WO1997026729A2 - Automated collaborative filtering in world wide web advertising - Google Patents

Automated collaborative filtering in world wide web advertising Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997026729A2
WO1997026729A2 PCT/US1996/020429 US9620429W WO9726729A2 WO 1997026729 A2 WO1997026729 A2 WO 1997026729A2 US 9620429 W US9620429 W US 9620429W WO 9726729 A2 WO9726729 A2 WO 9726729A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
subject
community
ads
web
information
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/020429
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Gary B. Robinson
Original Assignee
Robinson Gary B
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robinson Gary B filed Critical Robinson Gary B
Priority to AU15665/97A priority Critical patent/AU1566597A/en
Publication of WO1997026729A2 publication Critical patent/WO1997026729A2/en

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00Data switching networks
    • H04L12/02Details
    • H04L12/16Arrangements for providing special services to substations
    • H04L12/18Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast
    • H04L12/1859Arrangements for providing special services to substations for broadcast or conference, e.g. multicast adapted to provide push services, e.g. data channels
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00Commerce
    • G06Q30/02Marketing; Price estimation or determination; Fundraising
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/2866Architectures; Arrangements
    • H04L67/30Profiles
    • H04L67/306User profiles
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50Network services
    • H04L67/53Network services using third party service providers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50Network services
    • H04L67/535Tracking the activity of the user
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/40Network security protocols
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/25Management operations performed by the server for facilitating the content distribution or administrating data related to end-users or client devices, e.g. end-user or client device authentication, learning user preferences for recommending movies
    • H04N21/258Client or end-user data management, e.g. managing client capabilities, user preferences or demographics, processing of multiple end-users preferences to derive collaborative data
    • H04N21/25866Management of end-user data
    • H04N21/25883Management of end-user data being end-user demographical data, e.g. age, family status or address
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/27Server based end-user applications
    • H04N21/274Storing end-user multimedia data in response to end-user request, e.g. network recorder
    • H04N21/2743Video hosting of uploaded data from client
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L65/00Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
    • H04L65/1066Session management
    • H04L65/1101Session protocols
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/30Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
    • H04L69/32Architecture of open systems interconnection [OSI] 7-layer type protocol stacks, e.g. the interfaces between the data link level and the physical level
    • H04L69/322Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
    • H04L69/329Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions in the application layer [OSI layer 7]

Definitions

  • This invention involves the display of advertising to users of an interactive communications medium It is particularly useful with the World Wide Web, which utilizes a communications protocol on the Internet
  • This invention is based on the fact that people who have shown a tendency for similar interests and likes and dislikes in the past will usually continue to show a tendency for such simila ⁇ ties in the future In particular, people who have shown a historical tendency to be interested in the same ads in the past will usually continue to display such a tendency as time goes on Those people who strongly display such similarities with respect to a particular person
  • this invention combines techniques for solving two problems determining the subject's community, and determining which ads to show based on characteristics of the subject's community
  • the information used to determine whether a given individual should be in the subject's community is gleaned from the activities of the individual in the interactive medium in question
  • the information may involve such facts as the choices of Web sites the invividuals have each visited, the frequency of such visits, the nature of the content at those sites, etc
  • the sites are online stores, the information may involve the choice of specific items purchased, as well as the p ⁇ ces of those items
  • the site is an entertainment recommendation service based on user-supplied ratings (Firefly at www.ffly com is an example)
  • the ratings can be used
  • One more example is the selection of Web ads each individual has chosen to click on
  • clusters are formed of groups of very similar consumers Then, the subjects community consists of all or some of the other members of his cluster
  • the next major task is to decide what ads to show the subject based on his community
  • a new ad is displayed randomly or on a fixed schedule to a certain number of users Dunng this "training pe ⁇ od" for the new ad, a certain percentage of the members of the subject's community will click on it If this is an unusually high proportion, then there is a relatively high likelihood that the ad will be of relatively high interest to the subject
  • statistical techniques are used to determine a probability, associated with a fixed confidence level, with which we can assume a randomly-chosen member of the subject's community will tend to cl.ck on the ad, this probability is used as the measure of simila ⁇ ty
  • Other embodiments involve other analytic techniques
  • the advertiser specifies the demographic profile he wants to show the ad to In that case, as long as we have demographic information available for some consumers, the system targets ads by considering the subject's community members who have supplied demographic information For instance, by computing the average age of the members of the subject's community who have supplied their ages, the system is enabled to make an "intelligent guess" about the subject's age, and use that guess for the purpose of targeting ads
  • special Web pages or sites are supplied which enable advertisers to specify specific specific sites they would like their ads to run on (or not run on), similarly, special Web pages or sites are supphed which enable Web site administrators to specify ads they would like to display or not display
  • means are supplied for consumers to specify and update their demographic information, these means take the form of a Web site or page in one embodiment, and software running on the consumer's computer in another
  • a Smart Ad Box is an area on a Web page (usually rectangular) which is used to display Web advertising Special software algo ⁇ thms are used to determine which ads are shown to which users; different visitors to a
  • Web page can simultaneously see different ads
  • This invention involves using automated collaborative filtenng (ACF) either instead of, or in addition to, the above-mentioned techniques (ACF is also referred to as social information filtenng )
  • ACF automated collaborative filtenng
  • ACF can be used in a complementary manner to techniques such as those C
  • ACF can give us a certain amount of evidence that a particular ad should be shown to a particular user; such information as age, sex, Internet domain, etc. can be considered as well.
  • the Smart Ad Box consists of a small amount of HTML code It may optionally involve non-HTML code, such as Java. It involves calling a CGI routine. What the user sees.
  • the Smart Ad Box When a Smart Ad Box appears on a page, a user viewing that page will see an ad which is targeted to that particular user. Thus, simultaneous viewers of the same page will often be presented with different ads.
  • the ad is visually contained in the Smart Ad Box.
  • the Smart Ad Box may or may not be rectangular in shape; it will often, but not necessarily, exist in a fixed region on the screen
  • the Smart Ad Box will present different ads to a user over time. Certainly, simply showing the same ad over and over again is not maximally effective. The user would simply become used to it and would therefore come to ignore it
  • This invention involves rotating the user through different ads which are of likely to be of interest to that particular user
  • the rotation schedule can be chosen for maximal overall advertising effectiveness
  • One way to measure effectiveness would be the frequency of clicks on ads in Smart Ad Boxes — the rotation schedule could be chosen to maximize this number It could involve such information as the number of times the user has seen each ad in the past, and the predicted likelihood that the user will be interested in the given ad.
  • Another factor that could be considered is resonance with the Web page showing the ad — perhaps ads that relate in some way to the subject matter of the page will be more likely to be clicked on. Like most current Web advertisements, clicking on a Smart Ad Box will cause the user to be transported to a Web site chosen by the advertiser.
  • particular implementations of the present invention can optionally include certain additional features, such as the ability to reject an ad — for instance, with an option-click of the mouse. A user would do this for an ad that had no interest for him. The rejected ad would automatically be replaced with another ad targeted to that user.
  • the central database can optionally contain rules or control records provided by advertisers and Web site managers. These could be used for the following purposes:
  • An advertiser may not want to be associated with certain Web sites or types of Web sites; alternatively there may be certain sites or types of sites they would like to be associated with as strongly as possible. Advertisers could specify such inclinations, and they can be stored in a database. Then, when the software is choosing the next ad to show to a particular user who is visiting a particular Web site, those factors can be taken into account.
  • a Web site may prefer certain advertisers or advertisements or types of advertisements to others.
  • the Web site can specify such inclinations, and they can be taken into account when the next ad is chosen for a particular user currently visiting that Web site.
