WO2014014843A1 - Analysis of pattern features - Google Patents
Analysis of pattern features Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014014843A1 WO2014014843A1 PCT/US2013/050560 US2013050560W WO2014014843A1 WO 2014014843 A1 WO2014014843 A1 WO 2014014843A1 US 2013050560 W US2013050560 W US 2013050560W WO 2014014843 A1 WO2014014843 A1 WO 2014014843A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/0002—Lithographic processes using patterning methods other than those involving the exposure to radiation, e.g. by stamping
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C21/00—Accessories or implements for use in connection with applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces, not provided for in groups B05C1/00 - B05C19/00
- B05C21/005—Masking devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
- G11B5/74—Record carriers characterised by the form, e.g. sheet shaped to wrap around a drum
- G11B5/743—Patterned record carriers, wherein the magnetic recording layer is patterned into magnetic isolated data islands, e.g. discrete tracks
- G11B5/746—Bit Patterned record carriers, wherein each magnetic isolated data island corresponds to a bit
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K13/00—Etching, surface-brightening or pickling compositions
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/26—Processing photosensitive materials; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/40—Treatment after imagewise removal, e.g. baking
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
- G11B5/84—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing record carriers
- G11B5/855—Coating only part of a support with a magnetic layer
Definitions
- Imprint resists are mainly designed to optimize their feature filling and release properties; they usually do not provide sufficient mechanical stability and etch resistance.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an overview of an electron curing reverse-tone process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an overview flow chart of an electron curing reverse-tone process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an overview flow chart of a continuation of an electron curing reverse-tone process of one
- FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an overview flow chart of a second continuation of an electron curing reverse-tone process of one
- FIG. 5A shows for illustrative purposes only an example of spin coating an etch-resistant layer of one embodiment.
- FIG. 5B shows for illustrative purposes only an example of electron beam curing of etch-resistant material of one embodiment.
- FIG. 6A shows for illustrative purposes only an example of resist layer imprinted pattern of one embodiment.
- FIG. 6B shows for illustrative purposes only an example of 2-step reverse- tone etching process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 6C shows for illustrative purposes only an example of an electron beam cured hard mask patterned template of one embodiment.
- FIG. 7 A shows for illustrative purposes only an example of etch- resistant layer filled imprinted pattern features of one embodiment.
- FIG. 7B shows for illustrative purposes only an example of electron beam curing of one embodiment.
- FIG. 8 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a cured structurally transformed etch-resistant layer material molecule of one embodiment.
- FIG. 9 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of coercivity and signal amplitude vs. magnetic diameter advantages of the electron curing reverse-tone process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 10A shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a controlled predetermined voltage and dose determination method of one embodiment.
- FIG. 10B shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a statistical size and placement distribution quality analysis of one embodiment.
- FIG. 1 1 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of feature size distribution of one embodiment.
- FIG. 12 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of evaluating reverse tone electron beam curing feature placement of one embodiment.
- FIG. 13 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a placement distribution function of one embodiment.
- FIG. 14 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a placement error grid of one embodiment.
- FIG. 15 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of placement evaluation of one embodiment.
- FIG. 16 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of plotted placement regularity numbers of one embodiment.
- the fabrication of BPM pattern at various densities including 250Gb/in2, 450Gb/in2, 500Gb/in2, 1Tb/in2, 1.5Tb/in2 and 2 Tb/in2 to 5 Tb/in2 uses a "reverse-tone" process including a wet reverse-tone process, in which a silicon-rich, etch-resistant material (such as HSQ) is deposited including spin- coated on a resist pattern and then etched back through multi-step reactive ion etching (RIE) to form a negative tone replica of the original.
- a silicon-rich, etch-resistant material such as HSQ
- RIE reactive ion etching
- increasing areal density may cause narrowing of the process window feature mechanical instability during etch-back may increase dot placement error (the "shifting dots” problem), insufficient etch resistance, and non-homogeneity of resist material at this scale degrades the dot size uniformity.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an overview of an electron curing reverse-tone process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 1 shows an electron curing reverse-tone process 100 which begins with a process for example spin-coating an etch-resistant layer on an imprinted resist pattern fabricated on a hard mask layer of a substrate 105.
