US7400919B2 - Oximeter ambient light cancellation - Google Patents
Oximeter ambient light cancellation Download PDFInfo
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- US7400919B2 US7400919B2 US11/495,415 US49541506A US7400919B2 US 7400919 B2 US7400919 B2 US 7400919B2 US 49541506 A US49541506 A US 49541506A US 7400919 B2 US7400919 B2 US 7400919B2
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 12
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000015654 memory Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000001554 Hemoglobins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010054147 Hemoglobins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002496 oximetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002106 pulse oximetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004761 scalp Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
- A61B5/14551—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases
- A61B5/14552—Details of sensors specially adapted therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
- A61B5/024—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse rate or heart rate
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
- A61B5/0205—Simultaneously evaluating both cardiovascular conditions and different types of body conditions, e.g. heart and respiratory condition
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
- A61B5/14551—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
- A61B5/7203—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes for noise prevention, reduction or removal
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
- A61B5/7225—Details of analog processing, e.g. isolation amplifier, gain or sensitivity adjustment, filtering, baseline or drift compensation
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
- A61B5/7228—Signal modulation applied to the input signal sent to patient or subject; demodulation to recover the physiological signal
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
- A61B5/7235—Details of waveform analysis
- A61B5/725—Details of waveform analysis using specific filters therefor, e.g. Kalman or adaptive filters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
- A61B5/7271—Specific aspects of physiological measurement analysis
- A61B5/7278—Artificial waveform generation or derivation, e.g. synthesising signals from measured signals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
- A61B5/024—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse rate or heart rate
- A61B5/02416—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse rate or heart rate using photoplethysmograph signals, e.g. generated by infrared radiation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to oximeters, and in particular to techniques for ambient light cancellation in pulse oximeters.
- Pulse oximetry is typically used to measure various blood flow characteristics including, but not limited to, the blood-oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood, the volume of individual blood pulsations supplying the tissue, and the rate of blood pulsations corresponding to each heartbeat of a patient. Measurement of these characteristics has been accomplished by use of a non-invasive sensor which scatters light through a portion of the patient's tissue-where blood perfuses the tissue, and photoelectrically senses the absorption of light in such tissue. The amount of light absorbed is then used to calculate the amount of blood constituent being measured.
- the light scattered through the tissue is selected to be of one or more wavelengths that are absorbed by the blood in an amount representative of the amount of the blood constituent present in the blood.
- the amount of transmitted light scattered through the tissue will vary in accordance with the changing amount of blood constituent in the tissue and the related light absorption.
- such sensors For measuring blood oxygen level, such sensors have typically been provided with a light source that is adapted to generate light of at least two different wavelengths, and with photodetectors sensitive to both of those wavelengths, in accordance with known techniques for measuring blood oxygen saturation.
- Non-invasive sensors include devices that are secured to a portion of the body, such as a finger, an ear or the scalp. In animals and humans, the tissue of these body portions is perfused with blood and the tissue surface is readily accessible to the sensor.
- oximeter measurements In addition to receiving the light that was directed at the tissue, ambient light is also detected by the photodetector. Attempts can be made to block out ambient light, but some amount of ambient light will typically be detected. One particular concern is the light at the power line frequency of fluorescent or other lights, which is 60 Hz in the United States and 50 Hz in Europe and other countries.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,213 discusses subtracting a dark signal (detected ambient light) from the detected light signal. This is accomplished by leaving both the red and infrared light emitters off, in between turning them on, so that a “dark” signal supposedly composed of the ambient light present can be detected. This can then be subtracted from the desired signal.
- Other examples of patents dealing with the ambient light issue are U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,385,471, 5,846,190 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,781,195.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,449,501 discusses using a notch filter to filter out line frequency.
- the sampling rate is described as being set to twice the fundamental frequency of the power line interference, leaving higher harmonics of the power line interference as a problem, and it is unclear how the interference can be filtered without filtering the modulation frequency.
- Another example of a notch filter being used is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,802,486, which uses a notch filter for the EKG signal.
- the present invention provides a pulse oximeter method and apparatus which provides (1) a notch filter at a distance between a demodulation frequency and a common multiple of commonly used power line frequencies ( 50 , 60 , 100 , and 120 ) and also (2) a demodulation frequency greater than a highest pulse rate of a person and lower than any harmonic of 50, 60, 100, or 120 Hz.
