CN101290940B - 包括半导体的光电转换元件以及使用其的半导体装置 - Google Patents

包括半导体的光电转换元件以及使用其的半导体装置 Download PDF

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CN101290940B
CN101290940B CN2008100883432A CN200810088343A CN101290940B CN 101290940 B CN101290940 B CN 101290940B CN 2008100883432 A CN2008100883432 A CN 2008100883432A CN 200810088343 A CN200810088343 A CN 200810088343A CN 101290940 B CN101290940 B CN 101290940B
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electrode
semiconductor device
photoelectric conversion
interlayer dielectric
layer
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CN101290940A (zh
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楠本直人
西和夫
菅原裕辅
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Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co Ltd
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Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明的目的为如下:在将光电转换元件安装在布线衬底等时,提高其固定强度,来解决接触不良及剥离等的问题。本发明涉及一种半导体装置,其中,在第一衬底上包括:光电转换层;包括至少两个薄膜晶体管的放大电路,该放大电路放大光电转换层的输出电流;以及供应高电位电源的第一电极及供应低电位电源的第二电极,该第一电极和第二电极电连接到所述光电转换层及所述放大电路,并且,在所述第一衬底的最上层包括:与导电材料形成合金的固定层,并且,在第二衬底上包括:第三电极和第四电极;以及固定所述第一电极和所述第三电极并固定所述第二电极和所述第四电极的所述导电材料。

Description

包括半导体的光电转换元件以及使用其的半导体装置
技术领域
本发明涉及使用半导体构成的光电转换元件及具有光电转换元件的半导体装置。
背景技术
作为光电转换元件的一种方式,在波长为400nm至700nm的可见光线区域中具有感度的光电转换元件被称为光传感器或可见光传感器。作为光传感器或可见光传感器的用途,有如下用途:检测光信号读取信息;以及检测周边环境的亮度控制电子设备等的工作等。
例如,在移动电话机及电视装置中提供有光传感器,以便用来根据其被放置的周边环境的亮度调节显示屏的亮度(参照专利文献1)。
图2A示出专利文献1所公开的光传感器的结构。在衬底1610上以夹在形成有开口部1605及1606的透光电极1602和光反射电极1604b之间的方式提供有光电转换层1603。光电转换层1603包括pin接合,且通过组合透光电极1602及光反射电极1604b构成二极管。就是说,具有作为二端子元件的方式,一个外部连接端子由通过提供在光电转换层1603中的开口部1607连接到透光电极1602的光反射电极1604a构成,而另一个外部连接端子由光反射电极1604b构成。受光面为透光衬底1601一侧,并且透过衬底1601的光入射到光电转换层1603中。
图2B示出在衬底1610上按顺序提供光反射电极1611、光电转换层1612、透光电极1613的光传感器。这种光传感器具有光从透光电极1613一侧入射到光电转换层1612的结构。在光反射电极1611及光电转换层1612中形成有贯通孔并其中提供有绝缘层1614及1615。绝缘层1614及绝缘层1615防止光电反射电极1611及光电转换层1612和衬底1610的端部附近存在的光反射电极1620及光电转换层1621之间的短路。透光电极1613和1619被提供在光电转换层1612上的绝缘层1616彼此电隔离。外部连接端子1617以接触到透光电极1619的方式提供,并与光电转换层1612及光反射电极1611电连接。另一方面,外部连接端子1618以接触到透光电极1613的方式提供。
