WO2016030822A1

WO2016030822A1 - Leadless neurostimulator

Info

Publication number: WO2016030822A1
Application number: PCT/IB2015/056437
Authority: WO
Inventors: Andre Mercanzini
Original assignee: Aleva Neurotherapeutics Sa
Priority date: 2014-08-27
Filing date: 2015-08-25
Publication date: 2016-03-03
Also published as: EP3912676A1; US20160059016A1; JP2017525545A; US9572985B2; US9889304B2; US20170143982A1; CA2959281A1; EP3185948B1; EP3185948A1; US20160303375A1; US9403011B2

Abstract

The present disclosure describes a medical device to provide neurostimulation therapy to a patient's brain. The device can be surgically implanted and can remain in the patient until end of life. The present disclosure also describes accessories which guide the implantation of the device, and the components that form a leadless stimulator implantation kit.

Description

LEADLESS NEUROSTIMULATOR

BACKGROUND

[0001] Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurostimulation therapy which involves electrical stimulation systems that stimulate the human brain and body. DBS can be used to treat a number of neurological disorders. Typically DBS involves electrically stimulating a target area of the brain.

SUMMARY

[0002] According to one aspect of the disclosure a neurostimulation device includes a stimulation capsule with a proximal and distal end. The stimulation capsule includes a MEMS film with a plurality of electrodes. The MEMS film defines a lumen. The stimulation capsule also includes a stimulation source disposed within the lumen and electrically coupled to at least one of the plurality of electrodes. The stimulation capsule can also include a power supply disposed within the lumen and electrically coupled with the stimulation source. The stimulation capsule can include a tether coupled with the proximal end of the stimulation capsule.

[0003] In some implementations, a diameter of the stimulation capsule is less than a diameter of the tether. The tether can include an antenna or the MEMS film can include a strip or a serpentine antenna. The antenna can be configured to operate at a center frequency of one of 6.790 MHz, 13.560 MHz, 27.120 MHz, 40.680 MHz, 433.920 MHz, 915.000 MHz, 2.450 GHz, 5.800 GHz, and 24.125 GHz. In some implementations, the antenna is forms a loop. The antenna can be used to program the stimulation capsule, and the antenna can include one or more wires in electrical communication with the stimulation capsule. The one or more wires can each couple with a wire tether contact disposed on a ribbon cable. The ribbon cable can extend from a distal end of the MEMS film into the lumen.

[0004] In some implementations, the stimulation source and the power supply are disposed on the ribbon cable. The power supply can be battery or super-capacitor. A recording circuit can also be coupled with the ribbon cable. In some implementations, the MEMS film includes a first polymeric layer, a first barrier layer, a metal layer, a second barrier layer, and a second polymeric layer.

[0005] According to another aspect of the disclosure, a method of manufacturing a stimulation device includes forming a MEMS film. The MEMS film can include a plurality of electrodes and a ribbon cable extending from a distal end of the MEMS film. The method can also include coupling a stimulation source with a first plurality of contacts. The first plurality of contacts can be disposed on a first face of the ribbon cable and can be in electrical communication with at least one of the plurality of electrodes. A power supply can be coupled with a second plurality of contacts. The second plurality of contacts can be disposed on a second face of the ribbon cable. The method also includes folding the ribbon cable toward a face of the MEMS film, and forming, with the MEMS film, a lumen. The ribbon cable can be disposed within the lumen.

[0006] In some implementations, the method also includes coupling a recording circuit on a third plurality of contacts disposed on the first face of the ribbon cable. The first face of the ribbon cable can be different than the second face of the ribbon cable.

[0007] The method can also include filling the lumen with an encapsulating epoxy. A lead wire can be coupled with a tether contact. The tether contact can be disposed toward a distal tip of the ribbon cable. In some implementations, the method includes heat molding the MEMS film to form the lumen. The power source can include a rechargeable battery of a super capacitor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] The figures, described herein, are for illustration purposes only. Various aspects of the described implementations may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the described implementations. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like features, functionally similar and/or structurally similar elements throughout the various drawings. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the teachings. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings. The systems and methods may be better understood from the following illustrative description with reference to the following drawings in which:

[0009] FIGS. 1A and IB illustrates an example leadless stimulator system.

[0010] FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate an example leadless stimulator from the leadless stimulator system of FIG. 1A.

[0011] FIG. 4 illustrates an enlarged view of the leadless stimulator from FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0012] FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate an example MEMS film for use in the example leadless stimulator of FIG. 1A.

[0013] FIG. 7 illustrates an enlarged view of example contact pads for the MEMS film of FIGS. 5 and 6.

[0014] FIGS. 8-13 illustrate an example, assembled contact pad for the MEMS film of FIGS. 5 and 6.

[0015] FIG. 14 illustrates an example leadless stimulator with a micro -antenna.

[0016] FIGS. 15-17 illustrate an example MEMS film for the example leadless stimulator of FIG. 14.

[0017] FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate a cutaway view of an example leadless stimulator with micro-antenna.

[0018] FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate the internal arrangement of an example leadless stimulator.

[0019] FIGS. 21 and 22 illustrate another example MEMS film with a micro-antenna.

[0020] FIGS. 23A-23M illustrate an example thin-film micro-fabrication method for fabricating a MEMS film.

[0021] FIG. 23N illustrates an example method for forming the thin-film of FIGS. 23 A- 23M into a leadless stimulator. [0022] FIG. 24 illustrates an example deployment system of the leadless stimulator system of FIG. 1.

[0023] FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate a cut away and perspective view, respectively, of the distal end of the guide tube for the deployment system of FIG. 24.

[0024] FIGS 26A-26C illustrate an example leg support stent for the deployment system of FIG. 24.

[0025] FIG. 27 illustrates an example MEMS film for the deployment system of FIG. 24.

[0026] FIGS. 28A and 28B illustrate the MEMS film coupled with the leg support stent.

[0027] FIGS. 29A and 29B illustrate an example outer tube of the guide tube.

[0028] FIGS. 30A and 30B illustrate two views of the guide tube with the distal legs deployed.

[0029] FIGS. 31 A and 3 IB illustrate an example deployment mechanism for the deployment system of FIG. 24.

[0030] FIGS. 32A and 32B illustrate the distal end of the example deployment system of FIG. 24.

[0031] FIGS. 33A and 33B illustrate the distal end of the example deployment system of FIG. 24, with the distal legs deployed.

[0032] FIGS. 34A and 34B illustrate the distal end of the example deployment system of FIG. 24, with the guide tube separated from the leadless stimulator.

[0033] FIGS. 35A-38B illustrate an example method of implanting the leadless stimulator.

[0034] FIG. 39 illustrates a patient with a burr hole cover frame.

[0035] FIG. 40 illustrates a top view of the example burr hole cover frame after implantation into the craniotomy. [0036] FIG. 41 illustrates a side view of the example burr hole cover frame after implantation into the craniotomy.

[0037] FIGS. 42A-42C illustrate the example lower part of the burr hole cover frame from FIG. 39.

[0038] FIGS. 43A, 43B, and 43C illustrate side, top, and perspective views of the burr hole cover cap.

[0039] FIGS. 44A and 44B illustrate different views of the bottom-side of the burr hole cover cap from FIGS. 43A-43C.

[0040] FIGS. 45-47 illustrate the wrapping of the antenna around the lower part of the bun- hole cover frame from FIG. 39.

[0041] FIGS. 48A-48E illustrates an example of the leadless stimulator implanted near a patient's spinal cord.

[0042] FIG. 49 illustrates an example distributed stimulator.

[0043] FIG. 50 illustrates the example distributed stimulator of FIG. 49 implanted into a patient.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044] The various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in any of numerous ways, as the described concepts are not limited to any particular manner of implementation. Examples of specific implementations and applications are provided primarily for illustrative purposes.

