WO2015013759A1 - Hardenable or settable material and method for stabilising csg salts - Google Patents
Hardenable or settable material and method for stabilising csg salts Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015013759A1 WO2015013759A1 PCT/AU2014/050149 AU2014050149W WO2015013759A1 WO 2015013759 A1 WO2015013759 A1 WO 2015013759A1 AU 2014050149 W AU2014050149 W AU 2014050149W WO 2015013759 A1 WO2015013759 A1 WO 2015013759A1
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- Prior art keywords
- salt
- weight
- mixture
- nacl
- total
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 188
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 45
- 230000003019 stabilising effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 7
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 142
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 127
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 gravel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011409 slag-lime cement Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Al]=O.[O-][Al]=O XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011410 supersulfated cement Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011408 pozzolan-lime cement Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 24
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 13
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000725101 Clea Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000006066 Comins reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241001024304 Mino Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007673 Origanum vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010677 Origanum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052925 anhydrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012206 bottled water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011411 calcium sulfoaluminate cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- HDFXRQJQZBPDLF-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OC([O-])=O.OC([O-])=O HDFXRQJQZBPDLF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical class C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011085 pressure filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a geotechnical stabilising composition.
- the invention could also be used in some waste disposal, construction and mining applications.
- the present inventio also relates to a method for treating brines, neutralising acid rock drainage, stabilising or binding CSG salts in. Registered Waste Facilities (RWF) and filling bore holes.
- RWF Registered Waste Facilities
- Underground mining of coal may involve the use of longwall mining equipment to remove coal .
- the longwall mining machine removes coal from a long face.
- the longwall mining machine has its own hydraulic roof supports which advance with the machine as mining progresses. Once the machine has excavated a cavity in the coal seam, it moves along the coal seam, thereby extending the cavity, known as the goaf, which will collapse causing subsidence of the surface.
- the process of developing a Long Wall mine requires the construction of drives with roof support. This leaves voids in the mine,
- Underground coal mines may also use the room and pillar mining technique.
- This technique a network of rooms is cut into the coal seams. Pillars of cod are left beliind in order to keep up the roof. In some coal mines, these pillars can constitute up to 40 of the total coal in the coal seam. Once the seam has been exhausted, the pillars can be removed, which will typically resul in. the roof collapsing. This is known as retreat mining.
- Retreat mining entails significant risk as the collapse of the roof can be somewhat unpredictable.
- Hard-rock underground mining invol ves the excavation of shafts or drives and stopes to remove ore.
- Meshes, roof panels and or rock bolts, and cemented fill may be used to support the roof in hard-rock underground mining. Once an ore body is exhausted, the shafts or drives are simply left in place and the entrance to the mine is normally locked Of collapsed to prevent unauthorised access. Cemented stopes when in place act to stabilise the mining area.
- coal seam gas salty water is considered to be a regulated waste.
- One possible solution that ' has ' been proposed for disposing of this salty water includes re-injecting the salty water back into the coal seam or deep underground. Thi has met resistance from environmental groups because the salty wate could escape from where it ha been placed and potentially contaminate underground aquifers.
- Another proposal to treat the salty water involves passing the brine through a reverse osmosis plant to produce a clea stream of water that can be used in agriculture or disposed of by pumpin to natural waterways, and a concentrated brine stream. The concentrated brine stream may be suitable for disposal at sea.
- coal seam gas extraction plants are located some distance from the sea, making disposal of the concentrated brine in the sea impractical and environmentally unacceptable, if other contaminants are present in the brine, disposal of the concentrated brine at sea may not be allowed.
- a furl her possibility for disposal of the salty water involves passing the salty water to ponds or dams and allowing the water in the pond or dams to evaporate to form salt.
- the location of many coal seam gas extraction plants makes this option impractical. This option requires purchase of significant areas of land upon which to place the ponds or dams.
- Coal seam, gas plants are also often located in regions of good-quality farming land and there is resistance t devoting farming land to salt formation ponds or dams for disposal of brines.
- the salt that is produced may comprise a contaminated salt that would be considered to be a regulated waste, thereby increasing the cost of further disposal.
