WO2009048727A1 - Virtualized data storage vaults on a dispersed data storage network - Google Patents
Virtualized data storage vaults on a dispersed data storage network Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009048727A1 WO2009048727A1 PCT/US2008/077166 US2008077166W WO2009048727A1 WO 2009048727 A1 WO2009048727 A1 WO 2009048727A1 US 2008077166 W US2008077166 W US 2008077166W WO 2009048727 A1 WO2009048727 A1 WO 2009048727A1
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- data storage
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- data
- vault
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/10—File systems; File servers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/08—Error detection or correction by redundancy in data representation, e.g. by using checking codes
- G06F11/10—Adding special bits or symbols to the coded information, e.g. parity check, casting out 9's or 11's
- G06F11/1076—Parity data used in redundant arrays of independent storages, e.g. in RAID systems
- G06F11/1092—Rebuilding, e.g. when physically replacing a failing disk
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/10—File systems; File servers
- G06F16/18—File system types
- G06F16/182—Distributed file systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/60—Protecting data
- G06F21/62—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules
- G06F21/6218—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules to a system of files or objects, e.g. local or distributed file system or database
- G06F21/6272—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules to a system of files or objects, e.g. local or distributed file system or database by registering files or documents with a third party
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
- H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
- H04L67/1097—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network for distributed storage of data in networks, e.g. transport arrangements for network file system [NFS], storage area networks [SAN] or network attached storage [NAS]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F11/00—Error detection; Error correction; Monitoring
- G06F11/07—Responding to the occurrence of a fault, e.g. fault tolerance
- G06F11/08—Error detection or correction by redundancy in data representation, e.g. by using checking codes
- G06F11/10—Adding special bits or symbols to the coded information, e.g. parity check, casting out 9's or 11's
- G06F11/1076—Parity data used in redundant arrays of independent storages, e.g. in RAID systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
- G06F16/20—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor of structured data, e.g. relational data
- G06F16/22—Indexing; Data structures therefor; Storage structures
- G06F16/2228—Indexing structures
- G06F16/2272—Management thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/10—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for controlling access to devices or network resources
- H04L63/101—Access control lists [ACL]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
- Y10S707/953—Organization of data
- Y10S707/959—Network
Definitions
- VIRTUALIZED DATA STORAGE VAULTS ON A DISPERSED DATA
- the present invention relates generally to systems, apparatus, and methods for distributed data storage, and more particularly to systems, apparatus, and methods for distributed data storage using an information dispersal algorithm so that no one location will store an entire copy of stored data, and more particularly still to systems, apparatus, and methods for using a fixed number of slice servers to implement a plurality of dispersed data storage networks.
- digital data is often "backed-up," i.e., an additional copy of the digital data is made and maintained in a separate physical location.
- a backup tape of all network drives may be made by a small office and maintained at the home of a trusted employee.
- the destruction of either the original device holding the digital data or the backup will not compromise the digital data.
- the existence of the backup exacerbates the security problem, as a malicious hacker can choose between two locations from which to obtain the digital data.
- the site where the backup is stored may be far less secure than the original location of the digital data, such as in the case when an employee stores the tape in her home.
- RAID Redundant Array of Independent Drives
- RAID refers to a collection of data storage schemes that divide and replicate data among multiple storage units. Different configurations of RAID provide increased performance, improved reliability, or both increased performance and improved reliability.
- stripes each of which is stored on a separate drive. Data striping is performed in an algorithmically certain way so that the data can be reconstructed. While certain RAID configurations can improve reliability, RAID does nothing to address security concerns associated with digital data storage.
- Encrypted data is mathematically coded so that only users with access to a certain key can decrypt and use the data.
- Common forms of encryption include DES, AES, RSA, and others. While modern encryption methods are difficult to break, numerous instances of successful attacks are known, some of which have resulted in valuable data being compromised.
- secret sharing a method for splitting data among multiple recipients.