- the invention thus allows the filtering of a significant source of ambient light interference, while choosing an optimum demodulation frequency that avoids interference from the notch filter or from harmonics of the power line interference.
- the common multiple is 1200, with the demodulation frequency being between 5 and 20 Hz away from 1200, preferably approximately 1211 in one embodiment.
- dark signals are measured both before and after each of the light emitter wavelengths (red and infrared in one embodiment). Instead of simply subtracting one of the dark levels, the two dark levels are averaged and then subtracted from the detected signal. This compensates for a variation in ambient light during the detected signal, reducing the effect of power line interference or any other low frequency interference.
- digital filtering and decimation are done in the digital domain.
- the filters are preloaded to put values in their memory to correspond to an estimate of the settled value of the output at the new gain or power settings. This preloading speeds up when valid data will be available at the output of the filter.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an oximeter incorporating the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a portion of the digital manipulations in one embodiment of the invention, including a notch filter.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the multiple dark levels that are averaged in an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the preloading of the digital filter and decimator according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of an oximetry system incorporating the present invention.
- a sensor 10 includes red and infrared LEDs and a photodetector. These are connected by a cable 12 to a board 14 .
- LED drive current is provided by an LED drive interface 16 .
- the received photocurrent from the sensor is provided to an I-V interface 18 .
- the IR and red voltages are then provided to a sigma-delta interface 20 incorporating the present invention.
- the output of sigma-delta interface 20 is provided to a microcontroller 22 .
- Microcontroller 22 includes flash memory for a program, and EEPROM memory for data.
- the oximeter also includes a microprocessor chip 24 connected to a flash memory 26 .
- a clock 28 is used and an interface 30 to a digital calibration in the sensor 10 is provided.
- a separate host 32 receives the processed information, as well as receiving an analog signal on a line 34 for providing an analog display.
- FIG. 2 shows an analog-to-digital converter 40 which provides a digital signal to be manipulated by microcontroller 22 of FIG. 1 .
- the microprocessor would include a demodulator 42 , four stages of filter/decimators 44 , a low pass filter with a notch 46 , as well as other blocks for digital manipulation of the signals and calculation of oxygen saturation as is well known in the art. Only the red channel is shown after the demodulation, but a similar channel is used for the IR signal.
- Notch filter 46 deals with power line interference which, in the United States, comes from lights which operate on 60 Hz or 120 Hz, depending upon the power requirements. Europe and other areas use 50 Hz and 100 Hz. A common multiple of 50, 60, 100, and 120 Hz is 1200 Hz.
- the modulation bandwidth is chosen to be higher than the highest possible human pulse rate, preferably higher than 5 Hz. At the same time, it is chosen to be lower than any harmonic of the power line interference signals. Twenty hertz is chosen as a desirable upper limit because a second harmonic of 2450 will alias in at 2025 Hz.
- the modulation frequency chosen is 1211.23 Hz. This is 11.23 Hz distant from 1200 Hz. (within a range of 5-20 Hz). Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, a zero is provided in the notch filter at 11.23 Hz.
- the low pass filter with notch ( 46 ), in one embodiment, is an 8 pole Bessel filter with a notch at 11.25 Hz.
- the present invention thus provides an effective means of eliminating interference from power line interference, such as the ripple on fluorescent lights which can alias onto the detected signal.
- power line interference such as the ripple on fluorescent lights which can alias onto the detected signal.
- anti-aliasing filters have been provided in hardware before a demodulator, it is difficult to make these effective, and thus there will be some residual line interference in the detected signal to be dealt with in the digital domain.
- FIG. 3 illustrates another aspect of the present invention, reducing ambient interference by averaging the ambient dark levels before and after a sampling period to account for low frequency interference from power lines or other sources.
- FIG. 3 shows a signal at a sampling rate of 2400.
- the upward sloping line in FIG. 3 is due to 60 Hz power line interference. It is desirable to eliminate the effect of this upward slope (which will be downward on other parts of the 60 Hz (or 50 Hz, etc.) signal.
- FIG. 3 shows a detected signal during different periods of modulation.
- the detected signal level is illustrated by a line 50 .
- a first dark period 52 neither the red nor IR LED are on, allowing a sampling of the dark, or ambient, light.
- the red LED is turned on, with signal 50 rising during this period as the red LED comes on to its full intensity.
- the detected signal corresponds to the red LED being on.
- a second dark period 60 is sampled.
