CN101623528B - 蒸发化合物的方法和装置 - Google Patents

蒸发化合物的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN101623528B
CN101623528B CN2009101667825A CN200910166782A CN101623528B CN 101623528 B CN101623528 B CN 101623528B CN 2009101667825 A CN2009101667825 A CN 2009101667825A CN 200910166782 A CN200910166782 A CN 200910166782A CN 101623528 B CN101623528 B CN 101623528B
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R·L·哈尔
S·桑
R·J·奎因塔纳
乔舒亚·D·拉比诺维茨
亚历杭德罗·C·扎法罗尼
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种快速加热涂布物质的方法和设备,所述物质优选包括一种待蒸发用于吸入疗法的药物。本发明的设备(10)优选包括基质(20),它有包围内部区域的内表面(20a)和涂布物质(15)粘附其上的外表面(20b)。尽管基质优选是金属的,但是它不一定是金属的。将易燃成分(16a,16b)放置在基质的内部区域并将火花或电阻点火器与易燃成分相连。该点火器用于引发易燃成分氧化。优选,该涂布物质在外壳(30)内蒸发使得蒸发的药物能够气溶胶化并被使用者吸入。

Description

蒸发化合物的方法和装置
本申请是2003年5月13日提交的,申请号为03814156.6,发明题目为“蒸发化合物的方法和装置”的分案申请。 
发明领域
本发明涉及通过吸入途经递送气溶胶的方法和设备。具体地说,本发明涉及一种制备含有用于吸入疗法的活性药物的气溶胶的方法和设备。 
发明背景 
已知将药物气溶胶化用于通过吸入递送。例如,Clearman等人的美国专利5,099,861针对气溶胶递送物(“Clearman等人”)公开了一种设备,它包括载有风味剂或药物的基质。该基质经燃烧燃料成分而受热,所述燃料成分可以是“挤出的碳质材料”。加热基质使得风味剂或药物气溶胶化,这样使用者能够吸入该风味剂或药物。然而,由于Clearman等人公开的设备燃烧碳质材料产生热量,因此加热和气溶胶的产生相当慢。此外,使用者必需使用单独的器具,例如引燃器或火柴,以点燃该燃料成分。同样,该燃料成分可能产生不希望的产物如异味和烟雾,它们可能刺激使用者或旁观者。Clearman等人的设备的这些缺点可能使得该设备相当不方便。 
Katsuda等人的美国专利4,693,868针对药物的热烟熏器(“Katsuda等人”)也公开了一种设备,该设备可用于蒸发药物进行吸入递送。正如Clearman等人的,Katsuda等人也使用热量蒸发药物。然而Katsuda等人公开了点燃挥发性燃料例如醇、石油或醚以产生引起药物蒸发所需的热量。挥发性燃料装在容器内并由装在设备内的金属催化剂点燃。然而,尽管Katsuda公开的燃料的燃烧通常比Clearman等人公开的碳质材料燃料的燃烧快得多,但是Katsuda等人公开的燃料的点燃仍然会相对慢。此外,Katsuda等人公开的燃料在燃烧之后产生气体产物。因此,如果燃料装在密封容器中,容器内的压力可能会增加并引起破裂。此外,即使提供阀以便燃烧时溢出过量气体,然而溢出的气体可能产生令人不快的异味。 
发明概述 
本发明提供了一种方法和装置,它用于从自给单元提供药物的吸入递送。本发明的方法和设备能够快速加热涂布的药物产生蒸汽。快速加热之后进行冷却并将蒸汽冷凝成气溶胶,也称之为冷凝气溶胶,它可以被使用者吸入从而递送计量的药物。本发明的方法和装置通过使用具有易燃成分的密封燃料电池来获得这种快速加热。由于该燃料电池经密封,因此有益地不会使令人不快的燃烧产物释放到周围环境中。此外,该成分燃烧相当快并优选不产生引起密封的燃料电池内压力增加的的气体产物。 