- Regulators have rejected evaporation ponds as an acceptable method of OSG water disposal,
- the present invention provides a method for forming a hardenable or settable material comprising (a) treating a water containing dissol ved salts to produce solid salt comprising a mixture containing Nad and Na2C03, and (b) forming a hardenable or settable composition by mixing an hydraulic binder and optionally other additives, the solid salt produced in step (a) and water in an amount to react with the hydraulic binder but not sufficient to fully dissolve the solid salt to form a stabilised salt based material .
- the presen invention provides a hardenable or settable material comprising a hydraulic binder and particles of solid salt, the particles of solid salt containing NaCl and Na2C03. in this aspect of the present invention, water may be added in an amount to react with the hydraulic binder but not in excess to thereby avoid or minimise dissolution of the solid salt.
- the hardenable or settable material of the present invention can be disposed of by placement in a RWF,
- the hardenable ' or settable material may be used as a geotechnical stabilisation agent and it may be used to fill or support voids in mines.
- the hardenable or settable material of the present invention may also be used in some construction-related applications.
- the present invention should not be considered to be limited to use solely in applications relating to the stabilisation of geological features (whether naturally occurring or man-made). Indeed, the present invention may be used as a substitute for concrete in many applications.
- the present invention provides a method for stabilising void in an underground mine or an open cut mine void, the method comprising (a) treating water containing dissolved salt to produce solid salt comprising a mixture of NaCI and Na2C03, (b) forming a hardenabk or settable composition by mixing an hydraulic binder, the salt produced in step (a) and water in an amount to react with the hydraulic binder but not sufficient to fully dissolve the solid salt to form a geotechnical stabilisation agent, and (c) supplying the
- the solid salt used in the present invention contains NaCI and Na2CQ3.
- the salt further comprises NaHC03. It has been found that although using salt that comprises a mixture of NaCI and Na2C03 enables the harden able or settable material (which may also be referred to as a cementitious material) to harden and set, improved strength and binding properties are obtained if NaHC03 is also present in the salt mixture.
- the salt comprises a mixture of NaCI, Na2C03 and NaHC03.
- the salt may further comprise one or more of KC1, K2C03 HC03 and CaS04.
- Other additives may also be used, such as setting accelerators,
- the salt may comprise a mixture comprising from 10 to 40% Na2C03 by weight of the total salt mixture, 3 to 90% NaCI by weight of the total salt mixture and from 0 to 30% NaHC03 by weight of the total salt mixture.
- the salt may comprise mixture comprising from 15 to 35% Na2C03 by weight of the total salt mixture, 40 to 85% NaCI by weight of the total salt mixture and from 5 to 25% NaHC03 by weight of the total salt mixture.
- the salt may comprise a mixture comprising from 20 to 35% Na2C03 by weight of the total salt mixture, 45 to 70% NaCI by weight of the total salt mixture and from 10 to 25% NaHC03 by weight of the total salt mixture.
- the salt may comprise a mixture comprisin about 30% Na2C03 by weight of the total salt mixture, about 50% NaCI by weight of the total salt mixture and about 20% NaHC03 by weight of the total salt mixture.
- Specific ratios of NaCI: Na2C03: NaHC03 may include 85:15:5, or 70:20: 10 or 50:30:20. Other specific ratios failing within the above stated ranges may also be used,
- the salt mixture may also contain other salts. These other salts will normally be present in lesser amounts and need not be described in detail. It will be understood that the exact compositio of the salt mixture will be dependent upon the dissol ved salts present in the salty water from which the solid salt mixture is recovered.
- Water is added to the hardenable or settabie material to cause the hydraulic binder to set. Water is desirably added in an amount such that the hydraulic binder can fully set by reacting with the water. However, use of an excess of water (that is, in excess of that required to react with the hydraulic binder) should be avoided in order to avoid complete or even partial dissolution of the solid salt. In some embodiments, water is added in an amount such that dissolution of the salt is minimised.
- the hardenable or settabie material may have water present in step (b). The water may be added during batching of the hydraulic binder and the solid salt.
- the hydraulic binder and solid salt may be batched together and transported as an essentially dry mixtare to a site where the dry components are subsequently mixed with water.
- the solid salt is formed- and transported to a remote site for mixing with the hydraulic binder. Water may be added at that site or water may be added at a different site.
- the water may comprise fres water.
- the water is added as part of a brine solution.
- the brine solution may comprise a concentrated brine.