- One of the characteristics of secret sharing is that a piece of data may be split among n recipients, but cannot be known unless at least t recipients share their data, where n > t
- a trivial form of secret sharing can be implemented by assigning a single random byte to every recipient but one, who would receive the actual data byte after it had been bitwise exclusive orred with the random bytes.
- s s® r a ⁇ r b ⁇ r c , where s is the original source data, r a , r b , and r c are random bytes given to three of the four recipients, and s' is the encoded byte given to the fourth recipient.
- the original byte s can be recovered by bitwise exclusive-orring all four bytes together.
- Reed-Solomon and Cauchy Reed-Solomon coding are two well-known methods of dividing encoded information into multiple slices so that the original information can be reassembled even if all of the slices are not available.
- Reed-Solomon coding, Cauchy Reed-Solomon coding, and other data coding techniques are described in "Erasure Codes for Storage Applications," by Dr. James S. Plank, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- DDSN dispersed data storage grids
- United States Patent Number 5,485,474 issued to Michael O. Rabin, describes a system for splitting a segment of digital information into n data slices, which are stored in separate devices. When the data segment must be retrieved, only m of the original data slices are required to reconstruct the data segment, where n>m.
- Prior art DDSN systems are only viable for extremely specialized applications, as implementing an effective DDSN requires that a user setup a network of slice servers in multiple physically disparate locations.
- a DDSN the management and administration of a DDSN presents other problems that are not associated with prior art systems. For example, different users of a DDSN may want to store their data in different ways, i.e., one user may want all of their data compressed to save on storage space, while another user may not want to compress their data to improve retrieval speed.
- a network of slice servers can be used to implement numerous DDSNs, each having different characteristics, and using a subset or all of the available slice servers to store data.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a system, apparatus, and method for associating one or more accounts to one or more dispersed data storage networks implemented by a network of slice servers.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a system, apparatus, and method for associating information dispersal characteristics with one or more dispersed data storage networks.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a system, apparatus, and method for associating operating characteristics with one or more dispersed data storage networks.
- the disclosed invention achieves its objectives by maintaining a plurality of information records, each specifying a plurality of slice servers that together form a dispersed data storage network.
- This construct which is referred to as a virtual data storage vault, allows any number of dispersed data storage networks to be implemented using the same set of slice servers.
- the information records also specify what information dispersal algorithm is used on each virtual data storage vault, and the information dispersal parameters for use by the specified algorithm.
- these parameters will include a slice count indicative of the number of data slices that each data segment stored on the vault will be divided into, as well as a redundancy count indicative of the number of data slices that can be lost without compromising the integrity of the stored data segment.
- the information record could specify other parameters associated with the operation of a dispersed data storage network, such as an encryption algorithm to be used for stored data segments, a data compression algorithm to be used for stored data segments, and an integrity verification scheme to be implemented.
- Figure 1 is a network diagram of a dispersed data storage network constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed invention
- Figure 2 is a simplified network diagram of the operation of one aspect of the disclosed invention by which a plurality of dispersed data storage networks can be implemented from a set of slice servers
- Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating the process by which a slice server authenticates requests received from various computers accessing a dispersed data storage network
- FIG 4 is a data relationship diagram illustrating the relationship between user accounts and virtualized data storage vaults, as well as the structure of account and vault constructs.
- a distributed computer system implementing a dispersed data storage grid 100 is shown.
- An arbitrary number of slice servers 150-162 store data slices sent to them by networked client computers 102,104, 106.
- some number of grid access computers 120,122 allows access to the slice servers 150-162 by the client computers 102,104,106.
- Data segments are written to the grid by client computers 102,104,106.
- the data segments are sliced into multiple data slices that are then stored on slice servers 150-162.
- the disclosed invention allows a network of slice servers to implement numerous dispersed data storage networks.
- a subset of the available slice servers 150-162 is associated with a user account to form a dispersed data storage network.
- This information is stored in an accessible location, such as a grid access computer 120,122, on each client computer 102,104,106, or elsewhere.
