CN100474216C - 在与虚拟宠物交互中提供触觉反馈的方法和装置 - Google Patents
在与虚拟宠物交互中提供触觉反馈的方法和装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
为与模拟(虚拟)宠物交互的用户提供触觉反馈的方法和系统能增强用户和宠物间关系的真实感。其中的一个实施例包括:接收与虚拟宠物的生物状态关联的信号(100);以及基于该接收信号(100)将一种触觉作用输出给用户(120)。
Description
背景
本发明一般涉及触觉系统,特别涉及含有触觉反馈的交互式仿真和接口设备。
因特网和现代通讯网络的出现赋予了模拟(虚拟)宠物更新的生命。除了独立电子宠物玩具(例如那些被称为“Tomagotcchi”的电子宠物玩具,见美国专利No.5966526)之外,当前用户也可以创建他/她自己的模拟(虚拟)宠物,或者在线定购一个虚拟宠物,并按照他/她愿意的方式培养它。这样的虚拟宠物通常被编程以适应它们的环境,并且根据它们和主人的交互开发新的特性和特征。虚拟宠物可以进一步探索在线世界,并按照其主人的安排参与事件等等。然而,在这些情形下虚拟宠物和主人之间的交互仅仅局限在视觉和/或听觉交互。也就是说,用户缺乏和宠物的触觉,如同现实世界中所体验的那样。
发明概述
本发明的实施例涉及为和模拟(虚拟)宠物交互的用户提供触觉反馈的方法和系统,从而增强用户和虚拟宠物关系的真实感。这里用到的术语“虚拟宠物”通常解释为指任何模拟的动物或形象,其可能有或没有“现实”对应物。
在本发明的一个方面,一种为与虚拟宠物交互的用户提供触觉反馈的方法包括:接收与虚拟宠物的生物状态有关的信号,该生物状态与触觉作用关联;以及基于所述接收的信号将所述关联的触觉作用输出给用户。
在本发明的另一个方面,一种装置包括:用户接口客体;与该用户接口客体相连的触觉反馈组件;和与该用户接口客体和触觉反馈组件相连的存储器,该存储器存储可执行软件代码,该软件代码当由处理器执行时,使该处理器接收并向所述触觉反馈组件传送与虚拟宠物的生物状态有关的信号,该生物状态与触觉作用关联,所述触觉反馈组件被设置成输出所述关联的触觉作用到所述用户接口客体。
参考本发明的详细说明,结合附图,可以更好地理解本发明。
附图说明
图1示出了本发明方法的一个实施例的流程图;
图2示出了本发明触觉系统的一个实施例的框图;
图3是本发明触觉系统的另一个可选实施例的框图;
图4显示本发明触觉反馈组件的实施例的框图;
图5示出了单个“咕噜叫”波形的实施例;
图6示出了连续“咕噜叫”波形的实施例;
图7示出了一种“健康”心跳波形的实施例;
图8示出了一种“不健康”心跳波形的实施例;
图9示出了一种“濒死”心跳波形的实施例;
图10示出了一种“兴奋”心跳波形的实施例;
图11示出了一种“咯咯笑”感觉波形的实施例。
发明详述
在一个实施例中,一种为与虚拟宠物的交互的用户提供触觉反馈的方法包括:接收与虚拟宠物的生物状态关联的信号;并基于该接收信号把一种触觉作用输出给用户。
这里使用的术语“生物状态”通常解释为指虚拟宠物“所处的状态”,例如健康或情绪状态。生物状态的例子包括但不局限于:心跳,活力,咕噜叫,咯咯笑,亲切,以及其它的自身特性。通过基于虚拟宠物生物状态产生的触觉作用,这些所处状态被传达给用户。通过适当的触觉作用,用户也可以体验与饲养和同虚拟宠物的其它交互有关的回应。
用于控制虚拟宠物的软件应用模块可以位于本地设备(如电脑或手持设备)上,在该本地设备处确定与生物状态相关的信号和关联的触觉作用。可选的,控制虚拟宠物的软件应用模块可以存在于远端,如网络资源上,与生物状态相关的信号连同关联的触觉作用可以在该网络内产生并传送到本地设备以与用户交互。
在另一个实施例中,一种为与虚拟宠物交互的用户提供触觉反馈的触觉系统包括:一个用户接口客体;与该用户接口客体相联的触觉反馈组件;与该用户接口客体和触觉反馈组件通信的控制器;和存储软件的一个存储器。该控制器执行该软件以实施上述方法,该触觉反馈组件配置成输出触觉作用,从而在用户接口客体上产生该触觉作用。在另一个实施例中,触觉系统进一步包括用于显示虚拟宠物可视图像的显示屏,还可能附带有音频部件,用来提供与虚拟宠物的生物状态相关的声音提示。这种可视和音频效果可以补充用户所体验的触觉的方式产生和协调。
