WO2009047781A2 - A nano-robots system and methods for well logging and borehole measurements - Google Patents
A nano-robots system and methods for well logging and borehole measurements Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009047781A2 WO2009047781A2 PCT/IN2008/000335 IN2008000335W WO2009047781A2 WO 2009047781 A2 WO2009047781 A2 WO 2009047781A2 IN 2008000335 W IN2008000335 W IN 2008000335W WO 2009047781 A2 WO2009047781 A2 WO 2009047781A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- nano
- robot
- robots
- formation
- properties
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910001339 C alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/01—Arrangements for handling drilling fluids or cuttings outside the borehole, e.g. mud boxes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/01—Devices for supporting measuring instruments on drill bits, pipes, rods or wirelines; Protecting measuring instruments in boreholes against heat, shock, pressure or the like
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
- E21B47/138—Devices entrained in the flow of well-bore fluid for transmitting data, control or actuation signals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V11/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods combining techniques covered by two or more of main groups G01V1/00 - G01V9/00
- G01V11/002—Details, e.g. power supply systems for logging instruments, transmitting or recording data, specially adapted for well logging, also if the prospecting method is irrelevant
Definitions
- This invention relates to nano-robots system and methods for well logging and borehole measurements which are useful in reducing associated operating costs.
- LWD Logging While Drilling
- MWD Measurement While Drilling
- borehole direction parameters such as inclination and azimuth direction
- Formation properties such as porosity, permeability, resistivity, hydrocarbon content, to name just a few, are measured to help determine whether the well might be productive.
- Measuring properties of fractures, where the fractures are created to increase oil flow, is also of utility in determining productivity of a well.
- Fig. 1 illustrates a nano-robot according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 2 illustrates a well site with a nano-robot injector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 3 illustrates a nano-robot injector according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 4 illustrates a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- This invention teaches the use of nano-robots in the areas of well logging and measurement, which may be of utility in reducing operating costs associated with well logging and measurement.
- Fig. 1 illustrates a robotic-type device with applications in oil and gas well technology. Such an embodiment may be referred to as a nano-robot.
- nano-robot is usually used to denote one billionth of some unit, the term nano-robot is not meant to imply that embodiments are limited to a size not greater than one billionth of some typical unit, such as a meter. Rather, the prefix nano in nano-robot is used merely to denote that some embodiments may be relatively small.
- a nano-robot may be injected into drilling mud or completion fluid (or other viscous fluid) to provide data, such as well temperature, directional parameters of a drill, and other petrophysical parameters.
- an embodiment nano- robot may be designed small enough to circulate through the drilling mud to collect such data, which may be stored or transmitted.
- an embodiment nano-robot may be designed small enough so as to invade a formation or fracture to provide data of interest. Such possible applications are described in more detail later.
- controller 104 within outer-shield 102 are functional units (components): controller 104; sensors 105 and 106; fins 108 and 110; motors 112, 114, 116, and 118; transceiver 120; antenna 122, electrodes 124 and 125; and power regulator circuit 126.
- outer-shield 102 may be spherical in shape for some embodiments. As is well known, a sphere has the largest volume to surface area ratio. However, other embodiments may have an outer-shell having a geometric shape other than a sphere.
- outer-shield 102 may comprise one or more alloys of carbon.
- a passive diamond material may be of utility due to its high surface energy and strong hydrophobicity, as well as chemical inertness. A passive diamond has a cage-like structure created from bonding nano-carbon particles to give a much higher strength than diamond. Controller 104 provides control and communication to some or all of the various components in a nano-robot.
- Controller 104 may also include memory to store or buffer data received or sent to some or all of the various components. Controller 104 may be programmable, running under software or firmware instructions. Electrodes 124 and 125 comprise planar metal strips or plates used to generate electrical power from ions in the surrounding mud or fluid. For some embodiments, electrodes 124 and 125 may be conformal with outer-shield 102. There may be a number of such electrodes placed about outer-shield 102, but for simplicity only electrodes 124 and 125 are illustrated in Hg. 1.