  • One way for advertisers and Web sites to supply these rules would be for a Web site to be constructed which would do the following:
  • checkboxes for the subordinate items could be automatically "checked' or "filled in” bv the software (Java or JavaScript could be used to do this in 'real-time instead of requiring the user to sumit the form ) But a number of other mechanisms could be used instead of checkboxes — for instance, the listings could change color to indicate having been chosen Checkboxes are probably preferable, though, since their meaning is so intuitively clear
  • advertisers should be able to ret ⁇ eve the information already entered for a particular ad
  • an advertiser may change his mind about showing an ad on a given site So, by specifying the ad's identifier, the advertiser should be presented with a listing of pages which indicate the choices he has already made, ideally, he should be able to change those choices using the same techniques used to enter those choices originally — for instance, by clicking on the checkboxes 7
  • the Web sites with Smart Ad Boxes also need to have a choice So a page could be set up for them which listed all the ads which they are allowed to show
  • checkboxes could be used to indicate which ads will be chosen, again as in the nther case, the webmaster should be able to indicate either the specific ads he wants to present on his page (automatically disallowing the rest) or the ads
  • allowed ads could be presented hierarchically by subject matter, with checkboxes at both levels
  • the ad listings could, optionally, consist of the ad banners themselves Alternatively, they could be "hot-linked" text that the webmaster could click on to be transported to a page containing the banner (which might additionally have other information supplied by the advertiser about the ad)
  • the system could work the opposite way
  • the process could start with Web sites offe ⁇ ng pages to advertisers, which could then choose which pages they want to accept
  • Web pages can optionally display a hot link to a site where users can enter their demographic data Users can optionally be given the ability to modify their demographic data at any time Finally, if they wish to, they can optionally be given the ability to delete their demographic data at any time This control over their demographic data will alleviate many user's privacy concerns
  • users should have easy access to information stating how the demographic data is used, and who has access to it
  • the Web si that allows users to update or delete their demographic data could optionally also allow users to specify a chosen level of privacy For instance, some users might wish to allow companies to have access to their demographic data in order to receive certain special offers (which could be made by direct mail, email, or other means)
  • certain special offers which could be made by direct mail, email, or other means
  • a check box could appear next to each company name
  • users could choose companies by means of a hierarchically-organized list, grouped by product category Again, the hierarchies could be collapsible in order to increase ease of navigation
  • the companies could alternatively by listed in some other manner, such as alphabetical order Users can be induced to supply such data by special offers such as discounts on selected merchandise
  • Tracking Data Users can optionally be given the ability to tell the system not to store their tracking data ( If the user electee" not to be tracked, the system would have to decide what ads to display based on other means, such as domain type [EDU, NET, etc ] . browser and computer types, demographic data that had been obtained, etc )
  • the tracked history of various users will have to be accessed by (in other words, sent to) Sam's computer (This data would, of course, be sent without any identifying information that would enable the sender to learn what individual was associated with what tracking data )
  • Software running on Sam's system could then decide which of these users are most similar to Sam, and make subsequent decisions about which ads to display for Sam
  • the system could optionally be designed so that similar users were grouped into statistical clusters, all the people in one cluster would be more similar to each other than to people in any other cluster
  • Sam's machine describing each cluster For instance, the average amount of time spent on each tracked Web site, where that number is computed from the data corresponding to all users in the cluster, would be a good candidate For each cluster, this number could be sent for every tracked page (or for only a subset of the tracked pages, which could be chosen, for instance, for their statistical significance) Then, software running on Sam's machine could determine how closely each cluster matches Sam's activities, Sam would be considered to be in the cluster he matches most closely
  • the cookie mechanism provides a very high level of security
  • a user's randomly generated cookie is stored on the user's machine, and that is the one and only way information stored on a central database is associated with that user.
  • the cookie mechanism is such that only programs with the same domain name as the one that created the cookie can read or modify it So while the system's central server machine can track a user by means of the cookie, a program existing under a different domain name will not be able to access the cookie at all Moreover, there is no need to store user-identification information such as email addresses (or phone numbers or postal addresses, etc , etc ) on the central system.
  • a central database will be updated to show that that particular user visited that page
  • the length of time spent on the page, or other such information can also be stored
  • CGI sc ⁇ pt which exists on the machine containing the central database
  • This CGI sc ⁇ pt which can be w ⁇ tten in languages such as Perl, C, Basic, AppleScnpt, etc would perform the database updates
  • a CGI script can exist on the machine which is hosting the page To perform updates, it would communicate over the Internet with a program which exists on the machine hosting the database
  • the preferred embodiment involves using the Netscape Navigator s cookie mechanism This will allow us to accurately track the 70% to 80% of Web users who use the Netscape product In addition, it will work with any Web browser that has a cookie mechanism compatible with Netscape's It is likely that the vast majority of Web browsers will, in time, have such compatibility
  • the preferred way to use it is as follows
  • a domain tail consists of the "tail end" of the domain name such that the included portion contains at least 2 or 3 periods, depending on the particular top-level domain For more on this, see Netscape's technical note on the Web at http7/www nelscape com/newsref/std/cook ⁇ e_spec html or any other documentation on Netscape's cookie mechanism, which is a public protocol that any competent practitioner is familiar with
  • a set of Tracking Sc ⁇ pts could be made available, all under the same domain tail, such that a particular participating Web site could interact with one of these routines
  • there might be different properties associated with the different Tracking Scnpts for instance, in cases where the Tracking Scripts also draw the Smart Ad Boxes, different Tracking Sc ⁇ pts might draw Smart Ad Boxes of different sizes Again, it is essential that all of these Tracking Sc ⁇ pts be under the same domain tail in order that they can all access the cookie
  • the Tracking Sc ⁇ pt will examine the cookies passed to it to see whether one of them is the Tracking Cookie If it did receive the Tracking Cookie then this cookie will contain the identifier of the user, the central database can then be updated with the ID of the user and of the current page, and, optionally, other information such as the time spent on the page
  • the expiration date of the Tracking Cookie could be updated, for instance, it could always be set to one year after the last Tracking Cookie access
  • the value of the Tracking Cookie could be generated using a random number generator, one of many other alternatives would simply be to pick a number one greater than the last value generated
  • the Tracking Cookie is then stored on the user's machine using the Netscape cookie mechanism, each time from then on that a user visits a tracking-enabled page, the stored Tracking Cookie will be used to re-identify that user
  • the Tracking Cookie should be assigned an expiration date so that it doesn't disappear when the user leaves The expiration date could be, for instance, one year in the future Note that the Tracking Cookie will not allow anyone to intrude on the user's p ⁇ vacy by sending him email or by any other means There need be no way to associate the Tracking Cookie with the user's name, physical location, or any other personally-identifying information
  • Java applet would be the perfect means to track user activity over time But current implementations of Java automatically flush Java applets from the cache whenever the user moves to a domain other than the one the Java applet originally came from So Java currently has limited usefulness for this purpose
  • a Web browser could automatically open up a socket for communications with the central database At intervals, it could send tracking information to the central database without any participation on the part of the user This information could include, for example, the URL of each page visited and the amount of time spent there
  • the user could download an application or other type of software (such as a Macintosh-style control panel or system extension) which could track his activities and communicate them to the central database
  • screensaver Screensavers typically run all the time, although they only take over the screen when the user is inactive
  • this screensaver could be designed so that it could display HTML and/or execute Java code In fact, it could nave much of the functionality of a Web browser (Or, it could use its own protocols for displaying images and text on the screen, different from those used in Web browsers However, it would probably be best for it to use standard protocols ) Thus, companies and individuals could provide content for this "Internet Screensaver "
  • URLs could be in the form of HTML or Java output displayed on a screensaver page Or a dialog box could be used, etc (The list of such URL's could be communicated from a central site across the Internet )
  • An example of content that would motivate many users to download the Internet Screensaver would be a continuously updated stock ticker
  • a couple of other examples would be continuously updated news headlines or weather reports
  • a further example might be showing the status of the user's email box
  • Continuously updated content would only be possible for users with continuous Internet connections That situation currently is common in office situations, but not in home situations
  • cable companies may in the relatively near future offer continuous Internet connections at an inexpensive price
  • semi-continuous content could be made available
  • the software could enable an Internet connection for a bnef period in every hour (or other interval) during which news headlines, weather, stock prices, or other information could be downloaded and displayed dunng pe ⁇ ods of user inactivity dunng the intervening hour
  • the Internet screensaver could simply wait for the user to log on to the Internet, and download content at that time to be used as content until the next user-initiated Internet connection
  • the content could include news stories, etc , it could also include less timely content such as comic stnps
  • the Internet Screensaver could interact with the operating system of the user's computer to perform other functions.
  • the Internet screensaver would have commercial value even without its relationship to the advertising paradigm discussed in this paper, if, for instance, the user-tracking capabilities were to be omitted. For instance, many Web sites would benefit from publicizing themselves by means of providing content to the Internet Screensaver ) (Additional note, the Internet Screensaver does not necessarily have to be a seperate piece of software from a Web browser.
  • a Web browser could itself be a screensaver, through the addition of screensaver-related capabilities such as the ability to sense user inactivity, the ability to bring itself into the foreground when user inactivity is sensed, and the ability to completely take over the screen so that only the desired screensaver content is visable (usual menus, etc would be hidden] Screensaver content is usually, but not exclusively, a dark screen containing moving images Such a Web browser could use its regular graphics abilities to display screensaver content in the form of HTML, Java, JavaSc ⁇ pt, or other protocols ) • Using bookmark files already stored on disk by popular Web browsers
  • Bookmark files contain a form of tracking information. They list the sites the user visited and liked enough to want to be able to easily visit again. Also, Netscape's bookmarks file, for instance, contains the dates that the user created the bookmark for each site as well as the date the user last visited the site These could be used to make inferences about how useful the user finds the site — for instance, if he bookmarked a site a long time ago and visited it very recently, it's fairly likely that it's one of his more frequently-accessed sites The WebHound Web site (now called WebHunter) which was produced by the MIT
  • bookmark files to facilitate recommendation of Web sites by means of automated collaborative filtering
  • the problem with this technique is that there is currently no automated way that a Web site can acquire the content of a user's bookmark file
  • a Java applet would be a candidate, except that security restnctions currently prohibit Java from reading files on the user's hard disk Lifting this rest ⁇ ction in the case of bookmark files would solve this problem
  • Code can be provided to a number of Web sites that enable them all to access the same central database when a user logs in, enabling the user to use the same user ID and password on many different Web sites and potentially freeing each Web site from the need to have a database for checking whether each user had already registered This code can update a central database to show which participating sites have been accessed by each user. Ease of implementation.