上述触觉系统可以在电脑,蜂窝电话机,个人数字助理(PDA),寻呼机,游戏控制台,独立玩具装置(如Tomagotcchi),或本技术领域已知的其他类型的手持电子设备中具体实现,并且可以进一步装配有联网功能。
图1所示的流程图100描述了按照本发明的一个实施例的一种为与虚拟宠物交互的用户提供触觉反馈的方法。应该认识到图1的实施例是通过举例的方式阐述本发明的原理,不应该理解为对本发明范围任何方式的限定。本领域技术人员也能够认识到可以有多种变形和修改,而不偏离本发明的原理和范围。
图1所示的流程图100包括:接收与虚拟宠物的生物状态关联的信号,如步骤110所述;以及基于该接收信号把一种触觉作用输出给用户,如步骤120所述。
图1所示步骤110中的“接收”通常定义为指从本地设备(或在其内)接收有关虚拟宠物生物状态的信号;或者从外部(或远程)源接收有关虚拟宠物生物状态的信号,例如从某种网络资源。如图2进一步的详述,前者属于控制虚拟宠物的软件应用模块设置在本地设备(如电脑或手持设备)的情形。该情形下,有关生物状态的信号能例如由传动装置从本地设备内的控制器接收。如图3进一步的描述,后者属于控制虚拟宠物的软件应用模块设置在远端网络资源上的情形,其中有关虚拟宠物的信息被传送到与用户接触的本地设备。该情形下,能例如由位于本地设备内的传动装置从网络接收有关生物状态的信号。
“生物状态”是指虚拟宠物的“所处状态”(或行为),如健康和情绪状态。生物状态的例子包括但不局限于:心跳,活力,咕噜叫,咯咯笑,亲切,以及其它的自身特性。
在图1的步骤120中,触觉作用基于接收到的有关虚拟宠物生物状态的信号而产生,并输出给用户。触觉作用的确定同样可以通过本地设备(如电脑或手持设备)执行。触觉作用的确定也可以在与本地设备相联的网络资源内执行;基于触觉作用的确定的信号或指示能传送到本地设备,本地设备能将其输出给用户。这样产生的触觉作用用于将与生物状态关联的触觉或动觉反馈传递给用户,因而增强用户-宠物交互的真实感。通过这样产生的适当的触觉作用,用户也可以体验与饲养和同宠物的其它交互有关的回应。
进而,“触觉作用”通常应该解释为包括任何类型的力反馈,如触觉或动觉反馈,这样的力反馈被认为适合于传递虚拟宠物的特定生物状态,从而增强用户-宠物交互的真实感。进一步的详述见图4。
图1的实施例可以进一步包括显示虚拟宠物的可视图像,如步骤130所述。也可以包括产生与虚拟宠物生物状态相关的音频提示,如步骤140所述。可以协调这种可视和音频效果以补充用户所体验的触觉。
图1的实施例可以附带包括修改/更新虚拟宠物生物状态,如步骤150所述。例如,当体验到虚拟宠物生物状态(如感觉寂寞或饥饿)有关的触觉时,用户可以采取行动(如抚摸或喂养宠物)改变虚拟宠物的生物状态(如咕噜叫或咯咯笑)。
下面描述的几个实施例用举例的方式阐述了图1的实施例的实现方式。应该理解有许多可选的方式来实施本发明,因此,可以有多种变形和修改,而不偏离本发明的原理和范围。
图2示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的触觉系统200的一个框图,触觉系统200可以被用来向和虚拟宠物交互的用户提供触觉反馈。例如,触觉系统200可以包括:一个用户接口客体210,一个触觉反馈组件220,一个本地控制器230,以及用来存储要由控制器230执行的计算机可执行软件的存储器240。触觉反馈组件220设置为给用户接口客体210提供触觉反馈。例如,如根据图4进一步的描述,触觉反馈组件220可以和用户接口客体210机械集成,形成“能感受触觉的”整体装置250。可选的,触觉反馈组件220可以和用户接口客体210机械接合,以有效地传递力反馈。通过例如本技术中已知的有线或无线通信方式,触觉反馈组件220和用户接口客体210进一步和控制器230通信。
