WO2008011308A3 - Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion - Google Patents

Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2008011308A3
WO2008011308A3 PCT/US2007/073205 US2007073205W WO2008011308A3 WO 2008011308 A3 WO2008011308 A3 WO 2008011308A3 US 2007073205 W US2007073205 W US 2007073205W WO 2008011308 A3 WO2008011308 A3 WO 2008011308A3
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
axial
rotary motion
cutting instrument
endoscopic cutting
endoscopic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2007/073205
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2008011308A2 (en
Inventor
Gary Heisler
Original Assignee
Gary Heisler
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gary Heisler filed Critical Gary Heisler
Priority to MX2009000725A priority Critical patent/MX2009000725A/en
Priority to AU2007275427A priority patent/AU2007275427B2/en
Priority to JP2009520898A priority patent/JP2009543668A/en
Priority to EP07812777.6A priority patent/EP2040630A4/en
Priority to CA2658255A priority patent/CA2658255C/en
Publication of WO2008011308A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008011308A2/en
Publication of WO2008011308A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008011308A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/320016Endoscopic cutting instruments, e.g. arthroscopes, resectoscopes
    • A61B17/32002Endoscopic cutting instruments, e.g. arthroscopes, resectoscopes with continuously rotating, oscillating or reciprocating cutting instruments
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/3205Excision instruments
    • A61B17/3207Atherectomy devices working by cutting or abrading; Similar devices specially adapted for non-vascular obstructions
    • A61B17/320758Atherectomy devices working by cutting or abrading; Similar devices specially adapted for non-vascular obstructions with a rotating cutting instrument, e.g. motor driven
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/3205Excision instruments
    • A61B17/3207Atherectomy devices working by cutting or abrading; Similar devices specially adapted for non-vascular obstructions
    • A61B17/320783Atherectomy devices working by cutting or abrading; Similar devices specially adapted for non-vascular obstructions through side-hole, e.g. sliding or rotating cutter inside catheter
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/0046Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets with a releasable handle; with handle and operating part separable
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/320016Endoscopic cutting instruments, e.g. arthroscopes, resectoscopes
    • A61B17/32002Endoscopic cutting instruments, e.g. arthroscopes, resectoscopes with continuously rotating, oscillating or reciprocating cutting instruments
    • A61B2017/320028Endoscopic cutting instruments, e.g. arthroscopes, resectoscopes with continuously rotating, oscillating or reciprocating cutting instruments with reciprocating movements

Abstract

Disclosed herein is an endoscopic surgical assembly having improved cutting efficiency. In particular, the present invention provides an endoscopic shaver assembly configured for automated axial as well as rotational motion so as to enhance tissue resection.
PCT/US2007/073205 2006-07-19 2007-07-11 Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion WO2008011308A2 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
MX2009000725A MX2009000725A (en) 2006-07-19 2007-07-11 Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion.
AU2007275427A AU2007275427B2 (en) 2006-07-19 2007-07-11 Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion
JP2009520898A JP2009543668A (en) 2006-07-19 2007-07-11 Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotational movement
EP07812777.6A EP2040630A4 (en) 2006-07-19 2007-07-11 Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion
CA2658255A CA2658255C (en) 2006-07-19 2007-07-11 Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US83198606P 2006-07-19 2006-07-19
US60/831,986 2006-07-19
US11/634,102 US7666200B2 (en) 2006-07-19 2006-12-06 Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion
US11/634,102 2006-12-06

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008011308A2 WO2008011308A2 (en) 2008-01-24
WO2008011308A3 true WO2008011308A3 (en) 2008-11-20

Family

ID=38957488

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2007/073205 WO2008011308A2 (en) 2006-07-19 2007-07-11 Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US7666200B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2040630A4 (en)
JP (1) JP2009543668A (en)
AU (1) AU2007275427B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2658255C (en)
MX (1) MX2009000725A (en)
WO (1) WO2008011308A2 (en)

