WO2009100401A2 - Wireless communications systems using multiple radios - Google Patents
Wireless communications systems using multiple radios Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009100401A2 WO2009100401A2 PCT/US2009/033490 US2009033490W WO2009100401A2 WO 2009100401 A2 WO2009100401 A2 WO 2009100401A2 US 2009033490 W US2009033490 W US 2009033490W WO 2009100401 A2 WO2009100401 A2 WO 2009100401A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- radio
- node
- radios
- complementary
- receiver
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
- H04B1/7097—Interference-related aspects
- H04B1/711—Interference-related aspects the interference being multi-path interference
- H04B1/7115—Constructive combining of multi-path signals, i.e. RAKE receivers
- H04B1/712—Weighting of fingers for combining, e.g. amplitude control or phase rotation using an inner loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
- H04W28/04—Error control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
- H04B1/3827—Portable transceivers
- H04B1/385—Transceivers carried on the body, e.g. in helmets
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/02—Power saving arrangements
- H04W52/0209—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices
- H04W52/0225—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal
- H04W52/0238—Power saving arrangements in terminal devices using monitoring of external events, e.g. the presence of a signal where the received signal is an unwanted signal, e.g. interference or idle signal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/02—Selection of wireless resources by user or terminal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
- H04W72/54—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria
- H04W72/541—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria using the level of interference
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
- H04W72/54—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria
- H04W72/542—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on quality criteria using measured or perceived quality
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/50—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources
- H04W72/56—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on priority criteria
- H04W72/563—Allocation or scheduling criteria for wireless resources based on priority criteria of the wireless resources
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/04—Wireless resource allocation
- H04W72/044—Wireless resource allocation based on the type of the allocated resource
- H04W72/0453—Resources in frequency domain, e.g. a carrier in FDMA
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
- H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
- H04W84/042—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems
- H04W84/045—Public Land Mobile systems, e.g. cellular systems using private Base Stations, e.g. femto Base Stations, home Node B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
- H04W88/02—Terminal devices
- H04W88/06—Terminal devices adapted for operation in multiple networks or having at least two operational modes, e.g. multi-mode terminals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
- H04W88/08—Access point devices
- H04W88/085—Access point devices with remote components
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W88/00—Devices specially adapted for wireless communication networks, e.g. terminals, base stations or access point devices
- H04W88/08—Access point devices
- H04W88/10—Access point devices adapted for operation in multiple networks, e.g. multi-mode access points
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
- Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to wireless communication systems and specifically to wireless communications systems using multiple radios.
- Wireless communications are implemented by any of a variety of radio technologies, depending on the type of application.
- Cellular phones may use the Global System for Mobile communications (GSMTM), the IS-54 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or the IS-95 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) radio technologies, whereas a wireless local area network may use Wi-FiTM, BluetoothTM or ZigBee® radio technologies.
- GSMTM Global System for Mobile communications
- TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
- CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
- a wireless local area network may use Wi-FiTM, BluetoothTM or ZigBee® radio technologies.
- a wireless device communicates directly with another wireless device.
- a wireless device communicates with another wireless device through one or more intermediary gate devices, such as a base station or an access point.
- a wireless device uses a single radio technology to effect communication with its peer (in the case of a peer-to-peer network) or with the access point (in the case of an infrastructure network).
- dual radios are used in a wireless device to support different air interface standards, in order to provide compatibility with different wireless service providers.
- a dual-radio device may support GSM, a cellular phone service, and Wi-Fi, a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) service, and uses one of these two radios for communication, depending on which service (GSM or Wi-Fi) is available in a geographic area.
- GSM Global System for Mobile communications
- Wi-Fi Wireless Local Area Network
- the present invention relates to an innovative wireless communications system employing multiple radios.
- the communications system selects amongst and switches between multiple radios — possibly multiple times — while a connection or session is in progress. This switching allows the communications system to achieve one or more of the following performance objectives:
- the multiple radio system can reduce the physical footprint of the radio nodes and lead to improved data rates and communication range.
- a given radio can be optimized, for example, by the following means:
- the present invention discloses a node comprising a first radio constructed and arranged to function as at least one of a transmitter and a receiver, and a second radio constructed and arranged to function as at least one of a transmitter and a receiver, wherein the first radio and second radios are complementary.
- the first radio is constructed and arranged to transmit and to receive signals and the second radio is also constructed and arranged to transmit and to receive signals.
- the present invention discloses a communication system comprising a node as described above, the node forming a first node and the first and second radios forming a first set of complementary radio.
- the communication further comprises a second node, the second node including a second set of complementary radios for transmitting and receiving signals.
- the first and second nodes are in wireless communication via the first and second sets of complementary radios.
- the present invention discloses a communication system comprising a node as described above, the node forming a first node and the first and second radios forming a first set of complementary radios.
- the communication further comprises a second node comprising a second set of complementary radios for transmitting and receiving signals.
- the first and second nodes are constructed and arranged to wirelessly communicate via both the first and second sets of complementary radios.
- the present invention discloses a communication system comprising a base node for transmitting and receiving signals, the base node comprising a first plurality of resources; and at least one peripheral node for transmitting and receiving signals, the at least one peripheral node comprising a second plurality of resources.
- the base node and the at least one peripheral node are in wireless communication and the first plurality of resources is greater than the second plurality of resources.
- the present invention discloses a communication system comprising a base node comprising a first set complementary radios for transmitting and receiving signals, and at least one peripheral node comprising a second set of complementary radios for transmitting and receiving signals.
- the base node and the at least one peripheral node are constructed and arranged to wirelessly communicate via both the first and second sets of complementary radios. In some embodiments, the base node consumes more power than each individual peripheral node.
- the present invention discloses a communication system comprising a base node comprising a first set of complementary means for transmitting and receiving signals, and at least one peripheral node comprising a second set of complementary means for transmitting and receiving signals.
- the base node and the at least one peripheral node comprise a means for wirelessly communicating via both the first and second sets of complementary means for transmitting and receiving signals. In some embodiments, the base node consumes more power than each individual peripheral node.
- the present invention discloses a method for using two or more complementary radios in a communication system comprising either or both of the following steps: 1) selecting one or more of the complementary radios to form a connection; and 2) switching between one or more of the complementary radios to maintain a connection.
- the present invention discloses a method for using two or more complementary radios in a communication system comprising either or both of the following steps: 1) activating at least one complementary radio to form a connection; and 2) activating one or more inactive complementary radios to maintain a connection.
- the present invention discloses a method for using two or more complementary radios in a communication system comprising either or both of the following steps: 1) selecting one complementary radio from the at least two complementary radios to form a new connection; and 2) switching between a first complementary radio and a second complementary radio during a connection.
- the communication system selects which of the complementary radios is active.
- the communication system selects which of the complementary radios is used to form or maintain a connection in order to meet a performance objective.
- the transmitter associated with each of the complementary radios transmits substantially simultaneously and the receiver associated with each of the complementary radios combines signals from the complementary radios.
- the present invention discloses a device for implementing a complementary radio system comprising two or more complementary radios, means for selecting one or more of the complementary radios to form a connection, and means for switching between one or more of the complementary radios during the connection.
- the present invention discloses a device for implementing a complementary radio system comprising two or more complementary radios, means for activating one or more of the complementary radios simultaneously, means for transmitting a signal from each of the complementary radios substantially simultaneously, and means for combining signals from the complementary radios.
- the present invention discloses a method for switching radio connections in a complementary radio communication system, comprising establishing a forward radio connection and a reverse radio connection between a first node and a second node, each node comprising two or more complementary radios, wherein the forward radio connection transmits data from the first node to the second node, and the reverse radio connection transmits data from the second node to the first node.