- This software construct which is referred to herein as a "vault," allows for numerous DDSNs to be implemented from a network of slice servers.
- Each vault makes use of some number of slice servers, and a particular slice server may be associated with any number of vaults.
- a first vault may be comprised of 16 slice servers.
- a second vault may utilize 4 slice servers in common with the first vault, and an additional 8 that are not used by the first vault.
- a vault In addition to storing information about what slice servers make up a particular DDSN, a vault will also store other information pertinent to the operation of a DDSN. This information includes what information dispersal algorithm ("IDA") is used on the DDSN, as well as the information required to operate the particular IDA, such as the number of slices that each data segment is divided into as well, which is also referred to as the quantity n, and the minimum number of data slices required to reconstruct a stored data segment, which is also referred to as the quantity m.
- IDA information dispersal algorithm
- the vault also conglomerates other information that is relevant to the operation of a DDSN.
- the total storage that is available in a particular vault is stored, as well as the amount of storage that is presently occupied by data segments. In a fee-for-service system, this will prevent a particular user from using more storage than was paid for.
- a particular vault may require that data be encrypted, either before it is sliced, after it is sliced, or both before and after it is sliced.
- the vault structure can contain a field indicating that data segments and/or data slices are encrypted, as well as the particular algorithm that is used for encryption.
- data stored on a DDSN may be compressed to increase the total amount of storage available.
- the use of compression can increase the time required to write and retrieve data.
- the vault can contain a field indicating if compression is to be used, and what type of compression should be used.
- certain applications may be better served by different types of integrity checks.
- the vault may contain a field allowing a user to specify a specific type of integrity check to be used for stored data segments as well as for stored data slices.
- a vault may also include an access control list specifying which accounts are allowed to access the vault, and what permissions are associated with that account. For example, one user may have full access to a vault, while another user may only be allowed to read data segments from the vault, and not write data segments to, or modify data segments stored on the vault.
- FIG. 2 explains the process of how access to a DDSN is handled through a vault.
- a user logs into a particular account at a client computer 202.
- a grid access computer 212 assembles a vault definition, which may be resident on the grid access computer 212, stored on the slice servers 222, 224, 226 as distributed data, or stored elsewhere.
- the vault structure moderates access to a DDSN comprised of slice servers 222,224,226 by the client computer 202.
- FIG 3 illustrates the process by which a slice server authenticates a request from a client.
- a client computer After a client has logged into a vault, a client computer will originate one or more requests in step 302. Those requests will be directed to the appropriate slice server, and the slice server will validate that it can accept requests from the vault identified in the request in step 303. If the slice server cannot accept requests from the identified vault, an error is generated in step 304. The slice server also validates that the account identified in the request is allowed to make the specified request in step 305. If the slice server accepts requests from the identified vault and the identified account is allowed to make the specified request, the slice server will execute the request in step 307, and send a response back to the requesting client in step 308.
- Figure 4 illustrates the relationship between user accounts and vaults.
- Data structure 440 illustrates one way that vault information could be maintained.
- the illustrated structure shows the information dispersal algorithm used on the DDSN associated with the vault, i.e., Cauchy-Reed Solomon.
- the information dispersal parameters are identified, i.e., data segments are divided into 1 12 data slices, of which any 18 may be lost without compromising the integrity of the stored data.
- the vault data structure shows that no data compression is used, and that CRC-32 is used as an integrity check for both stored data segments and stored data slices.
- the data structure 440 does not indicate if stored data is encrypted, although alternative data structures could.
- data structure 440 lists three accounts that are allowed to access this particular vault. In addition to listing the associated accounts, the permissions granted to those accounts could also be listed here as well. As permissions are well-known in the art, they are not discussed further here.
- Figure 4 also shows data structure 430, which illustrates one way that a user account could be represented, namely by a usemame and a password.
- data structure 430 illustrates one way that a user account could be represented, namely by a usemame and a password.