[0045] The present disclosure describes a medical device to provide neuro stimulation therapy to a patient's brain. The device can be surgically implanted and generally can remain in the patient until end of life. The present disclosure also describes accessories which guide the implantation of the device, and the components that form a leadless stimulator implantation kit. [0046] FIG. 1A illustrates an example leadless stimulator system 50. The leadless stimulator system 50 can include a leadless stimulator 100, a deployment system 305, a bun- hole cover frame 400, and an external programmer 500. The leadless stimulator 100 can include an antenna 200 and a stimulation capsule 120. The stimulation capsule 120 is coupled with the antenna 200 by a tether 190. The deployment system 305 can be used to implant the leadless stimulator 100 into a patient - for example, into a patient's brain through a craniotomy. The burr hole cover frame 400 can be used to secure the antenna 200 and the correctly position the antenna 200 for communication with the external programmer 500. The external programmer 500 can read and write data to the leadless stimulator 100 through wireless communication with the leadless stimulator 100 using the antenna 200 of the leadless stimulator 100.

[0047] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the leadless stimulator system 50 can include an external programmer 500. The external programmer 500 can include a main unit 510, which holds the power source and electronics for the operation of the external programmer 500. The main unit 510 can include a screen 520 to provide visual information to the user. In some implementations, the screen 520 is a touch screen. The external programmer 500 can also include an antenna tether 530 that tethers the external programmer 500 to the external antenna 540. In some implementations, the external antenna 540 can have a diameter that provides efficient communication with the leadless stimulator 100 via the antenna 200 of the leadless stimulator 100. For example, the external antenna 540 could have a diameter between about 25 mm and about 75 mm or between about 45 mm and about 55 mm while the implanted antenna 200 can have a diameter between about 15 mm and about 35 mm or between about 20 mm and about 30 mm. The external programmer 500 can communicate with the leadless stimulator 100 wirelessly after the implantation of the leadless stimulator 100. The external programmer 500 can send data to the leadless stimulator 100 in order to set the stimulation parameters of the leadless stimulator 100. For example, the external programmer 500 can set signal attributes such as frequency, pulse width, amplitude, polarity, and signal shape, along with additional stimulation parameters, or a combination thereof. The final delivered pulses can be charge balanced, such that the pulse can have a cathodal and anodal phase. In some implementations, it is advantageous for the electrode if the amount of charge delivered during the cathodal phase is substantially equal to the amount of charge delivered during the anodal phase. Generally the pulses have a pulse width between 20 us and 1 ms, and the pulse frequency is between 20 Hz and 10 kHz depending on the clinical application. The external programmer 500 can also be used to turn the leadless stimulator 100 on or off. The external programmer 500 can also be used to control the post-operative neural recording features of the leadless stimulator 100. The external programmer 500 can be used to download data (e.g., usage data and recorded physiological data) from the leadless stimulator 100. In some implementations, the external programmer 500 can receive the data from the leadless stimulator 100 in substantially real time and in other implementations the leadless stimulator 100 may store the data for later retrieval with the external programmer 500.

[0048] In some implementations, the external programmer 500 may be used to recharge the internal batteries of the leadless stimulator 100. The external antenna 540 can be used to inductively couple power from an external power source to the leadless stimulator 100. In other implementations, the leadless stimulator 100 can have no internal power source. In this case the inductively coupled power from external programmer 500 can be used to power the leadless stimulator 100. In general, the leadless stimulator 100 can consume between about 5 mW and about 15 mW in clinical operation, and therefore the external programmer 500 is configured to supply sufficient power to charge the leadless stimulator 100 based on these demands.

[0049] FIG. IB illustrates the leadless stimulator 100 implanted into a patient's brain system 50 with the burr hole cover frame 400 and the external programmer 500 external to the patient's brain. The leadless stimulator 100 can be implanted responsive to the patient having a surgical planning procedure that involves MRI and/or CT scans to localize brain targets, thereafter the leadless neurostimulator 100 can be implanted in the deep brain using components of the leadless neurostimulator system 50. The deployment system 305 can push the leadless neurostimulator 100 to the brain target, and subsequently removed leaving the leadless stimulator 100 towards the brain target. The implantable antenna 200 remains remain extra-cranial. The burr hole cover frame 400 is used to fill the burr hole and stabilize the leadless stimulator 100. As described below, in some implementations, implantable antenna 200 is wrapped around the burr hole cover frame 400 to provide the correct diameter for efficient extra-corporeal communication. After implantation and surgical recovery, the external programmer 500 is used to program the leadless stimulator 100. The external programmer 500 can also provide power, or in some implementations recharge, the leadless stimulator 100.

[0050] FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the leadless stimulator 100. In FIG. 2 the antenna 200 is in a wrapped configuration, and in FIG. 3 the antenna 200 is in an outstretched configuration. The leadless stimulator 100 can include a stimulation capsule 120, a tether 190, and an antenna 200. The stimulation capsule 120 can include a plurality of electrodes and can record and/or stimulate the neurological tissue into which it is implanted.

[0051] The leadless stimulator 100 also includes an antenna 200 that can be coupled to the stimulation capsule 120 with the tether 190. The tether 190 can provide a mechanical and electrical coupling between the antenna 200 and the stimulation capsule 120. In some implementations, the antenna 200 is reversibly coupled with the tether 190 and in other implementations the antenna 200 is permanently coupled with the tether 190. In some implementations, the tether 190 and the antenna 200 refer to the same part of the leadless stimulator 100. For example, the part of the antenna outside of the patient may be referred to as the antenna 200 while the portion of the antenna inside the patient may be referred to as the tether 190. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, part, or all, of the tether 190 and antenna 200 can be flexible. For example, the antenna 200 can be configured to be flexible enough to enable the antenna 200 to be coiled within a burr cover that is implanted in the patient's skull or to form a loop as illustrated in FIG. 2. The tether 190 and the antenna 200 have a diameter of about 0.5 mm, but could range from as small as 0.2 mm to as large as 2 mm. The wires that form the antenna 200 can form a bifurcated tail body. The bifurcated tail body forms an antenna loop. The antenna 200 can include a wire coil that is embedded in a flexible, elastomeric body. The antenna loop may be flexible enough be stretched over a burr hole cover, which can position the antenna 200 in a predetermined shape (e.g., a loop of a predetermined diameter). In other implementations, as illustrated if FIG. 2, the antenna 200 may be wound into a circular loop of the predetermined diameter. The below discussed bun- hole cover frame may be used to ensure the antenna 200 maintains the predetermined diameter. [0052] The predetermined diameter of the antenna can enable the efficient coupling of antenna 200 and the external antenna 540 of the external programmer 500. In some implementations, the leadless stimulator 100 communicates wirelessly with the external programmer 500 over the 27 MHz frequency. Other frequencies which could be used are any of those determined by the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) in their reserved Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Bands such as for example, but not limited to, 6.780 Mhz, 13.560 MHz, 40.680 MHz, 2.450 GHz, 5.80 GHz. The antenna diameter can be inversely proportional to the wavelength of the signal the antenna 200 transmits over. For example, with a 27 MHz frequency the loop diameter of the antenna 200 can be about 25 mm in diameter. In general, the loop diameter of the antenna is about half the wavelength of the frequency used to communicate with the antenna.

[0053] FIG. 4 illustrates an enlarged view of the distal end of the leadless stimulator 100 from FIGS. 1-3. The stimulation capsule 120 is coupled with the tether 190 at the proximal end 127 of the capsule body 125. The capsule body 125 can be conical or cylindrical in shape. The proximal end 127 can mate with the distal end of a cannula (not illustrated) during the implantation procedure. In general, the capsule body 125 includes a polymeric material and houses the active electronic components of the leadless stimulator 100. In some implementations, electronic components may also be housed in the tether 190 and antenna 200. The stimulation capsule 120 can include a hemispherical distal tip 126. The distal tip 126 can include electronic components. These electronic components are generally integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors, or a combination thereof.

[0054] The stimulation capsule 120 can be cylindrical and have a larger diameter than the tether 190. In some implementations, the diameter of the stimulation capsule 120 is between about 0.3 mm and about 3 mm, between about .75 mm and about 2.5 mm, between about 1 mm and about 2 mm, or between about 1.2 mm and about 1.6 mm.

[0055] The stimulation capsule 120 can also include a MEMS film 150. The MEMS film 150 can manufactured as a substantially planar film, which is coupled around the capsule body 125. In some implementations, the MEMS film 150 is wrapped to form a cylindrical shape and then glued or co-molded into place. The MEMS film 150 can include one or more electrodes 160. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the MEMS film 150 includes twelve electrodes (only eight of the electrodes 160 are visible in FIG. 4). In some implementations, the electrodes 160 can be implemented in a noble metal, such as platinum. In other implementations, the electrodes 160 can be implemented in gold, titanium, iridium oxide, platinum grey, platinum black, and oxides of titanium. As illustrated the electrodes 160 substantially square with rounded corners. In some implementations, the electrodes 160 can be circular, rectangular, or any other shape. In some implementations, the electrodes 160 can be used for physiological recordings and simulations.