- the etch-resistant layer covers and fills the pattern features of the imprinted resist pattern.
- a controlled electron beam dose is used for curing the etch-resistant layer using a controlled electron beam dose 110 that structurally transforms the etch-resistant layer material.
- the curing may be done alternatively before or after the spin on glass (SOG) etch-back, the two alternatives lead to different characteristics in the results, but both increase the pattern quality.
- the electron beam curing structural transformation is creating mechanical stability and reducing drift of etch area and pattern feature position when etching the hard mask material 120.
- Etching the hard mask material is achieved using a 2-step reverse-tone etching process 130.
- a first predefined etch performs an etch-back of the electron beam cured etch-resistant layer to expose the imprinted resist pattern.
- a second predefined etch is used for removing the imprinted resist and etching a pattern into the hard mask layer down to the substrate 140.
- the second predefined etch removes the imprinted resist pattern and forms a negative tone replica of the original pattern.
- the remaining electron beam cured etch-resistant layer can be removed creating a hard mask patterned template used for replicating semiconductors and stacks including high density bit patterned media (BPM) 150.
- the removal of the electron beam cured etch- resistant layer includes using a wet-chemical process such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Alternatively the remaining HSQ itself is used as part of the mask for the etching of the underlying stack or semiconductor.
- Replicating stacks including high density bit patterned media (BPM) includes using the mask for etching of magnetic layers of stacks by ion beam etching.
- FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an overview flow chart of an electron curing reverse-tone process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 2 shows a substrate with a hard mask layer deposited thereon 200.
- a resist layer with imprinted pattern 210 is fabricated on the hard mask layer, established for example by an ultraviolet (UV)-imprint process.
- a process may be used to descum the imprinted resist layer 220 to reduce the residual resist layer. The descum process removes a portion of the resist material exposing the hard mask layer between pattern features. Alternatively in one embodiment the imprinted resist layer is not descummed to avoid any potential alterations in the imprinted pattern.
- An etch-resistant layer 230 including hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) 235 is deposited including spin-coated on the imprinted resist pattern 240.
- An apparatus is used to cure the etch-resistant layer using electron beam dose 250 which is controlled to create mechanical stability 252 in the etch- resistant layer. The mechanical stability will reduce drift of etch area and pattern feature position 256.
- the electron beam curing dose is controlled to a predetermined voltage and dose 270 to achieve electron beam curing 260 of the etch-resistant layer material.
- the predetermined voltage 303 of FIG. 3 may include electron beam irradiated at an acceleration voltage. The acceleration voltage affects electron penetration depth.
- the sample structure in part is used in the determination of the predetermined voltage including acceleration voltages of several hundred volts, 2kV, 3kV, 10, 20, 50 and 100kV.
- the electron beam curing may cause the hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) to change from the "cage" structure to a cross-linked "network” structure, shrinks its volume and may increase its density, resulting in a HSQ film of higher etch resistance and better homogeneity. Description of the processing continues in FIG. 3.
- HSQ hydrogen silsesquioxane
- FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an overview flow chart of a continuation of an electron curing reverse-tone process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 3 shows a description processes the continue from FIG. 2 including the controlled electron beam irradiation 300 including thermal, ion beam, electron beam, x-ray, photon, ultraviolet (UV), deep ultraviolet (DUV), vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), plasma, microwave, or other types of irradiation 305.
- the controlled electron beam irradiation 300 including thermal, ion beam, electron beam, x-ray, photon, ultraviolet (UV), deep ultraviolet (DUV), vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), plasma, microwave, or other types of irradiation 305.
- UV ultraviolet
- DUV deep ultraviolet
- VUV vacuum ultraviolet
- the controlled electron beam dose uses a predetermined voltage 303 for an acceleration voltage.
- the electron beam irradiation 300 is used to structurally transform etch-resistant layer material 310 which reduces volume 312, increases refractive index N 314 and increases densification 316.
- etch-resistant layer 320 is performed on the etch-resistant layer 350.
- the electron beam irradiation step is added before a reverse-tone process including a 2-step etch-back and etching.
- the curing may increase the mechanical stability of the HSQ features during the 2-step reverse- tone processing, thus greatly alleviating the "shifting dots" problem.