- this particular representation of a user account is not a limitation of the invention; other methods well-known in the prior art would work just as well, for instance, biometric information.
- the foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. The description was selected to best explain the principles of the invention and practical application of these principles to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention not be limited by the specification, but be defined by the claims set forth below.
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Abstract
A system, method, and apparatus for implementing a plurality of dispersed data storage networks using a set of slice servers are disclosed. A plurality of information records are maintained, with each information record corresponding to a dispersed data storage network. The information record maintains what slice servers are used to implement the dispersed data storage network, as well as other information needed to administer a DDSN, such as the information dispersal algorithm used, how data is stored, and whether data is compressed or encrypted.
Description
VIRTUALIZED DATA STORAGE VAULTS ON A DISPERSED DATA
STORAGE NETWORK
Inventors: S. Christopher Gladwin, Greg Dhuse, Vance Thornton, Manish Motwani, IIya Volvovski, Wesley Legette, Jamie Bellanca, Sarah Toledano, Lynn Foster, Zachary Mark
Field of the Invention
[001] The present invention relates generally to systems, apparatus, and methods for distributed data storage, and more particularly to systems, apparatus, and methods for distributed data storage using an information dispersal algorithm so that no one location will store an entire copy of stored data, and more particularly still to systems, apparatus, and methods for using a fixed number of slice servers to implement a plurality of dispersed data storage networks.
Description of the Prior Art
[002] Storing data in digital form is a well-known problem associated with all computer systems, and numerous solutions to this problem are known in the art. The simplest solution involves merely storing digital data in a single location, such as a punch film, hard drive, or FLASH memory device. However, storage of data in a single location is inherently unreliable. The device storing the data can malfunction or be destroyed through natural disasters, such as a flood, or through a malicious act, such as arson. In
addition, digital data is generally stored in a usable file, such as a document that can be opened with the appropriate word processing software, or a financial ledger that can be opened with the appropriate spreadsheet software. Storing an entire usable file in a single location is also inherently insecure as a malicious hacker only need compromise that one location to obtain access to the usable file.
[003] To address reliability concerns, digital data is often "backed-up," i.e., an additional copy of the digital data is made and maintained in a separate physical location. For example, a backup tape of all network drives may be made by a small office and maintained at the home of a trusted employee. When a backup of digital data exists, the destruction of either the original device holding the digital data or the backup will not compromise the digital data. However, the existence of the backup exacerbates the security problem, as a malicious hacker can choose between two locations from which to obtain the digital data. Further, the site where the backup is stored may be far less secure than the original location of the digital data, such as in the case when an employee stores the tape in her home.
[004] Another method used to address reliability and performance concerns is the use of a Redundant Array of Independent Drives ("RAID"). RAID refers to a collection of data storage schemes that divide and replicate data among multiple storage units. Different configurations of RAID provide increased performance, improved reliability, or both increased performance and improved reliability. In certain configurations of RAID, when digital data is stored, it is split into multiple units, referred to as "stripes," each of which
is stored on a separate drive. Data striping is performed in an algorithmically certain way so that the data can be reconstructed. While certain RAID configurations can improve reliability, RAID does nothing to address security concerns associated with digital data storage.
[005] One method that prior art solutions have addressed security concerns is through the use of encryption. Encrypted data is mathematically coded so that only users with access to a certain key can decrypt and use the data. Common forms of encryption include DES, AES, RSA, and others. While modern encryption methods are difficult to break, numerous instances of successful attacks are known, some of which have resulted in valuable data being compromised.
[006] In 1979, two researchers independently developed a method for splitting data among multiple recipients called "secret sharing." One of the characteristics of secret sharing is that a piece of data may be split among n recipients, but cannot be known unless at least t recipients share their data, where n > t For example, a trivial form of secret sharing can be implemented by assigning a single random byte to every recipient but one, who would receive the actual data byte after it had been bitwise exclusive orred with the random bytes. In other words, for a group of four recipients, three of the recipients would be given random bytes, and the fourth would be given a byte calculated by the following formula: s = s® ra Φ rb Φ rc , where s is the original source data, ra, rb, and rc are random bytes given to three of the four recipients, and s' is the encoded byte given to the fourth
recipient. The original byte s can be recovered by bitwise exclusive-orring all four bytes together.