图2所述实施例中,运行存储器240中存储的计算机可执行软件可以驱使本地控制器230执行任务。具体地,计算机可执行软件可以驱使本地控制器230接收有关虚拟宠物生物状态的指示或信号,这可由来自于用户接口客体210的输入信号激励。计算机可执行软件进一步驱使本地控制器230基于接收到的有关虚拟宠物生物状态的指示或信号,产生触觉作用有关的指示或信号。产生的触觉作用有关的指示或信号驱使触觉反馈组件220输出触觉作用给用户。生物状态和/或对应的触觉作用可以例如是从数据库(如存储在存储器240中)中选择,或以动态方式产生。
图2所示的触觉系统200可选地包括一个与控制器230通信的显示屏260,用来显示虚拟宠物的可视图像,还可选地包括一个与控制器230通信的音频部件270,用来提供有关虚拟宠物生物状态的声音提示。用于产生这种可视和/或音频信号的软件可以存储在存储器240,并由控制器230执行。正如本领域技术人员所知晓的,所述的可视、音频信号和触觉作用可以由控制器230产生和协调,以最好地增强用户和虚拟宠物交互的真实感。
某些情况下控制虚拟宠物的软件应用模块位于远程源如网络资源上,有关生物状态和相应的触觉作用的指示或信号从网络资源被传送(或下载)到与用户接触的本地设备中的触觉反馈组件。图3示出了根据本发明的一个实施例适用于这种情况的触觉系统300。例如,图3所示实施例可以基于图2的实施例,因而相似部件具有相似的数字标注。在这种情况下,网络资源330可用来代替(或协同)图2实施例中的本地控制器230和存储器240。
图3中,网络资源330(如网络服务器)可以包括例如一个适配的控制器和该控制器可执行的软件(连同适配数据库一起)。网络资源330可以用与上述参照图2描述的部件相类似的方式操作。网络资源330可以确定虚拟宠物的生物状态,这可例如由来自用户接口客体210的输入信号激励。网络资源330能产生有关所确定的生物状态的指示或信号。在这样确定的生物状态的基础上,网络资源330能进一步产生与触觉作用相关的指示或信号,并把该指示或信号传送到触觉反馈组件220,以输出触觉作用到用户接口客体210。网络资源330还可以提供有关虚拟宠物可视图像的指示或信号,该指示或信号能被传送并在显示屏260显示出来。此外,网络资源330可以产生有关虚拟宠物生物状态的音频信号并传送到音频部件270。如上面参照图2所述,这些可视及音频提示可被协调,以补充用户感受的触觉。
图2(或图3)所示的触觉系统200可以例如在个人电脑(如台式机或膝上电脑)、工作站、信息亭、或通常连接到电视机或其它显示屏的多种家庭视频游戏控制台系统之一中具体实现。用户接口客体210可以是例如鼠标、游戏杆、键盘、触摸板、方向键盘、游戏键盘、跟踪球、遥控器,或本技术领域已知的其它类型的用户接口输入设备。用户可以例如通过操作显示屏260(如监视器)上的光标而与虚拟宠物交互(如抚摸)。存储器240包括但不局限于:随机存储器(RAM),只读存储器(ROM),硬盘驱动器,DVD驱动器,CD-R/RW驱动器,软磁盘,光磁电盘,磁带,或本技术领域已知的其它类型的数据存储媒介。控制器230(如电脑中的一个或多个处理器)可以进一步装配有联网功能(如可以连接到Internet),使用户和虚拟宠物能浏览万维网(WWW)。
图2(或图3)所示的触觉系统200还可以在手持式设备,如蜂窝电话机、PDA、寻呼机、独立电子玩具(如Tomagotchi),手持式视频游戏单元(如Nintendo Gameboy)等中具体实现。用户接口客体可以由一个或多个物理键(或软键),滚轮,开关或其它类型的用户接口输入设备提供。本领域技术人员应该知道,在其中的一些装置中,触摸屏可以同时充当用户接口输入设备和显示设备。
图4示出了可被用来配置图2(或3)所示触觉反馈组件220的一个触觉反馈组件实施例420的框图。触觉反馈组件420通常可包括:处理器421;一个或多个传感器422,连同相关的传感器接口423一起用来检测用户接口客体410的动作;以及一个或多个传动装置424,与相关的传动装置接口425一起用来输出作用力给用户接口客体410。处理器421可利用传感器的输出控制传动装置,以根据用户接口对象410的动作对其施加适当作用力。这种触觉反馈组件的结构和操作在美国专利NO.5734373,6285351,6300936中有更详细的叙述,所述三个美国专利在此引用作为参考。