图2C示出将图2A所示的光传感器安装在布线衬底1800上的方式。布线衬底1800和光传感器以作为外部连接端子的光反射电极1604a、1604b和布线1850彼此相对的方式使用光或热固化树脂1852固定。光反射电极1604a、1604b和布线1850使用导电颗粒1851电连接。此外,图2D示出将图2B所示的光传感器安装在布线衬底1800上的方式。以外部连接端子1617及1618和布线1850彼此相对的方式使用焊膏及银膏等的导电材料1853粘合布线衬底1800和光传感器。
[专利文献1]
日本专利申请公开2002-62856号公报
图2C所示的光传感器的安装方式仅在形成有光反射电极1604a、1604b的表面上与布线衬底1800粘合。此外,在图2D所示的光传感器安装方式中,采用外部连接端子1617、1618和布线衬底1800只使用导电材料1853粘合的结构。
当光传感器的外部端子和导电材料不合适时,有因固定强度小而导致剥离的忧虑。
发明内容
于是,本发明的目的为如下:当将如光传感器的光电转换元件安装在布线衬底等时,提高其固定强度,来解决接触不良及剥离等的问题。
在本发明中,当使用焊料等的导电材料将形成有光电转换层的元件衬底粘合到布线衬底之际,在元件衬底的最上层形成包含与导电材料形成合金的材料的层。由此,使元件衬底和布线衬底的固定强度增大,以可以抑制元件衬底和布线衬底的剥离。
本发明涉及如下半导体装置。
换言之,本发明涉及一种半导体装置,其中,在第一衬底上包括:光电转换层;包括至少两个薄膜晶体管的放大电路,该放大电路放大所述光电转换层的输出电流;供应高电位电源的第一电极及供应低电位电源的第二电极,该第一电极和第二电极电连接到所述光电转换层及所述放大电路;以及位于所述第一衬底的最上层上的与导电材料形成合金的固定层,并且,在第二衬底上包括:第三电极和第四电极;固定所述第一电极和所述第三电极、以及所述第二电极和所述第四电极的所述导电材料。
在本发明中,所述固定层包含镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钯(Pd)、银(Ag)、锡(Sn)、铂(Pt)、金(Au)中的一种,并且所述导电材料是焊料。
在本发明中,使用镍膏形成所述第一电极及第二电极。
在本发明中,在所述第一电极及第二电极上分别形成有第五电极及第六电极,并且使用铜膏形成所述第五电极及第六电极。
在本发明中,所述放大电路是电流镜电路。
注意,在本说明书中,半导体装置是指通过利用半导体发挥功能的所有元件及装置,并且将利用半导体的光电转换元件、具有光电转换元件的光电转换装置、安装有通过利用半导体发挥功能的元件的电子设备包括在其范围内。
根据本发明,衬底和光电转换元件的固定强度高,从而可以防止衬底和光电转换元件的剥离。由此,光电转换元件的可靠性提高。
附图说明
图1是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图2A至2D是示出现有的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图3A至3D是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图4A至4C是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图5A至5C是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图6A和6B是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图7A和7B是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图8是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图9A和9B是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图10是本发明的光电转换元件的电路图;
图11是本发明的光电转换元件的电路图;
图12是本发明的光电转换元件的电路图;
图13是本发明的光电转换元件的俯视图;
图14是本发明的光电转换元件的俯视图;
图15是示出安装有本发明的半导体装置的装置的图;
图16A和16B是示出安装有本发明的半导体装置的装置的图;
图17A和17B是示出安装有本发明的半导体装置的装置的图;
图18是示出安装有本发明的半导体装置的装置的图;
图19A和19B是示出安装有本发明的半导体装置的装置的图;
图20是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图21是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图22A和22B是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图;
图23是示出本发明的光电转换元件的制造工序的截面图。
具体实施方式
