponential Accuracy=yes 3.0,0.01 ** 100 ♦FRICTION

♦STEP 0.2

^♦dynamic, Explicit **

,1.2 ♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I5

** ♦Surface Behavior, Pressure-

♦Variable mass scaling, type=below 105 θverclosure=Exponential min,dt=3e-5, number interval=2 3.0,0.01 ** ♦FRICTION

♦Amplitude, name=Pull-FE-X,time=total 0.2 time **

0.0,-0.033, 0.4,-0.033, 1.0,- 110 ♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I10

0.033, 1.05,0.0 ♦FRICTION, ROUGH

♦Amplitude, name=Pull-FE-Z,time=total ♦SURFACE BEHAVIOR, NO SEPARATION time **

0.0, 0.05, 0.2, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, **

1.05,0.0 115 ^♦output, history, time interval=0.01 ** ♦Energy Output

♦Amplitude, name=Pull-FT-Y,time=total Allae,Allse,Alike time **

0.0, 0.10, 0.6, 0.0, 1.0,-0.01, ♦output, field, number interval=40

1.05,0.0 120 ♦Contact Output ♦Amplitude, name=Pull-FT-Z,time=total CStress time ♦^♦♦Element output, ariables=preselect

0.0, 0.05, 0.8,-0.0775, 1.0,- ^♦Node output 0.0775, 1.05,0.0 U, ** 125 **

♦Amplitude, name=Pull-RT-Y,time=total ^♦END STEP time

0.0, 0.114, 0.8, 0.0, 1.0,-0.1,

1.05,0.0 ♦Amplitude, name=Pull-RT-Z,time=total time 0.0, 0.00, 0.6, 0.0, 0.8,0.114,

1.0, 0.114, 1.05,0.0 **

♦Amplitude, name=velcro, time=total time

0.0,0.0, 0.8,0.0, 1.0,-

0.003759, 1.05,0.0

**

♦Amplitude, name=pressure,time=total time

0.0,1.0e-5, l,1.0e-5, 1.05,0.0

**

♦Amplitude, name=temps,time=total time

0.0,0.0, 0.1,-0.5, 1.2,-0.5

**

^♦Temperature , amp=temps

R, 1 . 0

S , 1 . 0

** DIAPER 3RD EMBODIMENT

FILES

Lef tLegForward . amp

^♦Amplitude , Name=Lef tLegForward 0 . 0 , 0 . 0 , 0 . 1 , +0 . 0 , 1 . 2 , +0 . 0 ,

1 .6,0.0,

2 ., 0.0233427, 2.00092, 0.0233389,

2. .00182, 0.0200001, 2.00272,

0 .0183288

2 .00361, 0.0183249, 2.00451,

0 .0166536, 2.00541, 0.0149823,

2, .00631, 0.013311

2 .0072, 0.0133071, 2.0081, 0.0116358,

2. .009, 0.00996446, 2.0099, 0.00829314

2 .0108, 0.00828929, 2.0117,

0 .00661797, 2.01259 , 0.00661413,

2 .01349, 0.0049428

2 .01439, 0.00327148 , 2.01528,

0 .00160016, 2.01618 , 0.00159631,

2, .01708, -7.50075e- 05

2 .75219, 0.075146, 2.75309,

0, .0734747, 2.75399, 0.0718034,

2, .75489, 0.0684646

2, .75578, 0.0667932, 2.75668,

0, .0651219, 2.75758, 0.0617831,

2, .75848, 0.0601118

2. .75938, 0.0584405, 2.76028,

0, .0584366, 2.76117, 0.0567653,

2, .76207, 0.0534265

2. .76297, 0.0517552, 2.76387,

0, 10484164, 2.76477, 0.0484126,

2. .76566, 0.0450738

2. .76656, 0.0434024, 2.76746,

0. ,0417311, 2.76836, 0.0400598,

2, .76925, 0.0383885

2. .77015, 0.0367171, 2.77105,

0. ,0350458, 2.77195, 0.0333745,

2. ,77285, 0.0333707

2. .77374, 0.0316993, 2.77464,

0. .030028, 2.77554, 0.0283567,

2. ,77644, 0.0266854

2. .77733, 0.0250141, 2.78, 0.0233427

Lef tLegSide . amp

^♦Amplitude, Name=Lef LegSide 0.0,0.0, 0.10,-1.0, 1.2,-1.0, 1.6,0.0, 2., 0.0386557, 2.0017, 0.0386459, 2.00262, 0.0386362, 2.00352, 0.0386265

2.00443, 0.0386167, 2.00534, 0.0369262, 2.00624, 0.0369164, 2.00715, 0.0369067

2.00805, 0.036897, 2.00896, 0.0352064, 2.00987, 0.0335159, 2.01077, 0.0335061

phase7.bcs

**

^♦♦ TorsoFix **

^♦BOUNDARY, OP=NEW TORSOFIX, 1,, 0. TORSOFIX, 2,, 0. TORSOFIX, 3,, 0. TORSOFIX, 4,, 0. TORSOFIX, 5,, 0. TORSOFIX, 6,, 0. **

♦♦ DiaperHoldRear **

♦BOUNDARY, OP=NEW DIAPERHO, 1,, 0. **

♦♦ TorsoLeftLeg **

♦BOUNDARY, OP=NEW LegLeft, 1,4, 0.0 ♦BOUNDARY, OP=NEW, AMP=LeftLegForward LegLeft, 5, , -0.8 ♦BOUNDARY, OP=NEW, AMP=Lef LegSide LegLeft, 6, , -0.8 **

♦♦ TorsoRightLeg **

^♦BOUNDARY, 0P=NEW

LegRight , 1,4, 0.0

^♦BOUNDARY, OP=NEW,

AMP=RightLegForward

LegRight , 5 , , -0.(

♦BOUNDARY, OP=NEW, AMP=RightLegSide

LegRight, 6,, +0.8

phase7.geo 164, 182 183, 184, 195

^♦NODE 165, 180 191, 194, 179

1, -163. 60 l.E-5 166, 181 190, 191, 180

2, -225. 140 l.E-5 167, 181 196, 189, 190

3, -155. 140 E-5 80 18041, 7875 7857, 7873, 7910

4, -220.882 140 E-5 18042, 7876 7875, 7910, 7911

5, -216.765 140 E-5 18043, 7877 , 7876, 7911, 7912

6, -212.647 140 E-5 18044, 7878 , 7877, 7912, 7913

7, -208.529 140 E-5 18045, 7879 7878, 7913, 7914

8, -204.412 140 E-5 85 18046, 7880 7879, 7914, 7915

9, -200.294 140 E-5 18047, 7881 7880, 7915, 7916

10, -196.177 140 E-5 18048, 7882 7881, 7916, 7917

11, -192.059 140 E-5 18049, 7883 7882, 7917, 7918

12, -187.941 140 E-5 18050, 7885 7874, 7883, 7918

13, -183.824 140 l.E-5 90

14, -179.706 140 E-5 18200, 8033 8032, 8047, 8048

15, -175.588 140 E-5 18201, 8042 8039, 8038, 8049

16, -171.471 140 E-5 18202, 8043 8042, 8049, 8050

17, -167.353 140 E-5 18203, 8036 8035, 8050, 8049

18, -163.235 140 E-5 95 18204, 8036 8049, 8038, 8037

19, -159.118 140 E-5 18205, 8034 8033, 8048, 8045

20, -155. 178 E-5 18206, 8035 8034, 8045, 8044

18207, 8035 8044, 8043, 8050

9990, -20.0826 -67.0301 8.69517E- ^♦ELEMENT , TYPI 3=S4R, ELSET=B

9991, -24.0525 -67.0301 8.67011E- 100 168, 203 225, 4, 2

9992, -28.0224 -67.0301 8.64505E- 169, 204 226, 225, 203

9993, -31.9924 -67.0301 8.62E- 170, 205 227, 226 204

9994, -35.9456 -66.4539 8.506E-

9995, -39.9322 -66.71 8.52042E- 250, 275 276, 277, 274

9996, -43.9021 -67.0301 8.54482E- 105 251, 275 265, 266, 276

9997, -47.8721 -67.0301 8.51977E- 18208, 8075 7856, 7858, 8097

9998, -51.842 -67.0301 8.49471E- 18209, 8076 8075, 8097 8098

9999, -55.8119 -67.0301 8.46965E- 18210, 8077 8076, 8098 8099

10000, -59.7992 -67.2884 8.48441E-

10001, -63.7517 -66.6329 8.35815E- 110 18290, 8147 8146, 8149, 8148

10002, -67.7217 -67.0301 8.39448E- 18291, 8147 8148, 8138, 8137

10003, -71.6916 -67.0301 8.36942E- ♦ELEMENT , TYPI 3=S4R, ELSET=C

10004, -75.5781 -67.4793 8.41432E- 252, 224 309, 289 197

10005, -79.5255 -67.6547 8.41651E- 253, 223 310, 309, 224

10006, -83.4518 -67.5762 8.37959E- 115 254, 222 311, 310, 223

10007, -87.6463 -65.6917 8.06189E- 255, 221 342, 311, 222

10008, -91.5527 -66.527 8.16632E- 256, 220 341, 342, 221

10009, -95.4631 -66.6841 8.16592E- 257, 219 340, 341, 220

10010, -99.4811 -67.0301 8.19402E- 258, 218 312, 340, 219

120 259, 217 313, 312, 218

11790, 230.22 -63.3577 l.E-5 260, 216 314, 313, 217 11791, 226.196 -63.1641 l.E-5 11792, 225.946 -59.2163 l.E-5 300, 335 341, 340, 334 11793, 225.97 -55.4731 l.E-5 301, 336 342, 341, 335 11794, 225.92 -51.6959 l.E-5 125 302, 337 311, 342, 336 11819, 238. -4. l.E-5 303, 339 309, 310, 338 11820, 238. l.E-5 304, 337 338, 310, 311

305, 313 314, 333, 312

13230, -73.3985 -113.588 2.20544E-6 18292, 8096 8069, 8181, 8201

13231, -86.4376 -118.835 1.36833E-6 130 18293, 8095 8096, 8201, 8202

13232, -82.0912 -117.086 1.64737E-6 18294, 8094 8095, 8202, 8203

13233, -90.615 -120.418 1.11663E-6 18295, 8093 8094, 8203, 8234

18296, 8092 8093, 8234, 8233

** 18297, 8091 8092, 8233, 8232

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=A 135 18298, 8090 8091, 8232, 8204

1, 21, 56, 19, 3 18299, 8089 8090, 8204, 8205

2, 22, 57, 56, 21 18300, 8088 8089, 8205, 8206

3, 23, 58, 57, 22

4, 24, 59, 58, 23 18340, 8227 8226, 8232, 8233

5, 25, 60, 59, 24 140 18341, 8228 8227, 8233, 8234

6, 26, 61, 60, 25 18342, 8229 8228, 8234, 8203

7, 27, 62, 61, 26 18343, 8231 8230, 8202, 8201

8, 28, 63, 62, 27 18344, 8229 8203, 8202, 8230

9, 29, 64, 63, 28 18345, 8205 8204, 8225, 8206

10, 31, 64, 29, 20 145 ♦ELEMENT , TYPI -=S4R, ELSET=D

306, 368 380, 367, 365

160, 179, 194, 193, 178 307, 369 381, 380, 368

161, 188, 195, 184, 185 308, 370 382, 381, 369

162, 189, 196, 195, 188 309, 371 383, 382, 370

163, 182, 195, 196, 181 150 310, 372 384, 383, 371 430, 481, 461, 462, 463 22022, 12411, 12426 , 12427, 12410

431, 481, 478, 479, 461 22023, 12412, 12425 , 12426, 12411

18346, 8273, 8270, 8272, 8285 22024, 12413, 12424 , 12425, 12412

18347, 8274, 8273, 8285, 8286 80 22025, 12414, 12423 , 12424, 12413

18348, 8275, 8274, 8286, 8287 22026, 12415, 12422 , 12423, 12414

18349, 8276, 8275, 8287, 8288 22027, 12416, 12421 , 12422, 12415

18350, 8277, 8276, 8288, 8289 22028, 12417, 12420 , 12421, 12416 22029, 12417, 12418 12419 12420