[0056] FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate the MEMS film 150 in its substantially planar configuration. The MEMS film 150 includes twelve electrodes 160 disposed across the exterior portion 157 of the MEMS film 150. In some implementations, the MEMS film 150 has about 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 64, or more electrodes 160. The electrodes 160 can be arranged in specific patterns. For example, FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate an electrode arrangement that includes three columns and four rows of electrodes 160. In other implementations, the electrodes 160 can be rectangular electrodes that span the width of the exterior portion 157 and form ring electrodes when the MEMS film 150 is rolled into its cylindrical shape.

[0057] The MEMS film 150 also includes a ribbon cable 165. The lower portion of the ribbon cable 165 includes the contact pad 175. The contact pad 175 includes a plurality of contacts 170. Each of the contacts 170 can be coupled with one or more of the electrodes 160 through traces embedded within the MEMS film 150. For example, the MEMS film 150 may include twelve electrodes 160 and twelve contacts 170. In this example, each of the contacts 170 may be coupled with a different one of the twelve electrodes 160. In some

implementations, the contact pad 175 may include fewer contacts 170 than electrodes 160. In this example, one or more electrodes 160 may be coupled with the same contact 170, such that they may be stimulated (or recorded from) as a single unit. In some implementations, the contact pad 175 includes contacts 170 configured for different purposes. For example, the contact pad 175 illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 includes a second type of contacts - the wire tether contacts 172. The different types of contacts are generally referred to as contacts 170. The wire tether contacts 172 are used to couple the MEMS film 150 to the wires of the tether 190 and antenna 200. The contacts 170 may be coupled to an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or other electronic component that is housed within the stimulation capsule 120.

[0058] FIG. 7 illustrates an enlarged view of the contact pad 175 from FIGS. 5 and 6. In some implementations, a metal layer 174 is deposited on the contacts 170. The metal layer 174 can include gold or other metal such as platinum, titanium, or copper. In some implementations, the addition of a metal layer 174 increases the ease of welding or attaching electronic components (e.g., antenna wires) to the contacts 170. In some implementations, the metal layer 174 improves the contacts' 170 ability to go undergo flip-chip bonding. The improvement in creating a contact with the contacts 170 may be caused by the metal layer 174 rising above the polyimide surface of the contact pad 175, making it easier for electronic components to be coupled to the contacts 170.

[0059] FIGS. 8-13 illustrate the assembly of an example contact pad 175. FIG. 8 illustrates an ASIC 180 prior to its coupling with the contact pad 175. In some implementations, the internal electronics of the stimulation capsule 120 are coupled to the contact pad 175. As illustrated, a single ASIC 180 is coupled with the contact pad 175; however, the electronic components of the leadless stimulator 100 can be divided among a plurality of ASICs 180, batteries, passive electronic components (e.g., resistors and capacitors), or other electronic components. The ASIC 180 includes a plurality of contacts 170, which are bound to the contacts 170 of the contact pad 175. The contacts 170 of the ASIC 180 can have the same pitch (e.g., spacing) as the pitch of the contact pad 175, such that the contacts 170 align and can be coupled together. In some implementations, the ASIC 180 is coupled with the contact pad 175 when the MEMS film 150 is a planar configuration - prior to the MEMS film 150 being formed into a cylindrical (or other) shape. For example, the ASIC 180 may be coupled with the contact pad 175 prior to the contact pad 175 being removed from the substrate on which it was fabricated. The ASIC 180 can be thinned to a thickness of about 50 μπι, and generally has a thickness between about 20 and about 550 μπι, prior to the ASIC 180 being coupled with the contact pad 175. FIG. 9 illustrates the contact pad 175 after the ASIC 180 is bound to the contact pad 175. As illustrated, the contacts 170 of the ASIC 180 are aligned and coupled with the contacts 170 of the contact pad 175. In some implementations, the ASIC 180 includes the stimulation source that is used to stimulate tissue via the electrodes 160. The ASIC 180 can also include a recording circuit. In some implementations, the stimulation capsule includes a plurality of ASIC 180.

[0060] FIG. 10 illustrates the lead wires 192 coupled with the contact pad 175. One or more lead wires 192 can be coupled to the one or more wire tether contacts 172. The lead wires 192 can be electrically coupled with the antenna 200 through the tether 190. The lead wires 192 can include platinum-iridium wire, and have a thin electrically isolating coating.

Incoming signals from the antenna 200 can be transmitted to the ASIC 180. The ASIC 180 can process these signals and record and stimulate through the electrodes 160 as instructed by the signals. The ASIC 180 can also transmit captured neural signals to a computer or other external device through by a transmission the signals over the antenna 200.

[0061] In some implementations, after the components of the leadless stimulator 100 are coupled together (while the MEMS film 150 is in a planar configuration) the MEMS film 150 can be molded into a cylindrical shape. FIG. 11 illustrates the MEMS film 150 molded into a cylindrical shape. The shaping of the MEMS film 150 into a non-planar shape (e.g., a cylinder) can be performed by heat molding the MEMS film 150 while protecting the mounted ASIC 180 or by molding the ASIC 180 in place. As illustrated the contact pad 175, with its coupled ASIC 180, is toward the MEMS film 150. The exterior portion 157 can then be rolled around the contact pad 175, such that the contact pad 175 with its coupled ASIC 180 (e.g., the stimulation source, the power supply, and the recording circuit) is within a lumen created by the rolled exterior portion 157.

[0062] FIG. 12 illustrates a cutaway view of the MEMS film 150 molded into a cylindrical shape. FIG. 12 illustrates the folding of the MEMS film 150 into a cylindrical and the internal electronics of the MEMS film 150. As illustrated the ribbon cable 165 can be folded back such that the contact pad 175 at least partially overlaps the exterior portion 157. The edges of the exterior portion 157 are then rolled to create a cylinder around the ASIC 180. Once the exterior portion 157 is rolled into a cylindrical form, the created cylinder can be co-molded to create the leadless stimulator 100.

[0063] FIG. 13 illustrates an enlarged view of an example stimulation capsule 120. The rolled MEMS film 150 can be over-molded to create a mechanically stable device. In some implementations, the MEMS film 150 is rolled to create the cylindrical shape. The capsule body 125 of the leadless stimulator 100 is then manufactured by co-molding the MEMS film 150 to encapsulate the interior of the MEMS film 150 and the electronics therein. The co- molding of the MEMS film 150 can involve securing the MEMS film 150 in place and having it back-filled with a polymer precursor, such as an epoxy, to backfill the cavities within the molded MEMS film 150. The over-molding material may include epoxy materials, such as EPO-Tek 353, that provide sealing of the electronics and wire traces therein, protecting the electronics from body fluids that may disrupt electrical function. The stimulation capsule 120 can also include a distal tip 126. The distal tip 126 can be coupled with the capsule body 125 or the distal tip 126 can be created as part of the capsule body 125 during the over-molding process. As illustrated the distal tip 126 is hemispherical, although other shapes may be used. For example, the distal tip 126 can be beveled or blunt. The distal tip 126 enables atraumatic insertion of the leadless stimulator 100 into tissue during the implantation procedure.

[0064] FIG. 13 also illustrates the tether 190. The tether 190 can include a jacket, such as a polymeric tubing, around the lead wires 192. In some implementations, the tether 190 can be hollow and have a lumen through which the lead wires 192 run. In other implementations, the tether 190 can be filled, encapsulating the lead wires 192 or other electronic components in the lumen of the tether 190. In some implementations, the tether 190 is of a diameter of 0.5 mm, is flexible and easily wraps around a finger of a surgeon for example.

[0065] In some implementations, the leadless stimulator 100 may not include an antenna 200 at the surface of the skull. For example, the leadless stimulator 100 may include an integrated antenna (also referred to as a micro-antenna) on the stimulation capsule 120. An integrated antenna can reduce the risk of malfunction due to broken lead wires.