下面,将参照附图说明本发明的实施方式。但是,本发明可以通过多种不同的方式来实施,所属技术领域的普通技术人员可以很容易地理解一个事实就是其方式及详细内容在不脱离本发明的宗旨及其范围下可以被变换为各种各样的形式。因此,本发明不应该被解释为仅限定在实施方式所记载的内容中。注意,在用来说明本发明的实施方式的所有附图中,使用相同的附图标记来表示相同的部分或具有相同功能的部分,而省略其重复说明。
实施方式1
下面,参照图1、图3A至3D、图4A至4C、图5A至5C、图6A和6B、图7A和7B、图8、图9A和9B、图10、图11、图12、图13、图14、图21、图22A和22B、图23来说明本实施方式。
下面,说明本实施方式的光电转换元件的制造方法。
首先,在衬底201上形成绝缘膜202(参照图3A)。作为衬底201,可以使用具有透光性的衬底如玻璃衬底、石英衬底、陶瓷衬底等中的任何一种。在本实施方式中,使用玻璃衬底作为衬底201。
作为绝缘膜202,通过溅射法或等离子体CVD法,形成由氧化硅、包含氮的氧化硅、氮化硅、包含氧的氮化硅、金属氧化材料构成的膜,即可。
或者,也可以使用下层绝缘膜和上层绝缘膜的两个层形成绝缘膜202。优选的是,作为下层绝缘膜,例如使用包含氧的氮化硅膜(SiOxNy:y>x),而作为上层绝缘膜,例如使用包含氮的氧化硅膜(SiOxNy:x>y)。通过将绝缘膜202形成为两层,可以防止来自衬底201一侧的混入物如湿气等。
接着,在绝缘膜202上形成结晶半导体膜,并且将该结晶半导体膜蚀刻成岛状,来形成用作激活层的岛状半导体膜212。
此外,形成覆盖岛状半导体膜212的栅极绝缘膜205(参照图3B)。接着,在栅极绝缘膜205上提供下层栅电极213a及上层栅电极213b(参照图3C)。虽然在图3C中,栅电极213采用下层栅电极213a及上层电极213b的两层结构,但是也可以采用单层结构。此外,在岛状半导体膜212中,形成源区域、漏区域、及沟道形成区域。
以覆盖具有下层栅电极213a及上层栅电极213b的栅电极213、栅极绝缘膜205的方式形成层间绝缘膜206。
注意,层间绝缘膜206既可以使用单层的绝缘膜形成,又可以使用由不同的材料构成的绝缘层的叠层形成。
在层间绝缘膜206上,形成有分别电连接到岛状半导体膜212中的源区域及漏区域的源电极215及漏电极216。再者,还形成有电连接到栅电极213的栅极布线214。
再者,在层间绝缘膜206上形成有电极221、222、223,该电极221、222、223使用与栅极布线214、源电极215、漏电极216相同的材料及工序形成(参照图3D)。也可以使用与栅极布线214、源电极215、漏电极216不同的材料及工序形成该电极221至223。
栅极布线214、源电极215、漏电极216、电极221至223例如使用低电阻金属膜的金属膜形成。作为这种低电阻金属膜,可举出铝合金或纯铝等。此外,在本实施方式中,作为高熔点金属膜和低电阻金属膜的叠层结构,采用按顺序层叠钛膜(Ti膜)、铝膜(Al膜)、Ti膜的三层结构。
此外,也可以使用单层的导电膜代替高熔点金属膜和低电阻金属膜的叠层结构。作为这种单层的导电膜,可以使用如下膜:由选自钛(Ti)、钨(W)、钽(Ta)、钼(Mo)、钕(Nd)、钴(Co)、锆(Zr)、锌(Zn)、钌(Ru)、铑(Rh)、钯(Pd)、锇(Os)、铱(Ir)、铂(Pt)中的元素、或者以上述元素为主要成分的合金或化合物构成的单层膜;或者由上述元素的氮化物例如氮化钛、氮化钨、氮化钽、氮化钼构成的单层膜。
注意,在本实施方式中,使用400nm厚的Ti膜形成栅极布线214、源电极215、漏电极216、以及电极221至223。
此外,在本实施方式中,作为TFT211形成顶栅型TFT,但是也可以形成底栅型TFT。此外,既可以是具有一个沟道形成区域的单栅型TFT,又可以是具有多个沟道形成区域的多栅型TFT。
注意,图3D仅示出一个TFT。但是,实际上TFT211是构成放大在下述光电二极管101中获得的光电流的放大电路如电流镜电路的TFT,从而至少两个TFT被形成。
接着,进行蚀刻,以将层间绝缘膜206、栅极绝缘膜205、以及绝缘膜202的端部形成为锥形状(参照图4A)。
通过将层间绝缘膜206、栅极绝缘膜205、及绝缘膜202的端部形成为锥形状,获得如下效果:形成在这些膜上的保护膜227的覆盖性提高,从而湿气及杂质等不容易进入。
接着,在层间绝缘膜206及电极222上形成p型半导体膜、i型半导体膜、n型半导体膜并进行蚀刻,来形成包括p型半导体层225p、i型半导体层225i、以及n型半导体层225n的光电转换层225(参照图4B)。
通过等离子体CVD法,形成包含周期表中第13族的杂质元素例如硼(B)的非晶半导体膜来构成p型半导体层225p,即可。
在图4B中,光电转换层225的最下层,即,本实施方式的p型半导体层225p接触到电极222。
作为i型半导体层225i,例如通过等离子体CVD法形成非晶半导体膜,即可。此外,作为n型半导体层225n,既可以形成包含周期表中第15族的杂质元素例如磷(P)的非晶半导体膜,又可以在形成非晶半导体膜之后引入周期表中第15族的杂质元素。
注意,作为非晶半导体膜,也可以使用非晶硅膜、非晶锗膜等。