18470, 8386, 8368, 8367, 8366 85 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE =S4R, E -,SET=Q

18471, 8386, 8366, 8384, 8383 3515, 3765, 806 740, 3852

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE =S4R, ELSET=E 3516, 3764, 3765 3852, 3851

432, 483, 508, 345, 343 3517, 3763, 3764 3851, 3850

433, 484, 509, 508, 483 3518, 3762, 3763 3850, 3849

434, 485, 510, 509, 484 90 3519, 3761, 3762 3849, 3848

435, 486, 511, 510, 485 3520, 3760, 3761 3848, 3847 436, 487, 512, 511, 486 437, 488, 513, 512, 487 22110, 11986, 12599 , 12600, 11987

438, 490, 513, 488, 482 22111, 11985, 12598 , 12599, 11986

439, 502, 514, 501, 489 95 22112, 11984, 12597 , 12598, 11985

440, 503, 515, 514, 502 22113, 11983, 12596 , 12597, 11984 22114 11982, 12595 , 12596, 11983

519, 577, 570, 571, 576 22115^ 11981, 12594 , 12595, 11982

520, 578, 569, 570, 577 22116, 11980, 12593 , 12594, 11981

521, 579, 568, 569, 578 100 22117, 11980, 10544 , 12505, 12593

522, 579, 564, 565, 568 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= =T3D2, ELSET=R

18472, 8402, 8248, 8250, 8427 4189 , 4348, 4349

18473, 8403, 8402, 8427, 8428 4190 4349, 4350

18474, 8404, 8403, 8428, 8429 18475, 8405, 8404, 8429, 8430 105 22260 , 12888, 12887

18476, 8406, 8405, 8430, 8431 22261 12889, 12888

18477, 8407, 8406, 8431, 8432 22262 , 12890, L2889

18478, 8409, 8401, 8407, 8432 22263 , 12892, 12891

18479, 8421, 8408, 8420, 8433 22264 12894, 12893

18480, 8422, 8421, 8433, 8434 110 22265 , 12895, 12894

^♦ELEMENT , TYPE- =ΦTΓ>9 τ?τ.c;τ7τ-.σ

18560, 8497, 8496, 8489, 8488 4131 , 4288, 4289

18561, 8498, 8497, 8488, 8487 4132 , 4289, 4290

18562, 8498, 8487, 8484, 8483 4133 4290, 4291

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=F 115 4134 4291, 4292

523, 592, 614, 590, 580 4135 , 4292, 4293

524, 593, 615, 614, 592 4136 4293, 4294

525, 594, 616, 615, 593 4137 4294, 4295

526, 595, 617, 616, 594 4138 4295, 4296

527, 596, 618, 617, 595 120 4139 4296, 4297

528, 597, 619, 618, 596 4140 4297, 4298

529, 598, 620, 619, 597 530, 599, 621, 620, 598 22320 12952, 12951

22321 12953, 12952

21430, 11786, 11785, 11793, 11794 125 22322 12954, 12953

21431, 11778, 11777, 11786, 11794 22323 12955, 12954

21432, 11787, 11779, 11778, 11794 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= B31 , ELSET=U

21433, 11788, 11787, 11794, 11793 4337 , 2729, 2735

21434, 11789, 11788, 11793, 11792 4338 2735, 2736

21435, 11789, 11792, 11791, 11790 130 4339 2736, 2737

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=θ 4340 2737, 2738

2545, 2730, 2745, 1529, 1406 2546, 2731, 2746, 2745, 2730 22580 8521, 8520

2547, 2732, 2747, 2746, 2731 22581 , 8522, 8521

2548, 2733, 2748, 2747, 2732 135 22582 8523, 8522

2549, 2734, 2749, 2748, 2733 22583 , 580, 8523

2550, 2735, 2749, 2734, 2729 ^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= C3D4, ELSET=MUSCLE

4546, 5555, 5503 4626 , 4872

21500, 11871, 11870, 11875, 11874 4547, 5555, 5754 4626, 5503

21501, 11871, 11874, 11873, 11872 140 4548, 5503, 5164 4626, 4872

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE= =S4R, ELSET=P 4549, 5754, 5164 4626, 5503

3603, 1508, 1500, 1506, 3853 4550, 5503, 4875 5164, 4872

3604, 1509, 1508, 3853, 3854 3605, 1510, 1509, 3854, 3855 18020, 6504, 6517 7421, 6516

3606, 1511, 1510, 3855, 3856 145 18021, 7473, 7476 7472, 7093

3607, 1512, 1511, 3856, 3857 18022, 7124, 6517 6505, 6480

3608, 3679, 1507, 1512, 3857 18023, 7324, 7509 7334, 7331

3609, 808, 806, 3765, 3858 18024, 7208, 6931 7306, 6930

3610, 809, 808, 3858, 3859 ^♦MPC

150 pin, 4564, 4565

22020, 12409, 12428, 12429, 12408 pin, 4566, 4567

22021, 12410, 12427, 12428, 12409 ** ♦Element, type=b31,elset=bones

200001 4564, 4569

200002 4566, 4569

200003 5449, 4569

200004 5450, 4569

200005 5451, 4569

200006 5461, 4569

200007 5462, 4569

200008 5463, 4569

200009 4626, 4565

200010 5446, 4565

200011 5447, 4565

200012 5448, 4565

200013 4568, 4567

200014 5452, 4567

200015 5453, 4567

200016 5454, 4567

^♦♦ MPC_ ID=1 **

^♦MPC

BEAM , 4564, 4569

BEAM , 4566, 4569

BEAM , 5449, 4569

BEAM , 5450, 4569

BEAM , 5451, 4569

BEAM , 5461, 4569

BEAM , 5462, 4569

BEAM , 5463, 4569 **

♦♦ MPC_ ID=2 **

^♦MPC

BEAM , 4626, 4565

BEAM , 5446, 4565

BEAM , 5447, 4565

BEAM , 5448, 4565 **

^♦♦ MPC_ ID=3 **

^♦MPC

BEAM , 4568, 4567

BEAM , 5452, 4567

BEAM , 5453, 4567

BEAM , 5454, 4567 **

phase7. loads

♦Temperature , amp=temps

R,1.0

S,1.0 ♦♦

♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-FE-X

Pull-FE,px, 8.OeO

♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-FE-Z

Pull-FE,pz,8.0eO ^♦♦

♦DLOAD, aτnp=Pull-FT-Y

Pull-LFT,py,4.0e0

♦DLOAD, amp=Pull-FT-Z

Pull-LFT,pz,4.0eO ♦DLOAD, amp=Pull-FT-Y

Pull-RFT,py, -4. OeO

♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-FT-Z

Pull-RFT,pz,4.0e0

** ♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-RT-Y

Pull-LRT,py,4.0eO ♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-RT-Z Pull-LRT,pz,4.0eO ♦DLOAD, mp=Pull-RT-Y Pull-RRT,py,-4.0e0

♦DLOAD,amp=Pull-RT-Z

Pull-RRT,pz,4.0e0

**

♦♦ Pressure applied to the velcro to ensure a secure fastening.

**

♦DsLOAD, Amp=velcro LVelcro, P, 4. OeO RVelcro, P, 4. OeO ^♦♦

phase7.materials ♦Uniaxial Test Data

** *♦ Diaper ears (fasteners)

** Material Units ♦♦ Stress (MPa), Strain ** Density 0.003406294,0.000059

Tonne/mm^3 80 0.003406294,0.000138

** Modulus MPa 0.003415502,0.000315 ** Stress MPa ************************************* 1.756684191,3.025246 *********************** 1.766631494,3.0415845 ** 85 1.778902896,3.0619295

♦^♦ Absorbent Layer 1.789222114,3.078268 ** 1.798797502,3.094616

♦MATERIAL, NAME=PAD 1.809209646,3.110935 ♦Damping,Alpha=100 1.819249769,3.1272835 ♦DENSITY 90 1.831056436,3.147589

*************************************

5.E-10, ************************ ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISO **

1.0, 0.1

************************************* ♦^♦ Velcro ************************ 95 ** ** **

^♦♦ Cover Layer ♦MATERIAL, NAME=VELCRO ** ^♦Damping,Alpha=100

^♦MATERIAL, NAME=COVER ^♦DENSITY ^♦Damping,Alpha=100 100 1.23E-9, ^♦DENSITY ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISO

9.32E-10, 29.9, 0.3 ** ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISO

7.549, 0.3 ^♦♦ Steel-MPa

************************************* 105 ♦♦ Date: 06-Apr-99 Time: 22:45:54 ************************ ** ^♦MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL **

♦^♦ Flap ** ♦DENSITY

^♦MATERIAL, NAME=FLAP 110 7.8E-9, ** ^♦Damping,Alpha=100 ^♦DENSITY ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISO

1.23E-9, 2.07E+5, 0.292 ** ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISO 29.9, 0.3 115 ^♦♦ muscle

************************************* ♦♦ Date: 31-Oct-01 Time: 10:01:3.

************************ **

** ♦MATERIAL, NAME=MUSCLE **

^♦♦ Spandex ** 120 ^♦Damping, Alpha=1000 **

^♦MATERIAL, NAME=SPANDEX

♦Damping,Alpha=100 ^♦DENSITY

♦Expansion l.E-9, **

1.0

♦DENSITY 125 ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=IS0

1.1E-9, 0.5, 0.3 ^♦Hyperelastic, Neo Hooke, Test Data ** Input * * * *

^♦Uniaxial Test Data ♦♦ Flap and leg elastic ♦♦ Stress (MPa), Strain 0.028328533,0.0035 0.056657067,0.0065 0.056657067,0.01

6.402312386,2.6085002

6.430640919,2.61150025

6.458969452,2.6150002

6.487297986,2.6185002

*************************************

************************

**

^♦♦ Waist Tab Elastic **

^♦MATERIAL, NAME=WAIST ^♦Damping , Alpha= 100 ^♦DENSITY

1.1E-9, ^♦Hyperelastic, Neo Hooke, Test Data Input phase7. sections ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=J, Composite,

************************************* θrientation=Global, Controls=hg

************************ 0.15 , 3 , Cover

** **

♦Orientation, Name=Global 80 ♦♦ K **

1,0,0, 0,1,0

3,0 ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=K, Composite,

** Orientation=Global, Controls=hg

************************************* 0.15, 3 , Cover

************************ 85 5.00, 3, Pad

♦Section Controls, Name=hg, **

Hourglass=enhanced, Second order ** L **

Accuracy=yes

************************************* ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=L, Composite,

************************ 90 θrientation=Global , Controls=hg

** 0 .15 , 3 , Cover

^♦♦ A 5 . 00 , 3 , Pad ** 0 .30 , 3 , flap

♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=A, ** MATERIAL--VELCRO, Controls=hg 95 ♦♦ M

1.6, 5 ** ** ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=M, Composite,

♦♦ B θrientation=Global, Controls=hg ** 0.15 , 3 , Cover

♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=B , 100 ♦♦ MATERIAL=WAIST, Control s=hg ** N 5 **

0.6, ** ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=N, Composite,

♦♦ C θrientation=Global , Controls=hg ** 105 0 .15 , 3 , Cover

^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=C, Composite, 0 .30 , 3 , flap θrientation=Global, Controls=hg **

0.15, 3, Cover ** 0

0.60, 3, Waist ** ** 110 ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=θ, Composite,

** D θrientation=Global , Controls=hg ** 0 .15 , 3 , Cover

^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=D, Composite, ** θrientation=Global, Controls=hg ** p

0.15, 3, Cover 115 ^{♦ ♦} ** ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=P, Composite,

♦♦ E θrientation=Global, Controls=hg ** 0.30, 3, flap **

^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=E, Composite, θrientation=Global, Controls=hg 120 ^♦♦ Q **

0.15, 3 , Cover

0.30, 3, Flap ^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=Q, Composite, ** θrientation=Global, Controls=hg

** F 0.30, 3, flap ** 125 ♦♦

^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=F, Composite, ^♦♦ R ** θrientation=Global, Controls=hg

0.15, 3, Cover ^♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=R, ** MATERIAL=SPANDEX

** G 130 0.01767, ** **

^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=G, Composite , ** s Orientation=Global , Controls=hg **

0 .15 , 3 , Cover ♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=S, ** 13 5 MATERIAL=SPANDEX

^♦♦ H 0.01767, ** **

♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET--H, Composite, ** T θrientation=Global , Controls=hg **

0 . 15 , 3 , Cover 140 ♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=T, Composite,

0 .30 , 3 , Flap Orientation=Global, Controls=hg ** 0.15 , 3 , Cover

*_* 5.00, 3, Pad ** **

^♦SHELL SECTION, ELSET=I , Composite , 145 ^♦♦ u θrientation=Global , Controls=hg **

0.15, 3, Cover ♦BEAM SECTION, ELSET=U, SECTION=CIRC, ** MATERIAL=Cover, POISSON=0.