- the brine solution may comprise from 20% dissolved sait(s) up to the saturated concentration of dissolved salt(s).
- the concentrated brine may be formed as part of the process for forming the solid salt. For example, if a reverse osmosis process is used as part of the process to form the solid salt, a concentrated brine will be produced as a product of the reverse osmosis process. Some of that concentrated brine may be used to form the solid salt and some of the concentrated brine may be used by adding it in liquid form to the hardenable or settabie component.
- the brine may contain dissolved NaCl and dissolved Na2C03.
- the brine may also contain. dissolved NaHC03. It has been surprisingly found that a brine, especially a concentrated brine, containing dissol ed NaCl and dissolved Na2C03 allows for the mixture to set hard. If brine is used instead of water, additional brine may be added (when compared to using fresh water) to the mixture without causing excessive dissolution of the solid salt, it being appreciated that as a brine solution is being used, it has less capacity to dissolve the solid salts as the brine already contains dissolved salt. This may have benefits in. that adding more liquid to the dry components may allow for greater workability of the wet mixture prior to setting.
- the brine may comprise dissolved NaCl and dissolved Na2C03 and optionally NaHCQ3 present in an. amount of from 20% by weight of the brine up the solubility limit of those salts in water (calculated from the total weight of the dissolved salt components).
- the hardenable or settable material may further comprise particles of aggregate.
- the particles of aggregate thai may be added to the cementiiious material or the geotechnical stabilising agent may comprise any particulate material that is suitable for use as an aggregate in concrete.
- the aggregate will, preferably comprise mine rejects, such as overburden, tailings, and excavated rock.
- the aggregate may also comprise waste streams from power stations, such as fly ash, or waste streams from the aluminium industry, such as spent pot lining and anode butts.
- the aggregate material may also comprise sand, gravel, particles of glass (such, as waste glass or discard glass), a clay material, (such as bentonite) or indeed any other aggregate suitable for use with eementitious binders, and mixtures thereof.
- the present, invention provides geotechnical stabilisation agent comprising solid salt comprising a mixture of MaCI and a2CG3, and an hydraulic binder.
- the solid salt may also include NaBC03.Water is added to the geotechnical stabilisation agent. The water facilitates setting of the hydraulic binde so that the geotechnical stabilisation agent can form a solid mass.
- the solidified product is formed of a matrix comprising particles of the solid salt and the set hydraulic binder.
- the hydraulic binder acts to bind togethe the particles of solid salt.
- the particles of solid salt in the set product may effectively act as an aggregate in the set product,
- the hardenable or settable material comprises a mixture of from 50 to 99 solid salt and from i to 50% hydraulic binder, by weight, calculated on a dry basis.
- the hardenable or settable material comprises from 60 to 99% solid salt, preferably from 70 to 98% solid salt, more preferably from 80.to 98% solid salt, even more preferably from 88 to 98% solid salt, yet more preferably from 90 to 98% solid salt, or even about 95% solid salt, calculated on the basis and calculated as a percentage of the total amount of dry ingredients .
- the hardenable o settable material comprises from 1%; to 40% hydraulic binder, preferably from 2 to 30% hydraulic binder, more preferably from 2 to 20% hydraulic binder, even more preferabl from 2 to 12% hydraulic binder, yet more preferabl from 2 to 10% hydraulic binder, or even about 5 hydraulic binder, calculated on the basis and calculated as a percentage of the total amount of dry ingredients.
- the amount of water that is added to the hardenable or settabk material preferably comprises from .10% to 40% by weight, calculated as weight percent of the total weight of dry solids, more preferably from 15 to 35%, even more preferably from 20 to 33 %, yet more preferably from 23 to 30%. yet eve more preferably from 25 to 30%.
- the amount of water that, is added is the minimum amount of water required to react: with the hydraulic binder.
- dissolution of one or more of the salts present in the salt is largely avoided, preferably completel avoided. In this manner, any deleterious effects arising from dissolution of one or more of the salt compounds on the final cementitiou product is avoided,
- the present inventor have postulated that using an amount of water that is sufficient to allow the hydraulic binder to set but is not sufficient to also dissolve all of the solid salt means that particles of solid salt will remain in the set material.
- These panicles of solid salt effectively act as an aggregate in the set material, thereby forming solid mass having reasonable to good strength properties.