  • a Web site (or, perhaps, a page or set of pages) should be made available that contains complete instructions on how to set up a participating page Instructions should explain how to place a Smart Ad Box on a page, as well as how to enable the tracking of users on a page (if the embodiment involves separate code for tracking and for the Smart Ad Box)
  • the code could be designed in such a way that there need be no direct communication between the people supplying the Smart Ad Box service and related services and the people who want to enable their Web site to participate in those services. Any competent practitioner could design such code
  • it should be designed in such a way that the modifications required to enable a Web page to participate are minimal Again, any competent practitioner could design such code
  • an instructional site would enable participation in the service to grow rapidly
  • Web sites could very easily become participants on a tnal basis
  • the Web site discussed in this section could allow CT/US96/20429
  • each participating site could have an identifying code and/or password which they acquire through interaction with the instructional Web site or some other Web site.
  • the participating sites themselves could choose their ID codes and/or passwords, or they could be assigned by the software
  • advertisers have ID codes and/or passwords, they should be able to go to a particular- page and type in that information, and, in return, be enabled to see the amount of money they have earned to date.
  • an embodiment could identify companies by other means, such as checking a cookie on the client machine or simply allowing companies to type in the company name.
  • Web sites who would like to become paid participants would be able to accomplish everything needed online, without manual intervention. This would save considerable money, and make it even more practical to allow small Web sites to participate.
  • the system could automatically cause payment to be made.
  • Checks could be printed, or funds transmitted by electronic means, all with no (or minimal) human intervention.
  • the system could optionally be programmed not to send a payment until the money owed to the participating sound exceeded some preset amount. This way, the expense of sending the payment will only be a small percentage of the funds involved. It must be stressed that there are other ways of enabling customers to input the information discussed in this section.
  • Automated Collaborative Filtering ACF is a field of research which has been receiving attention in recent years from such organizations as BellCore and the MIT Media Lab I myself devoted 18 months over the last few years to research in this area
  • An MIT Media Lab spmoff company called Agents, Inc has a Web site which uses this technology for making personalized recommendations of music CD's Upendra Shardanand's 1994 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab Master's Degree thesis, entitled Social Information Filtering For Music Recommendation (hereby incorporated by referent e) is a good wnte-up of their basic technology
  • the basic idea, as applied to Smart Ad Boxes, is as follows
  • a list of similar users can be stored in the database, or can be generated "on the fly " Ideally, we would also compute a number representing the degree of likely similarity of interests In fact, the list of similar people can be based on this number- for example, the most similar person to Joe is at the top of the list, and each successive entry displays less similanty until some cutoff point is reached, beyond which people aren't added to the list
  • This data will involve the information we have stored in our database by tracking each user over time (Optionally, it could also involve other information such as demographic data supplied by the user, but by not relying on such data, we eliminate the need for the user to actively participate in this process in any way )
  • the software can therefore make intelligent guesses about Joe's demographic data For instance, with regard to age, the software can compute the average age of the people close to Joe who have supplied us with their ages The same idea holds for income level The software can guess items such as sex by extrapolating from the most common sex of people with similar interests to Joe. Similarly, the software can make intelligent guesses about other categories of demographic data The specific technique used to make the extrapolation isn't the concern here The point is that an extrapolation can easily be made
  • the software can check to see which ads are most highly targeted for Joe However, even if the advertiser hasn't given that information, the software can examine the data to see which demographic groups have showed the most interest in each ad — so the system can supply this information if the advertiser doesn't
  • Joe's interests are atypical for his demographic group For instance, some people in their 50's have interests that are more common for people in their 30's Thus, the technique described here may incorrectly come to the conclusion that Joe is in his 30's when he's really in his 50's — but that erroneous conclusion would actually lead, in this case, to a better targeting of advertisements If Joe's interests are closer to those of a person in his 30's, then ads directed to that age group are the ads that are most likely to be of interest to him
  • This ratio provides a very rough measure of the interest of people on the list in the ad The greater the ratio, the more interest is indicated
  • the ad with the highest ratio would be considered to be the one most likely to be of interest to Joe, the ad with the second highest ratio would be the one second most likely to be of interest, etc
  • the fitness function would be the algonthm's success in predicting which ads are of interest to Joe
  • the fitness function would measure how good a particular algonthm is at "predicting" how interested Joe was in ads that he has already been exposed to, and where we have already counted how many impressions it took him to click on them
  • the search algo ⁇ thm successively tests possible values for P A at certain fixed intervals, for instance, 0.01, 0 02, 0.03,. , 0.99 until it finds the greatest P A such that we can reject the null hypothesis that P ⁇ P ⁇ with confidence level A.
  • a binary search mechanism is used to accomplish the same goal more quickly and/or accurately
  • We'll refer to the chosen search algonthm as SO
  • CO the cumulative binomial probability distnbution function [One is descnbed in Press, Teukolsky, Vetterling, and Flannery 1992, Numerical Recipes in C, 2nd Ed , (Ca bndge, England. The Camb ⁇ dge University Press) p 229, the relevant sections are hereby incorporated by reference ]
  • CO will calculate the probability that the presented combination of (2) and (3) (or a greater number of successes) could have occurred by chance alone given the assumption of ( 1) If this is a low probability, it's unlikely that the assumption is correct
  • genetic programming could be used to evolve an algo ⁇ thm that outputs an approximation to P ⁇
  • cluster analysis can be used
  • the system has to collect data on a number of users which shows whether or not they responded to particular ads Then, when, for instance, the system needs to compute the pnonty with which we should consider showing a particular ad to Joe, it finds users with similar profiles to Joe and who it has knowledge about whether or not they responded to the ad But this creates a chickcn-or-egg situation, when an ad is new, there won't be any users who have already been exposed to the ad, so the system will be unable to find users who are similar to Joe and who it has prior knowledge about with respect to that ad
  • the desired proportion of displaying ads according to the ACF output relative to displaying ads randomly or according to a fixed schedule can be determined by measunng such factors as overall system-wide number of responses to ads in a given period of time (which should ideally be high) and polling users on their satisfaction with the system
  • a mathematical analysis could also be used in predicting the best proportion
  • a simple and sensible starting point would be to simply assign 10% of viewing time to randomly chosen ads
  • the vanous steps described hereinabove are desirably implemented by programming them into functions incorporated within Web Server software or in application programs used in conjunction with such software Programmers of ordinary skill in the field can implement them using customary programming techniques in languages such as C, Visual Basic, Java, Perl, C++,

Abstract

On the World Wide Web, and other interactive media, it is possible to show different ads to different people who are simultaneously viewing the same content. This invention is based on the fact that people who have shown a tendency for similar likes and dislikes in the past will show a tendency for such similarities in the future. Those people who strongly display such similarities with respect to a particular person ('the subject') are referred to as that person's 'community'. If the members of a subject's community tend to click on a particular Web ad, then it is likely that the subject will also tend to click on that ad. This invention combines techniques for: determining the subject's community, and determining which ads to show based on characteristics of the subject's community. The information used to determine whether a given individual should be in the subject's community is gleaned from the individual's activities in the interactive medium. Means are provided to track a consumer's activities so all the information he generates can be tied together in the database, e.g. by means of 'cookies', or by software running on the consumer's computer, such as an in-line plug-in, a screensaver working in conjuction with the Web browser, or the Web browser itself. A measure of similarity between individuals is generated. The individuals with the greatest calculated similarity become the subject's community; e.g. clusters are formed of groups of very similar consumers. Ads are presented to the subject based on his community, optionally selected based on demographics associated with the community.

Description

AUTOMATED COLLABORATIVE FILTERING IN WORLD WIDE WEB ADVERTISING
Technical Field and Industrial Applicability
This invention involves the display of advertising to users of an interactive communications medium It is particularly useful with the World Wide Web, which utilizes a communications protocol on the Internet
To access the Internet, and to carry out the methods descπbed in this document, one must have a CPU, RAM, Internet connection (for instance, through a phone line and modem), input device such as a keyboard, and an output device such as a TV, CRT or LCD All of the above-identified hardware, necessary to carry out the steps descπbed in this document, will be considered to be implied in the following description of the present invention
Background Art
Under the old model for the advertising industry, the subject matter of one "unit of publication" (a magazine, a newspaper section, a radio show, a TV show) was often the sole means an advertiser possessed in order to guess the interests of a particular reader or viewer. If for instance, the magazine was about cars, advertisers knew that anyone reading it was highly likely to be interested in cars
However, on the Internet's World Wide Web, multiple units of publication — that is, multiple Web pages and user actions over time — can be used to determine the interests of each individual Moreover, this information can be gathered very inexpensively To do this, we take advantage of the fact that a Web user's actions can be tracked over time This rich source of information about each person will be used to bring about an era of far more efficient advertising The information used includes not only which sites were visited by the user and for how long, but also which ads the user clicked on. as well as other information
Under the old model, as it exists on the Web today, most of this information is ignored It is technically possible to acquire it, but it isn't generally being done This is due to reasons of momentum of the old model, lack of well-known software and statistical tools for making use of the information, and, not insignificantly, fears of an invasion of pπvacy (a problem that must be dealt with and that this concept paper will explore below) But this information, when acquired and used, will be extremely useful in trying to make sure that each square inch of the limited Web advertising space on each s te is used to effectively reach individual customers
This ignored information, because of its power to enhance advertising effectiveness, is extremely valuable Moreover, the use of this information benefits not only the users, but also every one of the interested commercial entities — advertisers, ad agencies, and Web sites Each entity will be economically motivated to facilitate the move to the new paradigm Disclosure of the Invention
On the World Wide Web. and other media such as interactive television, it is possible to show different ads to different people who are simultaneously viewing or interacting with the same content For instance, a particular Web page may have an area reserved for advertisements Anyone of average experience in the field of Web programming would be able to create code to show different advertisements to different people simultaneously viewing that page This can be accomplished, for instance, by means of a CGI scπpt
Since different people have different interests, it is apparent that this can be a useful thing to do But the question remains- how do we determine which advertisements to choose for a particular viewer?