[007] The problem of reconstructing data stored on a digital medium that is subject to damage has also been addressed in the prior art. In particular, Reed-Solomon and Cauchy Reed-Solomon coding are two well-known methods of dividing encoded information into multiple slices so that the original information can be reassembled even if all of the slices are not available. Reed-Solomon coding, Cauchy Reed-Solomon coding, and other data coding techniques are described in "Erasure Codes for Storage Applications," by Dr. James S. Plank, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
[008] Schemes for implementing dispersed data storage networks
("DDSN"), which are also known as dispersed data storage grids, are also known in the art. In particular, United States Patent Number 5,485,474, issued to Michael O. Rabin, describes a system for splitting a segment of digital information into n data slices, which are stored in separate devices. When the data segment must be retrieved, only m of the original data slices are required to reconstruct the data segment, where n>m. [009] Prior art DDSN systems are only viable for extremely specialized applications, as implementing an effective DDSN requires that a user setup a network of slice servers in multiple physically disparate locations. Existing directory service software will not effectively manage access to a DDSN, particularly as a DDSN does not have physical resources in the sense of a disk drive or directory, but rather is a type of virtual drive, where information
is spread across numerous slice servers. Therefore, software for managing access to a DDSN would make DDSN technology accessible to a wider variety of applications.
[0010] In addition, the management and administration of a DDSN presents other problems that are not associated with prior art systems. For example, different users of a DDSN may want to store their data in different ways, i.e., one user may want all of their data compressed to save on storage space, while another user may not want to compress their data to improve retrieval speed. Further, a network of slice servers can be used to implement numerous DDSNs, each having different characteristics, and using a subset or all of the available slice servers to store data. Objects of the Invention
[0011] Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a system, apparatus, and method for effectively managing access to a DDSN.
[0012] Another object of this invention is to provide a system, apparatus, and method for associating one or more accounts to one or more dispersed data storage networks implemented by a network of slice servers.
[0013] Another object of this invention is to provide a system, apparatus, and method for associating information dispersal characteristics with one or more dispersed data storage networks.
[0014] Another object of this invention is to provide a system, apparatus, and method for associating operating characteristics with one or more dispersed data storage networks.
Summary of the Invention
[0015] The disclosed invention achieves its objectives by maintaining a plurality of information records, each specifying a plurality of slice servers that together form a dispersed data storage network. This construct, which is referred to as a virtual data storage vault, allows any number of dispersed data storage networks to be implemented using the same set of slice servers. When a request is received, a virtual storage vault associated with the request is identified. An account identifier is extracted from the request, and checked against an access control list associated with the vault. If the request is authorized, it is executed.
[0016] In another aspect of this invention, the information records also specify what information dispersal algorithm is used on each virtual data storage vault, and the information dispersal parameters for use by the specified algorithm. In particular, these parameters will include a slice count indicative of the number of data slices that each data segment stored on the vault will be divided into, as well as a redundancy count indicative of the number of data slices that can be lost without compromising the integrity of the stored data segment. In addition, the information record could specify other parameters associated with the operation of a dispersed data storage network, such as an encryption algorithm to be used for stored data segments, a data compression algorithm to be used for stored data segments, and an integrity verification scheme to be implemented.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Although the characteristic features of this invention will be particularly pointed out in the claims, the invention itself, and the manner in which it may be made and used, may be better understood by referring to the following description taken in connection' with the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views and in which:
Figure 1 is a network diagram of a dispersed data storage network constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed invention; Figure 2 is a simplified network diagram of the operation of one aspect of the disclosed invention by which a plurality of dispersed data storage networks can be implemented from a set of slice servers; Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating the process by which a slice server authenticates requests received from various computers accessing a dispersed data storage network;
Figure 4 is a data relationship diagram illustrating the relationship between user accounts and virtualized data storage vaults, as well as the structure of account and vault constructs. Detailed Description of the Illustrated Embodiment Turning to the Figures and to Figure 1 in particular, a distributed computer system implementing a dispersed data storage grid 100 is shown. An arbitrary number of slice servers 150-162 store data slices sent to them by networked client computers 102,104, 106. As illustrated, some number of
grid access computers 120,122 allows access to the slice servers 150-162 by the client computers 102,104,106. Data segments are written to the grid by client computers 102,104,106. In accordance with an information dispersal algorithm, the data segments are sliced into multiple data slices that are then stored on slice servers 150-162.