- the method further comprises monitoring the communication quality of the forward radio connection on the second node until the communication quality of the forward radio connection falls below a performance criteria, then transmitting a control message from the second node to the first node using the reverse radio connection established above.
- the control message comprises a message to switch to an alternate radio connection selected by the second node.
- the connection is then reestablished using the alternate radio connection.
- transmission of the control message is repeated until the first node transmits data to the second node on the alternate radio connection within a predetermined time interval.
- the second node continues to listen on the forward radio connection in the initial step until the first node transmits data to the second node on the alternate radio connection within the predetermined time interval.
- the present invention discloses a receiver comprising a means for amplification, a configurable means for filtering comprising a means for communication with the amplification means, and at least one configurable device comprising means for communication with the configurable filter.
- the receiver also comprises at least one means for analog to digital conversion further comprising means for communication with the at least one configurable device.
- the configurable means for filtering is constructed and arranged to function as a bandpass filter when the receiver is used as a narrowband receiver and to function as a low pass filter when the receiver is used as an ultra-wideband receiver.
- the present invention discloses a receiver comprising a means for amplification, a configurable means for filtering in electronic communication with the means for amplification, and at least one configurable device electrically communicable with the configurable means for filtering.
- the receiver also comprises at least one means for analog to digital conversion in electrical communication with the at least one configurable device.
- the configurable means for filtering is constructed and arranged to function as a bandpass filter when the receiver is used as a narrowband receiver and to function as a low pass filter when the receiver is used as an ultra- wideband receiver.
- the present invention discloses a receiver comprising an amplifier, a configurable filter comprising means for communication with the amplifier, at least one configurable device comprising means for communication with the configurable filter, and at least one analog to digital converter comprising means for communication with the at least one configurable device.
- the wherein the configurable filter is constructed and arranged to function as a bandpass filter when the receiver is used as a narrowband receiver and to function as a low pass filter when the receiver is used as an ultra-wideband receiver.
- the present invention discloses a receiver comprising an amplifier, a configurable filter in electronic communication with the amplifier, at least one configurable device in electrical communication with the configurable filter, and at least one analog to digital converter in electrical communication with the at least one configurable device.
- the configurable filter is constructed and arranged to function as a bandpass filter when the receiver is used as a narrowband receiver and to function as a low pass filter when the receiver is used as an ultra- wideband receiver.
- the present invention discloses a receiver comprising an amplifier, a configurable filter coupled to the amplifier, a bank of configurable devices coupled to the configurable filter, and a plurality of analog to digital converters coupled to the bank of configurable devices.
- the configurable filter is configured into a bandpass filter when the receiver is utilized as a narrowband receiver and is configured into a low pass filter when the receiver is utilized as an ultra-wideband receiver.
- the configurable device is configured as a means for mixing when the receiver is used as a narrowband receiver and is configured as a means for switching when the receiver is an ultra- wideband receiver.
- the present invention discloses a kit comprising one or more nodes as described above. In still other aspects, the present invention discloses a kit comprising a communication system as described above. In other aspects, the present invention discloses a kit comprising one or more receivers as described above.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless communications system deploying a single radio type
- FlG. 2 illustrates a conventional asymmetric wireless communication system deploying a single radio type
- FIG. 3 illustrates a system for deploying multiple radios in accordance with the present invention
- FiG. 4 illustrates the different elements of a digital radio
- FiG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of the multi-radio scheme containing one narrow band (NB) radio and one ultra- wideband (UWB) radio;
- FlG. 6 illustrates the range of the UWB/NB radio system in accordance with an embodiment
- FiG. 7 illustrates a multi-radio system in accordance with an embodiment.
- Multiple antennas can be used for the Wi-Fi radio of the A-Node to increase robustness
- FlG. 8 illustrates a flow chart for addressing the constrained optimization approach
- FiG. 9 illustrates an approach for reliably switching radio connections on a base node
- FiG. 10 illustrates an approach for reliably switching radio connections on a peripheral node in communication with the base node of FiG. 9;
- FiG. 11 illustrates a modification to FIG. 9 for reliably switching radio connections on a base node
- FiG. 12 illustrates an alternate approach for reliably switching radio connections on a base node
- FlG. 13 illustrates an approach for reliably switching radio connections on a peripheral node in communication with the base node of FiG. 12;
- FlG. 14 illustrates a modification to FlG. 12 for reliably switching radio connections on a base node
- FIG. 15 illustrates a generic narrowband receiver
- FlG. 16 illustrates the receiver configured into an ultra-wide band (UWB) receiver
- FlG. 17 illustrates a generic transmitter configured as a narrowband transmitter in accordance with the present invention
- FiG. 18 shows that, when the transmitter is in UWB mode, a single pulse to a switch is provided such that a single transmitter can be easily reconfigured into either a narrowband or a UWB mode;
- FiG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of a circuit which can provide either narrowband or UWB mode dependent upon the input signal to the transistor;
- FlG. 20 illustrates the reconfigurable receiver implemented in CMOS technology
- FiG. 21 shows the layout of the inductors in the present invention
- FiGS. 22A and 22B show the operation of the reconfigurable transmitter in more detail.
- a wireless communications system 10 comprises at least two nodes 12 and 14 communicating with each other as shown in FiG. 1.
- the two nodes 12 and 14 communicate through a radio system, 16a and 16b, respectively, via antennas 20a and 20b.
- the radios on both sides (16a and 16b) are of the same type, called Radio X.
- the data can be optionally preprocessed by processor 18a, making it suitable for radio transmission, before it is fed to radio system 16.
- the data can be post processed by the processor 18b to recover the originally sent data.
- the radio system 16 can be optimized in certain ways. Following are some examples of the factors that can be optimized:
- Radio X Cause minimum interference to other radio systems (e.g., quiet radio).
- conventional communication systems employ a single radio type X that can be designed to achieve certain level of optimization.
- Radio X are Wi- Fi, BluetoothTM and Zigbee®.
- A-Node anchor node
- P-Node or P-Nodes peripheral nodes
- the P-Nodes 104a-104n typically operate using a small power source (e.g., a small battery or an energy harvesting device).
- the A-Node 102 typically has access to a higher capacity power source (larger battery or a power supply).
- P-Nodes 104a-104n primarily transmit the data to A-Node 102.
- the data flow from A-Node 102 to P- Nodes 104a-104n is usually minimal, comprising mostly signals to control the P- Nodes 104a-104n.
- P- Nodes 104a-104n can reside on wireless patches attached to a person's body or they can reside on wireless devices implanted within a person's body. These wireless patches/devices collect physiological data from various body sensors attached to P- Nodes 104a-104n and wirelessly transmit data to the A-Node 102 within the range of P-Nodes 104a-104n. The P-Nodes 104a-104n can send the data to the A-Node 102 using various schemes, e.g., continuously, periodically or episodically.
- physiological data sent by P-Nodes 104a-104n are electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephelogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), heart rate, temperature, saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2), respiration, blood pressure, blood glucose and patient's physical activity (movement).
- ECG electrocardiogram
- EEG electroencephelogram
- EMG electromyogram
- SpO2 saturation of peripheral oxygen
- respiration blood pressure
- the A-Node 102 receiving data from P-Nodes 104a-104n will normally reside in some type of patient monitoring device that collects, analyzes and manages the physiological data.
- patient monitors are bed-side patient monitors in hospitals, Holter monitors (ambulatory electrocardiography device) for ambulatory ECG, blood glucose monitors, wearable physiological parameter monitors for athletes, safety monitoring units for industrial workers and SmartPhones supporting patient monitoring.
- P-Nodes 104a-104n can reside on various industrial or home devices such as furnaces, smoke detectors, movement detectors, electrical/gas/water usage meters, etc.