[0066] FIG. 14 illustrates an example leadless stimulator 100 with a micro-antenna. The leadless stimulator 100 with a micro-antenna can include a stimulation capsule 120 and a tether 190. In some implementations, for example with a micro-antenna, the tether 190 may not include lead wires to form an antenna; however, the leadless stimulator 100 may still include the tether 190 to facilitate the removal of the leadless stimulator 100 from a patient's tissue after implantation. [0067] FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate an example MEMS film 150 with a micro-antenna. The MEMS film 150 can include an exterior portion 157, a ribbon cable 165, and contacts 170. The exterior portion 157 includes nine electrodes 160 and a micro-antenna 661. In some implementations, the exterior portion 157 includes more than or fewer than nine electrodes 160. As illustrated in FIG. 15, the contact pad 175 includes a battery pad 684, on which a battery may be coupled. The battery may be coupled with the battery pad 684 in a means (e.g., flip chip bonding) similar to the means that an ASIC 180 is coupled to the contact pad 175. After the electronic components are coupled with the MEMS film 150, the battery pad 684 can be folded over on the contacts 170 of the contact pad 175. In the example illustrated in FIG. 15, the ribbon cable 165 is divided into two separate ribbon cables. In some implementations, the metal layer of the MEMS film 150 that includes the traces from the electrodes 160 to the contacts 170 and the micro-antenna 661 is covered by a top insulating layer to electrically insulate the components.

[0068] FIG. 16 illustrates an enlarged view of the example MEMS film 150 from FIG. 15. In FIG. 16 the top insulating layer of the MEMS film 150 is removed to illustrate the electrical elements embedded within the MEMS film 150. For example, removal of the top insulating layer exposes the micro-antenna 661 and the electrical traces 658. The electrical traces couple the electrodes 160 with the contacts 170 (or other electrodes 160). The micro- antenna 661 is embedded in the metal layer of the MEMS film 150. The micro-antenna 661 is serpentine in shape and is designed in order to be highly efficient at the chosen transmission frequencies.

[0069] FIG. 17 illustrates a perspective view of an example leadless stimulator 100 with a micro-antenna 661. The MEMS film 150 can be rolled into a cylindrical shape. The MEMS film 150 can then be over-molded to create a capsule body 125. In some implementations with a micro-antenna 661, the tether 190 does not include antenna wires, and the tether 190 is used for the extraction of the leadless stimulator 100 from a patient after implantation. In some implementations, the tether 190 is embedded within the distal tip 126. Having the tether 190 run through the length of the body can reduce the chance of the tether 190 breaking free of the stimulation capsule 120. [0070] FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate a cutaway view of an example leadless stimulator 100 with micro-antenna 661. As discussed above in relation to FIG. 17, the tether 190 can be coupled to the distal tip 126. FIG. 18 illustrates that the tether 190 passes through the body of the stimulation capsule 120 and is coupled with the distal tip 126. The ribbon cable 165 is divided into two parts (ribbon cable 165 A and ribbon cable 165B) to facilitate the passage of the tether 190 through the capsule body 125. As illustrated in FIG. 19, the tether 190 can pass between the two parts of the ribbon cable 165. FIGS. 18 and 19 also illustrate the placement of the power supply 181. In some implementations, the power supply 181 is a battery. The power supply 181 may be recharged by the external programmer 500. Generally, the power supply 181 can have enough charge to provide stimulation for at least one day, or about 200 mAh, and in some implementations up to several weeks, or around 2300 mAh.

[0071] FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate the internal arrangement of an example leadless stimulator 100 with a micro-antenna. The contacts 170 of the ASIC 180 can be aligned with and bonded to the respective contacts 170 of the contact pad 175. The contacts 170 of the power supply 181 can be aligned with and bonded to the respective contacts 170 of the battery pad 684. In some implementations, the ASIC 180 (or other components) can be wire bonded to the MEMS film 150 through wire bonds. Referring to FIGS. 20A-20B, among others, the power supply 181 and the ASIC 180 are placed on opposite sides of the tether 190 as the tether 190 passes through the body of the stimulation capsule 120.

[0072] FIGS. 21 and 22 illustrate an example MEMS film 150 with a micro-antenna 661. As illustrated in FIG. 21, the MEMS film 150 includes a micro-antenna 661 on the distal portion of the contact pad 175. The micro-antenna 661 is disposed on a projection 176 from the contact pad 175. When forming the stimulation capsule 120, the micro-antenna 661 can be rolled to form a loop, which is housed within the rolled MEMS film 150. FIG. 22 illustrates a cutaway view of the stimulation capsule 120 with the rolled micro-antenna 661 located in the internal portion created by the rolled MEMS film 150.

[0073] FIGS. 23A-23M illustrate a cross-sectional view of an example thin-film micro- fabrication method for fabricating the MEMS film 150. The MEMS film 150 can be fabricated using a plurality of techniques and the below describe method illustrates one possible method for fabricating the MEMS film 150. The fabrication procedure can include a series of procedural steps in which various layers are deposited or removed (e.g., etched) to achieve a final form. The cross sections in FIG. 23 A through FIG. 23M demonstrate the process steps to build a MEMS film 150.

[0074] In a first step illustrated in FIG. 23 A, a carrier substrate 2301 is provided, such as a wafer composed of a crystalline material, such as silicon, or an amorphous material, such as a thermal shock resistant borosilicate glass or other suitable smooth supportive material. A first layer 2302, which can include one or more sub-layers, is applied to a surface of the wafer 2301. One of the sub-layers can be a sacrificial layer deposited on the wafer 2301, which is removed in a subsequent electrochemical etching step. In some implementations, the sacrificial sub-layer is preceded by another sub-layer, referred to as an underlayer, which can serve to form the electrochemical cell required to etch the sacrificial layer. The sacrificial sub-layer can be aluminum, or an alloy of aluminum such as AISi, which has a smaller granularity, whereas the underlayer can be a TiW alloy such as Chrome or similar metal.

[0075] Referring to FIG. 23B, the next step in the fabrication process can include depositing a first polymeric layer 2305. The first polymeric layer 2305 can be deposited upon the sacrificial layer 2302 by MEMS processes such as, but not limited to, (i) spin coating a liquid polymer precursor such as Polyimide or Silicone precursor; (ii) depositing a polymer through chemical vapor deposition as is done with parylene-C; or (iii) laminating a polymer sheet onto the wafer. In some embodiments, the polymer layer 2305 is heated, or baked, to polymerize. In some implementations, the first polymeric layer 2305 includes polyamic-acid dissolved in NMP and spun onto the sacrificial layer 2302 in liquid form. The polymeric layer 2305 is heated into a imidized polyimide. The polymer in its cured form is between about 5 μπι and about 15 μπι thick.

[0076] Referring next to FIG. 23C, the deposition of a barrier layer. The barrier layer can serve both as a layer to aid the adhesion and durability of subsequent layers. The barrier layer can also serve as an ionic barrier, and limit ions from reaching the metal layers, which could compromise electrical performance. The barrier layer can also block humidity from reaching the interlayers and the metal layer, which could create short circuits and compromise electrical isolation. [0077] In some implementations, the barrier layer is deposited onto the first polymeric layer 2305 by vapor deposition techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CV) and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), or by sputtering techniques such as direct current (DC) or RF (Radio Frequency) sputtering. The barrier layer can include Silicon Nitride, Silicon Oxide, Silicon Carbide, Poly-Silicon, or Amorphous-Silicon. In some implementations, the barrier layer can also include other non-conductive materials, such as Titanium Dioxide or Titanium (III) Oxide. The final thickness of the barrier layer can range from about 100 nm to about 2 μιη. In some implementations, the barrier layer is about 400 nm to about 600 nm, which can permit the barrier layer to be flexible enough to bend during subsequent assembly techniques.

[0078] Now referring to FIG. 23D, a metal layer 2315 can be deposited over the entire wafer on the surface of the barrier layer 2310. Subsequently, a photoresist layer 2317 can be deposited. The photoresist layer 2317 can be defined by exposing areas of the photoresist layer 2317 to ultra-violet light and developing those areas in a solvent. Thus, the exposed areas of the photoresist layer 2317 will be selectively removed and areas of the metal layer 2315 will be exposed. The areas of the metal layer 2315 covered by the photoresist layer 2317 can form the electrodes, traces, and other components of the final product that are within the metal layer.