- the present inventors have also postulated that adding too little water will result in the hardenable or sellable material being difficult to handle and setting too quickly whilst adding too much water will result in dissolution of too much of the particles of solid salt,
- the salt is formed from a water containing dissolved salt.
- the water containing dissolved salt may comprise a water containing dissol ved salt extracted during coal seam gas extraction or during extraction of gas or oil from shale.
- the water containing dissolved salt may comprise water extracted during fracking operations. Other waters containing dissolved salt may also be used.
- the water containing dissolved salt may also comprise a water containing dissolved salt extracted from an underground aquifer.
- the water containing dissolved salt may contain appreciable quantities of dis olved salt.
- the water containing dissolved salt is treated using a reverse osmosis process as part of a process to form, a solid salt and water.
- a reverse osmosis process is available from Carina Water Resources LLC, based in West
- the process to produce solid salt involves 4 steps, being; 1/ cyclones, to remove solids, 2/ decomposin to remove bacteria and organies, 37 pressure filtration t produce agriculture quality water and wet, coarse salt, which goes to 4/ reverse osmosis, with self- cleaning membranes, which produces a concentrated brine that leads finally, possibly after further evaporation processes and crystallisation, to a solid salt ( a mixture of various sails and contaminants) and potable water or water vapour.
- the solid salt may be formed by placing the water containing dissolved salt in a solar evaporation ponds or dam and evaporating water to form solid salt or through a mechanical crysta!liser.
- the hydraulic binder used in the present invention may comprise a cementitious binder.
- the hardenable or sellable material comprises a cementitious material.
- the cementitious binder may comprise a Portland cement.
- Other cementitious binders such as energetically modified cement, Pozzolan-lirae cements, slag-lime cements, supersulfated cements, calcium aluminate cements, calcium sulfoaluminate cements, and magnesia cements may also be used in the present invention.
- particles of an aggregate material may be added to the cementitious material or the geotechnical stabilisation agent .
- the aggregate may be added in an amount from 0% to 70% by weight, calculated as weight percent of the total weight of dry solids.
- the aggregate may be added in an amount of from 0 to 66%, more preferabl from 0 to 50%, even more preferably from 0 to 45%, or in other amounts within that range.
- the aggregate may be sized such that the particle size distribution of the aggregate falls within a predetermined range of particle sizes.
- the particle size may vary across a wide range.
- the aggregate may comprise flotation tailings, such as flotation tailings obtained from Washing of coal.
- the aggregate may comprise mine reject or tailings solids.
- the aggregate is used in an "as -available" condition, without using milling or grinding to alter the particle size. The economic considerations for avoiding milling or grinding of the aggregate are apparent.
- the aggregate particles may be sized such that they have a particle- size of up to 50mm.
- the salt that is added to the hardenable or sellable material may be predominantly sodium chloride.
- Other salts, including sodium carbonate and (optionally) sodium bicarbonate will also be present,
- the salt that is added may comprise a solid salt recovered from groundwater extracted during coal seam gas extraction or extraction of gas from shale deposit or extraction of natural gas from other geological features.
- the hardenable or set table material is made by batching appropriate quantities of the solid ingredients.
- the solid salt may contain some moisture and may or may not set.
- the hardenable or sellable material is made by mixing the ingredients into a slurry.
- the slurry is suitably used shortly after being formed. This enables the slurry, for example, to be pumped into a void in a mine or into a RWF or into a borehole and subsequently allowed to set to form a solid, stable mass.
- the hardenable or sellable material having a relativel low moisture content is placed into storage and subsequently retrieved from storage, mixed with water to form a slurry and sent for final use,
- the solid salt is formed by treating a water containing dissolved salt extracted from a coal seam gas well, with the water containing dissolved salt being treated at or near the locationo of the coal seam gas well.
- the solid salt may then be transported, such as by road or rail transport, to a mine located away from the coal seam gas well and the salt may then be batched with the other ingredients to form the geotechnical stabilising agent.
- the hardenable or sellable material may then be used as a geotechnical technical stabilising agent to stabilise a void in the mine.
- the geotechnical stabilising agent may be mixed with water to form a slurry and the slurry may be pumped or otherwise delivered into the void in the mine and allowed to set to form a solid mass that stabilise the void.