- the P-Nodes 104a-104n can transmit various types of sensor data (e.g. temperature, mechanical stress, chemicals, and meter readings) or some other type of information.
- the A-Nodes 102 can reside on portable readers, data gathering computers, wireless access points, etc.; these devices wirelessly receive data from the devices connected to P-Nodes 104a-104n.
- P- Nodes 104a-104n can reside on various assets that need to be tracked or inventoried, such as capital equipment in hospitals, factories, offices, etc.
- the A-Nodes 102 can reside on devices such as portable readers, wireless access points and computers. These devices will wirelessly receive data from the devices having P-Nodes 104a- 104n.
- locations of asset items can be tracked by using an array of wireless access points and certain location tracking algorithms. The location of patients can also be tracked using the same scheme.
- Wireless audio systems In such systems, P-Nodes 104a-104n can reside on devices such as wireless microphones and wireless musical instruments, e.g., electric guitar, and wirelessly transmit audio or voice signals.
- the A-Node 102 can reside on devices such as wireless speakers, amplifiers, cellular phones or access points enabling subsequent data transmission. The devices having A-Node 102 will wirelessly receive data from the devices having P-Nodes 104a-104n.
- Wireless video systems In such systems, P-Nodes 104a-104n can reside on devices such as wireless cameras (or any device containing a camera such as a laptop, cell phone, etc), digital video disk (DVD) players, television tuners and television set top boxes. Such devices can transmit video signals.
- the A-Node 102 can reside on devices such as wireless displays, access points, or access points enabling subsequent transmission. The devices having A-Node 102 will wirelessly receive data from the devices having P-Nodes 104a-104n.
- the above systems typically communicate wirelessly within a range of about 25-50 meters in an indoor or outdoor environment, the range of a typical wireless local area network (WLAN). Some applications can dictate a larger range.
- WLAN wireless local area network
- these asymmetric wireless systems can be optimized to achieve at least the following factors:
- the P-Nodes can be constrained low power, low cost, and small.
- the A-Nodes can sometimes afford to be higher power, higher cost and larger due to the asymmetrical nature of various applications.
- An asymmetric wireless system that is optimized to achieve the above mentioned factors is referred to as optimized asymmetric wireless (OAW) system.
- OAW optimized asymmetric wireless
- the realization of OAW system requires a highly optimized radio scheme as a foundational technology. This radio can be combined with other functions and technologies to realize an integrated chip(s) based solution to implement the P-Nodes and A-Nodes.
- Radio 16a, 16b This radio typically operates within certain defined bandwidth and the overall design is typically optimized for a class of applications.
- This radio typically operates within certain defined bandwidth and the overall design is typically optimized for a class of applications.
- Wi-Fi This radio type, which operates in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band, has been optimized for wirelessly networking computers and computer related devices within a range up to about 50 meters. The power dissipation and reliability is modest. The modest reliability can be tolerated by the target applications.
- ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical
- Bluetooth This radio type, which also operates in 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM band, has been optimized to wirelessly cable various peripheral devices to cellular phones and laptop computers. It is somewhat lower data rate, lower power and lower cost than Wi-Fi radios but is shorter range (about 10 meters) and lacks extensive networking capability. Its reliability is modest per target applications.
- ZigBee ZigBee is the name of a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs). ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.
- RF radio-frequency
- This radio type operates in the 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz and 868 MHz unlicensed ISM bands. It was defined to wirelessly network various low data rate sensors with data collection devices. It was intended to be lower power than Wi-Fi style radios but is little different in practice.
- 900 MHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) Band Radios Radios have been realized in this unlicensed band for various consumer and other applications, e.g., cordless phones, remote control toys. The general characteristics of such radios (power, reliability, cost, etc.) are similar to Wi-Fi radios.
- ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical
- MIMS Medical Implantable Communications System
- These radios operate in unlicensed 400MHz band that has been designated for wireless implanted medical devices. It operates in extremely small bandwidth, typically having a short range of about 5 meters and very low data rates associated with implanted medical devices.
- WMTS Wireless Medical Telemetry Service
- the WMTS radios operate in the 600MHz and 1400MHz. These radios are designed for use in hospital environments. Again, general characteristics of these radios are similar to Wi-Fi radios.
- the radios discussed above fall generally in a class defined as Narrowband (NB) radios.
- NB Narrowband
- UWB ultra-wideband
- UWB radios transmit over a much larger bandwidth than NB radios but UWB transmitted power density is far lower than the NB radios.
- FCC Federal Communications Commission
- UWB as fractional bandwidth measured at -10 decibel (dB) points where (f high - f_low)/f_center > 20% or total bandwidth > 500 MHz.
- NB radio is any radio that is not ultra-wideband (UWB) radio.
- a NB radio may be characterized in terms of the UWB radio, the NB radio having a channel bandwidth that is smaller than the UWB radio channel bandwidth by an order of magnitude or more.
- the UWB and NB radios have complementary properties as discuss later.
- a system and method in accordance with the present invention relates to combining multiple radio types with complementary characteristics to enable and maintain communication link between two nodes.
- the complementary radios are switched in and out, as needed, to dynamically manage the link characteristics to achieve the desired optimization.
- radios When multiple radios have been integrated on a single chip, the purpose has been primarily the optimization of the cost and physical footprint and only one radio is used for a given communication link.
- One example is integration of a wireless protocol utilizing short-range communications technology facilitating data transmission over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating wireless personal area networks (PANs) such as BluetoothTM, and a wireless technology used in networks, mobile phones, and other electronic devices that require some form of wireless networking capability, such as Wi-Fi, which typically covers the various IEEE 802.11 technologies including 802.1 Ia, 802.1 Ib, 802.1 Ig, and 802.1 In.
- PANs personal area networks
- Wi-Fi which typically covers the various IEEE 802.11 technologies including 802.1 Ia, 802.1 Ib, 802.1 Ig, and 802.1 In.
- This integration of multiple radios, e.g., Bluetooth and Wi-Fi can be achieved in a single chip or a single module.
- the Wi-Fi radio is used to wirelessly network with other computers, whereas the Bluetooth radio is used to connect wirelessly with peripherals such as keyboard and mouse.
- Another example consists of dual radios used in a mobile phone to support different air interface standards, in order to provide compatibility with different wireless service providers.
- a dual-radio phone may support cellular service such as a global system for mobile communications (GSM) and a wireless LAN service such as IEEE 802.1 Ib, and switch between the two radios depending on which service is available in a geographic area.
- GSM global system for mobile communications
- IEEE 802.1 Ib wireless LAN service
- the communication device selects and uses a single radio for the duration of the connection or service.
- the present invention provides a system involving multiple radios with complementary characteristics for selecting amongst and choosing between those multiple radios in order to achieve, for example, one or more of the following performance objectives:
- Radio switching differs from typical channel assignment.
- Channel assignment is the process of selecting one out of multiple channels for communication, where the channels share a common structure.
- all channels are frequency bands; and in time division multiple access, channels consist of timeslots.
- radio switching needs to take into account the structures of the radios, which are considerably more complex than the structure of a radio channel.
- the structure of one radio may have little in common with the structure of another.
- the receiver sensitivity, spectrum usage, permissible radiated power and inherent interference mitigation generally differ between the radios.
- the differences in radio structures, together with the set of performance objectives and the radio propagation environment can be used to determine the initial radio selection and subsequent radio switching.
- a system 200 in accordance with the present invention deploys multiple radios to realize an optimized asymmetric wireless (OAW) system, as shown in FlG. 3.
- the P-Nodes 204a-204n comprise multiple radios 216al-216an.
- Each of these radios 216al-216an (and corresponding radios 216bl-216bn) can be optimized for different factors, thereby complementing each other.