- electrical power used to generate thrust may be provided by characteristics other than a potential difference due to the ions. For example, a temperature difference, or a pressure difference, between two plates may be utilized. In some embodiments, a single plate (which may have a nonconductive interior) having two sides (faces) may be used, so that the generated electrical power for the thrust may generated as a result of a potential difference, a temperature difference, or a pressure difference between the first side of the plate and the second side of the plate.
- Power regulator circuit 126 provides voltage regulation, and includes components, such as for example capacitors, for storing charge. Such stored charge may be generated when electrodes 124 and 125 are subject to an ionic imbalance, such as when the nano-robot embodiment is in a salt dome. The stored charge may be depleted when the nano-robot embodiment is not in a zone that has an ionic imbalance, or when extra power is needed for quick steering or propulsion. In addition to power generated from electrodes 124 and 125, a battery, fuel cell, or other power generating device may be employed. Some embodiments may not employ electrodes.
- Motors 112, 114, 116, and 118 provide thrust, either separately or in combination, to propel the nanb-robot.
- a motor may comprise a propeller.
- a motor may pump out fluid to provide thrust, or a motor may comprise a flexible membrane to push against the mud.
- Outer-shield 102 is dashed about these motors to indicate that there may be an opening at the motor positions, or that outer-shield 102 may be removable at these positions to allow propellers to extend from the motors.
- the embodiment of Fig. 1 explicitly shows four motors, but a different number of motors may be employed in other embodiments. Some embodiments may utilize mud circulation to move.
- Sequencing the thrusting action of motors 112, 114, 116, and 118 may provide some directional thrusts to steer the nano-robot. For example, synchronizing the thrusts of motors 116 and 118, but keeping motors 112 and 114 off, will help steer the nano-robot to the right (with respect to the illustration of Fig.l). Fins 108 and 110 may also aid in steering. Fins 108 and 110 may slide out of their respective holders, 128 and 130. For some embodiments, some or all of fins 108 and 110 may extend outside of outer-shield 102 up to a fraction, e.g., 25% for some embodiments, of their length when used for steering.
- motors 114 and 116 may thrust synchronously with fins 108 and 110 extended to 25% of their length, but where motors 112 and 118 are off.
- motors 112 and 118 are off.
- only two fins are explicitly illustrated in Fig. 1, but in practice, more fins may be included in an embodiment.
- the fins may also provide additional functions.
- fins 108 and 110 may extend outside of outer-shield 102 to a fraction of their length, greater than for the case when used for steering, when the nano-robot is to invade a formation. Extending the fins when invading a formation may help prevent the nano-robot from re-entering the borehole.
- the fins may extend up to 75% of their length when a nano-robot is to embed itself in a formation. Other embodiments may make use of a different fractional amount of fin extension. For such an application, the fins may help in embedding the nano- robot into small porous channels for the formation.
- Sensors 105 and 106 are deployed to collect measurements, such as borehole temperature, directional parameters, borehole pressure, formation properties, thickness of hydrocarbon zone, and mud environment, to name a few examples.
- measurements such as borehole temperature, directional parameters, borehole pressure, formation properties, thickness of hydrocarbon zone, and mud environment.
- other types of petrophysical parameters may be measured, such as effective porosity and permeability, and oil-water contact, to name just a couple of examples.
- the number of sensors may be other than two in number.
- some or all of the sensors may be deployed on the outside of outer-shield 102, but for ease of illustration, sensors 105 and 106 are shown inside the nano-robot adjacent to outer-shield 102.
- a nano-robot may be used to enter a fracture.
- additional passageways in an oil reservoir are created to facilitate the flow of oil to a producing well.
- reservoir having oil-containing rocks with restricted pore volume an connectivity that impede the flow of oil are sometime fractured by injecting a fluid containing sand or other proppant under pressure to create fractures in the rock through which the oil may more easily flow.