- the process tends to produce features with bigger size.
- a 2-step reverse-tone etching process 330 is used to etch the hard mask material.
- a first predefined etch 340 including reactive ion etching (RIE) 342 using tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) 346 is used to etch-back cured etch-resistant layer 360. This embodiment continues as described in FIG. 4.
- the first predefined etch 340 is used to etch-back the uncured etch-resistant layer 355.
- the electron beam curing 260 of FIG. 2 is used for curing the etch-resistant layer 320 in the etched back etch-resistant layer 380.
- the 2-step reverse-tone etching process 330 continues as described in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an overview flow chart of a second continuation of an electron curing reverse-tone process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 4 shows subsequent processing continuing from FIG. 3.
- the two embodiments of the electron curing reverse-tone process 100 processing up to this point both produce electron beam cured and etched back etch-resistant layer 400.
- the 2- step reverse-tone etching process 330 of FIG. 3 continues with a second predefined etch 410 including reactive ion etching (RIE) 412 using oxygen gas (0 2 ) 416.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- the second predefined etch 410 performs an etch of a hard mask layer 430 and removes the imprinted resist layer 435. This process is etching a pattern down to the substrate 440.
- the electron beam cured and etched back etch-resistant layer reduces pattern feature placement drift errors 442 and increases pattern feature size uniformity 446.
- the remaining HSQ itself can be used as part of the mask for the etching of the underlying stack or semiconductor.
- the second predefined etch 410 can alternatively be followed by a stripping process to remove the etched back etch-resistant layer 450 and forming a negative tone replica of the original pattern.
- the etched hard mask including a carbon hard mask layer and alternatively including the etched back electron beam cured etch-resistant layer create a hard mask patterned template 460.
- subsequent processes include a substrate ion milled using patterned hard mask 465 for patterning of the substrate including a BPM magnetic stack.
- the resulting hard mask patterned template 460 may be used for subsequent replication of high- density (>1 Tb/in 2 ) patterned media.
- BPM replicated using the hard mask patterned template produced by the electron curing reverse-tone process 100 may have 1.5Tb/in 2 density, corresponding to a minimum dot-to-dot distance of 22.1 nm.
- the electron curing reverse-tone process 100 increases the quality of the replicated BPM pattern at >1Tb/in 2 density, producing arrays with markedly increased dot size at a minimum dot-to-dot distance of 22.1 nm.
- the hard mask patterned template 460 with reduced pattern feature placement drift errors and increased pattern feature size uniformity is used for replicating semiconductors 470 and used for replicating stacks 480 including high density bit patterned media (BPM) 490.
- the electron curing reverse-tone process 100 creates the advantages of placement accuracy and size uniformity thereby increasing the replicated quality of semiconductors and stacks.
- FIG. 5A shows for illustrative purposes only an example of spin coating an etch-resistant layer of one embodiment.
- FIG. 5A shows a substrate 500 with a hard mask layer 510 deposited thereon.
- the substrate 500 includes magnetic layers of a stack including a bit patterned media (BPM).
- An imprinted resist layer 520 on the hard mask layer 510 includes an array of one or more imprinted resist pattern feature 528 created using the imprinted pattern 530.
- the imprinted resist layer is not descummed to avoid any potential alterations in the imprinted pattern and an etch-resistant material is deposited onto the resist pattern 540.
- the etch-resistant material deposition includes spin coating.
- a descum process 534 is used to descum the imprinted resist layer 532.
- the descum process 534 removes excess resist material from each pattern feature 538 and exposes portions of the hard mask layer 510.
- An etch-resistant material is deposited onto the resist pattern 540.
- An etch-resistant layer material 545 including hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) 235 of FIG. 2 is used to develop mechanical stability and to reduce pattern feature placement drift error and increase pattern feature size uniformity when cured using a controlled dose of electron beams.
- HSQ hydrogen silsesquioxane
- Each pattern feature 538 is filled by the etch-resistant layer material 545 and which covers the exposed portions of the hard mask layer 510.
- FIG. 5B describes other processes that follow.
- FIG. 5B shows for illustrative purposes only an example of electron beam curing of etch-resistant material of one embodiment.
- FIG. 5B shows a continuation of processing from FIG. 5A.