This invention is based on the fact that people who have shown a tendency for similar interests and likes and dislikes in the past will usually continue to show a tendency for such similaπties in the future In particular, people who have shown a historical tendency to be interested in the same ads in the past will usually continue to display such a tendency as time goes on Those people who strongly display such similarities with respect to a particular person
(who we will refer to as "the subject") are referred to as that person's "community "
If the members of a particular consumer's community tend to click on a particular Web ad, then there is a certain likelihood that the subject consumer will also tend to click on that ad To take advantage of this fact, this invention combines techniques for solving two problems determining the subject's community, and determining which ads to show based on characteristics of the subject's community
In this invention, the information used to determine whether a given individual should be in the subject's community is gleaned from the activities of the individual in the interactive medium in question For instance, when the interactive medium is the World Wide Web, the information may involve such facts as the choices of Web sites the invividuals have each visited, the frequency of such visits, the nature of the content at those sites, etc If the sites are online stores, the information may involve the choice of specific items purchased, as well as the pπces of those items As another example, if the site is an entertainment recommendation service based on user-supplied ratings (Firefly at www.ffly com is an example), the ratings can be used One more example is the selection of Web ads each individual has chosen to click on In one embodiment, there is a feature which allows individuals to indicate their disinterest in an ad, this serves as additional input
There needs to be a means to track a consumer's activities so all the information he generates can be tied together in the database In one embodiment, this is accomplished by means of Netscape-style "cookies," which are stored on the consumer's hard disk under CGI control In other embodiments, software running on the consumer's computer, such as an Netscape-stvle in-line plug-in, a Screensaver working in conjunction with the Web browser, or the Web browser itself, is used to tie the data together
This information is used as the basis for calculations which generate a (usually numeπcj measure of similarity between individuals Examples of such similarity measures are well-known to programmers of ordinary skill in the field of collaborative filtenng
The individuals with the greatest calculated similarity become the subject's community In one embodiment clusters are formed of groups of very similar consumers Then, the subjects community consists of all or some of the other members of his cluster
The next major task is to decide what ads to show the subject based on his community In one embodiment of the invention, a new ad is displayed randomly or on a fixed schedule to a certain number of users Dunng this "training peπod" for the new ad, a certain percentage of the members of the subject's community will click on it If this is an unusually high proportion, then there is a relatively high likelihood that the ad will be of relatively high interest to the subject In one embodiment, statistical techniques are used to determine a probability, associated with a fixed confidence level, with which we can assume a randomly-chosen member of the subject's community will tend to cl.ck on the ad, this probability is used as the measure of similaπty Other embodiments involve other analytic techniques
There are a number of additional features found in other embodiments of the invention In one embodiment, the advertiser specifies the demographic profile he wants to show the ad to In that case, as long as we have demographic information available for some consumers, the system targets ads by considering the subject's community members who have supplied demographic information For instance, by computing the average age of the members of the subject's community who have supplied their ages, the system is enabled to make an "intelligent guess" about the subject's age, and use that guess for the purpose of targeting ads
In one embodiment of the invention, special Web pages or sites are supplied which enable advertisers to specify specific specific sites they would like their ads to run on (or not run on), similarly, special Web pages or sites are supphed which enable Web site administrators to specify ads they would like to display or not display In other embodiments, means are supplied for consumers to specify and update their demographic information, these means take the form of a Web site or page in one embodiment, and software running on the consumer's computer in another
In some embodiments, software running on the consumer's computer makes the choices about which ads are to be displayed for that user This embodiment has the advantage that it obviates the need for a central database stoπng detailed information about consumer together with an identifier for each consumer, so the consumer's pnvacy is protected Modes for Carrying out the Invention Smart Ad Boxes
The centerpiece of this invention is the "Smart Ad Box " A Smart Ad Box is an area on a Web page (usually rectangular) which is used to display Web advertising Special software algoπthms are used to determine which ads are shown to which users; different visitors to a
Web page can simultaneously see different ads
A number of factors can be used by the software in determining which ads to show For instance, based on their December 6, 1995 press release, the company C | Net appears to be planning to implement a Smart Ad Box-like system which decides which ads to present to which users based on such information as the type of Web browser they're using, their age, gender,
Internet domain (EDU, COM, etc.) and other demographic information. A December 19th, 1995 press release from Novo Media Group indicates at least somewhat similar plans.
This invention involves using automated collaborative filtenng (ACF) either instead of, or in addition to, the above-mentioned techniques (ACF is also referred to as social information filtenng ) As far as is known, there is no prior art that involves using ACF in determining which ads to show to whom.
For ease of discussion, this patent will focus exclusively on the use of ACF in Web advertising. However, it must be stressed that ACF can be used in a complementary manner to techniques such as those C | Net and Novo Media Group are developing. ACF can give us a certain amount of evidence that a particular ad should be shown to a particular user; such information as age, sex, Internet domain, etc. can be considered as well.
From the point of view of a Web site hosting a Smart Ad Box, the Smart Ad Box consists of a small amount of HTML code It may optionally involve non-HTML code, such as Java. It involves calling a CGI routine. What the user sees.
When a Smart Ad Box appears on a page, a user viewing that page will see an ad which is targeted to that particular user. Thus, simultaneous viewers of the same page will often be presented with different ads. The ad is visually contained in the Smart Ad Box. The Smart Ad Box may or may not be rectangular in shape; it will often, but not necessarily, exist in a fixed region on the screen
The Smart Ad Box will present different ads to a user over time. Certainly, simply showing the same ad over and over again is not maximally effective. The user would simply become used to it and would therefore come to ignore it This invention involves rotating the user through different ads which are of likely to be of interest to that particular user The rotation schedule can be chosen for maximal overall advertising effectiveness One way to measure effectiveness would be the frequency of clicks on ads in Smart Ad Boxes — the rotation schedule could be chosen to maximize this number It could involve such information as the number of times the user has seen each ad in the past, and the predicted likelihood that the user will be interested in the given ad. Another factor that could be considered is resonance with the Web page showing the ad — perhaps ads that relate in some way to the subject matter of the page will be more likely to be clicked on. Like most current Web advertisements, clicking on a Smart Ad Box will cause the user to be transported to a Web site chosen by the advertiser.
Moreover, particular implementations of the present invention can optionally include certain additional features, such as the ability to reject an ad — for instance, with an option-click of the mouse. A user would do this for an ad that had no interest for him. The rejected ad would automatically be replaced with another ad targeted to that user.
Control features for advertisers and Web site managers.
The central database can optionally contain rules or control records provided by advertisers and Web site managers. These could be used for the following purposes:
• An advertiser may not want to be associated with certain Web sites or types of Web sites; alternatively there may be certain sites or types of sites they would like to be associated with as strongly as possible. Advertisers could specify such inclinations, and they can be stored in a database. Then, when the software is choosing the next ad to show to a particular user who is visiting a particular Web site, those factors can be taken into account.
• Similarly, a Web site may prefer certain advertisers or advertisements or types of advertisements to others. The Web site can specify such inclinations, and they can be taken into account when the next ad is chosen for a particular user currently visiting that Web site. One way for advertisers and Web sites to supply these rules would be for a Web site to be constructed which would do the following:
1 There would be a page which would present advertisers with a list of Web sites which are currently running Smart Ad Boxes. (Optionally, these Web sites could be grouped according to subject matter. For instance, Web sites concerning automobiles could be grouped together. In addition, individual pages of Web sites could be listed. Thus, there could be a three-level hierarchy.)
2 It would allow the advertiser to input identification information about an ad — for instance, its URL. This will tell the software that the information given will apply to that particular ad.