♦♦ J 1.0, ** 150 o., o., l.

** ^♦BEAM SECTION, ELSET=bones, SECTION=CIRC, MATERI L=cover, POISSON=0. 100, 0., 0.,

** **

^♦♦ muscle ** ♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=MUSCLE, MATERIAL=MUSCLE

1., **

phase7 . sets ^{♦ ♦ ♦}NSET , NSET=LEG-RIGH

** ^{♦ ♦} 4568 , 5452 , 5453 , 5454

^{♦ ♦} torso ** ** ^{♦ ♦} Leg-Left ^♦NSET, NSET=TORSθ, GENERATE 80 **

4564, 4564, 1 ^♦♦♦NSET, NSET=LEG-LEFT 4566, 4566, 1 ^♦♦ 4626, 5446, 5447, 5448 4568, 7855, 1

**

** _r

**

^♦NSET, NSET=R, GENERATE

4348, 4563, 1 12680, 12895, 1 **

^♦♦ s **

^♦NSET, NSET=S, GENERATE

4288, 4347, 1 12896, 12955, 1 **

^♦NSET, NSET=DIAPERHO, GENERATE

343, 343, 1

365, 365, 1

368, 379, 1

482, 488, 1

580, 590, 1

8248, 8248, 1

8270, 8270, 1

8273, 8284, 1

8401, 8407, 1

8514, 8523, 1

13074, 13075, 1

13078, 13096, 1

13098, 13107, 1

^♦NSET, NSET=TORSOFIX 4569,

^♦NSET, NSET=LEGLEFT 4565,

^♦NSET, NSET=LEGRIGHT 4567,

**

^♦♦ Pull-FE **

^♦ELSET, ELSET=PULL-FE GENERATE 4337, 4367, 1 22377, 22407, 1 **

^♦♦ torso **

^♦ELSET, ELSET=TORSO, GENERATE

4546, 18024, 1 **

♦♦ Pull-LFT

^♦ELSET, ELSET=PULL-LFT, GENERATE

4368, 4394, 1 **

^♦♦ Pull-RFT **

^♦ELSET, ELSET=PULL-RFT, GENERATE

22408, 22434, 1 **

^♦♦ Pull-LRT **

^♦ELSET, ELSET=PULL-LRT, GENERATE

4478, 4494, 1 **

^♦♦ Pull-RRT **

^♦ELSET, ELSET=PULL-RRT, GENERATE

22518, 22534, 1 **

^♦♦ Leg-Right ** p ase7. surfaces 777, Sneg

** 778, Sneg

♦♦ TorsoDiaper 779, Sneg ** 931, Sneg

^♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=cover 80 932, Sneg

1 SPOS 933, Sneg

2 SPOS 934, Sneg

3 SPOS 935, Sneg

4 SPOS 936, Sneg

5 SPOS 85 937, Sneg

6 SPOS 938, Sneg

7 SPOS 939, Sneg

8 SPOS 940, Sneg

9 SPOS

10 SPOS 90 22370, Sneg

22371, Sneg

22370 SPOS 22372, Sneg

22371 SPOS 22373, Sneg

22372 SPOS 22374, Sneg

22373 SPOS 95 22375, Sneg

22374 SPOS 22376, Sneg

22375 SPOS

22376 SPOS ^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTI0N=I36,

♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=torso Mechanical Constraint=Penalty

4548 S3 100 CoverVelcro, LVelcro

4550 S3 ^♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I36

4557 S4 ♦FRICTION, ROUGH

4559 S2 ^♦SURFACE BEHAVIOR, NO SEPARATION

4565 S4

4577 S3 105 ^♦♦ VelcroRight

4579 S4

4627 S2 ♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME--RVelcro

4647 S4 18041, SPOS

4672 SI 18042, SPOS

4675 SI 110 18043, SPOS

4677 S3 18044, SPOS

4680 SI 18045, SPOS

18046, SPOS

18002 S3 18047, SPOS

18006 S3 115 18048, SPOS

18009 S3 18049, SPOS

18011 S3 18050, SPOS

18017 S3

18018 S3 18200, SPOS

18020 S2 120 18201, SPOS

18022 S3 18202, SPOS

18203, SPOS

^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTI0N=I33 18204, SPOS torso , cover 18205, SPOS

^♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I33 125 18206, SPOS ^♦FRICTION 18207, SPOS 0 . 35 , ** ♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTI0N=I37 ,

^♦♦ TorsoFlapLef t Mechanical Constraint=Penalty

130 CoverVelcro, RVelcro

^♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=LFlap ^♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I37

3515, SPOS ^♦FRICTION, ROUGH

3516, SPOS ♦SURFACE BEHAVIOR, NO SEPARATION **

3517, SPOS

3518, SPOS 135 ^♦♦ FlapLeft **

3519, SPOS

3520, SPOS ♦CONTACT NODE SET, NAME=S38 4288, 4289, 4290, 4291,

160, SPOS 4292, 4293, 4294, 4295,

161, SPOS 140 4296, 4297, 4298, 4299,

162, SPOS 4300, 4301, 4302, 4303,

163, SPOS 4304, 4305, 4306, 4307,

164, SPOS 4308, 4309, 4310, 4311,

165, SPOS 4312, 4313, 4314, 4315,

166, SPOS 145 4316, 4317, 4318, 4319,

167, SPOS 4320, 4321, 4322, 4323,

^♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=CoverV 4324, 4325, 4326, 4327,

774, Sneg 4328, 4329, 4330, 4331,

775, Sneg 4332, 4333, 4334, 4335,

776, Sneg 150 4336, 4337, 4338, 4339,

4340, 4341, 4342, 4343, 4344, 4345, 4346, 4347 4460, 4461, 4462, 4463, ** 4464, 4465, 4466, 4467,

^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTI0N=I38 , 4468, 4469, 4470, 4471, ADJUST=1. , TIED 80 4472, 4473, 4474, 4475,

S38, LFlap 4476, 4477, 4478, 4479, ^♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I38 4480, 4481, 4482, 4483, ** 4484, 4485, 4486, 4487,

^♦♦ FlapRight 4488, 4489, 4490, 4491, ** 85 4492, 4493, 4494, 4495,

^♦CONTACT NODE SET, NAME=S39 4496, 4497, 4498, 4499, 12896, 12897, 12898, 12899, 4500, 4501, 4502, 4503,

12900, 12901, 12902, 12903, 4504, 4505, 4506, 4507, 12904, 12905, 12906, 12907, 4508, 4509, 4510, 4511,

12908, 12909, 12910, 12911, 90 4512, 4513, 4514, 4515, 12912, 12913, 12914, 12915, 4516, 4517, 4518, 4519,

12916, 12917, 12918, 12919, 4520, 4521, 4522, 4523, 12920, 12921, 12922, 12923, 4524, 4525, 4526, 4527,

12924, 12925, 12926, 12927, 4528, 4529, 4530, 4531, 12928, 12929, 12930, 12931, 95 4532, 4533, 4534, 4535,

12932, 12933, 12934, 12935, 4536, 4537, 4538, 4539, 12936, 12937, 12938, 12939, 4540, 4541, 4542, 4543,

12940, 12941, 12942, 12943, 4544, 4545, 4546, 4547, 12944, 12945, 12946, 12947, 4548, 4549, 4550, 4551,

12948, 12949, 12950, 12951, 100 4552, 4553, 4554, 4555, 12952, 12953, 12954, 12955 4556, 4557, 4558, 4559, ** 4560, 4561, 4562, 4563

^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTIONS39 , ADJUST--1. , TIED ^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=I40,

S39, RFlap 105 ADJUST=1. , TIED ^♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I39 S40, M40 ** ^♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I40

^♦♦ LegElasticLeft **

** ^♦♦ LegElasticRight

^♦SURFACE DEFINITION , NAME=M40 110 **

774, SPOS ♦SURFACE DEFINITION , NAME=M41

775, SPOS 18814, SPOS

776, SPOS 18815, SPOS

777, SPOS 18816, SPOS

778, SPOS 115 18817, SPOS

779, SPOS 18818, SPOS

780, SPOS 18819, SPOS 18820, SPOS

3510, SPOS

3511, SPOS 120 3510, SPOS

3512, SPOS 3511, SPOS

3513, SPOS 3512, SPOS

3514, SPOS 3513, SPOS

^♦CONTACT NODE SET, j MAME=S40 3514, SPOS

4348, 4349, 4350, 4351, 125 ^♦CONTACT NODE SET, NAME=S40

4352, 4353, 4354, 4355, 4348, 4349, 4350, 4351,

4356, 4357, 4358, 4359, 4352, 4353, 4354, 4355,

4360, 4361, 4362, 4363, 4356, 4357, 4358, 4359,

4364, 4365, 4366, 4367, 4360, 4361, 4362, 4363,

4368, 4369, 4370, 4371, 130 4364, 4365, 4366, 4367,

4372, 4373, 4374, 4375, 4368, 4369, 4370, 4371,

4376, 4377, 4378, 4379, 4372, 4373, 4374, 4375,

4380, 4381, 4382, 4383, 4376, 4377, 4378, 4379,

4384, 4385, 4386, 4387, 4380, 4381, 4382, 4383,

4388, 4389, 4390, 4391, 135 4384, 4385, 4386, 4387,

4392, 4393, 4394, 4395, 4388, 4389, 4390, 4391,

4396, 4397, 4398, 4399, 4392, 4393, 4394, 4395,

4400, 4401, 4402, 4403, 4396, 4397, 4398, 4399,

4404, 4405, 4406, 4407, 4400, 4401, 4402, 4403,

4408, 4409, 4410, 4411, 140 4404, 4405, 4406, 4407,

4412, 4413, 4414, 4415, 4408, 4409, 4410, 4411,

4416, 4417, 4418, 4419, 4412, 4413, 4414, 4415,

4420, 4421, 4422, 4423, 4416, 4417, 4418, 4419,

4424, 4425, 4426, 4427, 4420, 4421, 4422, 4423,

4428, 4429, 4430, 4431, 145 4424, 4425, 4426, 4427,

4432, 4433, 4434, 4435, 4428, 4429, 4430, 4431,

4436, 4437, 4438, 4439, 4432, 4433, 4434, 4435,

4440, 4441, 4442, 4443, 4436, 4437, 4438, 4439,

4444, 4445, 4446, 4447, 4440, 4441, 4442, 4443,

4448, 4449, 4450, 4451, 150 4444, 4445, 4446, 4447,

4452, 4453, 4454, 4455, 4448, 4449, 4450, 4451,

4456, 4457, 4458, 4459, 4452, 4453, 4454, 4455, 12792, 12793, 12794, 12795,

4456, 4457, 4458, 4459, 12796, 12797, 12798, 12799,

4460, 4461, 4462, 4463, 12800, 12801, 12802, 12803,

4464, 4465, 4466, 4467, 80 12804, 12805, 12806, 12807,

4468, 4469, 4470, 4471, 12808, 12809, 12810, 12811,

4472, 4473, 4474, 4475, 12812, 12813, 12814, 12815,

4476, 4477, 4478, 4479, 12816, 12817, 12818, 12819,

4480, 4481, 4482, 4483, 12820, 12821, 12822, 12823,

4484, 4485, 4486, 4487, 85 12824, 12825, 12826, 12827,

4488, 4489, 4490, 4491, 12828, 12829, 12830, 12831,

4492, 4493, 4494, 4495, 12832, 12833, 12834, 12835,

4496, 4497, 4498, 4499, 12836, 12837, 12838, 12839,

4500, 4501, 4502, 4503, 12840, 12841, 12842, 12843,

4504, 4505, 4506, 4507, 90 12844, 12845, 12846, 12847,

4508, 4509, 4510, 4511, 12848, 12849, 12850, 12851,

4512, 4513, 4514, 4515, 12852, 12853, 12854, 12855,

4516, 4517, 4518, 4519, 12856, 12857, 12858, 12859,

4520, 4521, 4522, 4523, 12860, 12861, 12862, 12863,

4524, 4525, 4526, 4527, 95 12864, 12865, 12866, 12867,

4528, 4529, 4530, 4531, 12868, 12869, 12870, 12871,

4532, 4533, 4534, 4535, 12872, 12873, 12874, 12875,

4536, 4537, 4538, 4539, 12876, 12877, 12878, 12879,

4540, 4541, 4542, 4543, 12880, 12881, 12882, 12883,

4544, 4545, 4546, 4547, 100 12884, 12885, 12886, 12887,

4548, 4549, 4550, 4551, 12888, 12889, 12890, 12891,

4552, 4553, 4554, 4555, 12892, 12893, 12894, 12895

4556, 4557, 4558, 4559,

4560, 4561, 4562, 4563 ^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=I41,