如上所述,触觉反馈组件420和用户接口客体410可以机械地集成为一个“能感受触觉”的整体装置,如罗技公司(Logitech Inc.)制造的iFeel鼠标,并由Immersion公司的TouchSenseTM技术使能。一个实施例中,这种鼠标可与一个运行虚拟宠物软件(如来自Neopets.com的基于因特网的虚拟宠物软件)的计算机连接。该软件使用户能创建他们自己的宠物,这些宠物可从多种不同的类型中选择并具有各种特点。例如,可以参考美国专利No.6211861和6429846,其公开了“能感受触觉”的用户接口输入设备的实施例。
触觉反馈组件420能进一步设置成以被认为合适的方式输出任何形式的力反馈。在一些应用中,例如对用户实现诸如振动、脉搏和肌理的触觉可能是所想要的。然而在其它应用中,可以根据用户可操作客体(如游戏操作杆、鼠标、操纵轮等)的运动自由度而产生运动知觉,以提供用户和虚拟宠物之间更多的动态交互。可以参考美国专利NO.5734373,其披露了产生触觉和运动知觉反馈的实施例。
可选地,本发明的实施例可以进一步允许用户选择或定制相应于虚拟宠物的特定状态的触觉反馈。
下面描述产生与虚拟宠物的多种生物状态相关的触觉的一些实施例。
咕噜叫
当用户与宠物交互时做出了使宠物高兴的举动,一种模拟咕噜叫感觉的触觉作用可通过一个触觉反馈组件(如上述的触觉反馈组件220)输出给用户。咕噜叫感觉可被触发以响应用户在显示屏(如图2、3所示的显示屏260)上用光标“抚摸”虚拟宠物,例如,通过在显示宠物的图像上来回移动光标,或简单地启动一个抚摸按钮(如显示屏上的图标,或图2、3所示用户接口客体设备210上的一个按钮)。当用户用光标在预定的时间内吸引或接触宠物时,咕噜叫感觉会传递给用户,从而模拟例如一只猫在抚摸和高兴时咕噜叫的实际体验。这种咕噜叫感觉会以触觉反馈组件周期性振动的形式传递。咕噜叫振动的幅度和/或频率会例如依赖于用户交互随时间而改变。图5给出了一个可用于产生咕噜叫振动的波形例子,其幅度在时间周期内起伏。这种咕噜叫波形可进一步随时间重复,以提供如图6所示的咕噜叫振动序列。
在一些实施例中,图6所示的振动周期也可以有不同的特性(如幅度和/或频率),例如,当用户抚摸虚拟宠物超过一定时间时,幅度(和可选的频率)会逐渐增加。
心跳
在某些实施例中,用户可以通过检查他/她的虚拟宠物的心跳来检查宠物的健康状况。通过一个用户接口输入设备(如上述的用户接口客体210),用户可以输入一种输入信号以激励心跳的“测量”。结果,一个数据信号或指示可被传送到触觉反馈组件,该组件输出脉搏感觉给用户。脉搏感觉的频率或幅度可以用来指示虚拟宠物的健康状态:如一个缓慢(低频率)和/或虚弱(低强度)的脉搏可表示宠物不健康而需要治疗。
图7、8、9示出了可用于产生与虚拟宠物不同健康状态相关的脉搏感觉的几个波形。例如,图7所示相对“健康”的心跳波形例子表示虚拟宠物健康状态良好,这个波形导致输出相对高频率和高幅度的脉搏感觉。图8所示的另一种波形表示健康不良的心跳,其在幅度和频率上均低于图7所示波形。图9所示的另一个“濒死”心跳波形,表示虚拟宠物的健康状态很严重,该波形很显然与图7所示的波形有明显区别。
除了“健康”之外,心跳可以用来指示虚拟宠物的“努力”或“兴奋”状态,例如,快节奏的心跳会把这种状态传递给用户。图10示出了“兴奋”心跳的波形例子。例如当用户离开很长时间后再探视虚拟宠物,或者用户奖励它时,也可输出这种波形。在一些可选实施例中,可以通过幅度和/或频率逐渐减小的波形指示努力时的心跳(例如由于和其它虚拟宠物打架,或者在虚拟世界中行走等等)。
咯咯笑