3 It would allow the advertiser to indicate which Web sites he would like to have display his ad. If Web sites are grouped by subject matter and/or individual pages are listed, the advertiser should be able to indicate choices on those items, too. For instance, a check box could appear next to each item. If the advertiser clicks a checkbox for an item which has subordinate items (for instance, the user may have clicked on the checkbox for a Web site which was listed with its individual pages) then the checkboxes for the subordinate items could be automatically "checked' or "filled in" bv the software (Java or JavaScript could be used to do this in 'real-time instead of requiring the user to sumit the form ) But a number of other mechanisms could be used instead of checkboxes — for instance, the listings could change color to indicate having been chosen Checkboxes are probably preferable, though, since their meaning is so intuitively clear
4 Optionally, there could be a page that would work the opposite way It would allow an advertiser to identify a particular ad, and then it would allow him to specify the sites (subject groups, pages) which have Smart Ad Boxes but which he would rather not allow to show his ad Thus, his ad would be distnbuted to all pages with Smart Ad Boxes except those that were specified Again, pages could be specified by means of checkboxes at page, site, or subject matter levels
5 In the above, whenever a page is listed, it should optionally be possible to click on the listing to be transported to that page m order to investigate it
6 Optionally, advertisers should be able to retπeve the information already entered for a particular ad For instance, an advertiser may change his mind about showing an ad on a given site So, by specifying the ad's identifier, the advertiser should be presented with a listing of pages which indicate the choices he has already made, ideally, he should be able to change those choices using the same techniques used to enter those choices originally — for instance, by clicking on the checkboxes 7 Through the pages descπbed above, an advertiser would be able to specify the pages which will be allowed to display the ad However, the Web sites with Smart Ad Boxes also need to have a choice So a page could be set up for them which listed all the ads which they are allowed to show As in the other case, checkboxes could be used to indicate which ads will be chosen, again as in the nther case, the webmaster should be able to indicate either the specific ads he wants to present on his page (automatically disallowing the rest) or the ads he doesn't want to present (automatically including the rest)
8 As in the other case, allowed ads could be presented hierarchically by subject matter, with checkboxes at both levels
9 The ad listings could, optionally, consist of the ad banners themselves Alternatively, they could be "hot-linked" text that the webmaster could click on to be transported to a page containing the banner (which might additionally have other information supplied by the advertiser about the ad) There should optionally also be a way for the webmaster to visit the site that the banner will be hnked to, this could be accomplished simply by hothnking the banner to the site, just as will be the case for users It could also be accomplished other ways, including having a button, next to the listing for the ad, which is hothnked to the related site
10 Alternatively, the system could work the opposite way Instead of enabling advertisers to offer ads to chosen Web sites, the process could start with Web sites offeπng pages to advertisers, which could then choose which pages they want to accept
11 In cases where hierarchies are displayed, the hierarchies could be collapsible, similar to the way files ire listed in the Finder of Macintosh's System 7 operating system when View is "by Name " This would enable people using the lists to navigate them more effectively, especially if the actions for expanding and collapsing hierarchy levels were very fast To achieve a quick and responsive user interface, a Java applet could be written which handled some or all aspects of the user interaction
Control features for users. Demographic data.
Web pages can optionally display a hot link to a site where users can enter their demographic data Users can optionally be given the ability to modify their demographic data at any time Finally, if they wish to, they can optionally be given the ability to delete their demographic data at any time This control over their demographic data will alleviate many user's privacy concerns
In addition, users should have easy access to information stating how the demographic data is used, and who has access to it
It will probably be the case that some users will have less concern about privacy issues than others The Web si .e that allows users to update or delete their demographic data could optionally also allow users to specify a chosen level of privacy For instance, some users might wish to allow companies to have access to their demographic data in order to receive certain special offers (which could be made by direct mail, email, or other means) Optionally, there could be list where users could choose companies which will be allowed to have access to their information For instance, a check box could appear next to each company name As descπbed in the section of this document which discusses the means by which Web sites would choose advertisers, users could choose companies by means of a hierarchically-organized list, grouped by product category Again, the hierarchies could be collapsible in order to increase ease of navigation Of course, the companies could alternatively by listed in some other manner, such as alphabetical order Users can be induced to supply such data by special offers such as discounts on selected merchandise
Tracking Data. Users can optionally be given the ability to tell the system not to store their tracking data (If the user electee" not to be tracked, the system would have to decide what ads to display based on other means, such as domain type [EDU, NET, etc ] . browser and computer types, demographic data that had been obtained, etc )
Storing data on user's machine instead of in a central database. As still another option, it would be possible to store the tracking data only on the user's own machine, so that the data would be completely privateuit would never have to be compiled on another machine
This means that the criteria normally used by the system to decide which ads the user will see and the order these ads will be displayed in will have to be sent, across the Internet, into the user's computet , decisions about the ads will be made there
Let's refer to a user who has elected to store his tracking data locally as Sam
For instance, to make use of ACF (discussed elsewhere in this document), the tracked history of various users (or some subset of that information) will have to be accessed by (in other words, sent to) Sam's computer (This data would, of course, be sent without any identifying information that would enable the sender to learn what individual was associated with what tracking data ) Software running on Sam's system could then decide which of these users are most similar to Sam, and make subsequent decisions about which ads to display for Sam To make the process of sending other user's tracking data to Sam more efficient, the system could optionally be designed so that similar users were grouped into statistical clusters, all the people in one cluster would be more similar to each other than to people in any other cluster
Then, information describing the clusters could be sent to Sam's machine, which could decide which cluster Sam was in A variety of different types of information could be sent to
Sam's machine describing each cluster For instance, the average amount of time spent on each tracked Web site, where that number is computed from the data corresponding to all users in the cluster, would be a good candidate For each cluster, this number could be sent for every tracked page (or for only a subset of the tracked pages, which could be chosen, for instance, for their statistical significance) Then, software running on Sam's machine could determine how closely each cluster matches Sam's activities, Sam would be considered to be in the cluster he matches most closely
Alternatively, instead of sending information about each user or cluster into Sam's computer, information could be sent about the demographics which apply to each ad These demographics could be supplied to the system by the advertiser or ad agency, or could be determined by a central computer by means of ACF as descnbed elsewhere in this document
Since Sam's information would only be stored in his own computer, he would not have as many privacy concerns with regard to inputing demographic information So there is a good likelihood that he would be willing to supply such information If he did so, the system could optionally not store his tracking information
So, to determine which ads to display for each user and with what frequency and when, the software running on Sam's system could simply see how closely each ad matches his demographic data
Optionally, everv time Sam clicks on an ad, his demographic information could be sent to a central database, where it would be used to analyze the overall demographics of people who click on the ad However, no identifying information for Sam need be sent or stored The technique of stonng all tracking data on Sam's machine could be implemented, using technology available at the end of 1995, with Netscape's protocol for Inline Plug-Ins Inline Plug-Ins, unlike Java applets, have the ability to write directly to the user's hard disk (The situation for Java applets may change in the future, and other technologies may emerge that can accomplish the same purposes.) This ability is essential for stonng the user's data The Inline Plug-In could, if desired, handle all functionality of displaying the ad, determining what ad to show, and reading and wπting the relevant information from and to the hard disk Otherwise, this functionality could be divided the between the Inline Plug-In and other software, such as Java applets
A separate application could be written, which the user could download, to manage his demographic information on his hard disk This program could contain the user interface that would enable him to easily update the information
Security note:
No matter which of these methods is used, the cookie mechanism provides a very high level of security A user's randomly generated cookie is stored on the user's machine, and that is the one and only way information stored on a central database is associated with that user. The cookie mechanism is such that only programs with the same domain name as the one that created the cookie can read or modify it So while the system's central server machine can track a user by means of the cookie, a program existing under a different domain name will not be able to access the cookie at all Moreover, there is no need to store user-identification information such as email addresses (or phone numbers or postal addresses, etc , etc ) on the central system. So there is no way the company running the system will have the ability to do anything to intrude on the user's pnvacy For instance, there would be no way that the tracking or demographic information could be sold as the basis of a mailing list (email or otherwise) The fact that such identifying information does not need to be stored in the database is a key feature of this invention
Tracking users.