[0079] The metal layer 2315 can include a variety of metals such as titanium, platinum, gold, and others metals used in neuromodulation. To improve adhesion of a metal layer 2315, the metal layer 2315 can be applied in layers. For example, the metal layer 2315 can be applied as a first layer, such as titanium, then a middle layer, such as platinum, and finally an upper layer, such as titanium. This tri-layer metal structure can improve adhesion below and above the platinum layer by using the titanium as an adhesion layer to the barrier layer. The typical thicknesses for the adhesion layer of titanium can be between about 20 nm and about 100 nm or between about 25 nm and about 75 nm. Typical thicknesses for the platinum layer can be between about 200 nm and about 400 nm or between about 250 nm and about 350 nm.

[0080] FIG. 23E illustrates the process after the etching of the metal layer 2315. As illustrated, the metal layer 2315 can be locally removed in the areas that were not covered by the photoresist 2317. In some implementations, etching of the metal layer is performed in a plasma etcher such as a Reactive Ion Etcher. In some implementations, titanium and platinum can be etched with chlorine gas. After the etching process is finished, the photoresist layer 2317 can be removed using a solvent.

[0081] Another method to deposit and define the metal layer is using the so-called "lift off technique. In this method the photoresist layer can be deposited onto the barrier layer 2310 first. The photoresist layer can be defined using photolithography. The metal layer 2315 can then be deposited through this "lift off mask, and the remaining photoresist removed in a solvent. In this method the metal layer is transferred onto the barrier layer without the need of plasma etching and may have some process costs and speed advantages.

[0082] Referring next to FIG. 23F, a deposition of a second barrier layer 2320 is performed. The second barrier layer can be deposited using the same techniques as the first barrier layer 2310. The second barrier layer 2320 can be the same thickness, or a different thickness as the first barrier layer. In some implementations, the second barrier layer is optional. The second barrier layer 2320 and the first barrier layer 2310 can substantially surround the metal layer 2315, rendering it electrically isolated. In order to etch and define the first and second barrier layer 2310 and 2320, respectively, a second photoresist layer 2327 is deposited and photolithographically defined with clean room techniques.

[0083] The two barrier layers are etched, as illustrated in FIG. 23G. The barrier layers can be etched using a plasma etch. An example of an etching process would be a reactive ion etching using a tetrafluoromethane gas, (CF4). The second photoresist layer 2327 can be removed using a solvent dissolution.

[0084] FIG. 23G illustrates that the edges of the barrier layers 2310 and 2320 are defined, but the etch does not reach the metal layer 2315. This is optional, and in some

implementations the photolithography can include an opening above the metal layer 2315, which would result in exposing the metal layer 2315.

[0085] FIG. 23H illustrates the application of a second polymer layer 2330. The second polymer layer 2330 can be the same or a different polymer from the first polymer layer 2305, and it can be the same or a different thickness. [0086] FIG. 231 illustrates the deposition of a third photoresist 2337, which can form the etching perimeter of the first and second polyimide layers 2305 and 2330, respectively. In some implementations, prior to the applying the third photoresist 2337, a sacrificial layer, such as Silicon Dioxide or Silicon Nitride, is deposited in order to serve as an etch mask for the polyimide etch. For example, a silicon dioxide layer of thickness of about 500 nm can be deposited, which will serve as the etch mask for the process.

[0087] FIG. 23J illustrates the result of an oxygen plasma etching of the first and second polyimide layers 2305 and 2330, respectively. If applied, the silicon dioxide layer can be removed through an additional etch.

[0088] FIG. 23K illustrates the deposition of a fourth photoresist layer 2347. The fourth photoresist layer 2347 does not cover part of the metal layer 2315. The opening 2332 maintained is designed to create a region for a gold layer to grow.

[0089] FIG. 23L illustrates the galvanic growth of a thick gold layer 2350 into the opening 2332. In some implementations, the gold layer 2350 is achieved by connecting the metal traces in the wafer to a perimetric metal band that allows an electrical connection between the edge of the wafer and the metal opening 2332. When immersed in a galvanic bath and a current applied, the gold will grow on the metal layer 2315 using the metal layer 2315 as the seed layer for galvanic growth. In some implementations, the gold layer 2350 is about 2 μπι to about 20 μπι thick. The fourth photoresist layer 2347 can be removed using a solvent.

[0090] FIG. 23M illustrates the removal of the MEMS film from the wafer 2301. The removal of the fourth photoresist layer 2347 exposes the electrode opening 2333. The MEMS film can be removed from the wafer 2301 by the removal of the sacrificial layer 2302 using electrochemically etching. Removal of the sacrificial layer 2301 frees the underside of the MEMS film from the wafer 2301. In some implementations, the sacrificial layer 2301 is removed by placing the wafer in a saline bath with a high NaCl concentration. A platinum electrode also placed in the bath can be used as a reference, and a voltage can be applied to the aluminum layer with respect to the platinum electrode. The electrochemical cell created by the aluminum and TiW etches the aluminum - separating the MEMS film from the wafer 2301. [0091] When the MEMS wafer is completed, and the individual devices have been removed, they still require several process steps before being assembled into the cylindrical shape that is required.

[0092] FIG. 23N illustrates a method 2360 for manufacturing a leadless stimulator. At step 2361, a MEMS film is formed. The method for forming the MEMS film is described above in relation to FIGS. 23A-23M. In general, the MEMS film is formed as a planar film. The MEMS film can include a plurality of electrodes and a ribbon cable that extends from the distal end of the MEMS film.

[0093] At step 2362, a stimulation source is coupled with the MEMS film. Referring to FIG. 8, the stimulation source may be a component of an ASIC 180. The stimulation source (or ASIC 180) can include a plurality of contacts 170. The ribbon cable can also include a plurality of contacts 170. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the contacts 170 of the ASIC 180 can be coupled with the contacts 170 of the ribbon cable. Coupling the contacts 170 of the ASIC 180 with the contacts 170 of the ribbon cable can enable an electrical connection between the ASIC 180 and one or more electrodes.

[0094] Referring again to FIG. 23N, at step 2363, a power supply is coupled with the MEMS film. As illustrated in FIG. 20A and 20B, a power supply 181 can be coupled with the MEMS film. The power supply can include a plurality of contacts, through which an electrical connection is established with the MEMS film. In some implementations, the power supply is coupled to the same face of the ribbon cable as the stimulation source, and in other implementations the power supply is coupled with a face opposite to the face the stimulation source is coupled. In some implementations, other circuitry such as recording circuitry, control circuitry, or other ASICs can be coupled with the ribbon cable.

[0095] At step 2364, the ribbon cable is folded toward a face of the MEMS film. As illustrated in FIG. 12, the ribbon cable 165, with the coupled stimulation source and power supply, are folded toward a face of the MEMS film. The MEMS film can include two primary faces. The first face includes the plurality of electrodes and the second face is the opposite face of the MEMS film. As illustrated in FIG. 12, the ribbon cable 165 is folded toward the second face of the MEMS film. [0096] At step 2365, the MEMS film is formed into a lumen. Also as illustrated in FIG. 12, the sides of the MEMS film are formed around the portion of the ribbon cable to which the stimulation source and power supply are coupled. The formed MEMS film defines a lumen, in which the stimulation source and power supply are disposed. The MEMS film can be heat formed such that the MEMS film maintains it shape after the forming process. In some implementations, the lumen defined by the formed MEMS film is filled with an encapsulating epoxy. The encapsulating epoxy can provide structural stability to the stimulation capsule and can also electrically isolate the electrical components disposed within the lumen.

[0097] FIG. 24 illustrates an example deployment system 305. The deployment system 305 is used to implant the leadless stimulator 100. The deployment system 305 includes a guide tube 300. At the proximal end, deployment system 305 can include a connection plug 310. The connection plug 310 enables electrical connections between the deployment system 305 and a controller or recording device used during the implantation of the leadless stimulator 100. The connection plug 310 is coupled with the other components of the deployment system 305 via the connection cable 315. The connection cable 315 can include electrical conductors, in the form of wires or traces, which electrically couple the distal electrodes 355 to the connection plug 310. The deployment system 305 also includes a depth stop 320 to enable the surgeon to couple the deployment system 305 with stereotactic equipment. In some implementations, the depth stop 320 may also house pre-amplifier circuitry to improve the signals coming from the distal electrodes 355. The depth stop 320 also includes a deployment handle 325. The deployment handle 325 may be pushed up or down by the surgeon to deploy or retract, respectively, the distal legs 360. In FIG. 24, the distal legs 360 are illustrated in the deployed state. The body of the deployment system 305 includes guide tube 300. The guide tube 300 can include a leg support stent that is disposed around an inner cylinder. A MEMS film can be disposed around the leg support stent to form the distal legs 360.