本发明的快速加热涂布物质的设备优选包括一基质,它有一包围内部区域的内表面和一涂布物质粘附其上的外表面。尽管基质优选是金属的,但是它不一定是金属的。易燃成分放置在基质的内部区域并且一点火器与易燃成分相连。该点火器用于引发易燃成分氧化。优选,该涂布物质包含在外壳内蒸发的药物从而能够使蒸发的药物被使用者吸入。 
附图简述 
图1是显示用于蒸发药物、包括密封的燃料电池的本发明设备的内部细节的侧视图。 
图2是显示图1所示设备的远侧部的内部细节的顶视图。 
图3是显示图1所示设备的远侧部的外表面的透视图。 
图4是显示图1所示设备的外表面的透视图。 
图5是图1所示设备的详细侧剖视图。 
图6是描述本发明经吸入递送药物的方法的流程图。 
图7是可与本发明的图1所示外壳一起使用的密封燃料电池和基质的另一实施方式的侧视图。 
图8是可与本发明的图1所示外壳一起使用的密封燃料电池和基质的另一实施方式的侧视图。 
优选实施方式的详述 
本文所用的术语“气溶胶”是指固体或液体颗粒在气体中的混悬液,并且术语“蒸汽”是指气体,“蒸汽相”是指气相,术语“热蒸汽”是指蒸汽相、气溶胶或气溶胶-蒸汽相的混合物,优选经加热形成。 
图1是显示本发明的药物递送设备10的优选实施方式的内部构造的侧视图,它使用放热反应迅速加热药物。药物递送设备10包括燃料电池12,它用于包括基质20包围的放热反应,所述基质涂布有药物15或含有药物的化合物。在图1所示的实施方式中,燃料电池12和基质20被外壳30包围,所述外壳有远端部分30a、近端部分30b并包括气道32和接口34。气道32提供了气溶胶化的药物从外壳30的中部到接口34的路径,它便于气溶胶化的药物的吸入。优选,药物递送设备10包括两个部分;近端部分30b和远端部分30a,它们可以沿分界线90彼此分开,该分界线将在下面更详细地讨论。 
在图1所示的实施方式中,燃料电池12包括两个密封的球形物(bulb)14a和14b,它们分别含有易燃成分16a和16b。尽管图1显示了两个球形物14a和14b,但是也可以认为仅包括一个在燃料电池12中含有单一燃料成分的球形物。燃料电池12基本上可以包括照相中仍然使用类型的标准闪光球形物或单个标准闪光球形物。优选,每个球形物14a、14b内的环境可以含有相对高百分比的氧;优选60%-100%氧,更优选75%-95%氧。优选球形物14a和14b内的压力大于大气压,更优选该压力在5-10大气压之间。球形物14a和14b优选由玻璃形成,并且可以,但不一定,在外表面涂布有聚合物(图1中未显示),如果在燃料电池12点燃时玻璃破碎的话,该聚合物可以含有玻璃颗粒。这种聚合物涂层可以包括,但不限于,各种漆(laquers)、乙酸纤维素、聚酰胺类或Teflon 
Figure G2009101667825D00031
优选,这种聚合物涂层的厚度在0.01mm-1.0mm之间。适用于本发明方法和装置的球形物几十年来一直可作为生产的工业品商购自主要的球形物供应商,这些供应商例如有Osram Sylvania of Danvers,MA(商品名BlueDot 闪光球形物)、General Electric和Philips Corporation。用于玻璃球形物例如球形物14a和14b的聚合物涂层的形成在本领域为已知,并且例如公开在Fonda等人的美国专利4,198,200(防伤害的涂层),将其全 文加入本文作为参考。 
易燃成分16a和16b分别包含在密封的球形物14a和14b中。优选,易燃成分16a和16b包括由易燃金属例如铝、镁或锆形成的细丝,这些金属形成为本领域技术人员理解的“羊毛”丝条。然而,易燃成分16a和16b可以由任意易燃细丝例如,但不限于,诸如浸润易燃金属的细丝形成。 
在图1所示的实施方式中,易燃成分16a暴露于一组金属电极18a和18b下,通过它将涂布引发剂的电阻成分连起来,并且它穿过球形物14a凸出并与如下所述的点燃电源40相连。电极18a和18b优选由铜形成,但是可以由任意的导电材料例如,但不限于,铝形成。电源40优选是相对小的、可携带的电源例如,但不限于干电池。如果使用干电池作为电源40,那么电池的电压优选在1.5-9伏之间。电极18a和18b与电源40通过下面所述的导线21a和21b相连。 