There are a number of possible ways to track users Some will be presented here
1. Tracking by means of code on participating Web sites. Each Web page which contains a Smart Ad Box will contain code, which may be compnsed of HTML, Java, or other languages, which will allow a user to be tracked (This code may work in conjunction with other software, such as Netscape-style Inline Plug-Ins.) In addition such means for tracking a user can be embedded in pages that do not themselves display advertising Pages which have the ability to cause a central database to be updated w ith tracking information will be referred to in this document as ' tracking-enabled "
Every time a user visits a tracking-enabled page a central database will be updated to show that that particular user visited that page Optionally, the length of time spent on the page, or other such information, can also be stored
One way to perform this update will be for the page to reference a CGI scπpt which exists on the machine containing the central database This CGI scπpt, which can be wπtten in languages such as Perl, C, Basic, AppleScnpt, etc would perform the database updates Alternatively, a CGI script can exist on the machine which is hosting the page To perform updates, it would communicate over the Internet with a program which exists on the machine hosting the database
Some types of information that an embodiment of this invention could choose to store for each user • An identifier of the page the user visited
• The length of time spent on the page
• The amount of money spent by the user while visiting the page (or site) — this would be useful for Web sites that are retail stores
• The identifier of the ad displayed for the user in the smart ad box • Whether or not the user clicked on the ad
• Whether or not the user rejected the ad (mentioned in an earlier section of this document)
• An identifier of each particular item purchased — for instance, the ISBN of a book There has to be a mechanism for re-identifying a user from session to session
The preferred embodiment involves using the Netscape Navigator s cookie mechanism This will allow us to accurately track the 70% to 80% of Web users who use the Netscape product In addition, it will work with any Web browser that has a cookie mechanism compatible with Netscape's It is likely that the vast majority of Web browsers will, in time, have such compatibility The preferred way to use it is as follows
Each time the user references a tracking-enabled page, a CGI scnpt is executed This CGI scπpt. referred to in this document as the Tracking Scπpt, is referenced by each tracking-enabled page, that is, all tracking-enabled pages, which may be spread out over many different host machines, will all call the same Tracking Scπpt which exists on just one machine or networked group of machines accessible through the one URL (It is necessary for the
Tracking Script to exist under just one domain tail in order to receive the cookie no matter which page the user is on A CGI on a machine with a different domain tail will have no way to access the cookie ) A domain tail consists of the "tail end" of the domain name such that the included portion contains at least 2 or 3 periods, depending on the particular top-level domain For more on this, see Netscape's technical note on the Web at http7/www nelscape com/newsref/std/cookιe_spec html or any other documentation on Netscape's cookie mechanism, which is a public protocol that any competent practitioner is familiar with
Alternatively, a set of Tracking Scπpts could be made available, all under the same domain tail, such that a particular participating Web site could interact with one of these routines For instance, there might be different properties associated with the different Tracking Scnpts — for instance, in cases where the Tracking Scripts also draw the Smart Ad Boxes, different Tracking Scπpts might draw Smart Ad Boxes of different sizes Again, it is essential that all of these Tracking Scπpts be under the same domain tail in order that they can all access the cookie
The Tracking Scπpt will examine the cookies passed to it to see whether one of them is the Tracking Cookie If it did receive the Tracking Cookie then this cookie will contain the identifier of the user, the central database can then be updated with the ID of the user and of the current page, and, optionally, other information such as the time spent on the page
Optionally, the expiration date of the Tracking Cookie could be updated, for instance, it could always be set to one year after the last Tracking Cookie access
If it did not receive the Tracking Cookie then it creates it The value of the Tracking Cookie could be generated using a random number generator, one of many other alternatives would simply be to pick a number one greater than the last value generated The Tracking Cookie is then stored on the user's machine using the Netscape cookie mechanism, each time from then on that a user visits a tracking-enabled page, the stored Tracking Cookie will be used to re-identify that user The Tracking Cookie should be assigned an expiration date so that it doesn't disappear when the user leaves The expiration date could be, for instance, one year in the future Note that the Tracking Cookie will not allow anyone to intrude on the user's pπvacy by sending him email or by any other means There need be no way to associate the Tracking Cookie with the user's name, physical location, or any other personally-identifying information
The techniques involved in wπting these CGI's are known to any competent practitioner of Netscape-related CGI programming There are other ways to track users, such as using environment variables such as
REMOTE.ADDR, REMOTE_HOST, REMOTE DENT and the header field HTTP_FROM These are known to any competent practitioner of CGI programming Moreover, other methods will probably become practical in time So the cookie mechanism is not required but does have advantages
2. Tracking by means of software that runs on the user's machine whenever he is browsing the Web. The problem with tracking by means of code on participating Web sites is that it only enables users to be tracked while they are visiting participating sites So the amount of information that can be gathered is limited in that way
It would be much better to be able to track all sites visited by a user The challenge is to get the code that does this tracking into the user's machine Users don't want to manually download software unless they clearly understand that there is a fundamental benefit in it for them
It might be thought that a Java applet would be the perfect means to track user activity over time But current implementations of Java automatically flush Java applets from the cache whenever the user moves to a domain other than the one the Java applet originally came from So Java currently has limited usefulness for this purpose
Alternatives
• Building tracking code into the Web browser itself
Probably the ideal methodology would be to build the tracking code into the Web browser itself In fact, Web browsers do already have some tracking code built-in, for instance, the Netscape Navigator has a "Go" menu which lists sites previously visited in the current session This information is lost, however, when the user Quits Netscape Navigator
A Web browser could automatically open up a socket for communications with the central database At intervals, it could send tracking information to the central database without any participation on the part of the user This information could include, for example, the URL of each page visited and the amount of time spent there
The only real drawback to this technique is that it requires the participation of the companies which create tne browser software
• Tracking the user by means of software running on the user's machine simultaneously with the browser, using software that has no user interface (or a minimal user interface)
The user could download an application or other type of software (such as a Macintosh-style control panel or system extension) which could track his activities and communicate them to the central database
This software could operate with the cooperation of the Web browser For instance, the Netscape Navigator allows user activities to be communicated to separate applications, on the
Macintosh, this mechanism is based on Apple Events
To motivate the user to download this software, an incentive could be given For instance the user could be offered a great deal on an advertised productuor promised a number of such great deals in the future In fact, users could even be paid to download the software
• Tracking the user by means of software running on the user's machine which is of its own benefit to the user, separate from its tracking functionality It would be best if users could be motivated to download the tracking software without being offered special deals or financial rewards For this to be the case, the software has to provide some benefit of its own
One example of this would be a screensaver Screensavers typically run all the time, although they only take over the screen when the user is inactive A screensaver that had some desirable properties compared to other screensavers available in the marketplace, and that-*vas inexpensive or free of charge, would be likely to be downloaded from the Web by quite a few users
One way that such a screensaver could differentiate itself from other current screensaver products is by means of its ability to communicate over the Internet, which is required for its tracking functions
For instance, this screensaver could be designed so that it could display HTML and/or execute Java code In fact, it could nave much of the functionality of a Web browser (Or, it could use its own protocols for displaying images and text on the screen, different from those used in Web browsers However, it would probably be best for it to use standard protocols ) Thus, companies and individuals could provide content for this "Internet Screensaver "
Users could choose the URL they want to be connected to, for instance, by means of a menu that was automatically updated to show all URL's which supply Internet Screensaver content Alternatively, the list of URL's could be in the form of HTML or Java output displayed on a screensaver page Or a dialog box could be used, etc (The list of such URL's could be communicated from a central site across the Internet )
An example of content that would motivate many users to download the Internet Screensaver would be a continuously updated stock ticker A couple of other examples would be continuously updated news headlines or weather reports A further example might be showing the status of the user's email box Continuously updated content would only be possible for users with continuous Internet connections That situation currently is common in office situations, but not in home situations Of course, it is quite possible that that situation will be changing in the future For instance, cable companies may in the relatively near future offer continuous Internet connections at an inexpensive price For users without continuous Internet connections, however, semi-continuous content could be made available For instance, the software could enable an Internet connection for a bnef period in every hour (or other interval) during which news headlines, weather, stock prices, or other information could be downloaded and displayed dunng peπods of user inactivity dunng the intervening hour
Alternatively, the Internet screensaver could simply wait for the user to log on to the Internet, and download content at that time to be used as content until the next user-initiated Internet connection Again, the content could include news stories, etc , it could also include less timely content such as comic stnps
Additionally, the Internet Screensaver could interact with the operating system of the user's computer to perform other functions.
For instance, it could peπodically retneve the exact time from a clock residing on the Internet, and then use that information to set the clock in the user's computer (For instance, as of 12 26795, the current time according to the US Naval Observatory is available on the World Wide Web at http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/cgi-bin/timer.pl) Based on compaπng the true time to the computer's internal clock, a "drift" factor could be computed The screensaver could then update the clock at regular intervals to compensate for expected drift, it could do this between access to the true time over the Internet
(Note the Internet screensaver would have commercial value even without its relationship to the advertising paradigm discussed in this paper, if, for instance, the user-tracking capabilities were to be omitted. For instance, many Web sites would benefit from publicizing themselves by means of providing content to the Internet Screensaver ) (Additional note, the Internet Screensaver does not necessarily have to be a seperate piece of software from a Web browser. A Web browser could itself be a screensaver, through the addition of screensaver-related capabilities such as the ability to sense user inactivity, the ability to bring itself into the foreground when user inactivity is sensed, and the ability to completely take over the screen so that only the desired screensaver content is visable (usual menus, etc would be hidden] Screensaver content is usually, but not exclusively, a dark screen containing moving images Such a Web browser could use its regular graphics abilities to display screensaver content in the form of HTML, Java, JavaScπpt, or other protocols ) • Using bookmark files already stored on disk by popular Web browsers
Bookmark files contain a form of tracking information. They list the sites the user visited and liked enough to want to be able to easily visit again. Also, Netscape's bookmarks file, for instance, contains the dates that the user created the bookmark for each site as well as the date the user last visited the site These could be used to make inferences about how useful the user finds the site — for instance, if he bookmarked a site a long time ago and visited it very recently, it's fairly likely that it's one of his more frequently-accessed sites The WebHound Web site (now called WebHunter) which was produced by the MIT
Media Lab does, in fact, use bookmark files to facilitate recommendation of Web sites by means of automated collaborative filtering The problem with this technique is that there is currently no automated way that a Web site can acquire the content of a user's bookmark file
A Java applet would be a candidate, except that security restnctions currently prohibit Java from reading files on the user's hard disk Lifting this restπction in the case of bookmark files would solve this problem
• Another way to track users is the following
Code can be provided to a number of Web sites that enable them all to access the same central database when a user logs in, enabling the user to use the same user ID and password on many different Web sites and potentially freeing each Web site from the need to have a database for checking whether each user had already registered This code can update a central database to show which participating sites have been accessed by each user. Ease of implementation.