- an embodiment may include injecting nano-robots with the proppants so that they may be pumped into the fracture.
- the nano-robots may sense and transmit data associated with the fracture; such as for example fracture conductivity, how much residue is left in the fracture, permeability, and other petrophysical parameters.
- the nano-robots may not be retrieved, but simply left in the fracture.
- the number of nano-robots to be injected may be determined by an algorithm, which may depend upon the fracture length and height, and the proppant volume to be pumped.
- Transceiver 120 comprises a transmitter and receiver coupled to antenna 122 so that the nano-robot may communicate with other nano-robots, as well as other communication devices, such as a transponder (transceiver) on a drill bit assembly.
- Antenna 122 may be a patch antenna, and may be conformal with outer-shield 102. Other embodiments may employ different antenna designs other than a patch.
- Fig. 2 illustrates, in simplified form, a system including nano-robots, nano-robots injector, well and accompanying infrastructure according to an embodiment.
- a well is shown with surface casing 202 and intermediate casing 204, where the arrows indicate mud flow direction.
- mud pump 206 mud flows through stand pipe 208, mud flow line 210, swivel 212, Kelly 214, and through drill pipe 216, out of bit 218 into the well, and then upward through annulus 220 to retrieval 222.
- Retrieval 222 retrieves the nano-robots.
- the nano-robots are expected to flow back to the surface by assistance of the drilling mud.
- retrieval 222 may comprise a chamber placed before the shale shaker to assist in retrieving. Some embodiments may not employ retrieval 222, for example, if nano-robots were relatively inexpensive they may be considered waste product along with other debris.
- the mud flow then continues to shaker and mud pit 224, whereupon it is provided to mud pump 206, and the mud flow process repeats.
- injector 226 is located after mud pump 206 with respect to the mud flow. Its function is to inject nano-robots into the mud flow. For some embodiments, it is attached at a convenient position before the goose neck on the mud flow line. Injector 226 is coupled by way of a non-returning valve, which allows one way injection of nano-robots into the mud flow (or fracturing fluid flow if hydraulic fracturing is in progress), and mitigates the return of mud flow (or fracturing fluid flow) into injector 226.
- transponder 228 on drill collar 230 is used to receive information from nano-robots, and to relay such information to receivers at the drilling site. Transponder 228 may also receive information from surface transmitters, and relay such information to the nano-robots. For some embodiments, transponder 228 may communicate to the surface wirelessly using a lower frequency, and a higher power, than that available to nano-robots. In this way, communication from devices on the surface to the nano-robots deep within a wellbore is facilitated. For some embodiments, communication between transponder 228 and the surface may be by way of an electrical cable, or fiber optic, to name a couple of examples. For the case of hydraulic fracturing, for some embodiments a transponder may be placed on the bottom of casing 202, in the vicinity of the formation, and may be cemented in place.
- control information may be provided to the nano-robots, such as for example the type of measurements that should be made.
- data provided by the nano-robots may be stored in surface computers in field service vehicle 232.
- Fig. 2 illustrates an application of nano-robots to vertical well drilling.
- nano-robots have application to other types of well drilling, such as for example non-vertical drilling involving coiled tubing.
- Fig. 3 illustrates an injector according to an embodiment. Operation of injector 226 is controlled by microprocessor 302. To simplify the drawing, communication paths between microprocessor 302 and the various components in injector 226 are not explicitly indicated. Bus 304 provides communication to interface device 306 to allow communication with external devices. Interface device 306 may be a wireless device, or an interconnect, for example. Robot holding cartridge 308 holds nano-robots in suspension of a suitable fluid so that they may be ready for loading. Cartridge releasing and holding 309 is a device used to facilitate the release and reloading of robot holding cartridge 308 into injector 226, and is operated by microprocessor 302.
- Gate controller 310 under control of microprocessor 302, operates gate 312 to allow nano-robots held in robot holding cartridge 308 to enter robot acceleration device 314.