- radios 216al-216an can be activated for communication depending on the optimization required and real-time dynamics of the wireless link/channel.
- one of the radios for example radio 216ai and 216bi, can be the dominant radio that is used most commonly.
- This radio pair 216ai/216bi can be designed to achieve the optimization most critical for the given application, hi an OAW system, one can, e.g., achieve low power with high reliability within a given range, for example, 25 meters.
- the P-Nodes 204a-204n remain within 10 meters of the A-Node 202 most of the time, e.g., more than 50% of the time, more than 60% of the time, more than 70% of the time, more than 80% of the time, or more than 90% of the time.
- the dominant radio can be a radio that operates at ultra low power within 10 meters of the range.
- this radio 216ai/216bi can be designed to be highly reliable within this range causing minimum outages in the target operating environment.
- another radio for example the radio pair 216a2/216b 2 , can be employed with a range up to 25 meters but dissipating more power than radio 216al/216bl.
- the outage characteristics of radio 216a 2 /216b 2 can be complementary to radio 216ai/216bi so that radio 216a2/216b 2 will most likely work if there is an outage of radio 216ai/216bi due to interference, multi-path fading or any other reason.
- Radio 216a 2 /216b 2 can also takeover when P-Node 204a-204n moves beyond the range served by radio 216ai/216bi. Also, radio can takeover if there is an outage of radio 216ai/216bi (provided radio 216a 2 /216b 2 is not impacted by the circumstances that caused outage on radio 216ai/216bi).
- a third or more radios 216ai-216a n can be used to cover different operating conditions if necessary. In other embodiments, two radios serve the targeted applications. In these embodiments, low power can be achieved where low power radio 216ai/216bi is predominantly in use. Other radios can be used only as needed and for short durations when possible. In aggregate, these embodiments can achieve low power for the P-Nodes, high reliability with minimal outages, and work within a given range of 25 meters.
- the above embodiments illustrate the complementary radios 216ai-216a n (and corresponding set 216bi-216b n ) and combinations thereof to serve a given requirement.
- the radios 216ai-216a n can be complementary in other ways. Some example complementary properties follow.
- Bandwidth One radio can use a wide bandwidth signal but a narrow time signal.
- the other radio can use a narrow bandwidth having a wide time signal (many cycles of a carrier) and occupy a narrow range of frequencies. Both radios will have different resulting characteristics.
- One radio may transmit more power in one band to attain larger range but the implementation of a transmitter in this band may be less power efficient.
- the other radio can work in a different band where transmission is more power efficient.
- Receiver Sensitivity (range/reliability): One radio may be more sensitive in one band but may not be power efficient. The other radio in a different band may be power efficient but less sensitive.
- Fading Characteristics Fading of the transmitted signal can result from multi path effects resulting in signal loss or total outage at the receiver. Different frequencies suffer different fading. Two radios can be designed to have somewhat complementary fading characteristics to reduce the probability of both having severe fading under the same conditions.
- the complementary radios can be all narrowband (NB) radios with different optimizations or they all can be Ultra-wide band (UWB) radios with different optimizations, or they can be a mixture of NB and UWB radios.
- NB narrowband
- UWB Ultra-wide band
- the UWB and NB radios are highly complementary in many ways as discussed below:
- UWB radios typically have a short range in an indoor environment (up to about 10 meters).
- NB radios can provide larger range by transmitting higher power as allowed by FCC in the operating band.
- UWB transmitters are typically simple to implement, resulting in small silicon area and low power dissipation.
- NB radio transmitters take up larger silicon area and result in higher power dissipation than UWB transmitters.
- UWB receivers are complex and dissipate high power.
- NB radio receivers have modest complexity and dissipate modest power.
- UWB radios cause minimum interference to other radios because they operate close to the noise floor of other radios.
- NB radios cause interference to other radios when operating in unlicensed bands.
- UWB can handle some narrowband interference via its de-spreading (narrowband interference) capability at the receiver. However, a strong narrowband interferer could degrade its signal quality.
- a NB radio can switch to a different channel within its band of operation when another strong NB interferer appears in the current channel. It can survive low broadband interference, but it cannot mitigate strong broadband interference as all NB channels degrade equally.
- Embodiments of the present invention disclosed above illustrate how low power and high reliability can be achieved for a given range in a multi-radio optimized asymmetric wireless (OAW) system.
- OAW systems also need to optimize the cost and physical footprint, particularly for the P-Nodes 204a-n. This can be achieved using various concepts as discussed below.
- complementary multiple radio schemes can be chosen in such a way that semiconductor implementation complexity of the P-Nodes 204a-n remains much lower than the complexity of A-Node 202.
- the data mostly flows from the P-Nodes 204a-n to A-Node 202. Radios for the P-Nodes 204a-n predominantly need a reliable transmitter for continuous transmission and a receiver only for less frequent reception.
- Radios for the P-Nodes 204a-n can be chosen that are optimized to achieve these two functions at a low complexity.
- the multi-radio system also includes a controller 240 to coordinate the selection and functionality all the radios.
- the controller 240 continuously assesses the communication link quality and runs algorithms to determine which radio to use at a given time. It also sends commands to radios of the A-Node 202 and P-Nodes 204a-n to activate/deactivate the radios in real time. Such switching constantly may maintain the communication link without any data loss.
- the controller 240 can reside in A-Node 202 to keep the complexity of P-Nodes 204a-n low.
- one or more radios out of 216bi-216b n on the A-Nodes 202 can use multiple smart antenna schemes to increase the link reliability and range. This involves replicating one or more antennas 220bi-220b n for the radio or radios chosen for the multiple-antenna scheme. Multiple antennas add complexity to the chosen radio or radios since multiple radio frequency (RF) transceivers must be built for the multiple antennas and a signal processor is needed for antenna combining algorithms. The corresponding radios of P-Nodes 204a-n can still have single antenna schemes 216ai-216a n . This embodiment provides the advantages of multiple antennas to increase the range and reliability of the wireless link, but only adds the circuit and processing complexity to the A-Node 202 to reduce the complexity and cost of the P-Nodes 204a-n.
- RF radio frequency
- MAC (Media Access Control) 306 The MAC section implements a protocol that allows data to flow through the radio to and from multiple sources.
- Baseband Processor 304 The baseband section modulates or demodulates the data and performs other signal processing functions for the radio to function and contains digital/analog and analog/digital converters to interface to the radio frequency (RF) transceiver.
- RF radio frequency
- Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver 302 The RF section converts the baseband analog signal to radio frequency that is fed to antenna 220 for transmission.
- Signal received from antenna 220 can be converted back to the baseband signal.
- the RF transceiver 302 can be reconf ⁇ gurable to realize different types of radios by varying carrier frequencies, bandwidth, transmitted power, etc.
- Baseband The baseband processor 304 can use a programmable processor to implement certain functions for different radios. Certain sections of the baseband can be hardwired for different radios. Other sections of the baseband can be shared and reused for different radios. Such mixed programmable/custom architecture typically results in a low cost implementation.
- a single MAC 306 protocol can be designed to serve multiple chosen radios. Furthermore, the main core of the protocol can be implemented using a programmable processor that provides some customization for different radios.
- Antenna 220 architectures can be defined to work at wide ranging carrier frequencies and bandwidths to support multiple radios.
- multiple complementary radios in an OAW system can comprise:
- One embodiment of a multi-radio scheme contains one NB radio 452 and one UWB 450 radio, as shown in FIG. 5.
- This NB/UWB scheme can be useful for a variety of OAW systems.
- the NB 452 and UWB 450 radios have complementary characteristics, making them suitable for an OAW system.
- the complementary UWB/NB radio system can operate as shown in FlG. 6.
- the ranges of the UWB and NB radios are respectively X and X+Y, where the UWB range is usually smaller than the NB radios.