- the hardenable or sellable material of the present invention suitably comprises a mixture of having a very high content of solid salt and a relatively low content of hydraulic binder.
- the present inventors have discovered thai such a. mixture Can set to form a hard mass having strength properties that make it suitable for placing in voids in mines or as a stabilised solid i RWFs.
- the salt comprises a solid salt recovered from a water containing dissolved salt extracted during coal seam gas extraction.
- Such salt will mainly comprise NaCl, with some NaHC03 and Na2C03 also being present. Mino amounts of other salt species and contaminants ma also be present in the salt.
- the hardened mass formed from the salt, hydraulic binder, water an optionally aggregate lias a compressive strength of at least 750kPa, more preferably greater than IMpa, even more preferably 1.5 pa or greater.
- the hardened mass may have a strength of up to 5 Mpa, or a compressive strength of up to 4 Mpa, or a compressive strength of up t 3 Mpa.
- the water containing dissolved salt removed during coal seam gas extraction may be used (either as a liquid or as a solid salt) to contact mine- water having a lo w pH to thereby increase the pH of the mine water.
- the coal seam gas brine contains sodium bicarbonate- and sodium carbonate which can be effective to increase the pH of low pH water. This may be- effective to neutralise the low pH water. Precipitation of one or more dissolved metals in the low pH water may also take place.
- the present inventors have also found that a satisfactory hardenable or settable material can be obtained by mixing a hydraulic binder with brine instead of water.
- the brine suitably comprises a solution containing dissolved NaCl and Na2C.03 and optionally dissolved NaHC03. Therefore, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a hardenable or settable material comprising a hydraulic binder mixed with a brine containing dissolved NaCl a
- the hardenable or settable material in this aspect preferably also includes aggregate.
- the brine suitably comprises a concentrated brine.
- the brine comprises a mixture of NaCl, Na2C03 and optionally NaHC03, with that mixture being, dissolved in water in an amount of from 20% by weight up to the solubility limit of the mixture in water.
- the ratio of NaCl, Na2C03 and NaHC0 present in the brine may comprise from 1.0 to 40% Na2C03 by weight of the total weight of NaCl, Na2C03 and NaHCOS, 30 to 90% NaCl by weight of the total weight of NaCl,. Na2C03 and NaHC03, and from 0 to 30%
- the salt may comprise a mixture comprising from 15 to 35% Na2C03 by weight of the total weight of NaCl, Na2C03 and NaHCC , 40 to 85% NaCl by weight of the total weight of NaCl, Na2C03 and NaHC03and from 5 to 25% NaHC03 by weight of the total weight of NaCl, Na2C03 and NaHC03.
- the brine may comprise a dissolved salt mixture comprising from 20 to 35% Na2C03 b weight of the total weight of NaCl, Na2C03 and
- the brine may comprise a mixture comprising about 30% Na2C03 by weight of the total weight of NaCl, Na2C03 and NaHC03, about 50% NaCl by weight of the total weight of NaCl Na2C03 and NaHiC03and about 20% NaHCG3 b weight of the total weight of NaCl, Na2CQ3 and NaHCCB.
- Specific ratios of NaCI: Na2C03: NaHC03 may include 85:15:5, or 70:20: 10 or 50:30:20.
- the amount of brine added in this aspect of the present invention may range from 15% to 60% by weight based on the total weight of solids, or from 17% to 50% by weight based on the total weight of solids, with amounts of 17%, 20%, 30%, 40 % and 50% providing a satisfactor product.
- the present invention provides a hardenable or sellable material in the form of a cementitious material or a geotechnical
- the present, invention can be used to treat water containing dissolved salt, such as water containing dissolved salt brought to the surface during extraction of coal seam gas. These types of water containing dissol ved salt are frequently classified as a regulated waste, which entails expensive disposal processes.
- the present invention treats the water containing dissolved salt to form a clean water steam and a solid salt which can then be used in the geotechnical stabilising agent that can be used to stabilise -voids in mines.
- the salt When .the cementitious material or the geotechnical stabilising agent has set to a solid mass, the salt is effectively encased in a solid matrix, thereby effecting safe disposal of the salt and benefi tting the mine.