Families Citing this family (70)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ATE303099T1 (en) 2002-03-19 2005-09-15 Bard Dublin Itc Ltd VACUUM BIOPSY DEVICE
WO2003077768A1 (en) 2002-03-19 2003-09-25 Bard Dublin Itc Limited Biopsy device and biopsy needle module that can be inserted into the biopsy device
DE10314240A1 (en) 2003-03-29 2004-10-07 Bard Dublin Itc Ltd., Crawley Pressure generating unit
EP1776047B1 (en) 2004-07-09 2012-12-05 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Transport system for biopsy device
US7517321B2 (en) 2005-01-31 2009-04-14 C. R. Bard, Inc. Quick cycle biopsy system
US8262585B2 (en) 2005-08-10 2012-09-11 C. R. Bard, Inc. Single-insertion, multiple sampling biopsy device with linear drive
WO2007021905A2 (en) 2005-08-10 2007-02-22 C.R. Bard Inc. Single-insertion, multiple sample biopsy device with integrated markers
EP1921999B1 (en) 2005-08-10 2015-08-05 C.R.Bard, Inc. Single-insertion, multiple sampling biopsy device usable with various transport systems
WO2008024684A2 (en) 2006-08-21 2008-02-28 C.R. Bard, Inc. Self-contained handheld biopsy needle
US8485987B2 (en) 2006-10-06 2013-07-16 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Tissue handling system with reduced operator exposure
US8840625B2 (en) * 2006-10-18 2014-09-23 Hologic, Inc. Systems for performing gynecological procedures with closed visualization lumen
WO2008051987A2 (en) 2006-10-24 2008-05-02 C.R. Bard Inc. Large sample low aspect ratio biopsy needle
US8025656B2 (en) 2006-11-07 2011-09-27 Hologic, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for performing gynecological procedures
US20080146872A1 (en) * 2006-11-07 2008-06-19 Gruber William H Mechanical distension systems for performing a medical procedure in a remote space
US8574253B2 (en) * 2007-04-06 2013-11-05 Hologic, Inc. Method, system and device for tissue removal
US20090270898A1 (en) * 2007-04-06 2009-10-29 Interlace Medical, Inc. Tissue removal device with high reciprocation rate
US9095366B2 (en) 2007-04-06 2015-08-04 Hologic, Inc. Tissue cutter with differential hardness
US9259233B2 (en) 2007-04-06 2016-02-16 Hologic, Inc. Method and device for distending a gynecological cavity
US7967181B2 (en) * 2007-08-29 2011-06-28 Tyco Healthcare Group Lp Rotary knife cutting systems
US8241225B2 (en) 2007-12-20 2012-08-14 C. R. Bard, Inc. Biopsy device
US7854706B2 (en) * 2007-12-27 2010-12-21 Devicor Medical Products, Inc. Clutch and valving system for tetherless biopsy device
JP5477294B2 (en) * 2008-10-20 2014-04-23 コニカミノルタ株式会社 Optical rotating probe
US20100145373A1 (en) * 2008-12-05 2010-06-10 Ruth Alon Nail drill
US8690793B2 (en) 2009-03-16 2014-04-08 C. R. Bard, Inc. Biopsy device having rotational cutting
AU2009344276B2 (en) 2009-04-15 2014-06-05 C.R. Bard, Inc. Biopsy apparatus having integrated fluid management
US11903602B2 (en) 2009-04-29 2024-02-20 Hologic, Inc. Uterine fibroid tissue removal device
US8206316B2 (en) 2009-06-12 2012-06-26 Devicor Medical Products, Inc. Tetherless biopsy device with reusable portion
CH701320B1 (en) * 2009-06-16 2013-10-15 Frii S A A device for resection treatments / endoscopic tissue removal.
CH701321B1 (en) 2009-06-16 2013-10-15 Frii S A A device for resection treatments / endoscopic tissue removal.
EP3572002A1 (en) 2009-08-12 2019-11-27 C.R. Bard Inc. Biopsy apparatus having integrated thumbwheel mechanism for manual rotation of biopsy cannula
USD640977S1 (en) 2009-09-25 2011-07-05 C. R. Bard, Inc. Charging station for a battery operated biopsy device
US8485989B2 (en) 2009-09-01 2013-07-16 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Biopsy apparatus having a tissue sample retrieval mechanism