注意,在本说明书中,i型半导体膜是指如下半导体膜:包含在半导体膜中的赋予p型或n型的杂质的浓度为1×1020cm-3以下,氧及氮的浓度为5×1019cm-3以下,并且光导电率是暗导电率的百倍以上。此外,i型半导体膜中也可以添加有10ppm至1000ppm的硼(B)。
此外,作为p型半导体层225p、i型半导体层225i、n型半导体层225n,除了非晶半导体膜之外,还可以使用微晶半导体膜(也称为半非晶半导体膜)。
或者,也可以使用微晶半导体膜形成p型半导体层225p及n型半导体层225n,且使用非晶半导体膜作为i型半导体层225i。
注意,半非晶半导体(在本说明书中,也称为“Semi-amorphosSemiconductor”(SAS))膜是指包括非晶半导体和具有结晶结构的半导体(包括单晶、多晶)的中间结构的半导体的膜。该半非晶半导体膜为具有在自由能方面上很稳定的第三状态的半导体膜,并且是具有短程有序和晶格畸变的结晶。可以以其粒径为0.5nm至20nm使它分散在非单晶半导体膜中而存在。注意,微晶半导体膜(microcrystal semiconductor film)也被包括在半非晶半导体膜。
作为半非晶半导体膜的一个例子,可以举出半非晶硅膜。半非晶硅膜的拉曼光谱转移到比520cm-1低的波数一侧,此外,在进行X射线衍射时,观测到由于Si晶格而产生的(111)、(220)的衍射峰值。此外,引入至少1原子%以上的氢或卤素,以便终结悬空键。在本说明书中,为方便起见,将这种硅膜称为半非晶硅膜。再者,通过将氦、氩、氪、氖等的稀有气体元素包含在半非晶半导体膜中而进一步促进晶格畸变来提高稳定性,从而可以获得具有特性良好的半非晶半导体膜。
此外,可以通过对包含硅的气体进行辉光放电分解来获得半非晶硅膜。作为包含硅的气体的典型,可以举出SiH4。除此以外,还可以使用Si2H6、SiH2Cl2、SiHCl3、SiCl4、SiF4等。另外,通过使用氢或将选自氦、氩、氪、氖中的一种或多种稀有气体元素添加到氢的气体稀释该包含硅的气体,可以容易形成半非晶硅膜。优选在稀释比率为2倍至1000倍的范围内,稀释包含硅的气体。再者,也可以将CH4、C2H6等的碳化合物气体、GeH4、GeF4等的包含锗的气体、F2等混入在包含硅的气体中,以将能带宽度调节为1.5eV至2.4eV或者0.9eV至1.1eV。
注意,在本说明书中,将光电转换层225、包括光电转换层225的光电二极管、以及包括光电二极管的元件称为光电转换元件。
接着,覆盖露出面地形成保护膜227(参照图4C)。在本实施方式中,使用氮化硅膜作为保护膜227。通过利用保护膜227,可以防止湿气及有机物等的杂质混入到TFT211及光电转换层225中。
接着,在保护膜227上形成层间保护膜228(参照图5A)。层间绝缘膜228也用作平坦化膜。在本实施方式中,形成2μm厚的聚酰亚胺作为层间绝缘膜228。
接着,对层间绝缘膜228进行蚀刻来形成接触孔。此时,因为有保护膜227,所以TFT211的栅极布线214、源电极215、漏电极216不被蚀刻。然后,对电极231及电极232要形成的区域的保护膜227进行蚀刻来形成接触孔。再者,在层间绝缘膜228上形成电极231和232,该电极231通过形成在层间绝缘膜228及保护膜227中的接触孔电连接到电极221,而该电极232通过形成在层间绝缘膜228及保护膜227中的接触孔电连接到光电转换层225的上层(在本实施方式中,是n型半导体层225n)及电极223(参照图5B)。作为电极231及232,可以使用钨(W)、钛(Ti)、钽(Ta)、银(Ag)等。
在本实施方式中,作为电极231及232,使用30nm至50nm的钛的导电膜。
接着,在层间绝缘膜228上,通过丝网印刷法或喷墨法形成层间绝缘膜235(参照图5C)。此时,在电极231及232上不形成层间绝缘膜235。在本实施方式中,使用环氧树脂作为层间绝缘膜235。
接着,在层间绝缘膜235上例如通过使用镍(Ni)膏并采用印刷法,制造电连接到电极231的电极241及电连接到电极232的电极242(参照图6A)。
接着,为了使相邻的元件电隔离,通过切割工序去除衬底201、保护膜227、层间绝缘膜228、以及层间绝缘膜235的一部分,来形成空隙261(参照图6B)。
此外,也可以通过激光照射去除层间绝缘膜228及235及衬底201,而不进行切割工序。
激光器由激光介质、激发源、共振器构成。当将激光器按照介质分类时,有气体激光器、液体激光器、固体激光器,而当按照振荡特征分类时,有自由电子激光器、半导体激光器、X线激光器。在分开元件时,任何激光器都可以使用。注意,优选使用气体激光器或固体激光器,更优选使用固体激光器。
作为气体激光器,有氦氖激光器、碳酸气体激光器、受激准分子激光器、氩离子激光器等。作为受激准分子激光器,有稀有气体受激准分子激光器、稀有气体卤化物准分子激光器。作为稀有气体受激准分子激光器的介质,可举出氩、氪、氙等。此外,作为气体激光器,有金属蒸气等离子激光器。
作为液体激光器,有无机液体激光器、有机螯合物激光器、染料激光器。关于无机液体激光器和有机螯合物激光器,将被用于固体激光器的诸如钕等稀土离子用作激光介质。