[0018] As explained herein, the disclosed invention allows a network of slice servers to implement numerous dispersed data storage networks. In accordance with the disclosed invention, a subset of the available slice servers 150-162 is associated with a user account to form a dispersed data storage network. This information is stored in an accessible location, such as a grid access computer 120,122, on each client computer 102,104,106, or elsewhere. This software construct, which is referred to herein as a "vault," allows for numerous DDSNs to be implemented from a network of slice servers. Each vault makes use of some number of slice servers, and a particular slice server may be associated with any number of vaults. There is no fixed relation between slice servers comprising a vault, except by the vault construct itself. By example, a first vault may be comprised of 16 slice servers. A second vault may utilize 4 slice servers in common with the first vault, and an additional 8 that are not used by the first vault.
[0019] In addition to storing information about what slice servers make up a particular DDSN, a vault will also store other information pertinent to the operation of a DDSN. This information includes what information dispersal algorithm ("IDA") is used on the DDSN, as well as the information required to operate the particular IDA, such as the number of slices that each data
segment is divided into as well, which is also referred to as the quantity n, and the minimum number of data slices required to reconstruct a stored data segment, which is also referred to as the quantity m.
[0020] The vault also conglomerates other information that is relevant to the operation of a DDSN. The total storage that is available in a particular vault is stored, as well as the amount of storage that is presently occupied by data segments. In a fee-for-service system, this will prevent a particular user from using more storage than was paid for. In addition, a particular vault may require that data be encrypted, either before it is sliced, after it is sliced, or both before and after it is sliced. Accordingly, the vault structure can contain a field indicating that data segments and/or data slices are encrypted, as well as the particular algorithm that is used for encryption.
[0021] For certain applications, data stored on a DDSN may be compressed to increase the total amount of storage available. However, the use of compression can increase the time required to write and retrieve data. Accordingly, the vault can contain a field indicating if compression is to be used, and what type of compression should be used. In addition, while almost every DDSN makes use of integrity checks, certain applications may be better served by different types of integrity checks. For this purpose, the vault may contain a field allowing a user to specify a specific type of integrity check to be used for stored data segments as well as for stored data slices. [0022] In addition to storing information about the particular DDSN associated with a vault, a vault may also include an access control list specifying which accounts are allowed to access the vault, and what
permissions are associated with that account. For example, one user may have full access to a vault, while another user may only be allowed to read data segments from the vault, and not write data segments to, or modify data segments stored on the vault.
[0023] Figure 2 explains the process of how access to a DDSN is handled through a vault. A user logs into a particular account at a client computer 202. As part of the login process, a grid access computer 212 assembles a vault definition, which may be resident on the grid access computer 212, stored on the slice servers 222, 224, 226 as distributed data, or stored elsewhere. The vault structure moderates access to a DDSN comprised of slice servers 222,224,226 by the client computer 202.
[0024] Figure 3 illustrates the process by which a slice server authenticates a request from a client. After a client has logged into a vault, a client computer will originate one or more requests in step 302. Those requests will be directed to the appropriate slice server, and the slice server will validate that it can accept requests from the vault identified in the request in step 303. If the slice server cannot accept requests from the identified vault, an error is generated in step 304. The slice server also validates that the account identified in the request is allowed to make the specified request in step 305. If the slice server accepts requests from the identified vault and the identified account is allowed to make the specified request, the slice server will execute the request in step 307, and send a response back to the requesting client in step 308.