105 ADJUST=1. , TIED

^♦CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=I40 , S41, M41 ADJUST=1., TIED ^♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I41

S40, M40 ** ♦SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=I40 **

♦♦ LegElasticRight **

^♦SURFACE DEFINITION, NAME=M41

18814, SPOS

18815, SPOS

18816, SPOS

18817, SPOS

18818, SPOS

18819, SPOS

18820, SPOS

20140, SPOS

20141, SPOS

♦CONTACT : NODE SET, NAME=S41

12680, 12681, 12682, 12683,

12684, 12685, 12686, 12687,

12688, 12689, 12690, 12691,

12692, 12693, 12694, 12695,

12696, 12697, 12698, 12699,

12700, 12701, 12702, 12703,

12704, 12705, 12706, 12707,

12708, 12709, 12710, 12711,

12712, 12713, 12714, 12715,

12716, 12717, 12718, 12719,

12720, 12721, 12722, 12723,

12724, 12725, 12726, 12727,

12728, 12729, 12730, 12731,

12732, 12733, 12734, 12735,

12736, 12737, 12738, 12739,

12740, 12741, 12742, 12743,

12744, 12745, 12746, 12747,

12748, 12749, 12750, 12751,

12752, 12753, 12754, 12755,

12756, 12757, 12758, 12759,

12760, 12761, 12762, 12763,

12764, 12765, 12766, 12767,

12768, 12769, 12770, 12771,

12772, 12773, 12774, 12775,

12776, 12777, 12778, 12779,

12780, 12781, 12782, 12783,

12784, 12785, 12786, 12787,

12788, 12789, 12790, 12791, RightLegForward.amp

♦Amplitude, Name=RightLegForward 0.0,0.0, 0.1, +0.0, 1.2, +0.0, 1.6,0.0, 2., 0.738695, 2.00092, 0.737024,

2.00182, 0.735353, 2.00272, 0.733681 2.00361, 0.73201, 2.00451, 0.730339, 2.00541, 0.728667, 2.00631, 0.726996 2.0072, 0.725325, 2.0081, 0.725321, 2.009, 0.725317, 2.0099, 0.723646

2.0108, 0.721974, 2.0117, 0.720303, 2.01259, 0.718632, 2.01349, 0.715293 2.01439, 0.715289, 2.01528, 0.71195, 2.01618, 0.711946, 2.01708, 0.710275 2.01798, 0.706936, 2.01888, 0.706933, 2.01977, 0.703594, 2.02067, 0.701922

RightLegSide . amp

^♦Amplitude, Name=RightLegSide 0.0,0.0, 0.10,-1.0, 1.2,-1.0, 1.6,0.0, 2., 0.0210023, 2.0017, 0.0226734, 2.00262, 0.0260252, 2.00352, 0.0260155

2.00443, 0.0276866, 2.00534, 0.0293577, 2.00624, 0.0293479, 2.00715, 0.031019

2.00805, 0.0310093, 2.00896, 0.0309995, 2.00987, 0.0326706, 2.01077, 0.0326608 2.01167, 0.0326511, 2.01258, 0.0343222, 2.01349, 0.0343124, 2.0144, 0.0359835 2.01531, 0.0376546, 2.01621, 0.0376448, 2.01712, 0.0393159, 2.01802, 0.0393062 2.01893, 0.0392964, 2.01984,

0.0409675, 2.02074, 0.0409578, 2.02165, 0.0426288 2.02255, 0.0426191, 2.02346, 0.0442902, 2.02437, 0.0459613, 2.02528, 0.0476323

2.02618, 0.0476226, 2.02709,

0.0492937, 2.028, 0.0509647, 2.0289,

0.050955

2.02981, 0.0526261, 2.03072, 0.0542971, 2.03163, 0.0542874, 2.03254, 0.0559585

END FILES

♦Amplitude, name=temps 0.0,0.0, 0.1,-0.5, 3.0,-0.5 ^♦♦

♦♦*output , history, time interval=0.01 ♦♦♦Energy Output ♦♦Allae, alike, allse ** ♦output, field, number interval=120 ♦Contact Output Cstress, ♦♦♦Element output,variables=preselect

♦Node output U, _**

^♦END STEP END

APPENDIX 2 FE PAD EXAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS femPadExample . inp 85 s75-torso-stand-open. inp 91 torso-spread-09. inp 96 panty-partial-raembrane-conformal-spread-coarse . inp 97 panty-partial-membrane-conformal-spread-coarse-push. inp 100 deformed-product-mod2. inp 101

End 104

NOTE: Several periods in a row on one line (e.g., ) indicates additonal similar lines of code which have been deleted.

f emPadExam le . inp

^♦HEADING

S75 Torso Model

** *** # this input file is read by ABAQUS, it includes (imports the contents of) other files

*** # that contain detailed finite element model definition. By storing detailed model

^♦*^♦ # definition information in other files, the main file (this one) is more abbreviated

*^♦* # and potentially easier to read by humans. Storing detailed submodel definitions in

**^♦ # separate files helps to make the model more modular in design, allowing reuse of' some ♦*♦ # sub-model modules in other models.

**

^♦restart,write, overlay **

**♦ # import the wearer element definitions: *include, input=s75-torso-stand-open. elem

**

♦♦^♦ # import the wearer node definitions:

♦include, input=torso-spread-09.node

** *^♦♦ # import the panty finite element definitions (nodes & elements) : ♦include, input=panty-partial-membrane-conformal-spread-coarse . inp **

♦*♦ # import the rigid pad pusher finite element definitions (nodes & elements) : *include, input=pad-pusher. inp

**

**♦ # import the product finite element definitions (nodes & elements) :

♦include, input=deformed-product-mod2. inp

** *** # nmap command transforms the coordinate system of the nodes specified

♦*♦ # to properly locate the sub-model within the global reference frame **

♦nmap, set=product, type=rectangular 0. ,0. ,-27.

♦nmap, nset=panty-part, type=rectangular 0. ,0. , -20.

♦nmap,nset=pad-pusher, type=rectangular 0. ,0. , -20.

**

*♦♦ # element sets (elsets) are defined to make model manipulation more efficient

♦elset, elset=body skin, foam

**

♦elset , elset=product shaping, distribution **

^♦elset, elset=panty panty-part

** ♦elset, elset=scalable product ,panty,body,pad-pusher ** ********* **

♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=FOAM, MATERIAL=FOAM ** ♦MEMBRANE SECTION, ELSET=SKIN , MATΞRIAL=SKIN 1.00000E-4, **

♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=LYCRA, MATERIAL=LYCRA 1.0 *♦

♦membrane SECTION, ELSET=panty, MATERIAL=PANTY

.1, **

♦membrane SECTION, ELSET=pad-pusher,MATERIAL=PANTY .1, **

♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=shaping,MATERIAL=SHAPING **

♦SOLID SECTION, ELSET=distribution,MATERIAL=distrib ♦♦

*********

♦♦♦ # Material Property Definitions

*********

** ^♦material, name=foam

^♦hyperelastic

♦♦ data from KCC E=6 so C10=E/6 C01=0 Neo-Hookian

♦♦ 0=2/D1 and G0=2 (C10+C01) yield K/G=l (Dl* (C10+C01) )

*♦ then D=l/ ( (K/G) ^♦ (C10+C01) ) ♦♦ using explicit default of K/G=20 or v=.475 then D=.05

^♦♦ assume K/G=100 or v=.495 then D=.01

1.0, 0.0, 0.05

^♦DENSITY 1.000E-09, ♦^♦

^♦material , name=skin

♦hyperelastic

1.0, 0.0, 0.05

♦DENSITY 1.000E-09,

**

^♦MATERIAL, AME=lycra ♦elastic 100., .3 ♦DENSITY

0.100E-09, **

♦MATERIA , NAME=PANTY ♦hyperelastic 1.0, 0.0, 0.05 ♦DENSITY

0.100E-09, **

^♦MATERIAL, NAME=TRANSFER ♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISOTROPIC

5.87, .1 ♦DENSITY

0.080E-09, ^♦EXPANSION, TYPE=ISO, ZΞRO=21.85 1.170E-05, ^♦PLASTIC

2.480E+05, **

♦MATERIAL, AME=BAFFLE ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISOTROPIC

73.6, .3 ^♦DENSITY

0.90E-09, ^♦EXPANSION, TYPE=ISO, ZERO=21.85

1.170E-05, ^♦PLASTIC

0.76, 0.0 1.24, 0.0041

2.54, 0.017

3.46, 0.041

3.94, 0.069

4.31, 0.11 5.10, 0.22 **

^♦MATERIA , NAME=COVER ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISOTROPIC 4.84, .1 ^♦DENSITY

0.080E-09, ^♦EXPANSION, TYPE=ISO, ZERO=21.85

1.170E-05, ♦PLASTIC 2.480E+05, **

♦MATERIAL, NAME=DISTRIB ^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISOTROPIC 16.8, .1 ^♦DENSITY

0.140E-09, ^♦EXPANSION, TYPE=ISO, ZERO=21.85

1.170E-05, ^♦PLASTIC

0.24, 0.0

0.31, 0.0073

0.62, 0.014

0.78, 0.041

**

^♦MATERIAL, AME=SHAPING

^♦ELASTIC, TYPE=ISOTROPIC

2.79, . 1

^♦DENSITY

0.080E- 09,

^♦EXPANSION, TYPE=ISO, ZERO=21.85

1.170E- •05,

^♦PLASTIC

0.051, 0.0

0.097, 0.0036

0.17, 0.015

0.21, 0.030

0.24, 0.058 **

^♦rigid body, elset=pelvis, ref node=999997 ♦rigid body, elset=rt-femur, ref node=999998 ♦rigid body, elset=lt-femur, ref node=999999 **

♦ELEMENT, TYPE=MASS , ELSET=MASS0001

999987, 999997 999988, 999998

999989, 999999 **

♦MASS, ELSET=MASS0001 1.000E-6, ♦^♦

♦ELEMENT, TYPE=ROTARYI, ELSET=ROT00001

999977, 999997

999978, 999998

999979, 999999 ^♦♦

♦ROTARY INERTIA, ELSET=ROT00001, ORIENTATION=O0000001

2.000Ξ-35, 2.000E-35,-1.000E-35 ♦ORIENTATION, NAME=O0000001, SYSTEM=RECTANGULAR 0 . 707E+00 , -0 . 707E+00 , O . OOOE+OO , 0 .408E+00 , 0 .408E+00 , - 0 . 816E+00