固体激光器所使用的激光介质是对固体的母体掺杂进行激光振荡的活性物质的介质。固体的母体是结晶或玻璃。结晶指的是YAG(钇铝石榴石晶体)、YLF、YVO4、YAlO3、蓝宝石、红宝石、变石。此外,进行激光振荡的活性物质指的是例如三价离子(Cr3+、Nd3+、Yb3+、Tm3+、Ho3+、Er3+、Ti3+)。
注意,作为用来分开相邻的元件的激光器,可以使用连续振荡型激光器及脉冲振荡型激光器。按照衬底201、保护膜227、层间绝缘膜228及235的厚度及材料等适当地控制激光束的照射条件(例如,频率、功率密度、能量密度、光束轮廓等)。
在衬底201是玻璃衬底的情况下,作为激光束,优选使用具有紫外光区域的1nm以上至380nm以下的波长的固体激光束。这是因为如下缘故:在波长为紫外光区域的激光束中,与其他长波长一侧的激光束相比,光容易被吸收到衬底(特别是玻璃衬底),因此容易进行烧蚀加工。更优选使用具有紫外光区域的1nm以上至380nm以下的波长的Nd:YVO4激光束。这是因为如下缘故:当使用Nd:YVO4激光器时,特别容易进行烧蚀加工。
此外,当通过对玻璃衬底照射激光束,以在玻璃衬底上形成沟槽时,该沟槽的截面带有圆度。与截面带有角的情况相比,若是截面带有圆度,可以防止截面的角部的缺落、以及缝裂的产生。因为上述优点,主要当使用机械手等传输玻璃衬底之际容易传输。此外,当将形成在玻璃衬底上的光电转换元件安装在产品之际也抑制缺落及缝裂的产生,从而可以抑制衬底的损伤及破坏。
注意,烧蚀加工是指利用如下现象的加工:吸收激光束的分子键被截断而分子进行光分解,并且分解生成物汽化而蒸发。就是说,在本实施方式的沟槽的制造方法中,通过对衬底照射激光束来截断被照射激光束的部分的分子键,进行光分解,汽化而蒸发,从而在衬底上形成沟槽。
注意,用来照射上述激光束的激光照射装置包括移动台、衬底、头部及控制部。在移动台上提供有吸附孔。衬底被保持在移动台上的吸附孔。头部通过激光头(laser head)照射从激光振荡装置发射的激光束。控制部通过使移动台和头部中的一方或双方移动,使激光头位于衬底表面的任意地方,来照射激光束。注意,控制部以CCD摄像机成像的衬底上的位置确定标记为基准而根据相对位置识别并确定加工位置。
接着,覆盖层间绝缘膜235、电极241、电极242、空隙261地形成固定层271(参照图1)。
固定层271包含与焊料形成合金的金属,例如镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钯(Pd)、银(Ag)、锡(Sn)、铂(Pt)、金(Au)中的至少一种。特别是,镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、银(Ag)、铂(Pt)、金(Au)很优选。
在本实施方式中,通过溅射法层叠用作第一层271a的50nm厚的金(Au)层、用作第二层271b的300nm至500nm厚的镍(Ni)层、用作第三层271c的100nm厚的钛(Ti)层来形成固定层271(参照图9A)。
钛(Ti)层和作为电极241及242的材料的镍膏的接触性良好。镍(Ni)层是作为电极241及242的材料的镍,且容易与焊料形成合金的材料。此外,金(Au)容易与焊料形成合金,且具有保护镍层的表面的功能。注意,若是不需要,也可以不形成第三层271c(参照图9B)。
在固定层271的叠层膜中,第二层271b的镍层主要与焊料形成合金来将电极241及242固定到后面要形成的电极282及283。
虽然在本实施方式中,使用镍层作为第二层271b,但是可以通过溅射法形成上述铜(Cu)层、锌(Zn)层、钯(Pd)层、银(Ag)层、锡(Sn)层、铂(Pt)层、金(Au)层来代替镍层。
此外,作为第一层271a,也可以使用以锡(Sn)或焊料为靶子并进行溅射而成的层代替金层。
注意,也可以在电极241及242上,分别使用铜(Cu)膏剂形成电极243及244(参照图20)。在此情况下,固定层271形成在电极243及244上。此时的固定层271包含镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、钯(Pd)、银(Ag)、锡(Sn)、铂(Pt)、金(Au)中的至少一种,即可。优选包含铜(Cu)。这是因为如下缘故:铜容易与焊料形成合金且与铜膏更容易粘合。
接着,通过进行切割或照射激光束,在层间绝缘膜235中形成用来使电极241和电极242电隔离的开口部265(参照图7A)。如果不形成开口部265,就发生如下忧虑,即固定层271所导致的电极241及242之间的短路。使用上述激光器照射激光束,即可。
接着,通过对空隙261进一步进行切割来分开每个元件,以形成一个光电转换元件(参照图7B)。
也可以通过照射激光进行该分开工序,而不进行切割。
再者,固定到形成有电极282及283的印刷衬底281上(参照图8)。将电极241和电极283以及电极242和电极282分别彼此相对,并且将焊料用作导电材料285及286来粘合。因为形成有固定层271,所以电极241和242以及使用焊料的导电材料285及286的固定强度增大。因此,可以抑制印刷衬底281和光电转换元件的剥离。