It would be valuable for embodiments of this invention to make it very easy for Web sites to participate To do this, a Web site (or, perhaps, a page or set of pages) should be made available that contains complete instructions on how to set up a participating page Instructions should explain how to place a Smart Ad Box on a page, as well as how to enable the tracking of users on a page (if the embodiment involves separate code for tracking and for the Smart Ad Box) The code could be designed in such a way that there need be no direct communication between the people supplying the Smart Ad Box service and related services and the people who want to enable their Web site to participate in those services. Any competent practitioner could design such code Furthermore, it should be designed in such a way that the modifications required to enable a Web page to participate are minimal Again, any competent practitioner could design such code Thus, an instructional site would enable participation in the service to grow rapidly
Web sites could very easily become participants on a tnal basis
It is an important consequence of this invention that relatively small Web sites (small in the sense of a relatively small number of daily visitors) will be able to become participants Because no human involvement is required on the part of the company supplying the Smart Ad Box and related services, there is much less of a barner to the involvement of these small sites in advertising Normally, the manpower associated with making agreements between individual advertisers and ad agencies and individual Web sites is prohibitive enough that no such agreements are made w:th small sites Thus, this invention will enable many small sites to earn money from displaying advertising The largest expense involved in dealing with an individual participating Web site might be the expensive of writing and mailing a check, of course,
Internet banking may soon lower that cost
Optionally, the Web site discussed in this section (or a separate site) could allow CT/US96/20429
participating Web sites to determine the amount of money they have earned to date by virtue of their participation. (It is expected that advertisers will pay the company offering Smart Ad Box and related services, and that this company will pay the participating Web sites. )
For instance, each participating site could have an identifying code and/or password which they acquire through interaction with the instructional Web site or some other Web site.
The participating sites themselves could choose their ID codes and/or passwords, or they could be assigned by the software
(It is possible that this same ID code could be "hard-coded," or directly incorporated, into the code on a participating Web page which calls the Smart Ad Box CGI in order to identify the site. The instructional site would, of course, explain how to do this.)
In an embodiment where advertisers have ID codes and/or passwords, they should be able to go to a particular- page and type in that information, and, in return, be enabled to see the amount of money they have earned to date.
(Alternatively, instead of using ID codes and passwords, an embodiment could identify companies by other means, such as checking a cookie on the client machine or simply allowing companies to type in the company name.)
Moreover, in the one embodiment, Web sites who would like to become paid participants would be able to accomplish everything needed online, without manual intervention. This would save considerable money, and make it even more practical to allow small Web sites to participate.
In other words, there would be a Web page with (possibly among others) the following attributes:
• Prospective participants could input (or receive a generated) ID code and a password. Of course, the system would check to make sure that this ID code was not already in use by some other company
• Prospective participants could input whatever information is required for payment; for instance, if physical checks are to be sent through the mail, this information would include the address and the name to make the check out to.
Then, based on the above information, the system could automatically cause payment to be made. Checks could be printed, or funds transmitted by electronic means, all with no (or minimal) human intervention.
In order to keep expenses down, the system could optionally be programmed not to send a payment until the money owed to the participating sound exceeded some preset amount. This way, the expense of sending the payment will only be a small percentage of the funds involved. It must be stressed that there are other ways of enabling customers to input the information discussed in this section. For instance, multiple Web pages could be involved in the input process, or, as just one more example, if the embodiment in question involved telephone communications, part or all of the input process could occur by means of pressing the keys on a touch-tone telephone (Of course, Web page input is based on hardware such as a video screen, keyboard, random access memory, etc The techniques described here are a method for enabling this hardware to achieve the desired ends ) It should also be noted that the techniques descnbed in this section are also useful for advertising systems tha< do not involve automated collaborative filtering, as one example, consider a system that simply uses demographic information supplied by the individual users in order to decide which ads to display to whom Such a system could use the techniques descπbed here to enable Web sites to participate without human intervention, again leading to the cost savings which would make it very practical to allow very small Web sites to participate
It is of significant value to enable these small Web sites to participate, because a large amount of the time of many who use the Web is spent visiting such small sites Making that space available for advertising adds significantly to the potential revenue stream
Automated Collaborative Filtering ACF is a field of research which has been receiving attention in recent years from such organizations as BellCore and the MIT Media Lab I myself devoted 18 months over the last few years to research in this area An MIT Media Lab spmoff company called Agents, Inc has a Web site which uses this technology for making personalized recommendations of music CD's Upendra Shardanand's 1994 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab Master's Degree thesis, entitled Social Information Filtering For Music Recommendation (hereby incorporated by referent e) is a good wnte-up of their basic technology The basic idea, as applied to Smart Ad Boxes, is as follows
Suppose we want to decide whether a particular ad is likely to be of interest to a particular user, say, Joe We want to use automated collaborative filtering, we may be using this technique in addition to other methods for matchings ads to users
First, we need to decide which other users are similar to Joe in their interests A list of similar users can be stored in the database, or can be generated "on the fly " Ideally, we would also compute a number representing the degree of likely similarity of interests In fact, the list of similar people can be based on this number- for example, the most similar person to Joe is at the top of the list, and each successive entry displays less similanty until some cutoff point is reached, beyond which people aren't added to the list
To compute these degrees of similanty, we need data This data will involve the information we have stored in our database by tracking each user over time (Optionally, it could also involve other information such as demographic data supplied by the user, but by not relying on such data, we eliminate the need for the user to actively participate in this process in any way )
From our database, the system "knows" which Web sites Joe has visited, and, possibly, how often he has visited each one, the amount of time spent at each one, which ads he clicked on or rejected, and/or other information We will have collected similar information with respect to other users
In order to compute a degree of similarity of interests between Joe and a particular user we compare the stored tracking information In some cases, Joe and the other user will have visited none or very few of the same sites In other cases, the tracking information will show that they are remarkably similar in the sites they've chosen to visit, this would be indicative of a high degree of similarity of interests
Certain mathematical and statistical techniques can be used to compute a number which represents the amount of likely similarity of interests in a meaningful way, based on such profiles Such techniques are described in the Shardanand thesis, John Hey^s U S patents, nos 4,870,579 and 4,996,642 (hereby incorporated by reference) While these techniques are usually described as being useful for deciding which pairs of people tend towards the most similar esthetic judgments, the techniques apply equally well to their basic interests in life, as manifested in, for instance, the types of Web sites they choose to visit and the types of ads the click on
Now, let's assume that we have a list of the users who are most likely to be similar to Joe in their interests, and, optionally, that we have a number corresponding to each other user and describing the degree of similarity between him and Joe There are a number of ways we can use this list of similar users, some of which are described below
• If the current embodiment is one in which users can (perhaps optionally) provide demographic information, then some users who are similar to Joe will, most likely, have supplied such information Since they have similar interests to Joe, there is a probability that their demographic backgrounds will also be similar to Joe's
The software can therefore make intelligent guesses about Joe's demographic data For instance, with regard to age, the software can compute the average age of the people close to Joe who have supplied us with their ages The same idea holds for income level The software can guess items such as sex by extrapolating from the most common sex of people with similar interests to Joe. Similarly, the software can make intelligent guesses about other categories of demographic data The specific technique used to make the extrapolation isn't the concern here The point is that an extrapolation can easily be made
Thus, if the advertiser has given information which is stored in the system about what the target audience for an ad is, then the software can check to see which ads are most highly targeted for Joe However, even if the advertiser hasn't given that information, the software can examine the data to see which demographic groups have showed the most interest in each ad — so the system can supply this information if the advertiser doesn't One interesting aspect of this technique occurs if Joe's interests are atypical for his demographic group For instance, some people in their 50's have interests that are more common for people in their 30's Thus, the technique described here may incorrectly come to the conclusion that Joe is in his 30's when he's really in his 50's — but that erroneous conclusion would actually lead, in this case, to a better targeting of advertisements If Joe's interests are closer to those of a person in his 30's, then ads directed to that age group are the ads that are most likely to be of interest to him
Of course, this also applies to users who have supphed some, but not all, of any requested demographic data This should not be construed to mean that my invention ONLY involves making extrapolation about demographics by means of such ACF techniques as were explicitly mentioned in the documents, such as John Hey*s and the MIT Media Lab's (Shardanand's) It also includes making extrapolations based on other versions of ACF, some of which may have very different degrees of sophistication from the mentioned ones
• Whether or not the users supply demographics, there are a number of possible ' pure ACF" approaches, some, but not all, of which will be discussed here o One approach
For every ad, we can consider the list of people who are similar to Joe, and compute the ratio of clicks to impressions For example, if there were a total of 1000 impressions, and 10 people clicked on the ad, the ratio would be 10/1000 or 1/100 (An impression is one showing of an ad to a person )
This ratio provides a very rough measure of the interest of people on the list in the ad The greater the ratio, the more interest is indicated
Therefore, the ad with the highest ratio would be considered to be the one most likely to be of interest to Joe, the ad with the second highest ratio would be the one second most likely to be of interest, etc
These ratios could thus determine the frequency with which the system chooses to show Joe the various ads o Another approach
For each person on the list of people similar to Joe, we see how many impressions of a particular ad were required before he clicked on it We assume that that number is related to the probability he had of clicking on an ad dunng a given impression For instance, if he had 10 impressions before clicking on the ad, we might assume that P = 1/10 If he never clicked on the ad, we would assume P = 0
So, for each user, and for each ad, we will have a value for P If we average these values together for each ad, we'll have an average P for that ad, and can use that to determine which ads are more likely to be of interest to Joe
Now, we showed earlier that it is possible to compute a numerical measure of closeness to Joe These measures could be used as weights. Instead of doing a simple average, we can take the weighted average of all the users, where the weights are determined by each user's closeness to Joe
One could use the closeness measures directly as weights Alternatively, they could be transformed Shardanar.d's thesis gives some methods for transforming similanties to weights that have proven to be effective
Genetic programing could be used to evolve algonthms to transform the similanties to weights The fitness function would be the algonthm's success in predicting which ads are of interest to Joe For purposes of the genetic programming process, the fitness function would measure how good a particular algonthm is at "predicting" how interested Joe was in ads that he has already been exposed to, and where we have already counted how many impressions it took him to click on them
Other methods for determining weights can be generated by tnal and error or by other means A more statistically sophisticated approach
Again, we only consider the people who are similar to Joe in taste
We will again compute the ratio of clicks to impressions Call it R
For each ad, there is a probability P that people as similar in taste to Joe as those on the list will click on it in a given exposure P, not R, is the number we're really interested in. R is just a rough estimate of P. The reason for this is that we only have a limited amount of data available to us; if we had an unlimited amount of data, R would be the same as P.