3 , O . OOOOE+00 * *

^{♦ ♦} PRODUCT ^{♦ ♦}

♦♦^♦ # Surface defintions - - used for contact interactions

♦surface , type=elements , name=PRODUCT

X000002 , si

X000003, si X000004, s2

X000005, s2

X000006, S3

X000007, S3

X000008, s4 X000009, s5

X000010, s5

X000011, s6

**

^♦♦ PANTY ♦surface, type=elements,name=PANTY,nothick panty, spos **

♦^♦ PAD-PUSHER

♦surface, type=elements,name=PAD-PUSHER,nothick pad-pusher, spos **

♦♦ SKIN

♦surface, type=elements,name=PANTY-SKIN-IF, nothick PANTY-SKIN-IF, sneg ^♦♦

♦^♦ SKINPADIF

♦surface, type=elements , name=SKINPADIF, nothick

SKINPADIF, sneg

** *** # use Model history instructions -- use history is broken into logical

♦♦♦ # stages called "steps" -- each step has a particular goal toward applying

♦♦♦ # the product to the wearer and then further deforming the product with

♦♦♦ # wearer motion. **

^♦♦♦ # Step Definitions ** ♦♦ Step 1 - Pull Up Panty & Close Legs **

^♦step,nlgeom=yes

Step 1 - Pull Up Panty & Close Legs ♦dynamic , explicit , 25.0 **

♦DIAGNOSTICS , CONTACT=DETAIL

♦fixed mass scaling, elset=scalable,dt=l.e-4,type=uniform

** ♦contact pair, interaction=slide,weight=0.0

PRODUCT, SKINPADIF

♦contact pair, interaction=slick,mechanicalconstraint=penalty

PANT , PANTY-SKIN-IF

♦contact pair, interaction=sticky, weight=0.0 PRODUCT, PANTY

♦contact pair, interaction=sticky, weight=0.0

PRODUCT, PAD-PUSHER

**

♦contact pair, interaction=slick PRODUC , PRODUCT **

♦SURFACE INTERACTION, AME=slick ♦FRICTION •1,

♦SURFACE INTERACTION,NAME=slide ^♦FRICTION •2, ♦SURFACE INTERACTION,NAME=sticky ♦FRICTION 1.0, **

♦amplitude , definition=smoothste , name=waist , time=totaltime 0.0,0.0, 10.0,0.0, 19.0,1.0, 30.0,1.0 **

♦amplitude, definition=smoothstep, name=pull , time=totaltime

0.0,0.0, 10.0,0.5, 19.0,1.0, 30.0,1.0

** ♦amplitude, definition=smoothstep,name=push, time=totaltime 0.0,0.0, 18.0,1.0, 20.0,0.0, 30.0,0.0 **

♦amplitude, definition=smoothstep , name=close , time=totaltime 0.0,0.0, 20.0,0.0, 29.0,1.0, 30.0,1.0 ^♦♦

♦boundary, amplitude=close **

^♦* pelvis ** 999997,1,6,0.0

**

♦^♦ rt-femur **

999998,1,1,0.0 999998,2,2,0.0

999998,3,3,0.0 999998,6,6,0.0 **

♦* It -femur ♦^♦

999999,1,1,0.0

999999,2,2,0.0

999999,3,3,0.0

999999,6,6,0.0 ♦♦

♦♦ femur swing

♦♦ hold at -45 degrees from cast (standing)

**

♦♦ rt-femur 999998,4,4,0.0 ♦♦ It-femur 999999,4,4,0.0 **

♦♦ femur close ♦♦ start at +9 degrees open from cast, then close to -21 (30 degrees total) **

♦* rt-femur 999998,5,5,-0.5236 ♦^♦ It-femur

999999,5,5, 0.5236 **

♦boundary, amplitude=waist ** ^♦* Close Up Panty ** panty-waist-rear, 1,1,0.0 panty-waist-rear, 2,2, -29.0 ** panty-waist-front, 1, 1, 0.0 panty-waist-front, 2 ,2,29.0 **

*^♦ Push Up Pad ♦boundary, amplitude=push ** pad-pusher,1,2,0.0 pad-pusher, 3, 3, 31.0 **

♦♦ Pull Up Panty **

♦boundary, amplitude=pull ♦^♦ panty-waist-rear, 3,3,44.0 ** panty-waist-front, 3 , 3 , 44.0 ** ♦output, field, ariable=preselect, number interval=100 **

♦end step

s75-torso-stand-open. inp

**% I I--DDEEAASS 8 ABAQUS STANDARD TRANSLATOR

**% FOR ABAQUS VERSION 5.8

**%

**% MODEL FILE /u/dar/fs2/p99630/partial .mfl

**% INPUT FILE s75-torso-stand-open. inp

^{♦ ♦}% EXPORTED AT 11:26:38 ON 16-Mar-01

**% PART Full Torso - 5 steps - seated pad

^{♦ ♦}% FEM Feml

UNITS: MM-mm (milli-newton) LENGTH : MM TIME : sec MASS : kilogram (kg) FORCE : milli-newton

**% TEMPERATURE : deg Celsius

♦♦%

♦ ♦% SUBSET EXPORT: OFF **%

♦ ♦% NODE ZERO TOLERANCE: OFF **%

^♦♦ELEMENT, TYPE=C3D4, ELSET=foam

810001, 812274, 800635, 811538, 811818

810002, 812520, 810314, 810159, 812502

810003, 801612, 811460, 812698, 811458

810004, 812603, 811450, 811395, 812691

810005, 812464, 800575, 811286, 811351

885984 850652, 861348, 862539, 861011 885985 862101, 862342, 862730, 853102 885986 851207, 862146, 851201, 851211 885987 851665, 861459, 851664, 851667 885988 852576, 861921, 852577, 852583 **

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE=M3D3, ELSET=skin 800001 801815, 801813, 801812 800003 800998 801002, 801003 800004 802044 802038, 802037 800005 800441 801813, 800440 800006 802223 802224, 802220

856223 851054 851064, 851053 856225 850507 850509, 850508 856227 851384 851174, 851385 856229 851779 851783, 851784 856230 851784 851778, 851779 **

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE= R3D3, ΞLSET=pelvis 900010 802514 802517, 802515 900026 802668 802649, 802657 900030 802823 802838, 802839 900054 802838 802837, 802639 900059 802517 802516, 802515

911879 852637 852840, 852841 911881 852796 852781, 852782 911941 852646 850204, 852836 911966 852520 852783, 852782 911976 852811 852812, 852827 ^♦ELEMENT, TYPE=R3D3, ELSET=rt-femur 906014, 852539, 852544, 852546 906047, 852691, 852687, 853049 906066, 852868, 852911, 852867 906070, 852563, 852571, 852564 906071, 852858, 852857, 852614

911926, 852560, 852562, 852559

911942, 853065, 853022, 853066 911967, 852537, 852541, 852869

911972, 852694, 852695, 852691

911984, 852583, 852576, 852577

^♦ELEMENT, TYPE=R3D3, ELSET=lt-femur

900022, 802544, 802539, 802546 900055, 802687, 802691, 803049

900074, 802911, 802868, 802867

900078, 802571, 802563, 802564

900079, 802857, 802858, 802614 905950, 803022, 803065, 803066

905975, 802541, 802537, 802869

905980, 802695, 802694, 802691

905992, 802576, 802583, 802577

** ^♦NSET,NSET=PΞLVIS

800055, 800056, 800063, 800064, 800068, 800069, 800081, 800098,

800099, 800108, 800109

800110, 800114, 800125, 800126, 800127, 800132, 800133, 800136,

800147, 800154, 800155 800157, 800204, 800220, 802473, 802474, 802475, 802476, 802477,

802478, 802479, 802480

852822, 852823, 852824

852825, 852826, 852827, 852828, 852829, 852830, 852831, 852832, 852833, 852835, 852836

852837, 852838, 852839, 852840, 852841, 852842, 852843, 852844,

852845, 852846, 852847

852848, 852849 ^♦NSET,NSET=RT-FEMUR 850294, 850295, 850299, 850303, 850307, 850311, 852467, 852468,

852525, 852526, 852527

852528, 852529, 852530, 852531, 852532, 852533, 852534, 852535,

852536, 852537, 852538

852539, 852540, 852541, 852542, 852543, 852544, 852545, 852546, 852547, 852548, 852549

852550, 852551, 852552, 852553,

835535, 862354, 863321

870828, 870875, 871613, 872137, 872802, 872857, 872868, 873899, 874032, 874083, 874528

876115, 876721, 877126, 877188, 877199, 877926, 879121, 879261, 880020, 880076, 884548

853039, 853040, 853041 853042, 853043, 853044, 853045, 853046, 853047, 853048, 853049,

853050, 853051, 853052

853053, 853054, 853055, 853056, 853057, 853058, 853059, 853060,

853061, 853062, 853063

853064, 853065, 853066, 853067, 853068, 853069, 853070, 853071, 853072, 853073

^♦NSET,NSET=LT-FEMUR

800294, 800295, 800299, 800303, 800307, 800311, 802467, 802468,

802525, 802526, 802527

802528, 802529, 802530, 802531, 802532, 802533, 802534, 802535, 802536, 802537, 802538

802539, 802540, 802541, 802542, 802543, 802544, 802545, 802546,

802547, 802548, 802549

802550, 802551, 802552, 802553, 802554 803039, 803040, 803041

803042, 803043, 803044, 803045, 803046, 803047, 803048, 803049,

803050, 803051, 803052 803053, 803054, 803055, 803056, 803057, 803058, 803059, 803060,

803061, 803062, 803063

803064, 803065, 803066, 803067, 803068, 803069, 803070, 803071,

803072, 803073 ♦ELSET, ELSET=SKINPADIF 800001, 800003, 800005, 800010, 800011, 800012, 800013, 800021,

800034, 800042, 800045

800047, 800049, 800052, 800057, 800060, 800063, 800064, 800075,

800082, 800087, 800101

800103, 800105, 800106, 800109, 800111, 800112, 800113, 800114, 800115, 800118, 800120

800121, 800136, 800139, 800140,

856069, 856070, 856076

856080, 856081, 856084, 856095, 856096, 856100, 856107, 856112, 856113, 856117, 856119

856120, 856123, 856128, 856138, 856139, 856145, 856146, 856150,

856152, 856159, 856161

856163, 856165, 856166, 856179, 856180, 856210, 856216, 856220,

856225, 856229, 856230 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=PANTY-SKIN-IF

800001, 800003, 800004, 800005, 800010, 800011, 800012, 800013,

800021, 800026, 800030

800031, 800032, 800034, 800041, 800042, 800043, 800045, 800047,

800049, 800051, 800052 800057, 800058, 800060, 800063, 800064, 800065, 800075, 800082,

800087, 800092, 800097

800100, 800101, 800103, 800105, 800106, 800109, 800111, 800112,

800113, 800114, 800115 856084, 856095, 856096

856098, 856100, 856106, 856107, 856108, 856112, 856113, 856116,

856117, 856119, 856120

856123, 856128, 856138, 856139, 856143, 856144, 856145, 856146,

856150, 856152, 856155 856159, 856161, 856162, 856163, 856165, 856166, 856167, 856169,

856171, 856179, 856180

856184, 856186, 856210, 856216, 856220, 856225, 856229, 856230 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=VP000002

800001, 800003, 800004, 800005, 800006, 800008, 800009, 800010, 800011, 800012, 800013

800014, 800017, 800018, 800021, 800022, 800026, 800027, 800028,

800029, 800030, 800031

800032, 800033, 800034, 800036, 800039, 800040, 800041, 800042,

800043, 800044, 800045

856134, 856135, 856138, 856139, 856143, 856144, 856145, 856146,

856147, 856150, 856151

856152, 856153, 856155, 856157, 856159, 856160, 856161, 856162,

856163, 856165, 856166 856167, 856169, 856171, 856175, 856177, 856179, 856180, 856181,

856183, 856184, 856186

856187, 856190, 856196, 856197, 856198, 856199, 856200, 856203,

856204, 856206, 856208

856209, 856210, 856213, 856216, 856217, 856218, 856220, 856223, 856225, 856227, 856229 856230, ♦ELSET, ELSET=VP000003

813497, 823044, 823090, 823224, 823434, 823749, 823787, 823836,

823975, 824166, 824271 824650, 824686, 824690, 824798, 825157, 825170, 825172, 825201,

825203, 825343, 825395

825396, 825411, 825636, 825694, 826237, 826435, 826884, 827884,

828308, 828315, 828440 828472, 828475, 828649, 830491, 833388, 863497, 873044, 873090,

873224, 873434, 873749

873787, 873836, 873975, 874166, 874271, 874650, 874686, 874690,

874798, 875157, 875170 875172, 875201, 875203, 875343, 875395, 875396, 875411, 875636,

