WO2008001210A2 - Survey instrument and a method of surveying - Google Patents

Survey instrument and a method of surveying Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008001210A2
WO2008001210A2 PCT/IB2007/001794 IB2007001794W WO2008001210A2 WO 2008001210 A2 WO2008001210 A2 WO 2008001210A2 IB 2007001794 W IB2007001794 W IB 2007001794W WO 2008001210 A2 WO2008001210 A2 WO 2008001210A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
point
head
fixed
unknown
relative
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2007/001794
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2008001210A3 (en
Inventor
Pierre De Hill
Original Assignee
Pierre De Hill
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pierre De Hill filed Critical Pierre De Hill
Publication of WO2008001210A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008001210A2/en
Publication of WO2008001210A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008001210A3/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
    • G01C15/00—Surveying instruments or accessories not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C13/00
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
    • G01C11/00—Photogrammetry or videogrammetry, e.g. stereogrammetry; Photographic surveying
    • G01C11/04—Interpretation of pictures
    • G01C11/30—Interpretation of pictures by triangulation

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a surveying instrument, particularly a surveying instrument for use by relatively unskilled surveyors, and to a method of using said instrument.
  • Surveying is a technique for accurately determining the terrestrial or three- dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them.
  • angles and distances between points have been measured by a variety of means. Angles are measured using a compass, a protractor and a pelorus. Distances were measured using steel chains. Today a theodolite which may be equipped with a tellurometer can be used to measure both the angle and distance to a point from another point and, relatively recently, use is made of satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS) to locate the terrestrial positions of points.
  • GPS satellite-based global positioning systems
  • a surveying instrument comprising a head which is securable to a tripod or other fixed support, the head being orientatable at a desired angle relative to the surface of the earth when so secured and the head having a number of sighting rods projecting therefrom, each rod having a fixed end which is attachable to the head and a free end opposite the fixed end, each free end providing, in use, a fixed point which enables a geometric parameter between said fixed point and an unknown point to be determined and, consequently, the accurate position of the unknown point relative to the fixed point and " head to be calculable.
  • the head to have at least three and preferably four or more sighting rods projecting therefrom and for the lengths of the sighting rods to be varied to suit a particular surveying application and location.
  • each sighting rod relative to the leveled head and, consequently, relative to the horizontal as defined by the surface of the earth, to be a known constant and for the distance from the free end of each sighting rod to the centre of the head to be known and, thus, using trilateration, alternatively triangulation techniques, for the position of a point relative to the centre of the head to be determinable accurately.
  • the sight is also provided for the sight to be a telescopic sight mounted on a pelorus table which is fixed or fixable to the free end of each sighting rod.
  • the sight is also provided for the sight to be a simple plumb bob depending from the free end of each sighting rod.
  • the sight is also provided for the sight to be a microwave, alternatively laser, distance measuring means which is securable to a free end of the sighting rods.
  • the invention extends to a method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point using the above- described surveying instrument, said method comprising the following steps:
  • the method includes orientating the head by leveling it thus rendering it parallel to the surface of the earth.
  • the head is orientated by angling it and having it at, for example, right angles to the surface of the earth.
  • the geometric parameter is an angle.
  • the geometric parameter is the distance from the free end of the sighting arm to the unknown point and for this distance to be measured by an accurate tape, preferably a steel alternatively a kevlar tape, alternatively a microwave or laser measuring device, further alternatively an optic range finder and still further alternatively an acoustic range finder.
  • Figure 1 is one embodiment of a surveying instrument according to the invention
  • Figure 2 is a part sectional side view of a head for a surveying instrument according to the invention sharing alternate means for securing sighting rods to the head;
  • Figures 3 are respectively, first, second and third embodiments of a means 4 and 5 for measuring a geometric parameter secured to free ends of the sighting rods.
  • a surveying instrument (1) comprises a head (2) which is securable to a tripod (not shown) or another fixed support.
  • the head is securable to a tripod (not shown) or another fixed support.
  • the head (2) has four sighting rods (3) projecting therefrom. Each sighting rod
  • the head (2) is cast from a metal having a low thermal expansion coefficient such as aluminium or an invar alloy.
  • the head has a lower side (7) from which projects a screw threaded stud (8) which is screwed into a complementarily threaded stud (8) which is screwed into a complementarily threated bore in a leveling platform of a surveying tripod (not shown).
  • a clip arrangement can be used.
  • a circular spirit level (9) is provided in the upper side (10) of the head (2) to enable the head (2) to be leveled prior to surveying although a tubular spirit level can also be used.
  • sighting rods (3) are secured to the head (2) in any one of a number of different ways.
  • the right hand sighting rod (11) screws over a screw threaded stud (12) which projects from a side (13) of the head (2).
  • the left-hand sighting rod (14) terminates in a spigot (15) which slides into a bore (16) in the side (13) of the head.
  • a geometric parameter either the angle or the distance, from the reference point and from each free end (6) of the sighting rods (3) is measured and, using either triangulation or trilateration depending on the parameter measured, the position of the measured point is calculated accurately.
  • FIG. 3 the sight (6) is in the form of a circular pelorus plate (17) graduated in degrees, seconds and decimal fractures of seconds.
  • a telescopic sight (18) is rotatably connected to the centre of the pelorus (17) and the assembly is secured to the free end of the sighting rod (3).
  • the sight is zeroed and then moved onto the measured point by rotating a knurled knob (19). Once sighted the angle is read off through the vernier gauge (20) and this angle, together with angles obtained from the other sighting arms is used to determine the precise position of the measured point relative to the reference point by triangulation.
  • a plumb bob is suspended over a pulley (22) at the free end (5) of the sighting arm (3).
  • the distance from the plumb bob (21) to the measured point is then measured with an accurate steel ruler.
  • the distance together with the distance of the other sighting arms and from the head are used to determine the position of the measured point relative to the reference part by trilateration.
  • the above-described survey instrument will facilitate the surveying of restricted areas where there is no unimpeded access to the sky such as in dense forests and down mines and in the construction industry.
  • the actual measuring can be conducted by semi-skilled persons and a computer program can be used to complete the survey from sets of measurements.