US8430824B2 (en) 2009-10-29 2013-04-30 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Biopsy driver assembly having a control circuit for conserving battery power
US9033986B2 (en) * 2009-09-24 2015-05-19 Imds, Llc Reciprocating surgical instrument
US9198675B2 (en) 2009-09-24 2015-12-01 Imds Llc Reciprocating surgical instrument
US9005203B2 (en) 2009-09-24 2015-04-14 Imds, Llc Reciprocating surgical instruments
EP2480143A4 (en) * 2009-09-24 2014-11-19 Medicinelodge Inc Dba Imds Co Innovation Surgical rasping systems and methods
US8597206B2 (en) 2009-10-12 2013-12-03 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Biopsy probe assembly having a mechanism to prevent misalignment of components prior to installation
US8894672B2 (en) 2011-05-06 2014-11-25 Paul Leach Burroughs, III Quadriceps tendon stripper
EP2729098B1 (en) * 2011-07-08 2016-08-17 Doheny Eye Institute Ocular lens cutting device
DE102012005536A1 (en) * 2012-03-21 2013-09-26 Olympus Winter & Ibe Gmbh Surgical milling instrument
US9232958B2 (en) * 2012-05-16 2016-01-12 Smith & Nephew, Inc. Reusable blade hub assembly
US8894676B2 (en) * 2012-06-11 2014-11-25 Paul Leach Burroughs, III Tubular ligament cutting implement
US8894675B2 (en) * 2012-06-11 2014-11-25 Paul Leach Burroughs, III Tubular ligament cutting implement
DE102012107147A1 (en) 2012-08-03 2014-02-20 Karl Storz Gmbh & Co. Kg Medical tool
ES2570730T3 (en) * 2012-08-29 2016-05-20 Euromi S A Apparatus for the removal and reinjection of adipose tissue
CH707372B1 (en) 2012-12-19 2016-07-29 Frii Sa A device for resection treatments / endoscopic tissue removal.
US9358036B2 (en) 2013-03-12 2016-06-07 Gyrus Acmi, Inc. Blade positioning device
EP3498176B1 (en) 2013-03-20 2021-04-28 Bard Peripheral Vascular, Inc. Biopsy device
EP3808281B1 (en) 2013-11-05 2024-01-10 C. R. Bard, Inc. Biopsy device having integrated vacuum
US20160066945A1 (en) * 2014-09-08 2016-03-10 Medtronic-Xomed, Inc. Tumor margin device
PL3288467T3 (en) 2015-05-01 2022-03-07 C. R. Bard, Inc. Biopsy device
CA3030801A1 (en) * 2016-07-14 2018-01-18 Stryker European Holdings I, Llc Cutting assembly for surgical instrument with clog reducing tip
US11116483B2 (en) 2017-05-19 2021-09-14 Merit Medical Systems, Inc. Rotating biopsy needle
EP3624698A4 (en) 2017-05-19 2021-06-09 Merit Medical Systems, Inc. Semi-automatic biopsy needle device and methods of use
EP3624697B1 (en) 2017-05-19 2024-02-14 Merit Medical Systems, Inc. Biopsy needle devices and methods of use
US10695073B2 (en) 2017-08-22 2020-06-30 Arthrex, Inc. Control system for retrograde drill medical device
US11065012B2 (en) 2018-01-18 2021-07-20 Gyrus Acmi, Inc. Debrider with declogging feature
US10517629B2 (en) 2018-01-26 2019-12-31 Gyrus Acmi, Inc. Disposable debrider with cannulated solenoid
US11185345B2 (en) 2018-01-31 2021-11-30 Gyrus Acmi, Inc. Debrider with external irrigation supply channel
US10350025B1 (en) 2018-09-06 2019-07-16 Gyrus Acmi, Inc. System and method for preventing reuse of medical device
CN113164188A (en) * 2018-12-13 2021-07-23 康曼德公司 Retractable razor drill
US11766288B2 (en) 2019-02-22 2023-09-26 Gyrus Acmi, Inc. Flexible bipolar sheath
US11717342B2 (en) 2019-04-11 2023-08-08 Gyrus Acmi, Inc. Medical device
US11376022B2 (en) 2019-07-18 2022-07-05 Quadvantage Technology, Inc. Patella cutting guide
US11253371B2 (en) * 2019-12-27 2022-02-22 Henry F. Fabian, JR. Vertebral body shaver assembly
CN113729850B (en) * 2021-05-17 2022-08-30 广州博鑫医疗技术有限公司 Thrombus cutting assembly and thrombus cutting device
CN113729848B (en) * 2021-05-17 2022-07-22 广州博鑫医疗技术有限公司 Thrombus cutter
US11871951B2 (en) * 2021-06-25 2024-01-16 Arthrex, Inc. Surgical tool seal
CN115281598A (en) * 2022-08-03 2022-11-04 安弗尔(北京)科技有限公司 Accurate type backbone endoscope