875694, 876237, 876435

876884, 877884, 878308, 878315, 878440, 878472, 878475, 878649,

880491, 883388 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=VP000004 823143, 823382, 823585, 823614, 825734, 825742, 825855, 826743,

827169, 827605, 827712

828112, 828572, 829069, 830170, 873143, 873382, 873585, 873614,

875734, 875742, 875855 876743, 877169, 877605, 877712, 878112, 878572, 879069, 880170 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=VP000005

810041, 810328, 810686, 813768, 817478, 821044, 822227, 822478,

822858, 823049, 823058

823079, 823080, 823354, 823511, 823553, 823580, 823582, 823633,

823653, 823675, 823704 823772, 823779, 823799, 823800, 823856, 823885, 824008, 824112,

824121, 824170, 824208

873444, 873446, 873632, 873765, 873990, 874122, 874250, 874682,

874785, 874815, 874832 874993, 875159, 875185, 875189, 875194, 875204, 875358, 875552,

875593, 875631, 875744

875748, 875823, 875834, 876208, 876723, 876752, 876759, 876761,

876763, 876766, 876883

877223, 877282, 877284, 877600, 877713, 877772, 877895, 878316, 878429, 878530, 878690

878757, 878913, 879533, 881249, 882057 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=VP000006

821522, 822998, 823042, 823050, 823054, 823152, 823199, 823444,

823446, 823632, 823765 823990, 824122, 824250, 824682, 824785, 824815, 824832, 824993,

825159, 825185, 825189

825194, 825204, 825358, 825552, 825593, 825631, 825744, 825748,

825823, 825834, 826208

826723, 826752, 826759, 826761, 826763, 826766, 826883, 827223, 827282, 827284, 827600

877703, 877730, 877829, 877871, 877909, 877929, 877949, 877953, 877962, 877971, 878162

878179, 878277, 878303, 878311, 878360, 878372, 878418, 878430, 878435, 878485, 878499

878537, 878741, 878879, 878960, 879126, 879299, 879328, 879456, 879540, 879583, 879749

879817, 879822, 879857, 879884, 879972, 880019, 880159, 880202, 880246, 880318, 880424

880827, 880938, 881181, 881473, 881953, 882435, 882840, 883223, 883356, 884244, 884482

884735, 884737, 885089, 885671, 385883 ♦ELSET, ELSET=VP000007

822621, 824116, 824797, 825116, 825778, 826115, 828319, 828525,

829912, 830482, 830594 830633, 872621, 874116, 874797, 875116, 875778, 876115, 878319,

878525, 879912, 880482 880594, 880633 ^♦ELSET,ELSET=VP000008

810438, 822970, 823279, 824289, 826525, 826987, 830613, 860438,

872970, 873279, 874289 876525, 876987, 880613 ♦ELSET, ELSET=VP000009

810007, 810070, 810189, 810521, 810718, 810724, 810893, 811321,

812406, 813502, 819990

822192, 822627, 822689, 822808, 822857, 822904, 823240, 823252,

823337, 823534, 823562 823695, 823861, 823902, 824083, 824164, 824185, 824198, 824333,

824428, 824479, 824805

825014, 825085, 825103, 825162, 825247, 825495, 825496, 826149,

826279, 826633, 826740 826788, 827053, 827062, 827092, 827116, 827188, 827193, 827296,

827369, 827540, 828012 828026, 828456, 828618, 828635, 829060, 829100, 829479, 829850,

830005, 830326, 830360 832572, 833009, 833097, 833269, 833456, 833825, 834667, 834762, 835535, 862354, 863321

870828, 870875, 871613, 872137, 872802, 872857, 872868, 873899,

874032, 874083, 874528 876115, 876721, 877126, 877188, 877199, 877926, 879121, 879261,

880020, 880076, 884548 ♦ELSET, ELSET=VP000010

812354, 813321, 820828, 820875, 821613, 822137, 822802, 822857,

822868, 823899, 824032 824083, 824528, 826115, 826721, 827126, 827188, 827199, 827926,

829121, 829261, 830020 830076, 834548, 860007, 860070, 860189, 860521, 860718, 860724,

860893, 861321, 862406

863502, 869990, 872192, 872627, 872689, 872808, 872857, 872904,

873240, 873252, 873337

873534, 873562, 873695, 873861, 873902, 874083, 874164, 874185, 874198, 874333, 874428

874479, 874805, 875014, 875085, 875103, 875162, 875247, 875495,

875496, 876149, 876279 876633, 876740, 876788, 877053, 877062, 877092, 877116, 877188,

877193, 877296, 877369 877540, 878012, 878026, 878456, 878618, 878635, 879060, 879100,

879479, 879850, 880005 880326, 880360, 882572, 883009, 883097, 883269, 883456, 883825,

884667, 884762, 885535

torso-spread- 09. inp

*^♦%

I-DEAS 8 ABAQUS STANDARD TRANSLATOR FOR ABAQUS VERSION 5.8

** **% MODEL FILE: /u/dar/f s2/p9963θ/partial .mfl

INPUT FILE: /u/dar/f s2/p9963θ/torso-spread-09. inp

EXPORTED: AT 18:03:33 ON 20-Mar-01

^{♦ ♦}% PART: Parti **% FEM : Feml

^{♦ ♦}% **% UNITS: MM-mm (milli-newton)

^{♦ ♦}% LENGTH MM TIME sec MASS kilogram (kg)

**% FORCE milli-newton

^♦ ♦% TEMPERATURE : deg Celsius

^♦ ♦%

^{♦ ♦}% SUBSET EXPORT: OFF **%

^{♦ ♦}% NODE ZERO TOLERANCE: OFF **%

^{♦ ♦}% **%

^♦ *% ^♦NODE , NSET=torso

8 00001 -6.5779771E-07 -1.0107611E+02 2.6729970E+02 800002 -7.4259121E-07 -1.0099827E+02 2.8271690E+02 800003 -9.2915681E-07 -1.0070500E+02 2.9799782E+02 800004 1.4019280E-08 6.2796824E+01 3.0048155E+02 800005 -9.1722038Ξ-09 5.8766293E+01 2.8642106E+02 800006 -1.5437370E-08 5.6664992E+01 2.7180621E+02

812875 4.4153182E+01 .102353 3Ξ+00 -2. 6229301E+01 812876 3.6107786E+01 .9436223E+01 -9.7953729E-02 850160 -2.0069427E+01 .0193921E+02 2.9795181E+02 850161 -3.5816844E+01 .9696628Ξ+01 2.9803994E+02 850162 -5.0035286E+01 .4344819E+01 2.9807327E4-02 850163 -6.1078414E+01 -8.7683636E+01 2.9818489E+02 850164 -7.2545925E+01 -8.091826OE+01 2.9818307E+02 850165 -8.6178056E+01 -7.2025444E+01 2.9824707E+02

862872 -7. 52774 12E+01 -4.2007950E+01 -1.8369158E+01 862873 -7. 5849728E+01 4.7846327E+01 -1.7786336E+01 862874 -1. 3968878E+02 -4.9371917E+01 2.0772505E+01 862875 -4. 4153182E+01 2.1023533E+00 -2.6229301E+01 862876 -3. 6107786E+01 -2.9436223E+01 -9.7953729E-02

^♦node,nset=pel- ref 999997 0. 00000 OOE+00 -4.0759025E+00 9.3156995E+01

^♦node,nset= em- refs 999998 -8. 69296 02E+01 -4.0759025E+00 9.3156995E+01 999999 8. 6929602E+01 -4.0759025E+00 9.3156995E+01 panty-partial -membrane- conformal -spread-

* c*o%arse . inp ^♦ ♦% ^♦ ♦% I-DEAS 8 ABAQUS STANDARD TRANSLATOR **% FOR ABAQUS VERSION 5.8

^♦♦% ^♦ ♦ % MODEL FILE: /u/dar/fs2/p9963θ/partial .mf1 * *& INPUT FILE: /u/dar/fs2/p9963θ/panty-partial-membrane- conformal-spread-coarse . inp

**% EXPORTED : AT 19:28:29 ON 22-Mar-01

♦ ♦% PART: Part2 **% FEM: Feml **% **% UNITS: MM-mm (milli-newton) **% .. LENGTH : MM

♦ ♦% .. TIME : sec **% .. MASS : kilogram (kg)

♦ ♦% .. FORCE : milli-newton

♦ ♦% .. TEMPERATURE : deg Celsius **%

*♦% SUBSET EXPORT: OFF

♦ ♦%

♦ ♦% NODE ZERO TOLERANCE: OFF **% **% **%

^♦NODE, NSET=panty-part

740004, 2 .6190451E-01, -4.1675785E+01, -1.4559489E+01

740006, 2.7595584E+01, 8.4062732E4-01, -2.2838557E+01

740007, 1.1636619E+01, -5.8970101E+01, 4.1984343Ξ+00

740008, 2 ,1201023E+01,-6.4534773E+01, 9.3895539E+00

740009, 2.9068360E+01,-7.1290136E+01, 1.6376956E+01

740010, 3. S561715E+01, -7.8710793E+01, 2 4244325E+01

751091,-7.1804490E+01, 1.2046414E+02 , 1 7805130E+02

751092,-7. 7337617E+01, 1.1940818E+02 , 1 7824766E+02

751093,-7. B183401E+01, 1.2056727Ξ+02 , 1 7294614E+02

751094,-9. 1519660E+01, 1.1779975E+02 , 1 7830911E+02

751095,-8. 7700290E+01, 1.1812640E+02 , 1 7831431E+02

**

^♦ELEMENT , TYPE= T3D2 , ELSET=lycra

760034, 740151 , 740149

770038, 750143 , 750141

760036, 740147 , 740145

760037, 740145 , 740143

760035, 740149 , 740147

760008, 740313 , 740322

760005, 740344 , 740345

760054, 740941 , 740940

760007, 740346 , 740313

760006, 740345 , 740346

**

^♦ELEMENT , TYPE=I VI3D3 , ELSET=panty-part

740001, 740007 , 740219, 740096

740002, 740096 , 740219, 740052

740008, 740051 , 740212, 740004

740011, 740008 , 740207, 740007

758058, 750615 750133, 750661

758059, 750616 750615, 750661

758060, 750756 750755, 750615

758061, 750616 750756, 750615 ^♦NSET,NSET=PANTY- AIST-REAR

740053, 741030, 741073, 741074, 741081, 741082, 741087, 741088,

741089, 741090, 741091 741092, 741094, 741095, 751030, 751073, 751074, 751081, 751082, 751087, 751088, 751089

751090, 751091, 751092, 751094, 751095 ^♦NSET, NSET=PANTY-WAIST-FRONT

740110, 740302, 740374, 740407, 740424, 740425, 740426, 740427,

740455, 740456, 740531 740535, 740537, 740544, 740545, 740546, 750302, 750374, 750407,

750424, 750425, 750426

750427, 750455, 750456, 750531, 750535, 750537, 750544, 750545, 750546 ^♦NSET,NSET=PANTY-DCN 740092,

^♦NSET, SET=PANTY-RT-LEG

750004, 750006, 750014, 750132, 750133, 750135, 750137, 750139,

750141, 750143, 750145 750147, 750149, 750151, 750153, 750155, 750157, 750159, 750161, 750163, 750165, 750184

750185, 750192, 750197, 750202, 750211, 750212, 750217, 750221,

750229, 750236, 750239

750303, 750313, 750322, 750324, 750325, 750327, 750331, 750332,

750340, 750344, 750345 750346, 750363, 750374, 750776, 750780, 750789, 750791, 750792,

750794, 750846, 750847

750866, 750885, 750931, 750938, 750939, 750940, 750941, 751025,

751027, 751028, 751094 ^♦NSET,NSET=PANTY-LT-LEG 740004, 740006, 740014, 740132, 740133, 740135, 740137, 740139,

740141, 740143, 740145

740147, 740149, 740151, 740153, 740155, 740157, 740159, 740161,

740163, 740165, 740184 740185, 740192, 740197, 740202, 740211, 740212, 740217, 740221, 740229, 740236, 740239

740303, 740313, 740322, 740324, 740325, 740327, 740331, 740332,

740340, 740344, 740345

740346, 740363, 740374, 740776, 740780, 740789, 740791, 740792,

740794, 740846, 740847 740866, 740885, 740931, 740938, 740939, 740940, 740941, 741025,