[0098] FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate a cut away and perspective view, respectively, of the distal end of the guide tube 300. The inner cylinder 330 includes a central lumen 337. The distal most end of the inner cylinder 330 includes a guide 339. The guide 339 can mate with the proximal end of the stimulation capsule 120. [0099] In some implementations, the external diameter of the inner cylinder 330 is between about 0.5 mm and about 3 mm, between about 1 mm and about 2 mm, or about 1 mm and 1.5 mm. In some implementations, the internal diameter of the central lumen 337 is between about 0.25 mm and about 1.5 mm or between about 0.5 mm and about 1 mm. The internal diameter of the central lumen 337 can enable the insertion of the tether 190 and the antenna 200. The guide 339 can have a slightly larger external diameter when compared to the inner cylinder 330. For example, the diameter of the guide 339 may be about 1.5 mm when the outer diameter of the inner cylinder 330 is about 1 mm. The guide 339 can either be a separate piece, which is later coupled with the inner cylinder 330, or the guide 339 can be machined from the same stock material as the inner cylinder 330. The inner wall 340 of the guide 339 can surround the leadless stimulator 100, and the outer wall 341 of the guide 339 can be used to guide the below described distal legs 360 during deployment. In some implementations, the inner cylinder 330 includes a metal, such as surgical stainless steel, and in other implementations, the inner cylinder 330 can include a polymer or other MRI compatible material such as a ceramic or titanium oxide.

[0100] FIGS 26A-26C illustrate an example leg support stent 344. In some

implementations, the external diameter of the leg support stent 344 is between about 0.5 mm and about 3 mm, between about 1 mm and about 2 mm, or about 1 mm and 1.85 mm. The internal diameter of the leg support stent 344 can be at least the external diameter of the inner cylinder 330, such that the leg support stent 344 can be disposed around the inner cylinder 330. The leg support stent 344 can include leg supports 342 at distal end of the leg support stent 344. As illustrated, the leg support stent 344 includes four leg supports 342. In some implementations, the leg supports 342 can be flexible enough to expand with the typical forces that can be applied by hand. Fig. 26B and 26C illustrate the expanded leg supports 342. In some implementations, the leg supports 342 of the leg support stent 344 slide distally along the inner cylinder 330. When the leg supports 342 come into contact with the outer wall 341 of the guide 339, the outer wall 341 can cause the leg supports 342 to expand.

[0101] FIG. 27 illustrates an example MEMS film 350 that can be coupled around the leg support stent 344. The MEMS film 350 can include legs 352. As illustrated the MEMS film 150 includes four legs 352. In some implementations, the legs 352 are between about 5 mm and about 15 mm or between about 7 and about 12 mm in length. The legs 352 can be about 0.25 mm to about 1 mm in width. In some implementations, the legs 352 are about the same length and width as the leg supports 342. One or more surfaces of the legs 352 can include a plurality of microelectrode elements 355. As illustrated, each leg 352 includes five microelectrode elements 355. In some implementations, different legs 352 can include a different number of microelectrode elements 355. Each microelectrode elements 355 can include between 1 and about 10 microelectrode elements 355. In some implementations, the legs 352 include more than 10 microelectrode elements 355. The microelectrode elements 355 can be circular or rectangular in shape and have a diameter between about 100 μιη and about 1000 μιη, or between about 200 μιη and about 700 μιη, or between about 300 μιη and about 500 μιη. The MEMS film 350 can also include a shoulder 357 that can be coupled around the leg support stent 344. The MEMS film 350 can further include a tether 359, which carries traces from the microelectrode elements 355 to the proximal end of the guide tube 300. In some implementations, there is one trace for each microelectrode elements 355 and in other implementations one or more microelectrode elements 355 may be coupled with the same trace.

[0102] FIG. 28A illustrates the MEMS film 350 coupled with the leg support stent 344. The MEMS film 350 can be coupled to the leg support stent 344 with glue or pressure bonding. The legs 352 are aligned and coupled with the leg supports 342. FIG. 28B illustrates the MEMS film 150 coupled with the leg support stent 344, with the leg supports 342 in the retracted state.

[0103] FIG. 29A illustrates an example outer tube 370 of the guide tube 300. The distal end of the outer tube 370 can include leg gaps 372. The outer tube 370 can enable the leg supports 342 to fit within the leg gaps 372. In some implementations, the outer tube 370 can have an outer diameter between about 0.5 and about 2.5 mm. In some implementations, the wall thickness of the outer tube 370 is about 0.2 mm. The outer tube 370 is generally implemented in a medical grade Stainless Steel such as 316, or could be implemented in a polymer such as polyimide to promote improved MRI Compatibility.

[0104] FIG. 29B illustrates an example guide tube 300 with an outer tube 370 in place. The outer tube 370 can be placed concentrically over the MEMS film 350 and the leg support stent 344. As illustrated in FIG. 29B, the assembly guide tube 300 exposes the microelectrode elements 355 through the leg gaps 372 of the outer tube 370. In some implementations, exposure of the microelectrode elements 355 through the leg gaps 372 enables the microelectrode elements 355 to record neural activity as the guide tube 300 descends into brain tissue. In some implementations, the guide tube 300 can perform neural recording to enable a surgeon to identify the guide tube's location with a patient's tissue.

[0105] FIGS. 30A and 30B illustrate two views of the guide tube 300 with the distal legs 360 deployed. In some implementations, when reaching a target site within the tissue, the distal legs 360 can be deployed by a surgeon to perform neural recording. Each of the distal legs 360 can include a plurality of microelectrode elements 355. In the illustrated example of FIGS. 3 OA and 30B, each of the four distal legs 360 include five microelectrode elements 355, for a total of twenty recording and stimulation sites. In some implementations, the guide tube 300 can include more or fewer distal legs 360, each with more or fewer microelectrode elements 355.

[0106] FIGS. 31A and 3 IB illustrate an example deployment mechanism 319. In some implementations, the deployment mechanism 319 can include a handle 325 that can be used to deploy the distal legs 360, as illustrated in FIGS. 30A and 30B. The leg support stent 344 can be attached to the deployment handle 325. Accordingly, movement of the deployment handle 325 can be translated into movement of the leg support stent 344, which results in the deployment or retraction of the distal legs 360. FIG. 31A illustrates the position of the deployment handle 325 when the distal legs 360 are in the deployed state, and FIG. 3 IB illustrates the position of the deployment handle 325 when the distal legs 360 are in the retracted state. The central lumen 337 is visible on the proximal end of the deployment mechanism 319. The deployment mechanism 319 can include depth stops 320 that can limit the movement of the deployment handle 325 in the proximal and distal directions.

[0107] FIGS. 32A and 32B illustrate the distal end of the example deployment system 305 coupled with the leadless stimulator 100. The deployment system 305 includes the guide tube 300 coupled with the leadless stimulator 100. The stimulation capsule 120 is exposed at the distal end of the guide tube 300. In some implementations, the proximal end 127 of the leadless stimulator 100 (hidden in FIGS. 32A and 32B) can couple with the guide 339 (hidden in FIGS. 32A and 32B) of the guide tube 300. When the leadless stimulator 100 is coupled with the guide tube 300, the guide tube 300 can be used to push the leadless stimulator 100 toward the target location in the tissue.

[0108] FIGS. 33A and 33B illustrate the distal end of the example deployment system 305, with the distal legs 360 deployed. In some implementations, when deployed, the distal legs 360 can enable the recording and stimulation of the region surrounding the stimulation capsule 120. In some implementations, the intra-operative recording and stimulation procedure can be used to further determine the final position of the leadless stimulator 100. In some implementations, the recording and stimulation procedure can be used to determine an improved stimulation and recording configuration for the leadless stimulator 100. For example, the procedure may be used to determine if a subset of the electrodes 160 of the leadless stimulator 100 should be used for recording and stimulating.