- the P-Nodes remain primarily within distance X of the A-Node, in range of the UWB radio.
- the NB radio can take over. Also, if the UWB radio suffers an outage for any reason, the NB radio can be used for communication. Dominant use of the UWB radio results in overall lower power dissipation and causes minimal interference to other radios. On the other hand, the NB radio, which primarily backs up the UWB radio, guarantees a larger system range up to X+Y. The availability of both UWB and NB radios can greatly increase the system reliability due to radio diversity. The UWB and NB radios normally suffer outages due to different types of circumstances (different interferences, different multi-patch fading effects, different wall penetration properties, etc.). Therefore, this embodiment increases the probability that one of the radios is available for communication.
- NB radios there are many types of standards based radios that can be deployed as NB radios, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, WMTS, MICS, 900 MHz ISM band radios, 2.4 GHz ISM band radios, 5GHz ISM band radios, 60 GHz ISM band radios, etc. In some embodiments, custom NB radios can be deployed as dictated by the system requirements.
- the multi-radio system embodied in FiG. 7 exemplifies another optimized solution for many current and emerging applications. As shown, the system employs a UWB transmitter 550a on the P-Nodes 504a-n and corresponding UWB receiver 550b on the A-Node 502.
- the UWB transmitter 550a and receiver 550b can be asymmetrical. Typically, the UWB transmitter 550a section can be built in a small silicon area and dissipates low power. The UWB receiver 550b has a more complex silicon implementation and dissipates higher power than the corresponding transmitter 550a.
- P-Nodes 504a-n mostly transmit the data to A-Nodes 502, and therefore mostly use this link.
- P-Nodes 504a-n also implement a Wi-Fi compatible radio 560 which is a NB radio. There is corresponding Wi-Fi radio 562 on A-Node 502 for communication with P-Nodes 504a-n.
- the Wi-Fi radios 560 and 562 can use one or more modes of the Wi-Fi standard - 802.11, 802.1 Ib, 802.1 Ig, 802.11a, etc.
- the Wi-Fi radios 560 and 562 can be used for communication in at least the following circumstances:
- Wi-Fi radio 560/562 On demand wherein an application can force the use of Wi-Fi radio 560/562.
- the NB transmitter 560 and receiver 562 can be symmetrical. Their silicon area and power dissipation are comparable for both transmit and receive functions, and both transmit and receive functions take modest amount of silicon area and dissipate modest power.
- the use of Wi-Fi radio 560 and 562 as a NB radio results in an additional advantage: by making the system compatible with Wi-Fi standard based devices, the P-Nodes 504a-n and A-Nodes 502 can communicate with other Wi-Fi enabled devices.
- the Wi-Fi radio can be further enhanced, if needed, by using multiple antennas 570a-n on the Wi-Fi radio of the A-Node 502.
- the corresponding Wi-Fi radio of the P-Node 504a-n can use a single antenna to reduce complexity. Through multiple antennas processing gain, the Wi-Fi link is more robust with a larger range.
- the multiple antenna configuration can thereby increase the system reliability and robustness at no additional complexity to the P-Nodes 504a-n. Although the complexity, cost and power of the A-Nodes 502 increase when using multiple antenna processing, in many embodiments, this is not a sensitive issue in the targeted OAW systems.
- the unicast methodology includes initial radio selection, whereby a radio is chosen from multiple radios to initiate a new connection between two devices, and radio switching, whereby one radio is switched to another during the course of a connection. It is also feasible for the unicast methodology to consist solely of initial radio selection or solely of radio switching. When the unicast methodology consists solely of radio switching, the initial radio to be used for a new connection can be chosen by any of a number of means, e.g., random selection, user or factory configuration, or in accordance with a default setting, or others. The following sections describe initial radio selection and radio switching in more detail.
- the method for initially selecting a radio for a new connection depends on the performance objective.
- the performance objective may be hardwired or user- programmable.
- Example performance objectives are described in the following sections.
- a multi-radio device may include a narrowband (NB) radio and an ultra-wideband (UWB) radio as described herein.
- the RF and baseband circuitry implementing the UWB radio may operate with lower transmission power than the narrowband radio. Accordingly, one would choose UWB, the radio with lower transmit power, for initiating the connection.
- the objective may be to minimize the interference caused by the new connection to other devices sharing the radio spectrum.
- the initial choice of radio is based on the differences in radio structures.
- a multi-radio device comprising a NB radio and a UWB radio. IfNB radio devices sharing a common air interface standard are the sole users of the radio spectrum (as a result of government regulation, for example), and the air interface provides for cooperative channel partitioning, then the NB radio is preferred for initiating a new connection.
- the devices sharing the radio spectrum may not be cooperative or even known a priori.
- a UWB radio offers the advantage of having a very low radiated power spectral density - potentially below the thermal noise floor - and hence would be the preferred initial radio.
- measurements of the radio environment experienced by each radio can be used to predict the amount of interference introduced.
- the base station to mobile connection comprises the downlink connection and the mobile to base station connection comprises the uplink connection.
- the base station to mobile connection comprises the downlink connection and the mobile to base station connection comprises the uplink connection.
- the base station to mobile connection comprises the downlink connection and the mobile to base station connection comprises the uplink connection.
- the base station to mobile connection comprises the downlink connection and the mobile to base station connection comprises the uplink connection.
- PSD power spectral density
- the received power for a radio then serves as a predictor of the interference from the new downlink connection on existing users for that radio.
- the lower the received power for a radio the less interference the corresponding downlink is likely to produce.
- the power spectral density is measured over the spectrum range corresponding to each radio.
- the received power for each radio at the mobile device is a predictor of the interference from the new uplink connection on existing users for that radio.
- the received background noise and interference power level can be measured individually on each channel of the radio spectrum. This can be done at either of the two communicating devices.
- quiet periods or quiet intervals intervals during which all the devices do not transmit — can be used. For example, such quiet periods are described as part of the 802.11 protocol specification.
- the initial radio is selected to minimize downlink interference or uplink interference.
- the radio is selected to minimize an aggregate of both uplink and downlink interferences.
- the power received on the uplink and downlink for each radio are aggregated, and the radio with the lowest aggregate received power is selected.
- the mobile device may communicate the downlink interference estimates to the base station over a control channel; the base station can aggregate the uplink and downlink interference for each radio and select an appropriate radio.
- the communications system is capable of using one radio for the downlink communication and optionally a different radio for the uplink communication. In this system, the system need not aggregate the uplink and downlink interference estimates to perform radio selection. Instead, the downlink radio can be chosen to minimize the downlink interference, and the uplink radio can be chosen to minimize the uplink interference.
- the most important objective is not to minimize interference to other devices, but rather to maximize the reliability of the new connection.
- the signal quality of the communications for each candidate radio can be estimated or predicted.
- the communications protocol allows for each radio to transmit a pilot signal on the downlink, the uplink, or optionally both links.
- the pilot signal may include, e.g., a sequence of symbols or data bits.
- the signal quality can be measured directly from the symbols or data bits of the control signals or data signals that are ordinarily transmitted during the course of communication. This latter approach has the advantages of not using the additional radio bandwidth required by the pilot signal approach for signal quality estimation, and is more amenable to backward compatibility with existing radio standards.
- the base station receiver measures the signal quality for each radio using a signal quality estimator, which will be described shortly.
- the mobile receiver measures the signal quality of each radio on the downlink.
- the radio is chosen with the best uplink signal quality or the best downlink signal quality.
- the radio may be chosen based on both uplink and downlink signal quality predictors.
- the appropriate radio can be chosen by aggregating the signal quality statistics together at the communications device that performs the radio selection. There are several ways of accomplishing this aggregation of signal quality characteristics.