正如从图2中可以看到的,它是显示内部结构的外壳30的远端部分30a的顶视图,电源40优选包括两个1.5伏的干电池40a和40b。应理解为可以将其它类型的电源与本发明的药物递送设备一起使用,它们包括,但不限于,标准9v电池。电池40a和40b优选经电极60和62串连。电极62优选是一基本上平的板,它位于外壳30的远端部分30a的基底31与电池40a和40b之间。电极60优选包括移动部分60a,它与电池40a接触并经缝隙60c与静态部分60b分开,静态部分与电池40b接触。移动部分60a和静态部分60b彼此形成为钩状并由弹性导电材料制成以便部分60a可以弹性地变形以闭合移动部分60a和静态部分60b之间的缝隙60c,从而闭合包括电池40a和40b的串联电路。 
图3是外壳30的远端部分30a的外部的透视图。正如所示的,远端部分30a包括与基底31相邻的上面凹口72以及与上面凹口72相对并且也与基底31相邻的下面凹口70。如图1和/或3所示,电极62在外壳30的远端部分30a上的上面凹口72延伸通过外壳30,电极60在下面凹口70延伸通过外壳30。 
如图5所示,它是显示设备10的一部分附近的细节的药物递送设备10的截面侧视图,其中它分成2个部分,外壳30包括上面鳍状部分82 和下面鳍状部分80,它们分别与上面凹口72和下面凹口70相互连接,如图3所示。上面鳍状部分82包括连接电极86,当远端部分30a与近端部分30b啮合时该连接电极与电极62接触。此外,下面鳍状部分80包括连接电极84,当远端部分30a与近端部分30b啮合时它与电极60接触。电极18a优选与电极62通过连接电极86相连,并且电极18b优选与电极60通过连接电极84相连。再次参照图2,在所示的实施方式中,设备10包括按钮63,它与电极60的移动部分60a的平坦部分接触。按钮63可以由使用者压下以闭合包括电池40a和40b的电路并分别给电极60和62提供能量。在燃料电池的另一实施方式中,易燃成分可以被压电结晶(或磷光体)点燃,其接着引起放出(或被点燃)机械撞针。 
再次参见图1,如上所述,密封的球形物14a和14b内的环境优选包括高百分比的氧。因此,如果易燃成分16a和16b包括易燃金属例如镁或锆,那么由电源40提供电压,使得易燃成分16a点燃并快速氧化。因易燃成分16a燃烧发出的热和光使得共鸣地点燃易燃成分16b。成分16a和16b的放热燃烧向周围环境和基质20放出热。优选,每个易燃成分16a、16b由约1mMol金属羊毛制成。使用这种量的羊毛,该放热反应典型地耗时20-30毫秒。该放热反应向基质20提供的热量使得涂布在基质20上的药物蒸发。如上所述,由于易燃成分16a和16b的燃烧分别发生在密封的球形物14a和14b中,因此没有令人不快的燃烧产物逃逸到周围环境中。此外,金属的氧化,例如在易燃成分16a和16b燃烧时发生,因此不产生气体产物。这样,球形物14a和14b内的压力不会过度增加超过易燃成分16a和16b氧化之后因温度升高引起的增加。 
基质20优选形成为基本上圆柱形鞘,它在该圆柱体的一端有开口从而使得球形物14a和14b能够插入。圆柱形鞘的相对端优选封闭,但是也可以是开放的。形成基质20的圆柱形鞘优选围绕球形物14a和14b紧紧地固定。优选,基质20由铝杆加工形成约0.05mm-约0.15mm厚的圆柱体。基质20也可以经过延伸、捣磨,或者可以包括将铝片辊压或者使用铝箔的任意方式形成,并且可以是任何合适的厚度。如图1所示,基质20可以形成具有一个或多个增加厚度的部分25以增加基质20的硬度。 如果使用的话,增加厚度的部分25优选位于基质20未接触球形物14a和14b的区域。为了将球形物14a和14b牢固地固定在基质20内,基质20可以经过略微加热使圆柱体的直径膨胀。然后将球形物14a和14b放入基质20内,冷却后它将贴切地围绕球形物14a和14b固定。优选,球形物14a和14b直径为约1cm。这样,基质20的内径也接近1cm。 
基质20沿其长度部分被支持在外壳30的内部在包围基质20的圆柱形套管37中。套管37优选与外壳30一起整体地形成并与外壳30在外壳30的正面近端部分30b的基底(图1上未显示)处相连。基质20可以使用已知的粘合剂或者简单地通过摩擦安装粘附到套管37内。套管37包括插座59,它支持图1的导线21a和21b,并且其中可以插入球形物14a的基底使电极18a和18b能够以已知的方式接触导线21a和21b。以这种方式,得自电源40的电力可以经导线21a和21b提供给易燃成分16a。基质20的相对端,离接口34最近的端,优选闭合并包括增加厚度的部分25。 