在使用焊料作为导电材料285及286的情况下,采用回流法,即在印刷衬底上印刷膏状的焊料并在其上设置部件,然后加热来使焊料熔化的方法。作为加热方法,有红外线方式及热风方式。
或者,也可以当制造图6A的结构之后,在电极241、242、以及层间绝缘膜235上形成固定层271,而不形成空隙261(参照图21)。然后,在层间绝缘膜235中,通过进行切割或照射激光束形成用来电隔离的开口部265(参照图22A)。再者,通过进行切割或照射激光,分开每个元件来形成一个光电转换元件(参照图22B)。
再者,固定到形成有电极282及283的印刷衬底281上(参照图23)。将电极241和电极283以及电极242和电极282分别彼此相对,并且使用焊料作为导电材料285及286来粘合。
注意,还在不形成空隙261时情况下可以与图20相同地在电极241及242上例如使用铜(Cu)膏形成电极,然后形成固定层271。
在包括根据本实施方式制造的光电转换元件的半导体装置中,因为所包括的光电转换元件和印刷衬底更强固地粘合,所以与现有的半导体装置相比更不容易剥离,从而成为可靠性高的半导体装置。
下面,参照图10、图11、图12说明本实施方式的光电转换元件的电路结构。
在图10示出光电转换元件的电路结构,其中包括具有光电转换层225的光电二极管101、以及例如使用电流镜电路111作为放大光电二极管101的输出的放大电路。电流镜电路111包括参考一侧的TFT104及输出一侧TFT105。注意,上述TFT211是TFT104及TFT105中的一个。
在图10中,构成电流镜电路111的TFT104的栅电极电连接到构成电流镜电路111的另一个TFT105的栅电极,并且电连接到TFT104的源电极及漏电极中的一个的漏电极(也称为“漏端子”)。
TFT104的漏端子电连接到光电二极管101、TFT105的漏端子、以及高电位电源VDD
TFT104的源电极及漏电极中的另一个的源电极(也称为“源端子”)电连接到低电位电源VSS、以及TFT105的源端子。
此外,构成电流镜电路111的TFT105的栅电极电连接到TFT104的栅电极及漏端子。
另外,由于TFT104及105的栅电极彼此连接,因此对它们施加共同电位。
图10示出包括两个TFT的电流镜电路的例子。此时,在参考一侧的TFT104和输出一侧的TFT105具有相同的特性的情况下,参考电流和输出电流的比率为1∶1。
图11示出用来使输出值为n倍的电路结构。图11的电路结构相当于在图10中提供m个TFT105的结构。如图11所示,通过将TFT104和105的比率设定为1∶n,可以使输出值为n倍。这是与增加TFT的沟道宽度W来使能够流过到TFT中的电流的容许量为n倍的情况相同的原理。
例如,在将输出值设定为100倍的情况下,通过将1个n沟道型TFT104、100个n沟道型TFT105并联连接,可以获得目标的电流。
在图11中,电流镜电路111包括TFT104、电路118i(提供有n个的电路118α及电路118β等中的任意一个)、端子119i(提供有n个的端子119α及端子119β等中的任意一个)、端子120i(提供有n个的端子120α及端子120β等中的任意一个)、以及端子121i(提供有n个的端子121α及端子121等中的任意一个)。
注意,在图11的附图标记中,附记有“i”的附图标记与图10中的不附记有“i”的附图标记相同。就是说,例如图10的TFT105和图11的TFT105i相同。
图11的电路结构基于图10的电路结构,并且使用相同的附图标记表示相同的元件。就是说,TFT105i的栅电极电连接到端子119i,并还电连接到端子120i。此外,TFT105i的源端子电连接到端子的电极121i。
因此,在图11中,TFT105由n个TFT105i构成。由此,使流过到TFT104的电流放大为n倍来输出。
换言之,如上所述,在想将参考电流和输出电流的比率设定为1∶1的情况下,形成一个参考一侧的TFT以及一个输出一侧的TFT即可。图10表示其电路图。另外,当想将参考电流和输出电流的比率设定为1∶n时,可以形成一个参考一侧的TFT以及n个输出一侧的TFT,即可。图11表示此时的电路图。
此外,图10示出使用n沟道型TFT的等效电路作为电流镜电路111,但是还可以使用p沟道型TFT代替该n沟道型TFT。
在使用p沟道型TFT形成电流镜电路131的情况下,成为图12所示的等效电路。如图12所示,电流镜电路131包括p沟道型TFT134及135。注意,在图10至图12中,相同的部分使用相同的附图标记来表示。
注意,在想将电流镜电路131的参考电流和输出电流的比率设定为1∶n的情况下,与图11相同地提供n个输出一侧的TFT135。
图13及图14示出图10及图7B所示的光电转换元件的俯视图。
电流镜电路111通过布线114与电连接到高电位电源VDD的电极223电连接,并且通过布线145与电连接到低电位电源VSS的电极221电连接。