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4749376A (en) * 1986-10-24 1988-06-07 Intravascular Surgical Instruments, Inc. Reciprocating working head catheter
US5693063A (en) * 1996-04-10 1997-12-02 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Process for shaping and sharpening a rotatable surgical shaver blade
US6419684B1 (en) * 2000-05-16 2002-07-16 Linvatec Corporation End-cutting shaver blade for axial resection
US20030083684A1 (en) * 2001-10-26 2003-05-01 Cesarini Peter M. Reciprocating rotary arthroscopic surgical instrument

Family Cites Families (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3995619A (en) * 1975-10-14 1976-12-07 Glatzer Stephen G Combination subcutaneous suture remover, biopsy sampler and syringe
US4603694A (en) * 1983-03-08 1986-08-05 Richards Medical Company Arthroscopic shaver
US4850354A (en) * 1987-08-13 1989-07-25 Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. Surgical cutting instrument
US5226910A (en) * 1989-07-05 1993-07-13 Kabushiki Kaisha Topcon Surgical cutter
US5364394A (en) * 1989-12-21 1994-11-15 Mehl Thomas L Method of removing hair from the body and inhibiting future growth
US5217479A (en) * 1991-02-14 1993-06-08 Linvatec Corporation Surgical cutting instrument
US5269798A (en) * 1992-02-19 1993-12-14 Linvatec Corporation Surgical cutting instrument with movable, inner and outer tubular members
US5467684A (en) * 1992-03-25 1995-11-21 Sher; Arieh Rotary piston driving mechanism
US5669926A (en) * 1993-01-25 1997-09-23 Aust & Taylor Medical Corporation Surgical instrument
US5364395A (en) * 1993-05-14 1994-11-15 West Jr Hugh S Arthroscopic surgical instrument with cauterizing capability
US5456689A (en) * 1993-10-13 1995-10-10 Arnold J. Kresch Method and device for tissue resection
US5490860A (en) * 1993-12-08 1996-02-13 Sofamor Danek Properties, Inc. Portable power cutting tool
US5632754A (en) * 1994-12-23 1997-05-27 Devices For Vascular Intervention Universal catheter with interchangeable work element
US5601583A (en) * 1995-02-15 1997-02-11 Smith & Nephew Endoscopy Inc. Surgical instrument
US5709698A (en) * 1996-02-26 1998-01-20 Linvatec Corporation Irrigating/aspirating shaver blade assembly
US5665101A (en) * 1996-04-01 1997-09-09 Linvatec Corporation Endoscopic or open lipectomy instrument
US5766199A (en) * 1996-04-10 1998-06-16 Linvatec Corporation Endoscopic shaver blade with resilient cutting edges
US6258111B1 (en) * 1997-10-03 2001-07-10 Scieran Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for performing ophthalmic procedures
US5741287A (en) * 1996-11-01 1998-04-21 Femrx, Inc. Surgical tubular cutter having a tapering cutting chamber
US5810860A (en) * 1997-03-31 1998-09-22 Medelex, Inc. Easily fabricated rotary-drive acoustic ablation catheter
US6217598B1 (en) * 1997-11-25 2001-04-17 Linvatec Corporation End-cutting shaver blade
US6027514A (en) * 1997-12-17 2000-02-22 Fox Hollow Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and method for removing occluding material from body lumens
US6447525B2 (en) * 1999-08-19 2002-09-10 Fox Hollow Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and methods for removing material from a body lumen
DK176336B1 (en) * 1999-12-22 2007-08-20 Asahi Optical Co Ltd Endoscopic tissue collection instrument
US6527736B1 (en) * 2000-10-23 2003-03-04 Grieshaber & Co. Ag Schaffhausen Device for use in ophthalmologic procedures
US6758824B1 (en) * 2000-11-06 2004-07-06 Suros Surgical Systems, Inc. Biopsy apparatus
US6517560B1 (en) * 2000-11-27 2003-02-11 Duke University Hand-held surgical instruments employing magnetic couplings for simultaneous rotary and longitudinal oscillations of distal workpieces
EP1534152A1 (en) * 2002-07-13 2005-06-01 Stryker Corporation System and method for performing irrigated nose and throat surgery
US7278970B2 (en) * 2003-07-29 2007-10-09 Goldenberg Alec S Biopsy needles
US20050065538A1 (en) * 2003-09-22 2005-03-24 Van Wyk Robert Allen Asymmetric shaver and methods for making same
CH700185B1 (en) * 2004-07-22 2010-07-15 Orlando Da Rold Surgical cutting instrument.