- FIG. 5B shows the substrate 500, hard mask layer 510 and examples of the pattern feature 538.
- An electron beam curing of etch-resistant material 550 is performed using a controlled electron beam dose 555.
- the controlled electron beam dose 555 projects electron beams which flood the etch-resistant layer material 545.
- the controlled electron beam dose 555 structurally transforms the molecules of the etch-resistant layer material 545 to create mechanical stability.
- the 2-step reverse-tone etching process 330 of FIG. 3 uses the first predefined etch 340 of FIG. 3 including a reactive ion etching using CF 4 565.
- the reactive ion etching using CF4 565 is used to etch back electron beam cured etch-resistant material 560.
- the first predefined etch 340 of FIG. 3 creates etched back cured etch-resistant material 575.
- the second predefined etch 410 of FIG. 4 of the 2-step reverse-tone etching process 330 of FIG. 3 including the reactive ion etching using 0 2 585 is used to etch a hard mask pattern 580.
- the reactive ion etching using 0 2 585 removes the resist material and etches into the hard mask layer 510 down to the substrate 500.
- Imprint resist is not etch resistant and may not serve as a good mask for some processes. However, it is easier to imprint holes in imprint resist than making resist pillars by the imprint process.
- a "reverse-tone" process instead of directly using the imprinted resist pattern as a etch mask uses the etch resistance material for example HSQ material to create the mask.
- the etched back cured etch-resistant material 575 is used to increase pattern feature placement accuracy and size uniformity.
- the second predefined etch 410 of FIG. 4 produces a patterned hard mask layer 595.
- the etched etch-resistant material 590 is removed using for example a wet-chemical etch including a NaOH solution process and reveals the patterned hard mask layer 595 on the substrate 500.
- the removal the etched etch-resistant material 590 for example HSQ prior to IBE of for example the magnetic stacks may tend to re-deposit the HSQ on the final product during IBE, leaving a layer of unwanted coating.
- the etched etch-resistant material 590 removal process is not included where by the remaining etch-resistant material 590 for example HSQ is used as part of the mask as well.
- a subsequent process including using a RIE process is used to transfer the pattern into an underlying Si substrate followed by a process to remove the HSQ/carbon mask stack.
- the patterned hard mask layer 595 on the substrate 500 creates a hard mask patterned template 598.
- the hard mask patterned template 598 is used for used for replicating semiconductors and stacks including high density bit patterned media (BPM).
- Resist layer imprinted pattern
- FIG. 6A shows for illustrative purposes only an example of resist layer imprinted pattern of one embodiment.
- FIG. 6A shows the substrate 500, deposited hard mask layer 510 and imprinted resist layer 520.
- the imprinted pattern 530 creates each imprinted resist pattern feature 528.
- the descum process 534 is used to descum the imprinted resist layer 532.
- the descum process 534 removes excess resist from the pattern feature 538 and removes resist down to the hard mask layer 510.
- the imprinted resist layer is not descummed to avoid any potential alterations in the imprinted pattern.
- Processing continues wherein etch-resistant material is deposited onto the resist pattern 540.
- the etch-resistant layer material 545 covers any exposed surface of the hard mask layer 510 and fills each pattern feature 538. Descriptions of continuing processes are shown in FIG. 6B.
- FIG. 6B shows for illustrative purposes only an example of 2-step reverse-tone etching process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 6B shows processes continuing from FIG. 6A.
- FIG. 6B shows another embodiment of the electron curing reverse-tone process 100.
- the substrate 500 has the deposited hard mask layer 510 upon which are the uncured etch resistant material and descummed patterned resist.
- the 2-step reverse-tone etching process 330 of FIG. 3 uses the first predefined etch 340 of FIG. 3 before the electron beam curing process.
- the first predefined etch 340 of FIG. 3 includes the reactive ion etching using CF 4 565 used to process an etch-back of the uncured etch-resistant material 600.
- the reactive ion etching using CF 4 565 produces etched back uncured etch-resistant material 620.
- the controlled electron beam dose 555 is used for electron beam curing of etched back etch-resistant material 630.
- the electron beam curing process results in etched back cured etch-resistant material 575.