电极232覆盖光电转换层225的整体,由此可以防止静电破坏。但是,根据需要,也可以将电极232形成为重叠于光电转换层225的一部分。
此外,虽然在图13中,将电极222的先端形成为半圆状,但是也可以如图14所示那样将电极222的与光电转换层225重叠的区域形成为矩形。由此可以抑制电场集中,从而可以防止静电破坏。
如上所述,根据本发明可获得具有高可靠性的光电转换元件的半导体装置。
实施方式2
在本实施方式中,对于将根据实施方式1获得的光电转换元件安装在各种电子设备的例子,进行说明。作为本方式所示的电子设备的一个例子,可以举出计算机、显示器、移动电话、电视等。图15、图16A和16B、图17A和17B、图18、图19A和19B示出这种电子设备的具体例子。
图15是移动电话,包括主体A701、主体B702、框体703、操作键704、声音输入部705、声音输出部706、电路衬底707、显示面板A708、显示面板B709、铰链710、透光材料部711、以及根据实施方式1来获得的光电转换元件712。
光电转换元件712检测透过透光材料部711的光,并且根据检测出的外部光的照度控制显示面板A708及显示面板B709的亮度,此外根据在光电转换元件712中获得的照度控制操作键704的照明。由此,可以抑制移动电话的耗电流。
图16A和16B示出移动电话的其他例子。在图16A和16B所示的移动电话中,包括主体721、框体722、显示面板723、操作键724、声音输出部725、声音输入部726、根据实施方式1来获得的光电转换元件727及728。
在图16A所示的移动电话中,通过利用设置在主体721中的光电转换元件727检测外部的光,可以控制显示面板723以及操作键724的亮度。
此外,在图16B所示的移动电话中,除了图16A的结构之外,还在主体721的内部设置有光电转换元件728。利用光电转换元件728来可以检测设置在显示面板723中的背光灯的亮度。
图17A是计算机,包括主体731、框体732、显示部733、键盘734、外部连接端口735、定位设备736等。
此外,图17B是显示装置,电视接收机等相当于该显示装置。本显示装置由框体741、支撑台742、显示部743等构成。
图18表示使用液晶面板作为设置在图17A的计算机中的显示部733以及图17B所示的显示装置的显示部743的情况的详细结构。
图18所示的液晶面板762内置在框体761中并且包括衬底751a以及751b、夹在衬底751a以及751b之间的液晶层752、偏振滤波片755a以及755b、以及背光灯753等。此外,在框体761中形成有包括根据实施方式1来获得的光电转换元件的光电转换元件形成区域754。
光电转换元件形成区域754感知来自背光灯753的光量,并且关于其光量等的信息被反馈,以调整液晶面板762的亮度。
图19A和19B是表示将光电转换元件组合在影像拍摄装置例如数码相机中的例子的图。图19A是从数码相机的前面看的透视图,图19B是从其后面看的透视图。
在图19A中,该数码相机具备释放按钮801、主开关802、取景器803、闪光灯804、镜头805、镜筒806、以及框体807。
此外,在图19B中,具备取景器目镜811、监视器812、以及操作按钮813。
当将释放按钮801按下到一半位置时,聚焦机制以及曝光机制工作,当将释放按钮801按下到最低位置时,快门开启。
通过按下或者转动主开关802,打开/关断数码相机的电源。
取景器803被配置在数码相机的前面的镜头805的上部,并且被用来从图19B所示的取景器目镜811确认拍摄范围和焦点位置。
闪光灯804被配置在数码相机的前面的上部,并且当拍照的对象的亮度低时,在释放按钮被按下且快门开启的同时,照射辅助光。
镜头805被配置在数码相机的正面。镜头由聚焦镜头、变焦镜头等构成,并且与未图示的快门以及光圈一起构成拍照光学系统。此外,在镜头的后方设置有成像元件如CCD(电荷耦合器件)等。
镜筒806是用来移动镜头位置以调整聚焦镜头、变焦镜头等的焦点的,并且当拍摄时,通过滑出镜筒,使镜头805移动到前边。此外,当携带时,将镜头805滑入里面而使它小。注意,在本实施方式中,采用通过滑出镜筒来实现缩放拍摄拍照对象的结构,然而,不局限于该结构,也可以采用如下数码相机:通过利用框体807内的拍照光学系统的结构即使不滑出镜筒也可以进行缩放拍摄。
取景器目镜811被设置在数码相机后面的上部,并且它是为了当确认拍摄的范围和焦点位置时接目而设置的窗户。
操作按钮813是设置在数码相机后面的各种功能按钮,并且它由设置按钮、菜单按钮、显示按钮、功能按钮、选择按钮等构成。
通过将根据实施方式1来获得的光电转换元件组合在图19A和19B所示的照相机中,光电转换元件可以感知光是否存在以及光强度,由此可以进行照相机的曝光调节等。
此外,根据实施方式1来获得的光电转换元件可以应用于其他电子设备例如投影电视、导航系统等。换句话说,只要是需要检测光的设备,就可以使用于任何设备。
本说明书根据2007年4月18日在日本专利局受理的日本专利申请编号2007-108795而制作,所述申请内容包括在本说明书中。

Claims (25)