741027, 741028, 741094 ^♦NSET,NSET=XSYMM-PANTY

740053, 740054, 740055, 740056, 740057, 740058, 740059, 740060,

740061, 740064, 740065 740066, 740067, 740068, 740069, 740070, 740071, 740072, 740089,

740090, 740091, 740092

740093, 740094, 740095, 740096, 740097, 740098, 740099, 740100,

740101, 740102, 740103

740104, 740105, 740106, 740107, 740108, 740109, 740110 *ELSET,ELSET=PANTY-RT-LEG

770001, 770002, 770003, 770004, 770005, 770006, 770007, 770008,

770009, 770010, 770011

770012, 770013, 770014, 770015, 770016, 770017, 770018, 770019,

770020, 770021, 770022 770023, 770024, 770025, 770026, 770027, 770028, 770029, 770030,

770031, 770032, 770033

770034, 770035, 770036, 770037, 770038, 770039, 770040, 770041,

770042, 770043, 770044

770045, 770046, 770047, 770048, 770049, 770050, 770051, 770052, 770053, 770054, 770055

770056, 770057, 770058, 770059, 770060, 770061, 770062, 770063,

770064, 770065 ^♦ELSET, ELSΞT=PANTY-LT-LEG

760001, 760002, 760003, 760004, 760005, 760006, 760007, 760008, 760009, 760010, 760011

760012, 760013, 760014, 760015, 760016, 760017, 760018, 760019,

760020, 760021, 760022 ₇₆₀₀₂₃, ₇₆₀₀₂₄, ₇₆₀₀₂₅, 760026, 760027, 760028, 76⁰⁰²⁹, ⁷⁶⁰⁰³⁰, S, ⁷ ₇ ⁰ ₆°₀₀₃₅, ' , 760037, 760038, 760039, 760⁰⁴⁰, ⁷⁶⁰⁰⁴¹, fά , ⁷ ₇₆₀ ⁴ ₀₄₆,

, 760048, 760049, 760050, 76⁰⁰⁵¹, ⁷⁶⁰⁰⁵², S, ⁷⁶ ₇°₆₀₀ ⁴ ₅₇, ^"β, 760059, 760060, 760061, 7600⁶², ⁷⁶⁰⁰⁶³, 760064, 760065

panty-part ial -membrane- conformal- spread- coarse-push . inp

♦♦% I-DEAS 8 ABAQUS STANDARD TRANSLATOR

^♦♦% FOR ABAQUS VERSION 5.8

**%

^♦♦% MODEL FILE: /u/dar/fs2/p9963θ/partial .mfl

♦♦% INPUT FILE: /u/dar/fs2/p99630/panty-partial-membrane- conformal-spread-coarse-push. inp

♦ ♦% EXPORTED AT 16:44:02 ON 28-Mar-01 **% PART Panty-partial-conformal-standing-coarse

♦ ♦% FEM Feml **%

♦ ♦% UNITS: MM-mm (milli-newton) **% LENGTH MM **% TIME sec **% MASS kilogram (kg)

♦ ♦% FORCE milli-newton **% TEMPERATURE : deg Celsius **%

♦ ♦% SUBSET EXPORT: OFF **% **% NODE ZERO TOLERANCE: OFF **%

**%

♦NODE, NSET=pad-pusher

780001, 2.6190450E+01, -4.1675780E+01, -1.3559490E+01

780002, 2.7595580E+01, 8.4062750Ξ+01, -2.1838560E+01 780003, 1.1636620E+01, -5.8970100E+01, 5.1984350E+00 780004, 2.1201020E+01, -6.4534780E+01, 1.0389560E+01 780005, 2.9068360E+01, -7.1290140Ξ+01, 1.7376960E+01 780006, 3.6561720E+01, -7.8710790E+01, 2.5244330E+01 780007, 1.9742300E+01, -4.4262460E+01, -6.4584500E+00

780241, -3.0288630E+01, 9.5030620E4-01, -1 .9656360E+01 780242, -3.136852OE+01, 1.1817140E+02 , -6.5147640E+00 780243, -8.5226820E+00, 1.1632100E+02 , 9.7427340E+00 780244, -1.6370000E+01, 1.1820870E+02 , 3.5604950E+00 ^♦ELEMENT, TYPE=M3D3, ELSET=pad-pusher

780001, 780003, 780063, 780023

780002, 780023, 780063, 780008

780003, 780007, 780060, 780001

780004, 780004, 780058, 780003

780005, 780058, 780063, 780003

780399, 780190, 780233, 780141 780400, 780190, 780141, 780142 780401, 780190, 780142, 780204 780402, 780191, 780190, 780204 780403, 780234, 780233, 780190 780404, 780191, 780234, 780190 def ormed-product -mod2 . inp

♦ ♦% **% **% I-DEAS 8 ABAQUS STANDARD TRANSLATOR **% FOR ABAQUS VERSION 5.8 **% **% MODEL FILE: /u/dar/fs2/p99630/partial .mfl **% INPUT FILE: /u/dar/fs2/p99630/deformed-product-mod2. inp **% EXPORTED: AT 17:32:50 ON 30-Mar-01 **% PART: Deformed-2layer-product-modified **% FEM: Fem2 **% **% UNITS: MM-mm (milli-newton) **% LENGTH : MM **% TIME : sec **% MASS : kilogram (kg) **% FORCE : milli-newton

♦ ♦% TEMPERATURE : deg Celsius **% **% SUBSET EXPORT: OFF

♦ ♦% NODE ZERO TOLERANCE : OFF **%

^■x -* ϊ; = = = = = = = = = = = = -= = ---- = -- = = =

^{♦ ♦} % * *%

♦NODE, NSET=product

30001,-3.4487802E+01, 8883717E+01, 4105511E+00

30002,-3 0007512E+01, 8483710E+01, 7437290E+00

30003,-3 0031287E+01, 7333930E-01, 3940083E-01

30004, -2.4048079E+01, 6.7824498E-02 , 9434975E-01

30005, -2.3937481Ξ+01, 7.7896531E+01, 7323619E+00

30006, -3.1790039E-06, 1.0043778E+02 , 3885206E+00

30007, -7.4375087Ξ-07, 1.0569289E+02 , 2086141E+01

115040, 1.5641820E+01, -5.1718454E+01, 3.0090672E+01 115041, 1.3718556E+01, -5.0556136E+01, 2.9144523E+01 115042, 1.4075688E+01, -5.1844215E+01, 3.0180101E+01 115043, 1.2828171E+01,-5.1989349E+01, 3.0288984E+01 ♦ELEMENT, TYPE=C3D6, ELSET=shaping

48001, 30761, 30207, 30770, 40761, 40207, 40770

48002, 30761, 30208, 30207, 40761, 40208, 40207

48003, 32113, 32122, 30207, 42113, 42122, 40207

48004, 32113, 30207, 30208, 42113, 40207, 40208

68024, 52981, 54650, 52982, 62981, 64650, 62982

68031, 54836, 52957, 54845, 64836, 62957, 64845

68032, 54836, 52958, 52957, 64836, 62958, 62957

68033, 53505, 53514, 52957, 63505, 63514, 62957

68034, 53505, 52957, 52958, 63505, 62957, 62958 ♦ELEMENT, TYPE=C3D6, ELSET=distribution

98001, 60761, 60207, 60770, 90761, 90207, 90770

98002, 62113, 62122, 60207, 92113, 92122, 90207 98011, 61927, 60232, 61930, 91927

118012, 100575, 100578, 100232, 110575, 110578, 110232

118021, 103319, 102982, 103322, 113319, 112982, 113322

118022, 104650, 104653, 102982, 114650, 114653, 112982

118031, 104836, 102957, 104845, 114836, 112957, 114845

118032, 103505, 103514, 102957, 113505, 113514, 112957 ♦ELEMENT, TYPE=C3D8R, ELSET=shaping

40001, 30001, 30016, 30463, 30460, 40001, 40016, 40463, 40460

40002, 30138, 30001, 30460, 30469, 40138, 40001, 40460, 40469

40003, 30029, 30002, 30397, 30402, 40029, 40002, 40397, 40402

40004, 30002, 30030, 30405, 30397, 40002,

64940, 55157, 55158, 55163, 55162, 65157, 65158, 65163, 65162 64941, 55166, 55164, 55158, 55157, 65166, 65164, 65158, 65157

64942, 55158, 55159, 55161, 55163, 65158, 65159, 65161, 65163

64943, 55164, 55165, 55159, 55158, 65164, 65165, 65159, 65158

64944, 55163, 55161, 55160, 55162, 65163, 65161, 65160, 65162 ^♦ELEMENT, TYPE=C3D8R, EL! !T=distribution

90279, 60008, 60139, 60902, 60788, 90008, 90139, 90902, 90788

90280, 60246, 60008, 60788, 60805, 90246, 90008, 90788, 90805

90281, 60176, 60009, 60185, 60567, 90176, 90009, 90185, 90567

90282, 60578, 60177, 60010, 60232, 90578, 90177, 90010, 90232 90283, 60233, 60812, 60186, 60011, 90233, 90812, 90186, 90011

114759, 105042, 105041, 105035, 105043, 115042, 115041, 115035, 115043

114760, 105036, 105040, 105042, 105037, 115036, 115040, 115042, 115037

114761, 105037, 105042, 105043, 105038, 115037, 115042, 115043, 115038 114762, 105040, 105039, 105041, 105042, 115040, 115039, 115041, 115042

^♦NSET , NSET=PULL - FRONT

42771, 42869, 44254, 52771, 52869, 54254

^♦NSET, NSΞT=PULL-REAR

40007, 40110, 41516, 50007, 50110, 51516

* *

^♦ELSET, ELSET=TOPSHAPE

60001, 60002, 60003, 60004, 60005, 60006, 60007, 60008,

60009, 60010, 60011

60012, 60013, 60014, 60015, 60016, 60017, 60018, 60019,

60020, 60021, 60022

60023, 60024, 60025, 60026, 60027, 60028, 60029, 60030,

60031, 60032, 60033

60034, 60035, 60036, 60037, 60038, 60039, 60040, 60041,

60042, 60043, 60044

114740, 114741, 114742, 114743, 114744, 114745, 114746, 114747,

114748, 114749, 114750

114751, 114752, 114753, 114754, 114755, 114756, 114757, 114758,

114759, 114760, 114761

114762, 118001, 118002, 118011, 118012, 118021, 118022, 118031,

118032 **

♦ELSET, ELSET=X000002 48001,48002,48003,48004,48011,48012,48013,48014,48021,48022,48023,48024

48031,48032,48033,48034

♦ELSET, ELSET=X000003

40001,40002,40003,40004,40005,40006,40007,40008,40009,40010,40011,40012

40013,40014,40015,40016,40017,40018,40019,40020,40021,40022,40023,40024 40025,40026,40027,40028,40029,40030,40031,40032,40033,40034,40035,40036

40037,40038,40039,40040,40041,40042,40043,40044,40045,40046,40047,40048

44893,44894,44895,44896,44897,44898,44899,44900,44901,44902,44903,44904 44905,44906,44907,44908,44909,44910,44911,44912,44913,44914,44915,44916 44917,44918,44919,44920,44921,44922,44923,44924,44925,44926,44927,44928 44929,44930,44931,44932,44933,44934,44935,44936,44937,44938,44939,44940 44941,44942,44943,44944 ^♦ELSET, ELSET=X000004 68002,68004,68012,68014,68022,68024,68032,68034,118001,118002,118011,1180 12

118021,118022,118031,118032

♦ELSET,ELSET=X000005

60001,60002,60003,60004,60005,60006,60007,60008,60009,60010,60011,60012

60013,60014,60015,60016,60017,60018,60019,60020,60021,60022,60023,60024 60025,60026,60027, 60028,60029,60030,60031,60032,60033,60034,60035,60036 60037,60038,60039,60040,60041,60042,60043,60044,60045,60046,60047,60048 60049,60050,60051,60052,60053,60054,60055,60056,60057,60058,60059,60060 60061,60062,60063,60064,60065,60066,60067,60068,60069,60070,60071,60072 60073,60074,60075,60076,60077,60078,60079,60080,60081,60082,60083,60084 60085,60086,60087,60088,60089,60090,60091,60092,60093,60094,60095,60096 60097,60098,60099,60100,60101,60102,60103,60104,60105,60106,60107,60108 114707 , 114708 , 114709 , 114710 , 114711 , 114712 , 114713 , 114714 , 114715 , 114716 , 114