- the mobile device can communicate the downlink signal quality estimates to the base station over a control channel.
- the base station can then compute a score for each radio as the lesser of its uplink quality and its downlink quality, and can select the radio with the highest score.
- the base station may narrow the field to only those radios whose uplink and downlink signal quality exceed a minimum threshold. From this group, the base station then selects the radio that maximizes downlink signal quality or uplink quality.
- the communications system uses one radio for the downlink communication and optionally a different radio for the uplink communication, hi this system, there is no need to aggregate the uplink and downlink signal quality predictors to perform radio selection. Instead, the system can choose the downlink radio with the maximum downlink signal quality predictor, and chooses the uplink radio with the maximum uplink signal quality predictor.
- the mobile device spends a large fraction of time downloading Web content after clicking on http hyperlinks.
- Such usage patterns results in large amounts of data being sent on the downlink but little data transmitted on the uplink.
- a communications system capable of using one radio for the downlink communication and optionally a different radio for the uplink communication; for example, selecting the UWB radio for the downlink and the NB radio for the uplink.
- the signal quality can be estimated as the received signal strength indicator (RSSI).
- the signal quality can be estimated as the packet error rate or bit error rate.
- the signal quality can be estimated by monitoring the background noise and interference level of the link; the higher the background noise and interference level, the lower the quality of the link. Another embodiment for estimating the signal quality is:
- Estimated signal quality
- 2 the received signal vector immediately prior to decision slicing
- d a known pilot vector of symbols
- the received signal vector and the pilot vector have the same prescribed number of symbols. Typically, 20 or more symbols are sufficient, and more symbol generate a more accurate signal quality estimate.
- d is the vector of detected symbols after decision slicing.
- a multi-radio communications system can allow for simultaneously achieving multiple performance objectives using a constrained optimization approach.
- a radio that is optimal for every objective For example, a radio that is optimal for communications reliability may have suboptimal power consumption.
- such a system considers one objective from various objectives to have the greatest importance; hereinafter referred to as the primary objective. For each of the remaining objectives, a threshold of acceptable performance is set; hereinafter referred to as the performance constraint.
- the constrained optimization approach can be described by the following: find the radio that optimizes the primary objective, subject to the performance constraint being met for the other objectives.
- FiG. 8 shows a flow chart for addressing the constrained optimization approach. Referring to the FlG. 8, for each non-primary objective, determine the subset of radios satisfying the performance constraint, via step 802. Depending on the non-primary objective, methods for executing step 802 are described above for the Unicast Method to minimize power consumption, minimize interference to other devices, maximize reliability of new connection, or support uplink and downlink bandwidth disparities.
- step 806 take the intersection of all subsets derived from the previous step to determine the candidate set of radios, via step 804. Finally, from the candidate set of radios, choose the radio that optimizes the primary objective, via step 806. Methods for executing step 806 given the primary objecting are also described herein.
- the primary objective is to minimize interference, subject to achieving a minimum signal quality, in a dual-radio system comprising a narrowband (NB) radio and an ultra- wideband (UWB) radio.
- NB narrowband
- UWB ultra- wideband
- procedures described herein can be applied to estimate the signal quality for both the narrowband and UWB radios, and determine a candidate set of radios with acceptable signal quality. If both radios meet the performance constraint, then a procedure can be used to pick the radio that minimizes interference. If only one radio meets the performance constraint, that radio can be chosen. If neither radio meets the constraints, the constraints can be relaxed to find a feasible solution.
- both radios are active at the same time. Both radios simultaneously transmit, and the receiver combines the signals from both radios.
- the simulcast method can help ensure that the connection remains throughout the switch so that there is no outage; i.e., it provides soft handoff or make-before-break switching between the two complementary radios.
- both radios can transmit simultaneously all the time.
- the simulcast method is effectively an advanced form of radio diversity, which can be exploited by the receiver.
- two complementary radios use the same symbol constellation alphabet for encoding data, e.g., Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK), and the signals from the two radios can be combined in baseband.
- BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying
- the signal from each radio undergoes its normal receive processing (down conversion from RF to baseband, amplification, sampling and equalization/matched filtering), except that in the final stage before slicing, the baseband signal of each radio path immediately prior to slicing are summed together, and the combined signal goes to a single sheer.
- an enhanced form of RAKE reception is used:
- a RAKE receiver is a radio receiver designed to counter the effects of multipath fading by using several sub-receivers called fingers, wherein each finger independently decodes a single multipath component that are later combined in order to make the most use of the different transmission characteristics of each transmission path.
- the taps of the RAKE filter can be derived for each of the complementary radios using any of a number of methods known in the art; for example, maximum ratio combining (MRC) or optimizing for minimum mean square error (MMSE).
- MRC maximum ratio combining
- MMSE minimum mean square error
- the time between successive taps and between successive baseband signal samples may be the symbol period, or it may be a fraction of the symbol period, in the case of Nyquist sampling or over-sampling.
- Combining of the signals from the two radios before slicing can improve the reliability of the communications, providing robustness against channel impairments in one or both of the radio paths.
- Radio switching is the process of changing from one radio to another after a connection is established in order to improve on one or more performance objectives for the connection.
- the steps for radio switching comprise the following: [00134] Step 1: For each performance objective of interest, set a threshold of acceptable performance objectives and monitor each performance objective for the current radio using methods as described herein. For example, if the performance objective is minimizing interference, monitoring of interference can be performed. If reliability is the performance objective, the signal quality can be estimated for the current radio. If both reliability and interference objectives are of interest, monitor the predictors for both objectives for the current radio;
- Step 2 If there is only one performance objective and its measured performance metric falls below the acceptable threshold, switch to an alternate radio. If there are multiple performance objectives, switch to an alternate radio based on one of the following criteria: (i) if any one performance objective is not met; (ii) if all performance objectives are not met; or (iii) if the primary performance objective is not met. If there are more than one alternate radios to choose from, then the optimal radio can be selected using any one of the methods outlined herein; and [00136] Step 3: After switching, optionally return to Step 1.
- the performance objective is continuously or periodically monitored for some or all of the radios, e.g., monitoring for the best signal quality, the lowest interference or a combination of performance objectives. If the current radio is not the optimal radio, then switch to the optimal radio. If there is only one performance objective and if the performance metric of at least one alternate radio exceeds that of the present radio by some prescribed amount, then switch to the best alternate radio. If there are multiple performance objectives, switch to an alternate radio if (i) a majority or all of the performance metrics of at least one alternate radio exceed those of the present radio by some prescribed amount; or (ii) the primary performance metric of at least one alternate radio exceeds that of the present radio by some prescribed amount.
- a performance objective of the communications system can be increased reliability.
- the control signal messages that direct the overall communications may be transmitted on the same poor quality communications channel as the data.
- a problem is how to signal the radio switching reliably, since the radio switching is needed precisely when the communications channel is experiencing poor quality. If the control signaling is not done correctly, the transmitter and the receiver may end up in a state where they are not in agreement as to which radio to use, resulting in a broken communications link.
- the present invention discloses a communications protocol method which can ensure highly reliable switching from one radio to another, even if the communications channel over which the control messages are transmitted is unreliable.
- the two wireless devices communicating with each other differ in the amount of power available to them.
- a cellular phone generally communicates with a base station.
- the base station is fixed in location and connected to the power grid, so it does not have the power limitations imposed upon a battery-powered cellular phone. This difference in the amount of available power is not limited to whether the device is portable or stationary.
- the cellular phone may comprise a SmartPhone.
- a SmartPhone such a device is generally a cellular phone offering advanced capabilities, including but not limited to Electronic Mail (E-mail) and Internet capabilities.
- E-mail Electronic Mail
- a SmartPhone can be thought of as a mini- computer offering cellular phone services.