- the etched back cured etch-resistant material 575 has structurally transformed molecules with increased mechanical stability. Descriptions of subsequent processes are shown in FIG. 6C.
- Hard mask patterned template
- FIG. 6C shows for illustrative purposes only an example of an electron beam cured hard mask patterned template of one embodiment.
- the 2-step reverse-tone etching process 330 of FIG. 3 includes using the second predefined etch 410 of FIG. 4 including the reactive ion etching using 0 2 585 after the electron beam curing process.
- the reactive ion etching using 0 2 585 is used to etch a hard mask pattern 580 down to the substrate 500.
- the reactive ion etching using 0 2 585 removes the imprinted resist layer.
- the reactive ion etching using 0 2 585 produces a patterned hard mask layer 595.
- the etched etch-resistant material 590 is used to increase pattern feature placement accuracy and size uniformity.
- an alternative stripping process is used to remove the etched etch-resistant material 587 including a NaOH solution wet-chemical etch 588 removes the etched etch-resistant material 590.
- the remaining HSQ itself is used as part of the mask for the etching of the underlying stack or semiconductor.
- the patterned hard mask layer 595 on the substrate 500 creates the hard mask patterned template 598 used for replicating semiconductors 470 of FIG. 4 and used for replicating stacks 480 of FIG. 4 including high density bit patterned media (BPM) 490 of FIG. 4.
- Etch-resistant layer filled imprinted pattern features are:
- FIG. 7A shows for illustrative purposes only an example of etch-resistant layer filled imprinted pattern features of one embodiment.
- FIG. 7A shows the substrate 500 with the hard mask layer 510 deposited thereon.
- the resist layer with imprinted pattern 210 includes multiples of an imprinted pattern feature 705 which in this example is an inverted tapered pillar.
- the etch-resistant layer 230 spin coated on the imprinted resist covers the resist material.
- the etch-resistant material including HSQ of an etch-resistant layer fills each imprinted pattern feature 700 of one embodiment.
- FIG. 7B shows for illustrative purposes only an example of electron beam curing of one embodiment.
- FIG. 7B shows the substrate 500 with the hard mask layer 510 deposited thereon.
- An example of an imprinted pattern feature 705 is shown through the etch-resistant layer 230 including HSQ is shown as transparent for ease of viewing.
- the etch-resistant material has filled each imprinted pattern feature 705 embedding the etch-resistant material in the resist matrix.
- a controlled electron beam emitting apparatus 710 is used to produce for example flooding electron beams 720 into the etch-resistant layer 230.
- the flooding electron beams 720 diffuse as they penetrate the etch-resistant material.
- the controlled electron beam emitting apparatus 710 regulates the strength of the emitted electron beams using a predetermined voltage and dose.
- the predetermined voltage is controlled to enable the flooding electron beams 720 to saturate the volume and depth of the etch-resistant layer 230 thus curing the etch-resistant materials to structurally transform the molecules of the etch- resistant layer 230.
- the etch-resistant layer 230 using HSQ is structurally transformed at a curing dose including - 1000 ⁇ . ⁇ / ⁇ 2 to 50,000pC/cm 2 .
- the process affected by the changes in HSQ properties includes the toppling and shifting in HSQ pillars and the strength and adhesion may help the pillars stand including stress vs. strength, and material failure.
- the molecular structural transformation reduces volume 312 of FIG. 3, increases refractive index n 314 of FIG. 3 and increases densification 316 of FIG. 3 of the etch-resistant layer 230.
- the transformed electron beam cured etch-resistant layer 230 has increased mechanical stability. Etching through the cured etch-resistant layer 230 produces reduced pattern feature placement drift error and increased pattern feature size uniformity.
- FIG. 8 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a cured structurally transformed etch-resistant layer material molecule of one embodiment.
- FIG. 8 shows controlled electron beam dose 555 of FIG. 5B produces electron beam curing 260 directed into an uncured etch-resistant layer material molecule 810.
- An uncured etch-resistant layer material molecule of a silicon-rich, etch-resistant material including HSQ has a "cage" or cubic structure.
- the organic resist material is already cross-linked during the UV- imprint process.
- the electron beam has effects on the imprint resist as well. If electron-beam exposure is done on a UV-cured imprint resist film only, the resist seems first to turn more carbon-like (with increased refractive index and reduced thickness).