717

114718 , 114719 , 114720 , 114721, 114722 , 114723 , 114724 , 114725 , 114726, 114727 , 114

728 114729,114730,114731,114732,114733,114734,114735,114736,114737,114738,114

739

114740,114741,114742,114743,114744,114745,114746,114747,114748,114749,114

750

114751,114752,114753,114754,114755,114756,114757,114758,114759,114760,114 761

114762,

♦ELSET, ELSET=X000006

98001,98011,98021,98031,108001,108011,108021,108031,118001,118011,118021

118031, ♦ELSET, ELSET=X000007

40001,40002,40003,40004,40005,40011,40012,40013,40014,40015,40016,40017

40018,40019,40020,40021,40022,40023,40024,40025,40026,40027,40028,40029

40030,40031,40032,40033,40034,40035,40036,40037,40038,40039,40040,40115

40116,40119,40120,40121,40122,40123,40124,40125,40126,40127,40128,40129

110310,110311,110312,110313,110314,110315,110316,110317,110318,110319,

110320

110381,110382,110383,110384,110385,110386,110387,114284,114285,114286,

114289 114290, 114291, 114292 , 114293 , 114294 , 114295 , 114296, 114297 , 114298 , 114299 ,

114300

114301,114302,114303,114304,114305,114306,114307,114308,114309,114310,

114311

114312 , 114313 , 114314 , 114315 , 114316 , 114317 , 114318 , 114319, 114320 , 114321, 114322

114323,114324,114325,114386,114387,114388,114389,114390,114391,114392

^♦ELSET, ELSET=X000008

41336,41337,41338,41339,41340,41346,41347,41348,41349,41350,41351,41352

41353,41354,41355,41356,41357,41358,41359,41360,41361,41362,41363,41364 41365,41366,41367,41368,41369,41370,41371,41372,41373,41374,41375,41450

41451,41454,41455,41456,41457,41458,41459,41460,41461,41462,41463,41464

42671,42672,42673,42674,42675,42681,42682,42683,42684,42685,42686,42687

42688,42689,42690,42691,42692,42693,42694,42695,42696,42697,42698,42699 111634,111635,111636,111637,111638,111639,111640,111641,111642,111643,

111644

111645,111646,111647,111648,111649,111650,111651,111652,111653,111654,

111655

111716, 111717, 111718, 111719, 111720, 111721, 111722, 112949, 112950, 112951, 112954

112955,112956,112957,112958,112959,112960,112961,112962,112963,112964,

112965

112966,112967,112968,112969,112970,112971,112972,112973,112974,112975,

112976 112977,112978,112979,112980,112981,112982,112983,112984,112985,112986,

112987

112988,112989,112990,113051,113052,113053,113054,113055,113056,113057

^♦ELSET, ELSET=X000009

98002,98012,98022,98032,108002,108012,108022,108032,118002,118012,118022 118032,

^♦ELSET, ELSET=X000010

41345,41436,41437,41438,41439,41440,41441,41442,41443,41444,41445,41446

41447,41448,41449,41452,42680,42771,42772,42773,42774,42775,42776,42777

42778,42779,42780,42781,42782,42783,42784,42787,51345,51436,51437,51438 51439,51440,51441,51442,51443,51444,51445,51446,51447,51448,51449,51452

52680,52771,52772,52773,52774,52775,52776,52777,52778,52779,52780,52781

52782,52783,52784,52787,61345,61436,61437,61438,61439,61440,61441,61442

61443,61444,61445,61446,61447,61448,61449,61452,62680,62771,62772,62773

62774,62775,62776,62777,62778,62779,62780,62781,62782,62783,62784,62787 90388,90389,90419,90420,90428,90436,90444,90452,90460,90468,90476,90484

90492,90500,90508,90516,90524,90532,90540,90548,90556,90564,90572,91618

91710,91711,91712,91713,91714,91715,92953,93045,93046,93047,93048,93049

93050,94393,94394,94424,94425,94433,94441,94449,94457,94465,94473,94481 94489, 94497 , 94505 , 94513 , 94521, 94529 , 94537 , 94545 , 94553 , 94561, 94569 , 94577 100388,100389,100419,100420,100428,100436,100444,100452,100460,100468, 100476

100484,100492,100500,100508,100516,100524,100532,100540,100548,100556, 100564

100572,101618,101710,101711,101712,101713,101714,101715,102953,103045, 103046

103047,103048,103049,103050,104393,104394,104424,104425,104433,104441, 104449 104457,104465,104473,104481,104489,104497,104505,104513,104521,104529,

104537

104545.104553.104561.104569.104577.110388,110389,110419,110420,110428, 110436

110444.110452.110460.110468.110476.110484,110492,110500,110508,110516, 110524

110532,110540,110548,110556,110564,110572,111618,111710,111711,111712,

111713

111714,111715,112953,113045,113046,113047,113048,113049,113050,114393,

114394 114424 , 114425 , 114433 , 114441, 114449 , 114457 , 114465 , 114473 , 114481, 114489 ,

114497

114505, 114513 , 114521, 114529, 114537 , 114545 , 114553 , 114561, 114569 , 114577

^♦ELSET, ELSET=X000011

40010,40101,40102,40103,40104,40105,40106,40107,40108,40109,40110,40111 40112,40113,40114,40117,44015,44106,44107,44108,44109,44110,44111,44112

44113,44114,44115,44116,44117,44118,44119,44122,50010,50101,50102,50103

50104,50105,50106,50107,50108,50109,50110,50111,50112,50113,50114,50117

111811,111819,111827,111835,111843,111851,111859,111867,111875,111883, 111891

111899,111907,113058,113059,113089,113090,113098,113106,113114,113122,

113130

113138,113146,113154,113162,113170,113178,113186,113194,113202,113210,

113218 113226,113234,113242,114288,114380,114381,114382,114383,114384,114385

END

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of evaluating a product for use on a body, the method comprising the steps of: creating a computer based body sub-model of at least a portion of the body on which the product is positioned; creating a computer based product sub-model of the product ; creating an interaction model comprising instructions defining how the body sub-model and the product sub-model interact; combining the body sub-model, the product sub-model and the interaction model in a use model simulating the interaction between the body sub-model and the product submodel to produce a representation of at least one product feature of the product; and evaluating the use model to determine the performance of the at least one product feature of the product and/or body.

2. A method of evaluating a product comprising the steps of: creating a computer based product sub-model of the product defining how the components of the product interact; creating an interaction model comprising instructions on the application of an external force and/or prescribed motion on the product sub-model; combining the interaction model and the product submodel in a use model simulating the interaction between the components of the product sub-model as a result of the external force to produce a representation of at least one product feature of the product; and evaluating the use model to determine the performance of the at least one product feature of the product .

3. A method of evaluating a product for use on a body, the method comprising the steps of: creating a computer based body sub-model of at least a portion of the body on which the product is positioned; creating an interaction model comprising instructions on the application of an external force on the body sub-model and/or movement of the body sub-model; combining the interaction model and the body sub-model to thereby create a use model simulating the interaction between components of the body sub-model as a result of the external force and/or body movement to produce a representation of at least one body feature of the body; and evaluating the use model to determine the performance of the at least one feature of the body.

4. A method of designing a product to be worn on a body, the method comprising: creating a computer based body sub-model of at least a portion of the body on which the product is to be positioned; creating a computer based product sub-model of the product ; defining an environment in which the body sub-model interacts with the product sub-model with an environment submodel ; interacting the body sub-model, the product sub-model, and the environment sub-model with movement of one or more of the sub-models with an interaction model; combining the body sub-model, the product sub-model, the environment sub-model and the interaction model in a use model simulating the interaction between the body sub-model, the product sub-model and the environment sub-model to produce a representation of at least one product feature of the product; and evaluating the use model to determine the performance of the at least one product feature of the product; and modifying the product sub-model in response to the performance of said product feature and reperforming the steps of interacting and combining the models in the use model and evaluating the use model to determine performance of the at least one product feature.

5. A method of designing a product to be worn on a body, the method comprising: creating a product sub-model of the product; interacting components of the product sub-model by applying an external force to the product sub-model with an interaction model; combining the product sub-model and the interaction model in a use model simulating the interaction between components of the product sub-model to produce as a result of the external force to produce a representation of at least one product feature of the product; evaluating the use model to determine the performance of at least one product feature of the product; and modifying the product sub-model in response to the determined performance of the product feature and then reperforming the steps of interacting the models and combining the models in the use model and evaluating the use model to design the product .

6. A method as set forth in any of claims 1 and 3 further comprising modifying the body sub-model in response to the determined performance of a product feature and then reperforming the combining step and the evaluating step.

7. A method as set forth in any of claims 1 and 2 further comprising modifying the product sub-model in response to the determined performance of a product feature and then reperforming the combining step and the evaluating step.

8. A method as set forth in any of claims 1, 2 and 3 further comprising creating an environment sub-model, and wherein the interaction model further comprises instructions defining how the environment sub-model interacts with at least one other sub-model.

9. A method as set forth in any of claims 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wherein the use model determines the interaction between sub-models using numerical method analysis.

10. A method as set forth in claim 9 wherein the use model performs a finite element analysis using the sub-models.

11. A method as set forth in any of claims 1, 3, 4 and 5 wherein the body sub-model comprises at least one of a geometry sub-model, a material properties sub-model, an initial conditions sub-model, kinematic constraints of the body sub-model and/or contact constraints of the body submodel .

12. A method as set forth in any of claims 1, 2, 4 and 5 wherein the product sub-model comprises at least one of a geometry sub-model, a material properties sub-model, an initial conditions sub-model, kinematic constraints of the product sub-model and/or contact constraints of the product sub-model .

13. A method as set forth in any of claims 1, 2, 3 and 4 wherein the interaction model comprises field variables, kinematic instructions, loading instructions, and contact constraint instructions .

14. A method as set forth in claim 4 wherein the environment sub-model comprises environmental elements that interact with the product sub-model and the body sub-model .

15. A method as set forth in claim 5 further comprising reperforming the step of modifying the product sub-model until desired performance of said at least one performance feature is obtained to design the product.

16. A method as set forth in any of claims 1, 2, 4 and 5 wherein the product sub-model is one of a plurality of product sub-models of the product, wherein each product submodel defines a different product geometry and/or material property of the product .

17. A method as set forth in any of claims 1, 2, 4 and 5 wherein the product feature evaluated is selected from the group consisting of product deformation, product stresses, product force vectors, product curvature, contact pressure, surface area of coverage, and conformance to the body surface area.

18. A method as set forth in claim 17 wherein the performance of a product feature determined by evaluating the use model is selected from the group consisting of the appearance of a garment worn with the product, the contact area between the garment and the product, and the appearance of the product when in contact with an external article.

19. A method of evaluating a product for use on a body, the method comprising the steps of: creating a plurality of computer based body sub-models of at least a portion of the body on which the product is positioned; creating a computer based product sub-model of the product ; creating an interaction model comprising instructions defining how each of the body sub-models and the product sub- model interact; combining the interaction model, each of the body submodels and the product sub-model to thereby create use models simulating the interaction between each of the body sub-models and the product sub-model when each of the body sub-models simulates movement of the portion of the body; and evaluating the use model to determine the performance of the at least one product feature of the product and/or body.

20. A method of evaluating a product for use on a body, the method comprising the steps of: creating a computer based body sub-model of at least a portion of the body on which the product is positioned; creating a plurality of computer based product sub-models of the product, wherein each product sub-model defines a different product geometry and/or material property of the product ; creating an interaction model comprising instructions defining how the body sub-models and each of the product sub- models interact ,- combining the interaction model, the body sub-model and each of the product sub-models to thereby create use models simulating the interaction between the body sub-model and each of the product sub-models when the body sub-model simulates movement of the portion of the body; and evaluating the use model to determine the performance of the at least one product feature of the product and/or body.