[0025J Figure 4 illustrates the relationship between user accounts and vaults.
Three vaults 402,404,406 are depicted, as well as nine users 410-418. Users 410, 41 1 , and 412 have access to vault 402. User 412 also has access to vault 2, and as indicated, there is a many to many relationship between vaults and user accounts. Data structure 440 illustrates one way that vault information could be maintained. In particular, the illustrated structure shows the information dispersal algorithm used on the DDSN associated with the vault, i.e., Cauchy-Reed Solomon. In addition, the information dispersal parameters are identified, i.e., data segments are divided into 1 12 data slices, of which any 18 may be lost without compromising the integrity of the stored data. Further, the vault data structure shows that no data compression is used, and that CRC-32 is used as an integrity check for both stored data segments and stored data slices. As illustrated, the data structure 440 does not indicate if stored data is encrypted, although alternative data structures could. Finally, data structure 440 lists three accounts that are allowed to access this particular vault. In addition to listing the associated accounts, the permissions granted to those accounts could also be listed here as well. As permissions are well-known in the art, they are not discussed further here.
[0026] Figure 4 also shows data structure 430, which illustrates one way that a user account could be represented, namely by a usemame and a password. However, this particular representation of a user account is not a limitation of the invention; other methods well-known in the prior art would work just as well, for instance, biometric information.
The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. The description was selected to best explain the principles of the invention and practical application of these principles to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention not be limited by the specification, but be defined by the claims set forth below.
Claims
[C1] 1. A distributed computer system implementing a plurality of dispersed data storage networks comprising: i) a plurality of slice servers each including a network port coupled to a network; and ii) a grid access computer for receiving at least one request from a client computer and including a network port coupled to said network, wherein said grid access computer accesses a plurality of information records each specifying a virtual data storage vault comprised of a subset of said slice servers forming a dispersed data storage network, and wherein each of said information records also comprises an access control list specifying at least one account associated with said dispersed data storage network, and wherein said grid access computer (a) identifies a virtual data storage vault associated with said request, (b) extracts a second account from said information record, (c) authorizes said request using said second account and said access control list, and (d) executes said request using said virtual data storage vault.
[C2] 2. The distributed computer system of claim 1 , wherein said information record also specifies an information dispersal algorithm for use on said virtual data storage vault and a set of dispersal parameters including a slice count indicative of a number of data slices a stored data segment is divided into, and a redundancy count indicative of a number of data slices that can be lost without compromising the ability to reconstruct said data segment.
[C3] 3. The distributed computer system of claim 1 , wherein said information record also specifies a maximum amount of storage which may be used by said virtual data storage vault.
[C4] 4. The distributed computer system of claim 1 , wherein said information record also specifies an encryption algorithm for use on data segments stored on said virtual data storage vault.
[C5] 5. The distributed computer system of claim 1 , wherein said information record also specifies a compression algorithm for use on data segments stored on said virtual data storage vault.
[C6] 6. The distributed computer system of claim 1 , wherein at least one slice server comprises a part of a plurality of virtual data storage vaults.
[C7] 7. The distributed computer system of claim 1 , wherein said information records are maintained by said grid access computer.
[C8] 8. The distributed computer system of claim 1 , wherein said grid access computer accesses said information records by retrieving said information records from said slice servers.
[C9] 7. A method of forming a plurality of dispersed data storage networks from a plurality of slice servers, said method operating on at least one computer and comprising the steps of: i) receiving a request for an operation to be performed on a dispersed data storage network; ii) identifying a virtual storage vault comprising a plurality of slice servers forming a dispersed data storage network and associated with said request; iii) extracting an account from said request; iv) authorizing said request against an access control list using said account; and v) executing said request.
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