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4749376A (en) * 1986-10-24 1988-06-07 Intravascular Surgical Instruments, Inc. Reciprocating working head catheter
US5693063A (en) * 1996-04-10 1997-12-02 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Process for shaping and sharpening a rotatable surgical shaver blade
US6419684B1 (en) * 2000-05-16 2002-07-16 Linvatec Corporation End-cutting shaver blade for axial resection
US20030083684A1 (en) * 2001-10-26 2003-05-01 Cesarini Peter M. Reciprocating rotary arthroscopic surgical instrument

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP2040630A4 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US8088135B2 (en) 2012-01-03
JP2009543668A (en) 2009-12-10
AU2007275427B2 (en) 2011-06-02
US20080021487A1 (en) 2008-01-24
EP2040630A2 (en) 2009-04-01
CA2658255A1 (en) 2008-01-24
US7666200B2 (en) 2010-02-23
CA2658255C (en) 2014-06-03
US20100198242A1 (en) 2010-08-05
MX2009000725A (en) 2009-06-11
AU2007275427A1 (en) 2008-01-24
EP2040630A4 (en) 2013-04-24
WO2008011308A2 (en) 2008-01-24

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2008011308A3 (en) Endoscopic cutting instrument with axial and rotary motion
EP2227155B8 (en) Ultrasonic surgical blades
WO2007092852A3 (en) Microsurgical cutting instruments
EP1893101A4 (en) Battery powered surgical instrument
AU2003294594A1 (en) Reciprocating rotary arthroscopic surgical instrument
WO2008103400A3 (en) Obturator tips
WO2008121392A3 (en) Scalpel blade holder
PL2077773T3 (en) Medical instrument
EP2029034B8 (en) Ultrasonic surgical instrument
WO2006102124A3 (en) Surgical tool arrangement
WO2011156547A3 (en) Cooling configurations for electro-surgical instruments
EP2095780A4 (en) Surgical knife, surgical knife blade and method of producing the same, and surgical knife handle
WO2006101829A3 (en) Liquefaction handpiece tip
WO2008021716A3 (en) Morcellator with detachable handle
WO2010065737A3 (en) Trocar-tipped drill bit
WO2008016886A3 (en) Tissue cutting devices and methods
WO2010098809A3 (en) Surgical tool arrangement having a handpiece usable with multiple surgical tools
PL1997440T3 (en) Surgical stapling and cutting instrument with articulatable end effector
AU2003222179A1 (en) Multiple biopsy device
EP1644242A4 (en) Rotor blade tip section
EP1977110A4 (en) Rotary blood pump
EP2046221A4 (en) Bipolar electrosurgical scissors
WO2007070745A3 (en) Micro surgical cutting instruments
FR2902282B1 (en) MOWER HAVING CUTTING ROOMS
WO2007125420A3 (en) Stem cells derived from bone marrow for tissue regeneration

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 200780027241.3

Country of ref document: CN

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 07812777

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 574156

Country of ref document: NZ

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2007275427

Country of ref document: AU

REEP Request for entry into the european phase

Ref document number: 2007812777

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2009520898

Country of ref document: JP

Ref document number: 2658255

Country of ref document: CA

Ref document number: 2007812777

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 342/CHENP/2009

Country of ref document: IN

Ref document number: MX/A/2009/000725

Country of ref document: MX

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2007275427

Country of ref document: AU

Date of ref document: 20070711

Kind code of ref document: A

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: RU