A disclosed surface-emitting laser includes a substrate and multiple semiconductor layers stacked on the substrate. A normal of the principal plane of the substrate is inclined with respect to one of crystal orientations <1 0 0> toward one of crystal orientations <1 1 1>. The semiconductor layers include...http://www.google.com.au/patents/US8111725?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8111725 - Surface-emitting laser, surface-emitting laser array, optical scanning device, and image forming apparatus