包括基质20可以各种形状成型。例如,基质也可以是矩形盒的形状。优选,基质提供大的表面与体积比(例如,大于100/米)和大的表面与质量比(例如,大于1cm2/g)。此外,可以使用许多不同的材料构造基质。这些类型的材料包括,但不限于,金属、无机材料和聚合物。以下是这些材料类型的实例:铝、银、金、不锈钢、铜和钨;二氧化硅、玻璃、硅和钒土;石墨、多孔碳、碳丝和碳毡;聚四氟乙烯和聚乙二醇。也可以使用材料和涂布的材料变体的组合。二氧化硅、钒土和硅基材料的实例包括无定形二氧化硅S-5631(Sigma,St.Louis,MO)、BCR171(一种定义表面积大于2m2/g的钒土,得自Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)和半导体工业中使用的硅片。碳丝和毡得自American Kynol,Inc.,New York,NY。色谱树脂例如与多孔二氧化硅化学相连的十八烷基甲硅烷是例证的涂布的二氧化硅变体。 
如图1所示,基质20包括内表面20a,它优选,但不一定,与球形物14a和14b的外部和外表面20b接触。如上所述,易燃成分16燃烧期间放出的热量被基质20吸收,从而使得涂布在基质20的外表面20b上的药物蒸发。为了提高基质20对热量的吸收。基质20的内表面20a优选经 阳极化或者另外涂布以产生相对黑的表面。 
还设计基质可以涂布在球形物14a和14b上。如果球形物14a和14b不包括聚合物涂层,那么可以使用已知的蒸发或电镀工艺将基质直接涂布到球形物14a和14b的玻璃表面上。如果球形物14a和14b的确包括聚合物涂层,那么可以使用已知的蒸发或电镀工艺将基质涂布到聚合物涂层上。如果基质涂布到球形物14a和14b上,可以使用已知的蒸发或电镀工艺可用的上述任意材料例如,但不限于,铝或不锈钢来形成基质。 
还认为图1中形式的基质20可省去,并且形成球形物的玻璃作为基质。在这种实施方式中,可以将药物直接涂布到球形物的玻璃上。图7是描述燃料电池212的实施方式的图,它包括直接涂布有药物215的密封的玻璃球形物214。在玻璃球形物214的内部是易燃成分216,它可以大致与图1中所示的易燃成分16相同。燃料电池212还包括电极218a和218b,它们可以大致与图1中所示的电极18a和18b相同。易燃成分216与电极218a和218b接触,这样如果电压通过电极218a和218b,易燃成分216将点燃。如果使用这种实施方式,球形物优选制得比使用单个金属基质例如基质20或者球形物涂布有聚合物涂层的要相对厚些。因此,可以使用耐热打击的玻璃,例如Pyrex 
Figure G2009101667825D00071
其厚度可以防止易燃成分216燃烧震裂。药物215优选涂布在球形物216的外部,如下将要讨论。 
将药物浸渗到聚合物基质中并将该基质直接涂布到球形物上也在本发明的范围内。图8是描述燃料电池112的实施方式的图,它包括胶囊114,该胶囊包括被外部聚合物基质114a包围的内部玻璃球形物114b。在玻璃球形物114b的内部,可与图1中所示的易燃成分16a和16b大致相同的易燃成分116接触118a和118b(它们可以与图1中所示的接触18a和18b大致相同)。可以与其中使用燃料电池12相同的方式在图1中所示的外壳30内使用燃料电池112,只是不必要基质20。聚合物基质114a优选用药物浸渗之后使用。优选,基质例如聚合物基质114a厚度为0.01mm-1mm。可以通过将基质114a暴露于药物中将药物浸渗到聚合物基质114a中。例如,可以将燃料电池112浸泡在含有药物和溶剂的溶液中,或者仅含药物的溶液中,持续1小时以上。在这种实施方式中,基质可以 由聚酰胺或Teflon 
Figure G2009101667825D00081
或其它热稳定的聚合物形成。 