- Preliminary studies by the present inventors have revealed that the coal seam gas industry in the state of Queensland, Australia, could potentially produce 1. ,000,000 tonnes of salt each year and this salt could be effectively disposed of by forming a cementitious material or a. geotechnical stabilising agent, in accordance with the present invention and using that geotechnical stabilising agent to stabilise or fill voids in mines, such as hard rock mines or coal mines.
- Embodiments of the present in ention c n take a brine that is classified as a regulated waste and treat that brine to form a useful product.
- hardenable or sellable material or the cementitious material or the geotechnical stabilising agent is mixed with water to produce a slurry which can set to form a solid mass.
- the slurry suitably can be pumped so they can be easily delivered int a void.
- the slurry suitably has a low beach angle (such as 2 to. 5°) to facilitate -flow into inaccessible areas.
- the slurry is suitably a non -settling slurry or an slowly settling slurry to minimise risk of pipe blockage during pumping. If any additional additives are included in the slurry, they will ideally not be harmful to the environment.
- the slurry suitably has a low free water release.
- the slurry may have a moisture content of less than 30% by weight, calculated on the basis of the wet slurry.
- cementitious material or the geotechnical stabilisation agent contains significant quantities of solid salt, the salt may be susceptible to dissolutio if i t comes into contact with a large head of water or with running water. Therefore, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to use the cementitious material or the geotechnical stabilisation agent to fill voids in areas that are likely to remain dry.
- the geotechnical stabilisation agent is to be used in filling voids: in regions that may be exposed to water having a high head of pressure, or to running water, it may be desirable to encase the geotechnical stabilisation agent in a water resistant coating, such as a polymeric coating, resin or a concrete coating or a bituminous coating.
- a water resistant coating such as a polymeric coating, resin or a concrete coating or a bituminous coating.
- the geotechnical stabilisation agent may be shotcreted to cover exposed surfaces in concrete, seal voids or coat the cemented salt.
- the present invention provides a method for forming a hardenable mass comprising (a) treating a water containing dissolved salt to produce solid salt comprising a mixture of NaCl and a2C03, and (b) forming a cementitious composition by mixing an hydraulic binder, the solid salt produced in step (a) and water in an amount to react wit the hydraulic binder but not sufficient to fully dissolve the solid salt to form a hardened mass and allowing the hardenable mass to set.
- the salt mixture may further include NaHC03.
- the invention may be used to stabilise salt in regulated waste facilities (RWFs).
- RWFs regulated waste facilities
- the quantities and relative amounts of each component added to the hardenable or settable material may be as described with reference t the quantitie and relative amount of those components present in the cementitiou material or the geotechnical stabilising agent, as described hereinabove.
- the salt comprised a mixture of NaCl, Na2C03 and NaHC03 .
- the ratio of each component was selected so that the final salt mixture reflected a typical salt mixture derived from salt water obtained from a coal gas seam extractio process, typically comprising 50% NaCl, 30% Na2C03 and 20% NaHCCB, calculated as a weight percentage calculated on the total weight of the salt mixture.
- a typical salt mixture derived from salt water obtained from a coal gas seam extractio process typically comprising 50% NaCl, 30% Na2C03 and 20% NaHCCB, calculated as a weight percentage calculated on the total weight of the salt mixture.
- Example 1 exhibited a compressive strength of 1 ,5M a and example 5 exhibited a compressive strength of 3.0Mpa. It is noted that geotechnieal stabilisation agents havin a compressive strength of above 750kPa are generally considered to be suitable for filling voids in some minin operations.
- Examples 39, 40, 42 43, 44 and 45 used a concentrated brine in place of water.
- the concentrated brine essentially comprised a mixture of NaCl, Na2C03 and NaHC03 in a ratio of 70:20:10, This mixture was dissolved in water to its solubility limit in orde to form the concentrated brine.
- Example 39, 40, 43 and 44 included solid salt.
- Examples 42 and 45 had no solid salt present. In each instance, a satisfactor set material was obtained. In examples 40 and 42, 30% brine was added. In example 43, 40% brine was added. In example 44, 50% brine was added.
- Examples 42 and 45 used a mixture that comprised cement, concentrated brine and aggregate (sand). Again, the concentrated brine essentially comprised a mixture of NaCl, Na2C03 and !%HCQ3 in a ratio of 70:20: 10, This mixture was dissolved in water to its solubility limit in order to form the concentrated brine. No solid salt was present in these examples. A satisfactory set product was obtained.