1.一种半导体装置,包括:
形成在衬底上的光电转换层;
包括至少两个薄膜晶体管的放大电路,所述放大电路形成在所述衬底上并放大所述光电转换层的输出电流;
形成在所述光电转换层和所述放大电路上的第一层间绝缘膜;
形成在所述光电转换层和所述第一层间绝缘膜上的第一电极,所述第一电极电连接到所述光电转换层;
形成在所述第一层间绝缘膜上的第二层间绝缘膜,所述第二层间绝缘膜重叠于所述放大电路并具有到达所述第一电极的开口;
形成在所述开口中的第二电极,所述第二电极电连接到所述第一电极;以及
形成在所述第二电极上的固定层,所述固定层重叠于所述第二层间绝缘膜和所述第二电极,
其中,所述固定层包含能够与焊料形成合金的金属。
2.根据权利要求1所述的半导体装置,
其中所述固定层包含选自镍、铜、锌、钯、银、锡、铂、以及金中的元素。
3.根据权利要求1所述的半导体装置,
其中所述放大电路是电流镜电路。
4.根据权利要求1所述的半导体装置,还包括所述光电转换层和所述第一层间绝缘膜之间的保护膜。
5.根据权利要求1所述的半导体装置,
其中所述光电转换层包括p型半导体层、i型半导体层、以及n型半导体层。
6.根据权利要求1所述的半导体装置,
其中所述第二电极包含镍。
7.根据权利要求1所述的半导体装置,
其中所述固定层是由金层、镍层、以及钛层形成的叠层。
8.一种半导体装置,包括:
形成在第一衬底上的光电转换层;
包括至少两个薄膜晶体管的放大电路,所述放大电路形成在所述第一衬底上并放大所述光电转换层的输出电流;
形成在所述光电转换层和所述放大电路上的第一层间绝缘膜;
形成在所述光电转换层和所述第一层间绝缘膜上的第一电极,所述第一电极电连接到所述光电转换层;
形成在所述第一层间绝缘膜上的第二层间绝缘膜,所述第二层间绝缘膜重叠于所述放大电路并具有到达所述第一电极的开口;
形成在所述开口中的第二电极,所述第二电极电连接到所述第一电极;
形成在所述第二电极上的固定层,所述固定层重叠于所述第二层间绝缘膜和所述第二电极;
形成在所述固定层上的导电材料,所述导电材料电连接到所述固定层;
形成在所述导电材料上的第三电极,所述第三电极电连接到所述导电材料;以及
形成在所述第三电极上的第二衬底,
其中,所述固定层包含能够与焊料形成合金的金属。
9.根据权利要求8所述的半导体装置,
其中所述固定层包含选自镍、铜、锌、钯、银、锡、铂、以及金中的元素。
10.根据权利要求8所述的半导体装置,
其中所述放大电路是电流镜电路。
11.根据权利要求8所述的半导体装置,还包括所述光电转换层和所述第一层间绝缘膜之间的保护膜。
12.根据权利要求8所述的半导体装置,
其中所述光电转换层包括p型半导体层、i型半导体层、以及n型半导体层。
13.根据权利要求8所述的半导体装置,
其中所述第二电极包含镍。
14.根据权利要求8所述的半导体装置,
其中所述固定层是由金层、镍层、以及钛层形成的叠层。
15.根据权利要求8所述的半导体装置,
其中所述导电材料包含焊料。
16.根据权利要求8所述的半导体装置,
其中所述第二衬底是印刷电路板。
17.一种半导体装置,包括:
形成在第一衬底上的光电转换层;
包括至少两个薄膜晶体管的放大电路,所述放大电路形成在所述第一衬底上并放大所述光电转换层的输出电流;
形成在所述光电转换层和所述放大电路上的第一层间绝缘膜;
形成在所述光电转换层和所述第一层间绝缘膜上的第一电极,所述第一电极电连接到所述光电转换层;
形成在所述第一层间绝缘膜上的第二层间绝缘膜,所述第二层间绝缘膜重叠于所述放大电路并具有到达所述第一电极的开口;
形成在所述开口中的第二电极,所述第二电极电连接到所述第一电极;
形成在所述第二电极上的第三电极,所述第三电极重叠于所述第二电极和所述第二层间绝缘膜并电连接到所述第二电极;
形成在所述第三电极上的固定层,所述固定层重叠于所述第二层间绝缘膜和所述第三电极并电连接到所述第三电极;
形成在所述固定层上的导电材料,所述导电材料电连接到所述固定层;
形成在所述导电材料上的第四电极,所述第四电极电连接到所述导电材料;以及
形成在所述第四电极上的第二衬底,
其中,所述固定层包含能够与焊料形成合金的金属。
18.根据权利要求17所述的半导体装置,
其中所述固定层包含选自镍、铜、锌、钯、银、锡、铂、以及金中的元素。
19.根据权利要求17所述的半导体装置,
其中所述放大电路是电流镜电路。
20.根据权利要求17所述的半导体装置,还包括所述光电转换层和所述第一层间绝缘膜之间的保护膜。
21.根据权利要求17所述的半导体装置,
其中所述光电转换层包括p型半导体层、i型半导体层、以及n型半导体层。
22.根据权利要求17所述的半导体装置,
其中所述第二电极包含镍。
23.根据权利要求17所述的半导体装置,
其中所述导电材料包含焊料。
24.根据权利要求17所述的半导体装置,
其中所述第二衬底是印刷电路板。
25.根据权利要求17所述的半导体装置,
其中所述固定层是由金层、镍层、以及钛层形成的叠层。
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