图4是显示了外壳30的外表面的药物递送设备10的透视图(如图1所示)。如所示,外壳30优选形状为椭圆体,在与设备10的长轴横断的方向具有椭圆形横截面。正如上面讨论的,基质20和球形物14a和14b优选与外壳30牢固地连接以便基质20和球形物14a和14b以大致同心的方式悬挂在外壳30内。外壳30的近端部分30b优选包括接口34。此外,外壳30的上表面优选包括开口68a和68b,如图1所示,所述开口与气道32处于流体连接从而能够使空气从外壳30的外部进入气道32。外壳30的下表面优选也含有开口,它们在图4中看不到,与开口68a和68b相对。外壳30可以由各种聚合物形成,这些聚合物包括,但不限于,可生物降解的聚合物如可得自E.I.du pont de Nemours and Company的Biomax 或其它淀粉基聚合物。外壳30可以通过注塑上半区和下半区并将这两半以本领域公知方法装配成型。优选,但不一定,横断设备10的长轴方向的外壳30的椭圆形横截面在短轴方向具有约2cm的内径并在长轴方向具有约3cm的内径。还认为外壳30可以任意其它大小或形状,例如,但不限于,圆柱体、矩形盒、三角形盒或其它形状成型。 
如上所述,外壳30的近端部分30b可以与外壳30的远端部分30a分离。如图1所示并如上面讨论的,远端部分30a包括电源40和启动按钮63用于药物递送设备10。并且,近端部分30b包含球形物14a、14b和涂布有待递送的药物的基质20。因此,近端部分30b在食用包含在近端部分30b内的剂量时可以从远端部分30a拆下,之后扔掉。远端部分30a,包括电源40,然后可以与含有新鲜剂量的涂布的药物的另一近端部分重新使用。远端部分30a以这种方式可以有益地使用许多次直到电源40耗尽。部分30a和30b可以,如本领域理解的,经模制咬合、扭-锁或者以其它方式连接在一起成为剂量形式的气溶胶化的制剂。 
涂布在基质20上的药物的气溶胶化上通过将按钮63压下以闭合电源40与易燃成分16a之间的连接实现的。当电源40向易燃成分16a施加一电压时它被点燃。如上所述,易燃成分16a优选是易燃金属,它在燃料电池12的环境下快速氧化。氧化优选包括在燃料电池12内的这些易燃金属 通常花费20-30毫秒并将释放约800焦耳-约900焦耳的能量。释放该能量将使得基质20的外表面20b的温度升高至约350℃-约600℃。这通常足以使在基质20的外表面20b的药物蒸发。优选,药物蒸汽然后在气道32内冷却形成气溶胶。优选,气溶胶化的药物的粒径范围从约1μm-约3μm。为了接收剂量的气溶胶化药物,使用者将接口34对着使用者的口,通过压按钮63激活,并吸入。空气将流过外壳30的开口,通过气道32并进入接口34,这样气溶胶化药物可以进入使用者的肺中。 
图6描述了根据本发明经吸入递送药物的方法300。在步骤310中提供基质,例如图1中所示的基质20,它可以支持待加热和蒸发的药物,正如上面讨论的。基质优选经成型包括内部区域和外表面。在步骤312中,药物优选涂布到基质的外表面,正如下面讨论的。在步骤314中,至少一个密封的球形物,例如图1中所示的球形物14a,放置在基质的内部区域。正如上面讨论的,密封的球形物优选含有易燃细丝,它包括易燃金属,例如铝、锆或镁。易燃细丝优选与两个延伸到球形物外面并且可以与电源间歇地连接的电极电连接,例如图1中所示的电源40,从而能够点燃易燃成分。在步骤316中,电极转换成电源电路并将易燃成分点燃。该点燃发出放热反应,从而将基质加热并将涂布其上的药物蒸发,正如上面讨论的。在步骤318中,使药物冷却形成气溶胶。优选该冷却是在气道中进行的,例如图1中所示的气道32,它包围基质的外表面。在步骤320中,气溶胶化的药物被使用者吸入。在另一实施方式中,在步骤312中,不是在步骤310中提供的将药物涂布到基质的外部,考虑用待气溶胶化的药物浸渗基质,如上面讨论的。 
如上所述,本发明的形成气溶胶的设备将药物快速加热产生蒸汽,之后将该蒸汽冷却并将蒸汽冷凝得到气溶胶,也称之为冷凝气溶胶。该药物组合物优选以两种形式之一受热:以纯的活性化合物或活性化合物与药用可接受的赋形剂的混合物。 
本文使用的术语“药物”是指任意的化合物,它可用于预防、诊断、治疗或治愈疾病,用于缓解疼痛,或者控制或改善任何人或动物的任何生理或病理紊乱。药物的类型包括,但不限于,如下:抗生素类、抗惊厥剂、 抗抑郁药、止吐药、抗组胺剂、抗震颤麻痹药、抗精神病药、抗焦虑剂、勃起机能障碍用的药物、偏头痛用的药物、治疗酒精中毒用的药物、肌松药、非甾体抗炎剂、鸦片类、其它镇痛药、兴奋药和类固醇。 