当用户以“逗乐”的方式与虚拟宠物交互时,咯咯笑感觉可通过触觉反馈组件传递给用户。例如,用户可以通过在虚拟宠物图像上来回移动光标来模拟逗乐的动作。结果,作为一种幅度、频率变化的振动感觉,咯咯笑感觉会传递给用户。图11示出了可用于实现咯咯笑感觉的波形的例子。该例中,高频正弦波的振幅表现为一种调制的“包络”,其开始于一个高幅度,沿斜坡降至一个低幅度,再沿斜坡回升等等。这就提供了一个幅度随时间改变的高频脉搏。如上所述,也可以产生与逗乐动作相对应的可视和音频效果,以补充咯咯笑感觉。
喂食
照顾虚拟(或真实)宠物的一个日常活动就是“喂食”。当虚拟宠物进食时,一种触觉反馈会输出给用户以实现“喂食感”。这种喂食感可以是一系列摇晃的形式,例如表示宠物正在吞下食物。可选的是,喂食感可以作为连续振动传递给用户,表示宠物正在喝水或者有力地咀嚼。喂食感的传递还可以与宠物在咀嚼或吞咽时移动嘴巴的可视图像协调,并配有相应的声音效果。
可以预见,触觉作用可以进一步设计成能传达虚拟宠物其它的特征和能力。例如,传递给用户的触觉可以表示一只虚拟宠物在摇尾巴,其振动的幅度和频率可与摇摆的图像相关联。还可以产生与虚拟宠物摇耳朵、喘气、搔抓皮毛或跳蚤、伸懒腰或睡觉相对应的触觉。此外,虚拟宠物可以装备特别能力,如射出闪电或喷火。为传送这种能力也可以设计某种适当的触觉。
感觉统计数据
在虚拟宠物环境中,一只宠物通常被赋予一组统计数据来记录该动物的力量和活力。在两个宠物“打斗”时可能用上这些统计数据。例如,当宠物主人试图确定他/她的宠物是否应该和其它宠物打斗时,可以查看有关两只宠物的力量统计数据。感觉一个潜在对手“力量”的一种有效途径是通过触觉。例如,用户可以把光标放在特定宠物的图像上,感觉传达宠物力量的触觉。这种情况下,触觉可以振动的形式传递,其特征在于该振动的幅度例如根据宠物力量的统计数据定标。
同样,虚拟宠物也可以具有“受欢迎度”统计数据。与在力量(或活力)统计数据情况中一样,也可以把受欢迎度统计数据与触觉关联。例如,一只“不受欢迎”宠物可被分配有软的、低频率的触觉;而一只受欢迎宠物可指示强的、高频率的触觉。本领域技术人员应该理解,触觉同样可与虚拟宠物的其它统计数据相关。
本领域普通技术人员应该认识到,上述例举的实施例用于阐明本发明的基本原理。可以设计多种装置和方法等效地实现指定的功能。进而,也可以做出多种变形、置换和变换,而不偏离本发明的原理和范围。
Claims (22)
1.一种方法,包括:
接收与虚拟宠物的生物状态有关的信号,该生物状态与触觉作用关联;以及
基于所述接收的信号将所述关联的触觉作用输出给用户。
2.如权利要求1的方法,其中与所述生物状态有关的所述信号在本地接收。
3.如权利要求1的方法,其中与所述生物状态有关的信号从远程源接收。
4.如权利要求1的方法,进一步包括:
基于与所述生物状态有关的信号,在本地获得与该触觉作用关联的指示。
5.如权利要求1的方法,进一步包括:
基于与所述生物状态有关的信号,在远程源获得与该触觉作用关联的指示;和
将与该触觉作用关联的该指示从该远程源发送至一个本地设备。
6.如权利要求1的方法,其中所述生物状态对应于所述虚拟宠物的健康状态和情绪状态至少之一。
7.如权利要求6的方法,其中所述触觉作用模拟心跳感觉、活力感觉、咯咯笑感觉和咕噜叫感觉中的至少一种。
8.如权利要求1的方法,其中所述触觉作用模拟喂食感觉。
9.如权利要求1的方法,进一步包括产生所述虚拟宠物的可视图像。
10.如权利要求1的方法,进一步包括产生与所述虚拟宠物的所述生物状态关联的声音提示。
11.如权利要求1的方法,进一步包括修改所述虚拟宠物的所述生物状态。
12.如权利要求1的方法,进一步包括定制对所述用户的所述触觉作用。
13.一种装置,包括:
用户接口客体;
与该用户接口客体相连的触觉反馈组件;和
与该用户接口客体和触觉反馈组件相连的存储器,该存储器存储可执行软件代码,该软件代码当由处理器执行时,使该处理器接收并向所述触觉反馈组件传送与虚拟宠物的生物状态有关的信号,该生物状态与触觉作用关联,
所述触觉反馈组件被设置成输出所述关联的触觉作用到所述用户接口客体。
14.如权利要求13的装置,进一步包括与所述用户接口客体和所述触觉反馈组件相连的控制器,该控制器包括用于执行所述可执行软件代码的所述处理器。