- a hardenable material may be formed by mixing in hydraulic binders (such as a cement) with a salt mixture that include NaCi and Na2C03. Na2CC)3, is commonly found mi ed with ordinary salt (NaCl) that is recovered from treating coal seam gas water (and other salty waters).
- hydraulic binders such as a cement
- NaCl ordinary salt
- embodiments of the present invention provide a method for treating coal seam ga water t recover a salt mixture therefrom, which salt mixture comprises NaCl and Na2C03.
- the salt mixture will also typically contain NaHC03 and if has been found that a stronger material having better binding properties is obtained when the salt mixture present in the geoteehnical stabilising agent or hardenahle material comprises a mixture of NaCI, Na2C03 and NaHC()3.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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AU2014295908A AU2014295908A1 (en) | 2013-07-29 | 2014-07-25 | Hardenable or settable material and method for stabilising CSG salts |
AU2018201759A AU2018201759A1 (en) | 2013-07-29 | 2018-03-12 | Hardenable or settable material and method for stabilising CSG salts |
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AU2013902804 | 2013-07-29 | ||
AU2013902804A AU2013902804A0 (en) | 2013-07-29 | Geotechnical Stabilising Agent | |
AU2014902546 | 2014-07-02 | ||
AU2014902546A AU2014902546A0 (en) | 2014-07-02 | Geotechnical Stabilising Agent |
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PCT/AU2014/050149 WO2015013759A1 (en) | 2013-07-29 | 2014-07-25 | Hardenable or settable material and method for stabilising csg salts |
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US20060086503A1 (en) * | 2004-10-26 | 2006-04-27 | Halliburton Energy Services | Casing strings and methods of using such strings in subterranean cementing operations |
US20070221376A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-09-27 | Ge Ionics, Inc. | Solidification of Residuals from Water Treatment Systems in Heavy Oil Recovery Operations |
US20080066654A1 (en) * | 2006-09-14 | 2008-03-20 | Bj Services Company | Low density cements for use in cementing operations |
CN101857411A (en) * | 2010-06-23 | 2010-10-13 | 湖南科技大学 | Method for preparing baking-free bricks from high soil content construction waste |
US20110067600A1 (en) * | 2009-12-31 | 2011-03-24 | Constantz Brent R | Methods and compositions using calcium carbonate |
US20110100626A1 (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2011-05-05 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Settable Compositions Comprising Unexpanded Perlite and Methods of Cementing in Subterranean Formations |
CN102562145A (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2012-07-11 | 中蓝连海设计研究院 | Dry-type cement filling method realized by aid of extracted tail salt of salt deposit |
-
2014
- 2014-07-25 WO PCT/AU2014/050149 patent/WO2015013759A1/en active Application Filing
- 2014-07-25 AU AU2014295908A patent/AU2014295908A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2018
- 2018-03-12 AU AU2018201759A patent/AU2018201759A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US5379843A (en) * | 1992-10-22 | 1995-01-10 | Shell Oil Company | Side-tracking cement plug |
US20040040475A1 (en) * | 2000-12-15 | 2004-03-04 | Robin De La Roij | Composition Which is Intended for use as an Additive for Cement |
US20060086503A1 (en) * | 2004-10-26 | 2006-04-27 | Halliburton Energy Services | Casing strings and methods of using such strings in subterranean cementing operations |
US20110100626A1 (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2011-05-05 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Settable Compositions Comprising Unexpanded Perlite and Methods of Cementing in Subterranean Formations |
US20070221376A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-09-27 | Ge Ionics, Inc. | Solidification of Residuals from Water Treatment Systems in Heavy Oil Recovery Operations |
US20080066654A1 (en) * | 2006-09-14 | 2008-03-20 | Bj Services Company | Low density cements for use in cementing operations |
US20110067600A1 (en) * | 2009-12-31 | 2011-03-24 | Constantz Brent R | Methods and compositions using calcium carbonate |
CN101857411A (en) * | 2010-06-23 | 2010-10-13 | 湖南科技大学 | Method for preparing baking-free bricks from high soil content construction waste |
CN102562145A (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2012-07-11 | 中蓝连海设计研究院 | Dry-type cement filling method realized by aid of extracted tail salt of salt deposit |
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AU2014295908A1 (en) | 2016-02-11 |
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