- Robot acceleration device accelerates nano-robots to a velocity equal to (or sufficiently close to) the velocity of the mud flow. This helps prevent abrupt acceleration of the nano-robots.
- gate controller 316 causes gate 318 to open so that the nano-robots may exit robot acceleration device 314 and enter mud flowline connector 320.
- Gate controller 322 causes gate 324 to open so that the nano-robots may eject injector 226.
- Fig. 3 is merely one example of an embodiment injector.
- acceleration of the nano-robots may not be performed, for example if the nano- robots are designed to withstand a sudden acceleration from rest to the velocity of the mud flow (or fracturing fluid flow).
- Nano-robots are injected (block 402) into the mud flow, whereupon communication and control (block 404) is provided between nano-robots themselves, and between nano-robots and surface computers.
- This communication may include providing commands to the nano-robots, whereby some or all of the nano-robots may be commanded to invade formations, fractures, or propel themselves to the surface for retrieval.
- data sent by nano-robots to the surface may be stored on surface computers, as discussed previously.
- Nano-robots are retrieved (block 406) from the mud flow, whereupon they are available for re-use.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/681,881 US20100242585A1 (en) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-05-28 | Nano-robots system and methods for well logging and borehole measurements |
GB1006337.8A GB2466410B (en) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-05-28 | A nano-robots system and methods for well logging and borehole measurements |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IN1999MU2007 | 2007-10-08 | ||
IN1999/MUM/2007 | 2007-10-08 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2009047781A2 true WO2009047781A2 (en) | 2009-04-16 |
WO2009047781A3 WO2009047781A3 (en) | 2009-11-26 |
Family
ID=40549703
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IN2007/000556 WO2014068581A2 (en) | 2007-10-08 | 2007-11-26 | A nano-robots system and methods for well logging and borehole measurements |
PCT/IN2008/000335 WO2009047781A2 (en) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-05-28 | A nano-robots system and methods for well logging and borehole measurements |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IN2007/000556 WO2014068581A2 (en) | 2007-10-08 | 2007-11-26 | A nano-robots system and methods for well logging and borehole measurements |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100242585A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2466410B (en) |
WO (2) | WO2014068581A2 (en) |
Cited By (9)
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WO2010105177A3 (en) * | 2009-03-13 | 2010-12-09 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | System, method, and nanorobot to explore subterranean geophysical formations |
WO2011097063A2 (en) * | 2010-02-04 | 2011-08-11 | Schlumberger Canada Limited | Measurement devices with memory tags and methods thereof |
WO2011103422A3 (en) * | 2010-02-20 | 2012-05-03 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Apparatus and methods for providing information about one or more subterranean variables |
US8253417B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2012-08-28 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Electrolocation apparatus and methods for mapping from a subterranean well |
FR2984527A1 (en) * | 2011-12-20 | 2013-06-21 | Univ Montpellier Ii | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING A TRACK OF AN AQUEOUS FLOW, AND AUTONOMOUS PROBE IMPLEMENTED IN SAID METHOD |
US8797037B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2014-08-05 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Apparatus and methods for providing information about one or more subterranean feature |
US8841914B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2014-09-23 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Electrolocation apparatus and methods for providing information about one or more subterranean feature |
US9097097B2 (en) | 2013-03-20 | 2015-08-04 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method of determination of fracture extent |
CN109519163A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-03-26 | 西南石油大学 | A kind of system and method controlling coiled tubing drilling rate of penetration and bit pressure |
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US9187993B2 (en) | 2011-04-26 | 2015-11-17 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Methods of employing and using a hybrid transponder system for long-range sensing and 3D localizaton |