- the molecule has silicon (Si) atoms at each corner which are linked by oxygen (O) atoms.
- a hydrogen (H) atom is attached to each silicon (Si) atom adding to the volume of the molecule.
- Each cured structurally transformed etch-resistant layer material molecule 820 has a cross-linked "network" structure caused by an atomic redistribution reaction.
- the etch-resistant layer 545 using for example HSQ is structurally transformed at a curing dose of for an example in ranges from 1 ,000pC/cm 2 to 50,000pC/cm 2 .
- the electron beam curing structural transformation shrinks the molecule's volume and increases its density resulting in increased etch resistance.
- the electron beam curing increased etch resistance creates mechanical stability preventing pattern feature shifts in position and size degradations during etching.
- FIG. 9 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of coercivity and signal amplitude vs. magnetic diameter advantages of the electron curing reverse-tone process of one embodiment.
- FIG. 9 shows a chart plotting the coercivity and signal amplitude vs. magnetic diameter 900. The chart shows that signal amplitude increases 910 and coercivity decreases 920 as the magnetic diameter [nm] 930 increases.
- the electron curing reverse-tone process 100 reduces pattern feature placement drift errors 442 of FIG. 4 and increases pattern feature size uniformity 446 of FIG. 4.
- the electron beam curing dose is controlled to a predetermined voltage and dose 270 of FIG. 2 of the electron beams to regulate voltage and dose duration based on type and thicknesses of imprinted resist materials, etch- resistant materials, hard mask layer and substrate.
- the reduced pattern feature placement drift errors and increased pattern feature size uniformity enables the magnetic diameter [nm] 930 of the pattern features to be optimized, including the maximized magnetic diameter [nm] 930 that produces the least coercivity and most signal amplitude of the substrate magnetic features etched using the hard mask patterned template 460 of FIG. 4.
- the pattern features size uniformity narrows magnetic dots switching field distribution and the pattern features placement accuracy reduces "jitter" during signal read-back.
- FIG. 10A shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a controlled predetermined voltage and dose determination method of one embodiment.
- FIG. 10A shows the electron beam curing 260 is controlled to a predetermined voltage and dose 270.
- Controlled voltage and dose are determined by evaluating reverse tone features quality 1000 assures the quality of the products produced.
- a method for evaluating reverse tone features quality 1010 is used to predetermine the voltage and dose used in the electron beam curing 260.
- the evaluation method uses analysis of electron beam curing 260 product results, for example bit-patterned media (BPM), where statistics can be obtained 1012.
- BPM bit-patterned media
- a statistical size and placement distribution quality analysis 1014 is performed for each statistical analysis reference group 1016.
- the statistical analysis reference group 1016 includes targeted pattern features and density 1018, hard mask and substrate layer materials used 1020 and electron beam voltage and dose settings 1022.
- the quality of the size of the pattern features and placement of the patterned features are analyzed. Patterned features size and placement errors from reverse tone process can be separated 1024.
- the statistical size and placement distribution analysis 1014 is programmed to evaluate the size and placement decoupled 1026.
- One evaluation is a reverse tone feature size analysis 1030 which is described further in FIG. 10B.
- the other evaluation is a reverse tone feature placement analysis algorithm 1050 described further in FIG. 10B of one embodiment.
- FIG. 10B shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a statistical size and placement distribution quality analysis of one embodiment.
- FIG. 10B shows the continuation of the descriptions of the statistical size and placement distribution quality analysis 1014 of FIG. 10A.
- the reverse tone feature size analysis 1030 of FIG. 10A includes a mean binary (M B ) size distribution function 1032.
- M B mean binary
- the size evaluation 1040 is used in the assessment of the targeted pattern features and density 1018 of FIG. 10A quality achieved for the electron beam voltage and dose settings 1022 of FIG. 10A used on the etch-resistant materials.
- FIG. 10B shows a description of the reverse tone feature placement analysis algorithm 1050 of FIG. 10A which develops one number to describe placement error 1052.
- the one number to describe placement error 1052 is arrived using a mean probability (m p ) distribution function 1054.
- a calculation of distribution function m p 1056 is programmed wherein random domain templates can be used 1062 with no need to pre-determine the grid 1060.