We can't compute P exactly, but we can find PA such that we can reject the null hypothesis that P < PΛ with a confidence level of A, which might typically be 0 05 (In other words, there would only be a 5% chance that P < PA ) Thus, PΛ, as opposed to R, is a number that we can have a known degree of confidence in
There are a number of different approaches for computing PA One of these uses the cumulative binomial distnbution together with a search algorithm In one embodiment, the search algoπthm successively tests possible values for PA at certain fixed intervals, for instance, 0.01, 0 02, 0.03,. , 0.99 until it finds the greatest PA such that we can reject the null hypothesis that P < PΛ with confidence level A. In another embodiment, a binary search mechanism is used to accomplish the same goal more quickly and/or accurately We'll refer to the chosen search algonthm as SO Let CO be the cumulative binomial probability distnbution function [One is descnbed in Press, Teukolsky, Vetterling, and Flannery 1992, Numerical Recipes in C, 2nd Ed , (Ca bndge, England. The Cambπdge University Press) p 229, the relevant sections are hereby incorporated by reference ]
The inputs to CO will be 1 An assumed value for P, these assumed values are generated by SO in order to see how consistent or inconsistent they are with the evidence
2 The number of impressions of the ad (that is, the number of times people were shown the ad) From a statistical point of view, each impression is considered to be an expenment
3 The number of clicks on the ad in question From a statistical point of view, each click is considered to be a success in the expenment
CO will calculate the probability that the presented combination of (2) and (3) (or a greater number of successes) could have occurred by chance alone given the assumption of ( 1) If this is a low probability, it's unlikely that the assumption is correct
SO will repeatedly call CO with different tnal values for P, until it finds one (PA) such that the the calculated probability is A If we have chosen a low A, then this would imply that we can confidently reject the hypothesis that P ≤ PA
Then a relativelj' high value PΛ for a particular ad will mean that that is an ad we can be confident that Joe will be interested in So PΛ can determine the order in which we present the ads, they are presented in reverse order of PΛ Still another approach An approximate value could be found for PΛ by means of a neural network (The neural network could be trained using PA as computed above ) This would have advantages over the previous approach in execution speed
Alternatively, genetic programming could be used to evolve an algoπthm that outputs an approximation to PΛ
• The results of the previous two approaches could be computationally combined For instance, if the system orders the ads by using demographic data and also orders the ads using a "pure ACF" approach, such that the most appropnate ads for a given user come first, then the two approaches could easily be combined by calculating the average position for each ad In other words, the ad might be the nth ad in the demographic-based ranking and the mth ad in the "pure ACF" ranking, the combined rank could be (n + m) / 2 There are an infinite number of other computational ways to combine the two techniques, very many of which could be constructed by any competent practicioner
• In combination with such approaches as are descnbed in this section, cluster analysis can be used
Instead of comparing Joe to each individual user, we can compare Joe to clusters of similar users These clusters will be compnsed of individuals with similar demographics and/or tracking histones The degree of similanty between people will be computed as described above, in each cluster, each individual will be more similar to people in his own cluster than to people in other clusters
Such an approach can be more computationally efficient, since Joe would only need to see which cluster he is associated with, rather than companng himself to all (or a substantial subset) of the set of individual users Most ads will be more of interest to people in some clusters than others, this can be determined by techniques such as those descnbed above, but applying those computations (such as the cumulative binomial distribution) to clusters rather than to individuals
One other aspect of using ACF to decide which ads to show to which users should be noted here The system has to collect data on a number of users which shows whether or not they responded to particular ads Then, when, for instance, the system needs to compute the pnonty with which we should consider showing a particular ad to Joe, it finds users with similar profiles to Joe and who it has knowledge about whether or not they responded to the ad But this creates a chickcn-or-egg situation, when an ad is new, there won't be any users who have already been exposed to the ad, so the system will be unable to find users who are similar to Joe and who it has prior knowledge about with respect to that ad
So, for each new ad, there will have to be a period when ACF techniques are not the sole determinant of which ad is displayed, instead, such ads will be displayed either according to a fixed schedule or randomly Moreover, a particular embodiment of this invention could also choose to continually have a probability that the ad shown a user at any given time might be randomly chosen rather than chosen by ACF There is a tradeoff hereuthe more ads are randomly presented, a) the more data the system will be able to collect for the ACF engine, increasing the accuracy of the engine, and b) the more frequently users will be exposed to random ads that are not relevant to their interests
The desired proportion of displaying ads according to the ACF output relative to displaying ads randomly or according to a fixed schedule can be determined by measunng such factors as overall system-wide number of responses to ads in a given period of time (which should ideally be high) and polling users on their satisfaction with the system A mathematical analysis could also be used in predicting the best proportion A simple and sensible starting point would be to simply assign 10% of viewing time to randomly chosen ads The vanous steps described hereinabove are desirably implemented by programming them into functions incorporated within Web Server software or in application programs used in conjunction with such software Programmers of ordinary skill in the field can implement them using customary programming techniques in languages such as C, Visual Basic, Java, Perl, C++,

Claims

Having thus described the invention, what it is desired to claim and thereby protect by Letters Patent is
1 An automated system in an interactive communication medium for selectively displaying advertisements to a subject compnsing means for determining the subject's community through a collaborative filtering technique, using information derived from the activities of the subject in the interactive medium, and means for determining which ads to show the subject based on charactenstics of the subject's community
2 The system of claim 1 wherein the interactive medium is the World Wide Web and wherein the information derived from the activities of the subject in the World Wide Web comprises information selected from the group consisting of the identity of Web sites the subject has visited, the frequency of such visits, the nature of the content at those sites, the identity of items purchased, the prices of items purchased, ratings supplied by the subject, the selection of Web ads the subject has chosen to view further information about, and the selection of Web ads in which the subject has indicated disinterest, said system further compnsing means for recording said information in a tracking database
3 The system of claim 2, wherein said means for recording such information in a tracking database includes cookies which are stored on a fixed memory in the subject's computer under CGI control
4 The system of claim 2, wherein said means for recording such information in a tracking database includes software running on the subject's computer
5 The system of claim 4 wherein said software running on the subject's computer, said software being selected from the group consisting of an in-line plug-in, a screensaver working in conjunction w th a Web browser, and software incorporated in a Web browser
6 The system of claim 1, wherein the means for determining which ads to show the subject based on characteristics of the subject's community includes means for displaying a new ad for a training period and means for determining whether a high or low proportion of the members of the subject's community have chosen to view further information about the ad.
7 The system of claim 1, wherein the means for determining which ads to show the subject based on characteristics of the subject's community includes means for associating a demographic profile with the community and means for associating a demographic profile with specific ads.
8 The system of claim 1, wherein the means for determining which ads to show the subject based on characteristics of the subject's community are embodied in software running on the subject's computer.
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