[0109] FIGS. 34A and 34B illustrate the distal end of the example deployment system 305, with the guide tube 300 and stimulation capsule 120 separated - for example, after the surgeon has begun to retract the deployment system 305 from the patient's tissue. In some implementations, the distal legs 360 are retracted and then the deployment system 305 can be retracted from the tissue, leaving, as illustrated in FIGS. 34A and 34B, the leadless stimulator 100 at the target location.

[0110] FIGS. 35-38 illustrate an example method of implanting the leadless stimulator 100. FIG. 35A and 35B illustrate the leadless stimulator 100 in the preimplantation position. The leadless stimulator 100 is positioned above a craniotomy 1055 in a patient's skull 1050. The craniotomy exposes a portion of the brain 1060. In some implementations, the leadless stimulator 100 and deployment system 305 are lowered into place from the exterior of the patient using stereotactic implantation tools (not illustrated).

[0111] FIGS. 36A and 36B illustrate the positioning of the leadless stimulator 100 into the patient's brain 1060. Using the stereotactic implantation tools, the surgeon drives the deployment system 305 into the patient's brain 1060, which in turn pushes the leadless stimulator 100 into the position. In some implementations, the surgeon can record neural activity as with the deployment system 305 and leadless stimulator 100 as they are lowered toward the target location.

[0112] FIGS. 37A and 37B illustrate the deployment of the distal legs 360 of the leadless stimulator 100. In some implementations, the distal legs 360 are deployed to record neural activity when the leadless stimulator 100 is believed to be at the proper implantation location. The microelectrode elements 355 of the guide tube 300, and optionally the electrodes 160 of the leadless stimulator 100 can be used to record the neural activity of the implanted location. This procedure may be referred to as "targeting." Targeting procedure may include recording the electrical activity of the target anatomy using the microelectrode elements 355 and the electrodes 160. A signal processing software can record and display the neural activity to the neurosurgical team. Responsive to the recorded neural activity, the team may determine if the leadless stimulator 100 is placed in the proper anatomical location. In some

implementations, the microelectrode elements 355 and the electrodes 160 can be used to stimulate the anatomical target in order to evoke a physiological response in the patient - for example, eye twitching or parasthesia. This procedure of neurophysiological recording and evoked patient responses can lead the neurosurgical team to determine the best placement of the leadless stimulator 100.

[0113] FIGS. 38A and 38B illustrate the placement of the leadless stimulator 100 after the retraction of the deployment system 305. Following the targeting procedure, the distal legs 360 can be retracted. The leadless stimulator 100 can be left in place and the deployment system 305 is retracted from the patient. As the deployment system 305 is retracted, the stimulation capsule 120 remains in place and is tethered with the antenna 200 by the tether 190. The antenna 200 may exit the patient through the craniotomy 1055. The surgeon may fill the craniotomy 1055 with surgical cement or bone paste, which can secure the antenna 200 in place. In some implementations, the antenna 200 is wound into a burr hole cover frame to secure and position the antenna 200.

[0114] FIG. 39 illustrates a patient 1000 with a burr hole cover frame 400 in place. FIG. 40 illustrates a closer view of the example burr hole cover frame 400. The burr hole cover frame 400 can include a burr hole cover cap 450 that protects the antenna 200 and area of the skull where the craniotomy was performed. The burr hole cover frame 400 can also include a lower part 410. In some implementations, the burr hole cover cap 450 can be secured to the lower part 410 by the burr hole cover cap 450 clipping into the lower part 410. In another implementation, as illustrated in FIG. 40, the burr hole cover cap 450 can be secured to the lower part 410 by screws 462 through screw holes 456.

[0115] FIG. 41 illustrates a side view of the example burr hole cover frame 400 after implantation into the craniotomy 1055. The burr hole cover frame 400 can include the burr hole cover cap 450 coupled with the lower part 410. The lower part 410 can include a bun- hole insert 412, through which the leadless stimulator 100 exits the patient. The burr hole insert 412 can fill the hole in the skull left by the craniotomy. The antenna 200 can wrap around the circumference of the lower part 410 to ensure the antenna 200 maintains a predetermined loop diameter. In some implementations, the lower part 410 is secured to the patient by one or more screws 462 or glue.

[0116] FIGS. 42A-42C illustrate the example lower part 410 of the burr hole cover frame 400. FIGS. 42A, 42B, and 42C illustrate side, top, and perspective views of the lower part 410, respectively. The lower part 410 can include a cartwheel frame 415. The cartwheel frame 415 can include an antenna notch 417 around the perimeter of the cartwheel frame 415. In some implementations, the antenna 200 is wound around the perimeter of the cartwheel frame 415 and lies within the antenna notch 417. The antenna notch 417 of the cartwheel frame 415 can include a hole 418 from which the antenna 200 can exit the central lumen 411 of the lower part 410 to be wrapped around the perimeter of the cartwheel frame 415. The lower part 410 can also include a burr hole insert 412 that is inserted into the craniotomy 1055 of the patient. The burr hole insert 412 is about 8 mm in diameter in some

implementations, but can range from 3 mm to 15 mm in diameter. The burr hole insert 412 is about 4 mm deep, but can range from 1 mm to 8 mm deep in some implementations.

[0117] FIG. 42B illustrates that the lower part 410 can include securing screw holes 425 on the inner perimeter of the cartwheel frame 415 and on the spokes 416 of the lower part 410. The securing screw holes 425 can be used to secure the burr hole cover frame 400 to the patient's skull by screwing screws through the securing screw holes 425 and into the patient's skull. The lower part 410 can also include screw holes 426 to secure the lower part 410 to the burr hole cover cap 450. In some implementations, the lower part 410 has a diameter 420 of about 25 mm. Generally, the diameter is equivalent to the most efficient antenna diameter for the chosen transmission frequency as described above.

[0118] FIGS. 43A, 43B, and 43C illustrate side, top, and perspective views of the burr hole cover cap 450, respectively. In some implementations, the burr hole cover cap 450 can protect the antenna 200 and the patient's brain after its exposure by the craniotomy. The bun- hole cover cap 450 can include a smoothed edge 452. The smoothed edge 452 can reduce tissue erosion once implanted. The burr hole cover cap 450 can also include three securing screw holes 456 that can align with screw holes 426.

[0119] FIGS. 44A and 44B illustrate different views of the bottom-side of the burr hole cover cap 450. The burr hole cover cap 450 can include a plurality of alignment guides 458 that are used to align the burr hole cover cap 450 with the lower part 410 before the two components are secured together. The burr hole cover cap 450 can also include a central boss 460 that can be used in the alignment of the two components and to plug the central lumen 411.

[0120] FIGS. 45-47 illustrate the wrapping of the antenna 200 around the lower part 410. FIG. 45 illustrates the lower part 410 and the leadless stimulator 100 after implantation. The leadless stimulator 100 is implanted into the patient's brain and the lower part 410 has been inserted into the craniotomy. The tether 190 is coupled with the stimulation capsule 120 and extends through the central lumen 41 1 and transitions into the antenna 200.

[0121] FIG. 46 illustrates the insertion of antenna 200 into the hole 418. The hole 418 begins in the central lumen 411 and traverses through one of the spokes of the lower part 410 to the antenna notch 417.

[0122] As illustrated in FIG. 47, the antenna 200 can then be wrapped around the lower part 410 in the antenna notch 417. Wrapping the antenna 200 around lower part 410 can ensure that the antenna 200 forms a loop of proper diameter to increase the effectiveness of the antenna 200. In some implementations, the antenna 200 can be secured to the lower part 410 with a clip or with a bonding agent. In some implementations, the proximal end of the antenna 200 includes a loop, which can be stretched over the perimeter of the cartwheel frame 415 and into the antenna notch 417. [0123] Deep Brain Stimulation can relieve the symptoms of Movement Disorders. The systems and methods described herein provide a more efficient and simple device to deliver the required therapeutic stimulation and in some cases provide neural recording. In the case of Movement Disorders the systems and methods described herein can provide efficient stimulation of the sub-thalamic nucleus, the Globus Pallidus interna, the Globus Pallidus externus, the Zone Incerta, or the Ventral Intermediate Nucleus to relieve symptoms such as rigidity and tremor. In other therapeutic domains such as psychiatric diseases, the systems and devices described herein can be implanted in the Cingulate Gyrus 25, the Medial Forebrain Bundle, the Nucleus Accumbens, the Ventral Striatum to deliver electrical stimulation and relieve the symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, Phobias, Obsessive

Compulsive Disorder, or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

[0124] In some implementations, the leadless stimulator 100 can be implanted into anatomy of the patient other than the brain. For example, the leadless stimulator 100 may be used for pain management, spasticity, movement disorders, and spinal cord injury. In some of these implementations, the leadless stimulator 100 can be implanted near the patient's spinal cord. Fig. 48A demonstrates a representative human anatomy of the spinal column 4800. There are a series of vertebrae 4820 separated by intervertebral discs 4830. The spinal cord 4840 is also represented in the spinal canal 4845. Fig. 48B illustrates a magnified section of the anatomy 4800 demonstrating the same anatomical sections with greater detail.