- the result of the calculation of distribution function m p 1056 quantifies feature placement regularity described by a single parameter 1064.
- the feature placement regularity described by a single parameter 1064 is used in a placement evaluation 1070 to assess of the quality of the targeted pattern features and density 1018 of FIG. 10A reached for the electron beam voltage and dose settings 1022 of FIG. 10A used on the etch-resistant materials.
- the joint results of the size evaluation 1030 and placement evaluation 1070 are used to determine voltage and dose resulting in targeted reverse tone features quality 1080 of one embodiment.
- FIG. 11 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of feature size distribution of one embodiment.
- FIG. 1 1 shows the reverse tone feature size analysis 1030 which uses a sample image for each statistical analysis reference group 1100 electron beam curing process result obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of one embodiment.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the data collected in the histogram 1110 is an analysis of the brightness of all the pixels in the original SEM image of the features for example dots.
- the histogram 1110 distribution (horizontal axis) is from 0 to 255 to correspond to a gray scale for example a 256-level brightness.
- the histogram 1110 distribution (horizontal axis) is used to set the brightness "threshold” to turn the original grayscale (0-255) image into a binary image (0 andl ) that is used to determine a size (brightness) threshold 1120.
- the threshold 1 120 is used as a filter to create binary 1 130 feature size data from the SEM 1105.
- the binary 1 130 is used to create M B 1140 a binary representation of the SEM 1105.
- the M B 1140 is a filtered and "smoothened" version of the binary 130 through several image processing operations to make the size calculation more stable. In binary 1 130 there are smaller dots near the large dots, these small dots may be interpreted by computer as individual dots, that's why filtering is applied to "smoothen" the binary 1130 image.
- the M B 1140 data is shown as a size distribution 1 150 which is compared to a targeted size quality 1160 as a basis for a size evaluation of one embodiment.
- FIG. 12 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of evaluating reverse tone electron beam curing feature placement of one embodiment.
- the placement of the features can affect for example ultimate read/write functioning quality of the features in for example BPM.
- FIG. 12 shows algorithm step 1 1200 used in analyzing feature placement 1210 in the reverse tone feature placement analysis algorithm 1050 of FIG. 10A.
- the M B 1140 is used to create M 1230 where M is the same size as the image MB 1240.
- FIG. 13 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a placement distribution function of one embodiment.
- FIG. 13 shows the continuation of the process from FIG. 12.
- An algorithm step 3 1300 is used to perform a distribution function 1310.
- M 1230 has in window m, 1325 showing the random domain area used in this distribution function 1310.
- An enlargement of m, 1325 is shown in m, feature placements 1330. Included in the m, feature placements 1330 is (Xi,y,) 1335 which equals m, 1325 center point coordinates.
- the collection of coordinate points is shown in m p placement data 1340.
- a calculation distribution function m p 1350 wherein m p is analogous to a wave function ⁇ (x,y) (in quantum mechanics) 1352.
- An m p value is the probability of finding a neighboring feature 1354 for the targeted pattern features and density 1018 of FIG. 10A.
- FIG. 14 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of a placement error grid of one embodiment.
- FIG. 14 shows the continuation of the placement error determination from FIG. 13.
- FIG. 14 includes algorithm step 4 1400 used to create a placement error grid 1410.
- Random domain templates can be used 1062 of FIG. 10B where there is no need to pre-determine the grid 1060 of FIG. 10B.
- a peak location determines the grid 1420 increments and peak width is used to determine placement error 1430.
- the grid 1470 includes the x-y coordinates of "pixels", the small squares in the x-y plane corresponding to the pixels in the original image.
- the grid 1470 includes vertical z-coordinates which are "counts" corresponding to how many neighboring dots are found at the particular pixel location.
- the x, y and z coordinates are used to create m p 1440.
- the m p 1440 data is used to transition from m p to placement error 1450 quantification as one number.
- a placement error relief grid 1460 shows a three dimensional (3D) representation of the grid 1470. Additional steps are described in FIG. 15 of one embodiment.
- FIG. 15 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of placement evaluation of one embodiment.
- FIG. 15 shows the continuing process from FIG. 14 including algorithm step 5 1500.