- SmartPhones commonly use operating systems (OS) including the iPhone OS from Apple, Inc., the RIM Blackberry OS, the Palm OS from PalmSource, and the Windows Mobile OS from Microsoft, Inc. Other operating systems can be used.
- OS operating systems
- a sensor device may be placed on the body to collect physiological data, and then wirelessly communicate the data to a SmartPhone. Both devices are portable and require self-contained power sources, but the sensor device may have a smaller form factor and be constrained to run on a smaller battery than the SmartPhone.
- the sensor device may be designed to be disposable and supplied with a cheap, low capacity battery, whereas the SmartPhone is a reusable device designed with a more expensive, higher capacity battery.
- there may be a disparity in the energy capacities of two devices communicating over a wireless link because of differences in their mobility (stationary versus portable), physical size and cost.
- the communications protocol method of the present invention is applicable to point-to- point as well as multiple access systems.
- the dynamic radio switching can be integrated together with the selection of which radio channel to use.
- the partitioning of radio spectrum into channels can be accomplished by frequency band partitioning, by time slot partitioning, by the use of frequency hopping sequences, direct sequence spreading codes, pulse position offsets, pulse position hopping, or by other means.
- the base node consumes more resources than the peripheral node or nodes.
- the base node can comprise a high-powered device (HPD) and the peripheral node or nodes can comprise low powered devices (LPD).
- HPD high-powered device
- LPD low powered devices
- a specific embodiment comprises the cell phone and cell tower arrangement as described above.
- FIGS. 9 and 10 depict one embodiment of the communication protocol method for a HPD and a LPD, respectively.
- the forward link is the communication link from the LPD to HPD
- the reverse link is the communications link from the HPD to the LPD.
- the HPD monitors the communications quality of the forward link on the Current Channel of the Current Radio (step 602), as described above.
- the HPD determines whether the communication quality is acceptable (step 604). If the communication quality becomes unacceptable, it then selects a best Alternate Channel and a best Alternate Radio (step 606).
- the HPD transmits a control message on the reverse link to the LPD, indicating the Alternate Channel and the Alternate Radio to switch to (step 608).
- the HPD then switches to the Alternate Channel and Alternate Radio (step 610). It listens on this new channel and radio for an acknowledgement message from the LPD indicating that it had received the message to switch to the Alternate Radio and Alternate Channel, as well as for any data communication from the LPD (step 610). Verification that the message is a valid acknowledgement or a valid data packet can be accomplished using by a number of ways; for example, by use of a cyclic redundancy check or a checksum. By listening for the acknowledgement on the new Alternate Channel of the Alternate Radio (step 612), the communications of the acknowledgement avoids using the already impaired Current Channel of the Current Radio.
- the HPD may re-evaluate the candidate channels of the candidate radios to select a new best Alternate Radio and Alternate Channel. The HPD will then periodically retransmit the control message to switch to the Alternate Radio and Alternate Channel until it receives an acknowledgement from the LPD. Once the acknowledgement is received, the switch to the new Alternate Channel of the Alternate Radio by the HPD and LPD is complete and the HPD returns to monitoring the forward link (step 602).
- the steps in the communications protocol taken by the LPD are computationally relatively simple. If the LPD receives a control signal message on the Current Channel of the Current Radio from the HPD indicating that that it should switch (step 702), the LPD will switch to the specified Alternate Channel of the Alternate Radio (step 704). It then sends an acknowledgement to the HPD on the Alternate Channel of the Alternate Radio, indicating that it received the message to switch (step 706). It then uses the Alternate Channel of the Alternate Radio for subsequent data transmission on the forward link.
- the operation of the communication protocol is depicted in FiG. 11 for the HPD.
- the HPD monitors the communications quality of the forward link on the Current Channel of the Current Radio (step 602).
- the HPD determines whether the communication quality is acceptable (step 604). If the communication quality becomes unacceptable, the HPD selects a best Alternate Channel and best Alternate Radio (step 606), and then transmits the control message "Switch to the Alternate Channel and Alternate Radio on the forward link" to the LPD (step 608).
- step 610a it then listens on the Alternate Channel of the Alternate Radio for an acknowledgement from the LPD (step 610a); however, the HPD will concurrently continue to receive data from the LPD on the Current Channel of the Current Radio until it receives an acknowledgement from the LPD on the Alternate Channel of the Alternate Radio (step 610a).
- This method introduces additional complexity to the HPD, but has the advantage of minimizing potential lapse or dead time in data communications during the radio switch.
- FIGS. 12 and 13 depict the operation of the communication protocol method for the HPD and the LPD, respectively.
- the HPD monitors the communications quality of the forward link on the Current Channel of the Current Radio (step 602).
- the HPD determines whether the communication quality is acceptable (step 604). If the communication quality becomes unacceptable, the HPD selects a best Alternate Channel and best Alternate Radio (step 606), and then transmits the control message "Switch to the Alternate Channel and Alternate Radio" to the LPD (step 608). It then switches to the Alternate Channel, Alternate Radio (step 610b) for the forward link.
- the HPD will periodically retransmit the message "Switch to Alternate Radio, Alternate Channel on forward link" to the LPD until it receives data on the new channel and radio.
- the switch to the new Alternate Channel of the Alternate Radio by the HPD is complete once the HPD begins receiving data on the new channel and radio (step 612a). As shown in FIG.
- FiG. 14 depicts the operation of the HPD in a variation of the aforementioned method. As before, the HPD monitors the communications quality of the forward link on the Current Channel of the Current Radio (step 602). The HPD determines whether the communication quality is acceptable (step 604).
- the HPD selects a best Alternate Channel and best Alternate Radio (step 606), and then transmits the control message "Switch to the Alternate Channel and Alternate Radio" to the LPD (step 608).
- the difference is that the HPD continues to listen on the Current Radio, Current Channel for data from LPD on the forward link (step 610c). As long as it continues to receive data on the current radio and channel (step 612a), the HPD will periodically retransmit the message "Switch to Alternate Radio, Alternate Channel on forward link" to the LPD (step 614).
- the HPD stops receiving data for a prescribed time interval on the current radio and channel, it then switches to the Alternate Radio and Alternate Channel for subsequent reception of data from the LPD (step 616).
- This method of operation is most suitable for applications where data is sent either continuously or at frequent, regular intervals on the forward link.
- the previously described protocols can also be applied in the case where the roles of the HPD and the LPD are reversed; that is, the forward link is the communication link from the HPD to LPD, and the reverse link is the communications link from the LPD to the HPD.
- the LPD then monitors the communications quality of the forward link and initiates the radio switching.
- the LPD may make a request to the HPD to perform the monitoring and initiate the switching on the behalf of the LPD. This approach can be used when the LPD does not have sufficient computational and/or energy resources to perform the monitoring and radio switching.
- a dual mode reconfigurable radio architecture can operate as a narrowband transceiver and is reconfigurable to operate as a broadband low power ultra-wideband transceiver.
- FiG. 15 illustrates a generic narrowband receiver 900 comprising a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 902, a reconfigurable bandpass filter 904 (which is often realized as part of the LNA output tank), and a bank 906 of devices.
- the bank of devices includes a plurality of mixers 911a-911n. Each of the mixers 911a-911n are driven with different phases 913a-913n of the Local Oscillator (LO) signal 910. The most common approach is to use two quadrature phases of the LO, or four differential quadrature phases. The output of these mixers is in turn filtered and sampled by analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 908a-908n (filter not shown).
- ADC analog-to-digital converter
- FlG. 16 illustrates the receiver configured into a wideband receiver by bypassing or reconfiguring the filter 904 to be a low pass filter (one technique to convert the RLC load into a shunt-peaked load is described later) and converting the mixers 906 into sampling switches 906.
- CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
- this is easily done by re-using the existing devices 911a-911n (in for example, a Gilbert cell) as switches.
- the switches 911a-911n are now driven with a periodic square waveform delayed by time delays 101 Ia- 101 In fractions of the period Ti-Tn in order to capture different instants of the waveform.
- the ADCs 908 are clocked at a slower rate, but in parallel ADCs 908 capture a wider bandwidth (bandwidth extension is equal to the number of stages in parallel). While signal-ended switches are shown, one of ordinary skill in the art readily recognizes that this feature extends to differential switches and to double- balanced switching architectures.
- FlG. 17 illustrates a generic transmitter 1100 configured as a narrowband transmitter in accordance with the present invention.
- the transmitter 1100 includes a power source 1102 coupled to a switch 1104.
- the switch 1104 is coupled to an inductor-capacitor (L-C) circuit 1106 and to an antenna 1108.
- L-C inductor-capacitor
- the L/C circuit 1106 and the power source 1102 are coupled to the ground.
- the switch 1104 provides a periodic signal to the antenna. Phase or frequency modulation can be applied to the switch while the output power is controlled by the amplitude of the direct current (DC) power source.
- DC direct current
- FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of a circuit 1250 which can provide either mode dependent upon the input signal to the transistor 1252.
- FiG. 20 illustrates the reconfigurable receiver 1300 implemented in CMOS technology.
- Transistors 1302/1304 comprise a complementary input stage low noise amplifier (LNA) 1306 with low impedance to match to the antenna.
- Transistor 1310 is a programmable current source which can alter the input match and LNA gain 1306 to adapt to varying conditions.
- LNA complementary input stage low noise amplifier
- Capacitor 1312 and capacitor 1314 are AC coupling capacitors, and capacitor 1314 couples the alternating current (AC) signal from transistor 1304 to transistor 1302, forming a current summation at the drain of transistor 1302,
- the load of the LNA 1306 is formed by a large low Q inductor, inductor 1301 and inductor 1303, which forms a peaking load.
- inductors 1301 and 1303 are particularly important as shown in FiG. 21.
- This inductors are a stacked series connected structure, with spirals on each layer connected in series with lower metal layers with the correct orientation to increase the magnetic flux and hence to realize a large inductor.
- transistor 1316 is connected as a switch between the second layer and supply.
- a control signal on the gate of transistor 1316 can short out the bottom layer turns of the inductor. In this way, if transistor 1316 is off, then the load is large peaking load.
- the resistance of the load is made up of the bottom metal layers, which are typically thinner in an IC process.
- the LNA 1306 can be reconfigured from a broadband LNA for UWB to a narrowband LNA.
- transistors 1318, 1320, 1322 and 1324 comprise the core of the mixer/sampler stage. Each transistor 1318-1324 is biased to operate with zero DC current as a passive switching mixer. In narrowband mode 1302, these transistors are driven with a local oscillator (LO) 1304 which drives the top pair of transistors 1318 - 1320 with an in-phase (I) 1308a differential signal, and the bottom pair of transistors 1322 - 1324 with a quadrature phase differential signal (Q) 1308.
- LO local oscillator
- the outputs V ol 1326 - V 02 1328 are a differential IF output signal for the I 1308a channel and the outputs V 03 1330 - V 04 1332 are a differential IF signal for the Q 1308 channel. Since the IF load is capacitive and low pass, the effective load of the mixer seen by the LNA 1316 is time- varying and can be shown to effectively form a resonant tank which provides additional rejection of out of band interference. [00159] In ultra-wideband mode, each transistor/capacitor combination
- transistor 1318 and capacitor 1334, transistor 1320 and capacitor 1336, transistor 1322 and capacitor 1338, and transistor 1324 and capacitor 1340 forms a sample- and-hold circuit (for example, transistor 1318 and capacitor 1334) which samples the RF signal directly on the capacitor (capacitors 1334-1340).
- Each capacitor (capacitors 1334-1340) is sized large enough so that the sampled kT/C noise meets the system specifications.
- the transistor 1318 is thus biased large enough to provide the bandwidth requirements of the system.
- the gate of transistor 1318 is driven with a clock signal at sampling instant Tl while the clock of transistor 1320, transistor 1322 and transistor 1324 are sampled at instants Tl+ ⁇ d, Tl+2 ⁇ d, Tl+3 ⁇ d.
- each sampler is amplified by a switched capacitor circuit and then digitized by the ADC.
- this sampler can form the core of a Delta-Sigma to capture the signal in the digital domain.
- the operation of the circuit can be enhanced by placing a VGA in the receiver path.
- the VGA forms the second stage of amplification following the LNA.
- the VGA can operate up to the highest RF frequency in the UWB mode.
- the VGA can be re-wired and connected after the mixers where the highest frequency of operation is set by the IF and not the RF signal.
- the current of the VGA stage is lowered to lower the bandwidth of the mixer.
- the most commonly used UWB transmitter circuit includes a H-bridge structure where the gate of the transistors are driven with the correct signals as to produce a sharp pulse across the load of either positive or negative polarity.
- FlGS. 22 A and 22B show the operation of the reconfigurable transmitter 1500 in more detail. Referring to FlG. 22A, in the first of a bit '0' period, transistors 1502 and 1504 are turned on and transistors 1506 and 1508 are turned off to drive a current through the antenna load. Referring to FlG. 22B, in the second half of the period, the antenna is short circuited to ground via transistors 1506 and 1504.
- This simple H-bridge circuit is compatible with low cost technologies such as CMOS and the control signals for circuit are easily generated with digital logic.
- This H-bridge can be reconfigured as a narrowband transmitter by driving the structure with the period LO signal which can be frequency modulated in high efficiency mode or even driven as a linear differential amplifier for standards that require power amplifier (PA) linearity.
- Each switching transistor can be biased in class A, A/B, C, D, or E, E/F modes of operation to achieve the required linearity/efficiency trade-off.
- class D mode for instance, the load is alternated in polarity between the supply and ground, which results in maximum radiated power given by the power supply and the antenna impedance.
- Power control can be introduced by regulating the supply of the circuit or by employing impedance matching.
- kits comprising devices of the present invention.
- an asymmetric wireless system as described herein can be sold to end users in the form of a kit.
- the kits can comprise multiple items, including but not limited to integrated devices comprising one or more anchor, or base, node devices and one or more peripheral node devices.
- the devices can implement multiple radio communications.
- a peripheral node device is in the form of a patch.
- a kit can provide a system comprising multiple peripheral node devices and one or more anchor node devices.
- the nodular devices use integrated Application- specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementations for robust and cost effective communications.
- ASIC Application- specific integrated circuit
- the devices can further comprise dual mode reconfigurable transceivers as described herein.
- the kit can include a host device with an integrated wireless base.
- the kit provides one or more peripheral node patch devices. These devices may be disposable. Such a kit can be useful when the end user, e.g., a hospital, has already purchased a kit comprising an anchor node and needs to replenish the supply of disposable patch devices that communicate with the anchor.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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2014
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GB2469420B (en) | 2012-10-17 |
US9277534B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 |
GB201215139D0 (en) | 2012-10-10 |
GB2469420A8 (en) | 2012-09-05 |
GB201013574D0 (en) | 2010-09-29 |
US20150156749A1 (en) | 2015-06-04 |
US20110130092A1 (en) | 2011-06-02 |
GB2490834A (en) | 2012-11-14 |
GB2490834B (en) | 2013-05-29 |
US9595996B2 (en) | 2017-03-14 |
US20170264338A1 (en) | 2017-09-14 |
US20160373161A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
GB2469420A (en) | 2010-10-13 |
WO2009100401A3 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
US8879983B2 (en) | 2014-11-04 |
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