抗生素类的实例包括头孢美唑、头孢唑啉、头孢菌素、头孢西丁、头孢乙氰、头孢菌素III、头孢利素、头孢菌素c、cephalotin、头霉素a、头霉素b、头霉素c、cepharin、头孢霉定、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、海他西林、卡非西林、卡茚西林、羧苄西林、戊青霉素、阿度西林、苄青霉素、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、环青霉素、甲氧西林、萘夫西林、2-戊烯青霉素、青霉素n、青霉素o、青霉素s、青霉素v、氯丁青霉素、双氯西林、联苯青霉素、庚青霉素和美坦西林。 
抗惊厥剂的实例包括4-氨基-3-羟基丁酸、乙二磺酸酯、加巴喷丁和氨己烯酸。 
抗抑郁药的实例包括阿米替林、阿莫沙平、苯酰甲苄肼、布替林、氯米帕明、地昔帕明、度硫平、多塞平、丙米嗪、kitanserin、洛非帕明、美地沙明、米安色林、麦普替林、米氮平、去甲替林、普罗替林、曲米帕明、维洛沙秦、西酞普兰、可替宁、度洛西汀、氟西汀、氟伏沙明、米那普仑、尼索西汀、帕罗西汀、瑞波西汀、舍曲林、噻奈普汀、乙酰奋乃静(acetaphenazine)、苯奈达林、溴法罗明、西文氯胺、氯伏胺、异丙异烟肼、异卡波肼、吗氯贝胺、苯肼(phenyhydrazine)、苯乙肼、司来吉兰、西布曲明、反苯环丙胺、腺苷蛋氨酸、阿屈非尼、安麦角、氨磺必利、安哌齐特、贝那替秦、丁氨苯丙酮、卡罗沙酮、吉哌隆、咪唑克生、美曲吲哚、米那普仑、米那普令、奈法唑酮、诺米芬辛、利坦色林、罗克吲哚、S-腺苷蛋氨酸、托芬那辛、曲唑酮、色氨酸、文拉法辛和扎螺酮。 
止吐药的实例包括阿立必利、阿扎司琼、苯喹胺、溴必利、布克力嗪、氯丙嗪、桂利嗪、氯波必利、塞克力嗪、苯海拉明、地芬尼多、多拉司琼甲磺酸盐、达哌啶醇、格拉司琼、东莨菪碱、劳拉西泮、甲氧氯普胺、美托哌丙嗪、昂丹司琼、奋乃静、异丙嗪、丙氯拉嗪、东莨菪碱、三乙膦、三氟拉嗪、三氟丙嗪、曲美苄胺、托烷司琼、domeridone和帕洛诺司琼。 
抗组胺剂的实例包括阿扎他定、溴苯那敏、氯苯那敏、氯马司汀、塞 庚啶、右美托咪定、苯海拉明、多西拉敏、安他乐、塞替利嗪、非索非那定、loratidine和普鲁米近。 
抗震颤麻痹药的实例包括金刚烷胺、巴氯芬、比哌立登、苯扎托品、奥芬那君、丙环定、苯海索、左旋多巴、卡比多巴、司来吉兰、塞利吉林、andropinirole、阿扑吗啡、苄丝肼、溴角麦环肽、布地品、卡麦角林、二氢麦角隐亭、依利罗地、依斯的明、麦角灵、雪花胺、拉扎贝胺、麦角乙脲、氯苯咪吲哚、美金刚、莫非吉兰、培高利特、普拉克索、丙戊茶碱、雷沙吉兰、瑞马西胺、spheramine、特麦角脲、恩他卡朋和托卡朋。 
抗精神病药的实例包括醋奋乃静、阿立必利、安哌齐特、苯哌利多、苯喹胺、溴哌利多、布拉氨酯、布他哌嗪、丙酰奋乃静、卡匹帕明、氯丙嗪、氯葡噻吨、氯卡帕明、氯胺丙压吖、氯哌噻吨、氯螺旋嗪、氯噻平、氯美马嗪、达哌啶醇、三氟噻醇、氟奋乃静、氟司必林、氟哌啶醇、美索哒嗪、美托奋乃酯、molindrone、五氟利多、哌氰嗪、奋乃静、匹莫齐特、匹泮哌隆、哌西他嗪、哌泊噻嗪、丙氯拉嗪、丙嗪、瑞莫必利、舍吲哚、螺哌隆、舒必利、硫利达嗪、替沃噻吨、三氟哌多、三氟丙嗪、三氟拉嗪、齐拉西酮、佐替平、珠氯噻醇、氨磺必利、布他拉莫、氯氮平、美哌隆、奥氮平、喹硫平和利培酮。 
抗焦虑剂的实例包括甲氯喹酮、美托咪定、美托咪酯、阿地唑仑、氯氮卓、氯苯西泮、氟西泮、劳拉西泮、氯普唑仑、咪达唑仑、阿吡坦、阿舍西隆、安非尼酮、阿扎环醇、溴米那、丁螺环酮、calciumN-carboamoylaspartate、卡普托胺、卡普脲、卡氯脲、卡溴脲、氯醛甜菜碱、恩西拉嗪、氟辛克生、伊沙匹隆、来索吡琼、洛沙平、甲喹酮、methprylon、心得安、坦度螺酮、曲口占诺、佐匹克隆和唑吡坦。 
勃起机能障碍用药物的实例包括tadalafil(IC351)、昔多芬(sildenafil)、伐地那非、阿扑吗啡、阿扑吗啡二乙酸酯、酚妥拉明和育亨宾。 