- the IR LED is turned on during a period 62 , and sampled during a period 64 . It is turned off and the signal decays during a period 66 , with a third dark sample being taken during a period 68 .
- the third dark sample also corresponds to the first dark period 52 , as the process repeats itself.
- an inaccurate ambient level may be measured if the ambient level is varying, such as due to a low frequency interference.
- the ambient interference during the red modulation period 56 is determined by measuring the dark 1 signal during period 52 and the dark 2 signal during period 60 and averaging these signals.
- the dark 2 signal during period 60 and the dark 3 signal during period 68 are averaged and subtracted from the detected IR signal to eliminate the ambient interference. All of these calculations are done in the digital domain by microcontroller 22 of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates another aspect of the present invention where filters and software are preloaded.
- the analog input signal Before the analog input signal is processed through the sigma-delta modulator and multi-bit analog digital converter, it is typically amplified in a hardware amplifier 84 .
- the sigma-delta modulator 86 and conversion into digital domain After processing by the sigma-delta modulator 86 and conversion into digital domain, it is decimated to reduce the sample rate by a decimator 88 and filtered by a Bessel filter 88 .
- a controller 92 pre-loads the memories of the Bessel filter and decimator with an estimate of what the settled value of the output would be. This will significantly reduce the settling time of the filter after a step change in its input. Such a step change in the input can occur from a change in the gain settings of the amplifier 84 .
- a step change can be the result of a change in the particular LED being activated, the power of the LED, or other gain settings of the front end hardware. Since the controller 92 would be activating such changes, it will have the knowledge of when to pre-load the filter and decimator with the appropriate values. Although these are shown as blocks in FIG. 4 , it is understood that in the preferred embodiment this is done by a software program which functions as controller 92 , filter 88 and decimator 90 . This preloading of the filter and decimator provides that valid data is available sooner by shortening the settling time.
- the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential characteristics thereof.
- more than two different wavelengths of light could be used.
- a different demodulation frequency could be chosen.
- the notch filtering can be done either before or after other digital processing of the detected signal. Accordingly, the foregoing description is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention which is set forth in the following claims.
Abstract
Description
Claims (18)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US11/495,415 US7400919B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2006-07-28 | Oximeter ambient light cancellation |
US12/172,981 US8315684B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2008-07-14 | Oximeter ambient light cancellation |
US13/663,244 US8874181B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2012-10-29 | Oximeter ambient light cancellation |
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US10/787,854 US7190985B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2004-02-25 | Oximeter ambient light cancellation |
US11/495,415 US7400919B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2006-07-28 | Oximeter ambient light cancellation |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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EP (1) | EP1722675B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2007523717A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20070024488A (en) |
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US20100324389A1 (en) * | 2009-06-17 | 2010-12-23 | Jim Moon | Body-worn pulse oximeter |
US20110066043A1 (en) * | 2009-09-14 | 2011-03-17 | Matt Banet | System for measuring vital signs during hemodialysis |
US8204567B2 (en) | 2007-12-13 | 2012-06-19 | Nellcor Puritan Bennett Llc | Signal demodulation |
US8494786B2 (en) | 2009-07-30 | 2013-07-23 | Covidien Lp | Exponential sampling of red and infrared signals |
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US8874181B2 (en) | 2004-02-25 | 2014-10-28 | Covidien Lp | Oximeter ambient light cancellation |
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CN1933769A (en) | 2007-03-21 |
WO2005082242A1 (en) | 2005-09-09 |
KR20070024488A (en) | 2007-03-02 |
JP2007523717A (en) | 2007-08-23 |
US7190985B2 (en) | 2007-03-13 |
CA2556748C (en) | 2013-02-12 |
ATE403397T1 (en) | 2008-08-15 |
EP1722675B1 (en) | 2008-08-06 |
ES2311980T3 (en) | 2009-02-16 |
US20130123593A1 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
MXPA06009755A (en) | 2007-03-15 |
US20060264721A1 (en) | 2006-11-23 |
US8315684B2 (en) | 2012-11-20 |
US20050187448A1 (en) | 2005-08-25 |
US20090005662A1 (en) | 2009-01-01 |
AU2005216985A1 (en) | 2005-09-09 |
EP1722675A1 (en) | 2006-11-22 |
US8874181B2 (en) | 2014-10-28 |
CA2556748A1 (en) | 2005-09-09 |
DE602005008718D1 (en) | 2008-09-18 |
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