[0125] FIG. 48C illustrates a perspective view of the anatomy 4800 with four implanted stimulation capsules 120. The implantable antennas 200 remain outside of the epidural space, while the distal ends have been implanted on the surface of the spinal cord. Fig. 48D demonstrates the same surgical position from a different viewpoint angle. FIG. 48E illustrates a side, cut-away view of the patient's spinal cord. The stimulation capsule 120 is implanted dorsal to the spinal cord 1140, vertebrae 1120, and the intervertebral discs 1130.

[0126] FIG. 49 illustrates an example distributed stimulator 900. In some implementations, a plurality of leadless stimulators 100 can be implanted into a patient, and in other implementations a distributed stimulator 900 can be implanted into the patient. The distributed stimulator 900 includes a plurality of stimulation capsules 120 (four as illustrated in FIG. 49) that can act in unison or similar to a plurality of independently implanted stimulation capsules 120. The stimulation capsules 120 are coupled to a central control device 995, which can include central antenna for the plurality of stimulation capsules 120. Each of the stimulation capsules 120 are coupled to the central control device 995 by a tether 190. As illustrated, the stimulation capsule 120 includes a plurality of ring electrodes around the circumference of each stimulation capsule 120.

[0127] Fig. 50 illustrates the example distributed stimulator 900 implanted into a patient. The distributed stimulator 900 is implanted into the lumbar region 1210 of the patient. The distributed stimulator 900 has been implanted in a region that permits the distributed distal capsules to cover a region which would be advantageous to the surgical procedure, for example, the placement of the stimulation capsules 120 near the patient's spinal column as illustrated in FIG. 48E.

[0128] Various implementations of the microelectrode device have been described herein. These embodiments are giving by way of example and not to limit the scope of the present disclosure. The various features of the embodiments that have been described may be combined in various ways to produce numerous additional embodiments. Moreover, while various materials, dimensions, shapes, implantation locations, etc. have been described for use with disclosed embodiments, others besides those disclosed may be utilized without exceeding the scope of the disclosure.

[0129] Devices described herein as either acute or chronic may be used acutely or chronically. They may be implanted for such periods, such as during a surgery, and then removed. They may be implanted for extended periods, or indefinitely. Any devices described herein as being chronic may also be used acutely.

[0130] The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects.

Modifications and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope of this disclosure. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses may exist within the scope of this disclosure. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The subject matter of the present disclosure includes the full scope of equivalents to which it is entitled. This disclosure is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds compositions or biological systems, which can vary. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting.

[0131] With respect to the use of substantially any plural or singular terms herein, the plural can include the singular or the singular can include the plural as is appropriate to the context or application.

[0132] In general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). Claims directed toward the described subject matter may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, such recitation can mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). Any disjunctive word or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, can contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" includes the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."

[0133] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, the disclosure is also described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0134] Any ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. Language such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, a range includes each individual member.

[0135] One or more or any part thereof of the techniques described herein can be implemented in computer hardware or software, or a combination of both. The methods can be implemented in computer programs using standard programming techniques following the method and figures described herein. Program code is applied to input data to perform the functions described herein and generate output information. The output information is applied to one or more output devices such as a display monitor. Each program may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the programs can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language can be a compiled or interpreted language. Moreover, the program can run on dedicated integrated circuits preprogrammed for that purpose.

[0136] Each such computer program can be stored on a storage medium or device (e.g., ROM or magnetic diskette) readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer, for configuring and operating the computer when the storage media or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described herein. The computer program can also reside in cache or main memory during program execution. The analysis, preprocessing, and other methods described herein can also be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where the storage medium so configured causes a computer to operate in a specific and predefined manner to perform the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the computer readable media is tangible and substantially non-transitory in nature, e.g., such that the recorded information is recorded in a form other than solely as a propagating signal.

[0137] In some embodiments, a program product may include a signal bearing medium. The signal bearing medium may include one or more instructions that, when executed by, for example, a processor, may provide the functionality described above. In some

implementations, signal bearing medium may encompass a computer-readable medium, such as, but not limited to, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, memory, etc. In some implementations, the signal bearing medium may encompass a recordable medium , such as, but not limited to, memory, read/write (R/W) CDs, R/W DVDs, etc. In some implementations, signal bearing medium may encompass a communications medium such as, but not limited to, a digital or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.). Thus, for example, the program product may be conveyed by an RF signal bearing medium, where the signal bearing medium is conveyed by a wireless communications medium (e.g., a wireless communications medium conforming with the IEEE 802.11 standard).

[0138] Any of the signals and signal processing techniques may be digital or analog in nature, or combinations thereof.

[0139] While certain embodiments of this disclosure have been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

Claims

1. A neurostimulation device, comprising:

a stimulation capsule comprising a proximal and a distal end, the stimulation capsule further comprising:

a MEMS film comprising a plurality of electrodes, the MEMS film formed to define a lumen;

a stimulation source disposed within the lumen and in electrical communication with at least one of the plurality of electrodes; and

a power supply disposed within the lumen and in electrical communication with the stimulation source; and

a tether coupled with the proximal end of the stimulation capsule.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the MEMS film further comprises a strip or a

serpentine antenna.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the tether further comprises an antenna.

4. The device of claim 3, wherein the antenna is configured to operate at a center

frequency of one of 6.790 MHz, 13.560 MHz, 27.120 MHz, 40.680 MHz, 433.920 MHz, 915.000 MHz, 2.450 GHz, 5.800 GHz, and 24.125 GHz.

5. The device of claim 3, wherein the antenna forms a loop.

6. The device of claim 3, wherein the antenna comprises one or more wires in electrical communication with the stimulation capsule.

7. The device of claim 6, wherein the one or more wires are each coupled with a wire tether contact disposed on a ribbon cable.

8. The device of claim 7, wherein the ribbon cable extends from a distal end of the MEMS film into the lumen.

9. The device of claim 7, wherein the stimulation source and the power supply are disposed on the ribbon cable.

10. The device of claim 1, wherein a diameter of the stimulation capsule is less than a diameter of the tether.

11. The device of claim 1, further comprising a recording circuit disposed in the lumen, the recording circuit in electrical communication with a portion of the plurality of electrodes.

12. The device of claim 1, wherein the power supply is a battery or super-capacitor.

13. The device of claim 1, wherein the MEMS film comprises a first polymeric layer, a first barrier layer, a metal layer, a second barrier layer, and a second polymeric layer.

14. A method of manufacturing a stimulation device, the method comprising:

forming a MEMS film comprising a plurality of electrodes and a ribbon cable extending from a distal end of the MEMS film;

coupling a stimulation source with a first plurality of contacts, the first plurality of contacts disposed on a first face of the ribbon cable and in electrical communication with at least one of the plurality of electrodes

coupling a power supply with a second plurality of contacts, the second plurality of contacts disposed on a second face of the ribbon cable;

folding the ribbon cable toward a face of the MEMS film; and forming, with the MEMS film, a lumen, the ribbon cable disposed within the lumen.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising coupling a recording circuit on a third plurality of contacts disposed on the first face of the ribbon cable.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the first face of the ribbon cable is different than the second face of the ribbon cable.

17. The method of claim 14, further comprising filling the lumen with an encapsulating epoxy.

18. The method of claim 14, coupling a lead wire with a tether contact, the tether contact disposed toward a distal tip of the ribbon cable.

19. The method of claim 14, further comprising heat molding the MEMS film to form the lumen.

20. The method of claim 14, wherein the power source is a rechargeable battery of a super capacitor.