偏头痛用的药物的实例包括阿莫曲坦、alperopride、可待因、二氢麦角胺、麦角胺、依立曲坦、夫罗曲普坦、异美汀、利多卡因、麦角乙脲、甲氧氯普胺、那拉曲坦、羟考酮、丙氧酚、利扎曲坦、舒马普坦、托芬那 酸、佐米曲坦、阿米替林、阿替洛尔、可乐定、赛庚啶、地尔硫卓、多塞平、氟西汀、赖诺普利、美西麦角、美托洛尔、那多洛尔、去甲替林、帕罗西汀、苯噻啶、苯噻啶、心得安、普罗替林、舍曲林、噻吗洛尔和维拉帕米。 
治疗酒精中毒用的药物的实例包括阿坎酸、纳洛酮、纳曲酮和双硫仑。 
肌松药的实例包括巴氯芬、环苯扎林、奥芬那君、奎宁和替扎尼定。 
非类固醇类消炎药的实例包括醋氯芬酸、阿氯芬酸、阿明洛芬、氨芬酸、氨丙吡酮、阿米西群、阿司匹林、苯噁洛芬、柏莫洛芬、溴芬酸、丁苯羟酸、布替布芬、bucloxate、卡洛芬、胆碱、辛可芬、桂美辛、环氯茚酸、clopriac、氯美辛、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、依托度酸、fenclozate、非诺洛芬、氟替阿嗪、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、异丁芬酸、消炎痛、吲哚洛芬、酮洛芬、酮洛酸、洛索洛芬、马泼尼酮、甲氯灭酸钠、奈普生、奥沙普秦、吡罗普康、吡洛芬、普罗度酸、水杨酸盐、双水杨酯、舒林酸、tofenamate和托美丁。 
鸦片类的实例包括阿芬太尼、烯丙罗定、阿法罗定、阿尼利定、苄吗啡、贝齐米特、丁丙诺啡、布托啡诺、卡必芬、环丙法多、氯尼他秦、可待因、右马拉胺、右丙氧芬、海洛因、二氢可待因、地芬诺酯、地匹哌酮、芬太尼、氢吗啡酮、L-α乙酰基地美庚醇、洛芬太尼、左啡诺、哌替啶、美沙酮、美普他酚、美托酮、吗啡、纳布啡、烯丙吗啡、羟考酮、阿片全碱、哌替啶、喷他佐辛、非那佐辛、瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼和曲马多。 
其它镇痛药的实例包括阿扎丙宗、苄哌吡酮、benzydramine、丁丙二苯肼、氯美辛、氯尼辛、伊索庚嗪、氟吡丁、奈福泮、奥芬那君、丙帕他莫和右丙氧芬。 
兴奋药的实例包括安非他命、马钱子碱、右芬氟拉明、右旋苯丙胺、麻黄素、苯氟拉明、氯苯咪吲哚、methyphenidate、匹莫林、芬特明和西布曲明。 
类固醇的实例包括倍他米松、氯泼尼松、氯可托龙、肾上腺皮质素、地奈德、地塞米松、去羟米松、二氟泼尼酯、雌二醇、氟氢可的松、二氢美松、氟尼缩松、氟可龙、氟泼尼龙、氢化可的松、甲泼尼松、甲泼尼龙、 帕拉米松、泼尼松龙、泼尼松、孕烷-3-α-醇-20-酮、睾酮和曲安西龙。 
药用可接受的赋形剂是挥发性的或非挥发性的。挥发性的赋形剂,当受热时,同时蒸发,气溶胶化并与待递送的药物一起吸入。这些赋形剂的类型在本领域为已知并且包括,但不限于,气态、超临界流体、液体和固体溶剂。如下是在这些类型内的例证载体的列表:水;萜类,例如薄荷醇;醇类,例如乙醇、丙二醇、甘油和其它类似的醇;二甲基甲酰胺;二甲基乙酰胺;蜡;及其混合物。 
通常,用浸溃涂布法将药物涂布到本发明的基质上。在该方法中,首先制备药物溶液。溶液的溶剂这样选择,使得药物可以顺应涂布的浓度混溶其中。这种方法所用的典型溶剂包括,但不限于,二氯甲烷、醚、乙酸乙酯和甲醇。将基质在溶液中浸渍并以恒定速度取出。浸渍之后,将溶剂蒸发并通过基质加化合物的量减去基质的量计算涂布的药物量。该浸渍方法可以重复直到涂布所需量的药物。适用于实施本发明的方法和/或装置的浸渍涂布机可商购获得。一种这样的涂布机是DC-2000,它可从ConcoatLimited of Surry,England获得。 
实施例
实施例1:从涂布聚合物的闪光球形物将药物气溶胶化 
高能 
Figure DEST_PATH_GSB00000122847300011
闪光球形物,带有完整的聚合物涂层,经称重并放置在烟碱的小瓶中。使液体烟碱吸收到聚合物涂层中持续1小时,并用薄纸擦拭除去过量的液体。在氩气环境下使球形物在小瓶中平衡过夜。然后将小瓶打开并使氩气流过球形物持续45分钟。再称重,显示总共有24.6mg烟碱溶解在聚合物涂层中。将球形物包在一8mL小瓶中并通过将其导线接触到AAA电池的末端点燃。在小瓶内形成可见的气溶胶烟雾,并使其再次冷凝到壁上。高效液相色谱分析冷凝物显示,它由1.3mg纯烟碱组成。 