15.如权利要求14的装置,其中所述用户接口客体包括从下组部件中选取的一种:鼠标、游戏杆、键盘、跟踪球、滚动轮、触摸板、触摸屏、指示笔、遥控器和游戏键盘。
16.如权利要求15的装置,进一步包括连接到所述控制器的显示屏,所述存储器进一步存储用于在该显示屏上显示所述虚拟宠物的可执行软件代码和用于从所述用户接口客体接收用户信号的可执行软件代码,该虚拟宠物的显示和所述触觉作用基于该用户信号。
17.如权利要求13的装置,其中所述用户接口客体包括一个触摸屏。
18.如权利要求17的装置,其中存储在所述存储器中的所述可执行软件代码进一步包括用于在所述触摸屏上显示所述虚拟宠物的可执行软件代码和用于从所述触摸屏接收用户信号的可执行软件代码,所述触觉作用基于该用户信号。
19.如权利要求13的装置,其中所述生物状态对应于所述虚拟宠物的健康状态和情绪状态至少之一。
20.如权利要求19的装置,其中所述触觉作用模拟心跳感觉、活力感觉、咯咯笑感觉和咕噜叫感觉中的至少一种。
21.如权利要求13的装置,其中存储在所述存储器中的所述可执行软件代码进一步包括用于修改所述虚拟宠物的所述生物状态的可执行软件代码。
22.如权利要求13的装置,其中存储在所述存储器中的所述可执行软件代码进一步包括用于定制所述触觉作用的可执行软件代码。
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- 2002-10-30 CN CNB028217411A patent/CN100474216C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-30 US US10/283,258 patent/US8788253B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-10-30 EP EP02804680.3A patent/EP1440414B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-10-30 AU AU2002364690A patent/AU2002364690A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2008
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KR20040062601A (ko) | 2004-07-07 |
EP1440414A2 (en) | 2004-07-28 |
JP2005511226A (ja) | 2005-04-28 |
JP2015226806A (ja) | 2015-12-17 |
EP1440414B1 (en) | 2016-08-17 |
WO2003051062A2 (en) | 2003-06-19 |
EP1440414A4 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
WO2003051062A3 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
US20030080987A1 (en) | 2003-05-01 |
AU2002364690A1 (en) | 2003-06-23 |
JP2012152627A (ja) | 2012-08-16 |
CN1578964A (zh) | 2005-02-09 |
JP2008259921A (ja) | 2008-10-30 |
AU2002364690A8 (en) | 2003-06-23 |
US8788253B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 |
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