US9062539B2 (en) | 2011-04-26 | 2015-06-23 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Hybrid transponder system for long-range sensing and 3D localization |
US9359841B2 (en) * | 2012-01-23 | 2016-06-07 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Downhole robots and methods of using same |
NL2012483B1 (en) * | 2014-03-20 | 2016-01-18 | Stichting Incas3 | Method and system for mapping a three-dimensional structure using motes. |
US20170328197A1 (en) * | 2016-05-13 | 2017-11-16 | Ningbo Wanyou Deepwater Energy Science & Technolog Co.,Ltd. | Data Logger, Manufacturing Method Thereof and Real-time Measurement System Thereof |
US20170350241A1 (en) * | 2016-05-13 | 2017-12-07 | Ningbo Wanyou Deepwater Energy Science & Technology Co.,Ltd. | Data Logger and Charger Thereof |
CN106323836B (en) * | 2016-08-11 | 2019-01-18 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | A kind of borehole wall calculation of permeability and device |
US10385657B2 (en) | 2016-08-30 | 2019-08-20 | General Electric Company | Electromagnetic well bore robot conveyance system |
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US10999946B2 (en) * | 2019-05-17 | 2021-05-04 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Microchips for downhole data collection |
US11293276B2 (en) * | 2019-07-19 | 2022-04-05 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Monitoring a fracture in a hydrocarbon well |
CN111396031A (en) * | 2020-03-18 | 2020-07-10 | 青海省环境地质勘查局 | Drilling fluid parameter monitoring system and method |
US11585210B2 (en) * | 2020-09-23 | 2023-02-21 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Advanced materials gun and logging bots for deep saturation measurement |
US11859492B2 (en) | 2021-11-22 | 2024-01-02 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Method and system for connecting formation fractures using fracbots |
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US8841914B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2014-09-23 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Electrolocation apparatus and methods for providing information about one or more subterranean feature |
US8253417B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2012-08-28 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Electrolocation apparatus and methods for mapping from a subterranean well |
US8797037B2 (en) | 2008-04-11 | 2014-08-05 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Apparatus and methods for providing information about one or more subterranean feature |
WO2010105177A3 (en) * | 2009-03-13 | 2010-12-09 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | System, method, and nanorobot to explore subterranean geophysical formations |
WO2011097063A2 (en) * | 2010-02-04 | 2011-08-11 | Schlumberger Canada Limited | Measurement devices with memory tags and methods thereof |
WO2011097063A3 (en) * | 2010-02-04 | 2011-11-17 | Schlumberger Canada Limited | Measurement devices with memory tags and methods thereof |
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CN102763006B (en) * | 2010-02-20 | 2014-11-26 | 贝克休斯公司 | Apparatus and methods for providing information about one or more subterranean variables |
AU2011217960B2 (en) * | 2010-02-20 | 2015-04-02 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Apparatus and methods for providing information about one or more subterranean variables |
US10087735B2 (en) | 2010-02-20 | 2018-10-02 | Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc | Apparatus and methods for providing information about one or more subterranean variables |
WO2013093303A1 (en) * | 2011-12-20 | 2013-06-27 | Universite Montpellier 2 Sciences Et Techniques | Method and device for determining a trajectory of an aqueous flow, and autonomous probe implemented in said method |
FR2984527A1 (en) * | 2011-12-20 | 2013-06-21 | Univ Montpellier Ii | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING A TRACK OF AN AQUEOUS FLOW, AND AUTONOMOUS PROBE IMPLEMENTED IN SAID METHOD |
AU2012356551B2 (en) * | 2011-12-20 | 2015-06-18 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Method and device for determining a trajectory of an aqueous flow, and autonomous probe implemented in said method |
US9097097B2 (en) | 2013-03-20 | 2015-08-04 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method of determination of fracture extent |
CN109519163A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-03-26 | 西南石油大学 | A kind of system and method controlling coiled tubing drilling rate of penetration and bit pressure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20100242585A1 (en) | 2010-09-30 |
WO2009047781A3 (en) | 2009-11-26 |
GB2466410B (en) | 2012-03-14 |
WO2014068581A2 (en) | 2014-05-08 |
GB201006337D0 (en) | 2010-06-02 |
GB2466410A (en) | 2010-06-23 |
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