A target molecule at a binding site is detected using an optical waveguide having a surface proximate to the binding site, and a waveguide detector coupled to the optical waveguide. An incident light beam is applied to the binding site along an axis transverse to the surface of the optical waveguide....http://www.google.com.au/patents/US5841914?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5841914 - Molecular detection apparatus and method using optical waveguide detection 