实施例2:将药物涂布到铝基质上 
高能闪光球形物(GE或Sylvania),可以产生300-400J的能量,将其插入一阳极化铝管中。将该闪光球形物/管组件浸泡到含有药物的有机溶液中并快速取出。通过将该组件放置在一真空室中持续30分钟从而将组件中的残余溶剂蒸发。这样在铝管外表面上留下一层涂布的药物薄膜。使用铜线将该闪光球形物组件电连接到两个1.5V电池和一个开关上,然后将其密封于一密封的玻璃小瓶中。通过即刻打开闪光球形物与电池之间的开关使闪光球形物点燃。点燃之后,将小瓶保持密封持续30分钟,以便挥发的药物颗粒聚集并冷凝到小瓶的内表面上。气溶胶的分析包括用5mL乙腈冲洗小瓶并将有机溶液的样品注入高效液相色谱设备中。用快速热电偶测定显示,铝管在50毫秒中加热至600℃。将其转化成加热速率为12000°/s。 
本领域普通技术人员将理解的是,上面详细描述的试验设备,可以通过剔除密封小瓶并包括外壳以装入该组件和电子元件,从而转变成一吸入递送设备。该外壳将包括空气入口和接口,这样当药物挥发时,吸入的空气将载有形成的气溶胶到对象的肺中。 
为了描述和说明的目的,前面已描述了本发明的具体实施方式。它们不打算详尽地或者限制本发明到公开的这些精确形式中,应理解的是可以根据上面的教导进行许多改进和改变。选择和描述这些实施方式是为了最好地解释本发明的原理及其实际应用,由此本领域的其它技术人员能够最好地利用本发明,并且包括适合实际应用的各种改进的不同实施方式。许多其它改变液应认为在本发明的范围内。 

Claims (15)

1.一种蒸发药物(15)的方法,包括:
提供具有中部和接口(34)的外壳(30),其特征在于包括:在所述外壳(30)内的基质(20),该基质有包围内部区域的内表面(20a)和外表面(20b);其中所述药物(15)被涂布在所述基质(20)的外表面(20b)上,或浸渍在基质(20)中;其中将易燃成分(16)放置在所述基质(20)的内部;并且点火器与易燃成分相连;和
在所述基质(20)的内部区域引发放热反应,从而所述基质(20)的外表面(20b)被迅速加热并且药物(15)被蒸发到所述外壳(30)的中部。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中将易燃成分(16)密封在球形物(14)中。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述球形物(14)由玻璃制成。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中所述球形物(14)构成所述基质(20)的内表面和外表面。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述基质(20)是金属的。
6.如权利要求5的方法,其中所述基质(20)由不锈钢或铝形成。
7.如权利要求1的方法,其中所述易燃成分(16)在燃烧时消耗气体。
8.如权利要求7的方法,其中所述易燃成分(15)包括易燃金属。
9.如权利要求8的方法,其中所述易燃金属选自镁、锆或铝。
10.如权利要求2的方法,其中所述基质(20)被涂布到密封的球形物(14)上。
11.如权利要求1的方法,其中点火器是火花或电阻点火器并引发易燃成分(16)的燃烧。
12.如权利要求11的方法,其中所述点火器包括用于引发易燃成分(16)燃烧的电源(40),并且其中外壳(30)的远端部分(30a)容纳电源(40),外壳(30)的近端部分(30b)容纳基质(20)、易燃成分(16)和药物(15)。
13.如权利要求1的方法,其中所述方法包括在药物蒸发之后将蒸汽冷却并凝结蒸汽以提供气溶胶。
14.如权利要求1-13任一项的方法,其中所述药物(15)为纯的活性化合物形式。
15.如权利要求1-13任一项的方法,其中所述药物(15)为活性化合物和药用可接受的赋形剂的混合物的形式,且所述药用可接受的赋形剂是挥发性的或非挥发性的。
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