- Algorithm step 5 1500 is used for placement evaluation 1505 of the images of the random domain templates.
- the images include in this example SEM 1 1510, SEM 2 1520, SEM 3 1530, SEM 4 1540, SEM 5 1550 and SEM 6 1560.
- Corresponding to the images are m p 1 1515, m p 2 1525, m p 3 1535, m p 4 1545, m p 5 1555 and m p 6 1565.
- the m p grids show how the placements can vary with different electron beam curing voltage and dose settings.
- the evaluations performed are used to determine which settings produce the targeted results. The further evaluation is described in FIG. 16 of one embodiment.
- FIG. 16 shows for illustrative purposes only an example of plotted placement regularity numbers of one embodiment.
- FIG. 16 shows a continuance of the process from FIG. 15 including algorithm step 6 1600.
- Algorithm step 6 1600 is used to determine each calculated feature placement error 1610.
- the calculated feature placement error 1610 is used to determine the probability of finding a neighboring feature 1620.
- the calculated feature placement error plotting 1630 charts the feature placement error for each image based on the P_error (nm).
- the P_error (nm) is one number to describe placement regularity 1660.
- Each plotted placement regularity number 1670 for images 1-6 can create a curved output.
- a method for an electron curing reverse-tone process comprising:
- etching a pattern down to the substrate using a 2-step reverse-tone etching process includes a reactive ion etching (RIE) including using Tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) and a reactive ion etching (RIE) including using oxygen gas (0 2 ).
- RIE reactive ion etching
- CF 4 Tetrafluoromethane
- RIE reactive ion etching
- An apparatus comprising:
- the apparatus of 10 further comprising means for controlling the electron beam dose curing using a predetermined voltage and dose of irradiation including thermal, ion beam, electron beam, x-ray, photon, UV, DUV, VUV, plasma, microwave, or other types of irradiation determined using a statistical size and placement distribution quality analysis.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- RIE reactive ion etching
- RIE reactive ion etching
- RIE reactive ion etching
- CF 4 Tetrafluoromethane
- RIE reactive ion etching
- An electron beam curing process comprising:
- a 2-step reverse-tone etching process including using etching processes to etch the electron beam cured mechanically stabilized imprinted resist layer patterned features into a hard mask layer and into a substrate; and using analytical processes to predetermine the electron beam curing doses.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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SG11201500159VA SG11201500159VA (en) | 2012-07-16 | 2013-07-15 | Analysis of pattern features |
KR20157004212A KR20150036703A (en) | 2012-07-16 | 2013-07-15 | Analysis of pattern features |
JP2015523162A JP2015525974A (en) | 2012-07-16 | 2013-07-15 | Analysis of pattern structure |
CN201380037980.6A CN104470701B (en) | 2012-07-16 | 2013-07-15 | The analysis of pattern characteristics |
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US201261672271P | 2012-07-16 | 2012-07-16 | |
US61/672,271 | 2012-07-16 | ||
US13/798,130 US20140014621A1 (en) | 2012-07-16 | 2013-03-13 | Analysis of pattern features |
US13/798,130 | 2013-03-13 |
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WO2014014843A1 true WO2014014843A1 (en) | 2014-01-23 |
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PCT/US2013/050560 WO2014014843A1 (en) | 2012-07-16 | 2013-07-15 | Analysis of pattern features |
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US (2) | US20140014621A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2015525974A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20150036703A (en) |
CN (1) | CN104470701B (en) |
SG (1) | SG11201500159VA (en) |
TW (1) | TW201417142A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2014014843A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
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JP2016051808A (en) * | 2014-08-29 | 2016-04-11 | 株式会社ミノグループ | Method of manufacturing board having minute uneven pattern, and board having minute uneven pattern obtained by the method |
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Also Published As
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US9348219B2 (en) | 2016-05-24 |
CN104470701A (en) | 2015-03-25 |
KR20150036703A (en) | 2015-04-07 |
TW201417142A (en) | 2014-05-01 |
SG11201500159VA (en) | 2015-03-30 |
JP2015525974A (en) | 2015-09-07 |
US20140014621A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
CN104470701B (en) | 2016-09-28 |
US20150155164A1 (en) | 2015-06-04 |
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