Abstract

This invention relates to a surveying instrument for determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point. The instrument has a head which is securable to a tripod or other fixed support and is orientatable at a desired angle relative to the surface of the earth. The head has a number of sighting rods projecting from it and each rod has a fixed end which is attachable to the head and a free end opposite the fixed end. Each free end provides a a known fixed point which enables a geometric parameter between said fixed point and an unknown point to be determined and, consequently, the accurate position of the unknown point relative to the fixed point and head to be calculable by trilateration.

Description

SURVEY INSTRUMENT AND METHOD OF SURVEYING
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a surveying instrument, particularly a surveying instrument for use by relatively unskilled surveyors, and to a method of using said instrument.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Surveying is a technique for accurately determining the terrestrial or three- dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them.
Historically angles and distances between points have been measured by a variety of means. Angles are measured using a compass, a protractor and a pelorus. Distances were measured using steel chains. Today a theodolite which may be equipped with a tellurometer can be used to measure both the angle and distance to a point from another point and, relatively recently, use is made of satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS) to locate the terrestrial positions of points.
One disadvantage of the modern theodolite and GPS systems is that the actual equipment is expensive and relatively delicate. In addition, in the case of a theodolite, a considerable degree of expertise is required to be able to operate it effectively and accurately. In the case of GPS based systems it is necessary for the instrument to have "sight" of several satellites. This means that GPS systems are not suitable for indoor or underground surveying, surveying in dense forests or in areas with a restricted view of the horizon.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide a surveying instrument which, at least partly, address the disadvantages attendant on theodolite and GPS based surveying systems and to reduce the required number of fixed survey marks.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with this invention there is provided a surveying instrument comprising a head which is securable to a tripod or other fixed support, the head being orientatable at a desired angle relative to the surface of the earth when so secured and the head having a number of sighting rods projecting therefrom, each rod having a fixed end which is attachable to the head and a free end opposite the fixed end, each free end providing, in use, a fixed point which enables a geometric parameter between said fixed point and an unknown point to be determined and, consequently, the accurate position of the unknown point relative to the fixed point and" head to be calculable. There is also provided for the head to have at least three and preferably four or more sighting rods projecting therefrom and for the lengths of the sighting rods to be varied to suit a particular surveying application and location.
There is further provided for the angle of each sighting rod relative to the leveled head and, consequently, relative to the horizontal as defined by the surface of the earth, to be a known constant and for the distance from the free end of each sighting rod to the centre of the head to be known and, thus, using trilateration, alternatively triangulation techniques, for the position of a point relative to the centre of the head to be determinable accurately.
There is also provided for the sight to be a telescopic sight mounted on a pelorus table which is fixed or fixable to the free end of each sighting rod. Alternatively there is provided for the sight to be a simple plumb bob depending from the free end of each sighting rod. Further alternatively there is provided for the sight to be a microwave, alternatively laser, distance measuring means which is securable to a free end of the sighting rods.
The invention extends to a method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point using the above- described surveying instrument, said method comprising the following steps:
1. Fixing the head relative to a fixed terrestrial point and orientating it relative to the surface of the earth; 2. ascertaining the value of at least one geometric parameter from the free end of at least one sighting rod projecting from the head to a known fixed terrestrial point; 3. ascertaining the value of at least one geometric parameter from the known end of each sighting rod to an unknown terrestrial point; and 4. calculating the position of the unknown terrestrial point relative to the head and, consequently, to the fixed terrestrial point. Alternatively there is provided for the method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to fixed terrestrial points using the above-described surveying instrument, said method comprising the following steps:
1. Fixing the head relative to a fixed terrestrial point and orientating it relative to the surface of the earth;
2. ascertaining the value of at least one geometric parameter from the free end of at least one sighting rod projecting from the head to a known fixed terrestrial point;
3. ascertaining the value of at least one geometric parameter from the known end of each sighting rod to an unknown terrestrial point;
4. ascertaining the value df at least one geometric parameter from the free end of at least one sighting rod projecting from the head to at least one other known fixed terrestrial point; and
5. calculating the position of the unknown terrestrial point relative to the head and, consequently, to the fixed terrestrial points.
There is also provided for the method to include orientating the head by leveling it thus rendering it parallel to the surface of the earth. Alternatively there is provided for the head to be orientated by angling it and having it at, for example, right angles to the surface of the earth.
There is further provided for the geometric parameter to be an angle. Alternatively the geometric parameter is the distance from the free end of the sighting arm to the unknown point and for this distance to be measured by an accurate tape, preferably a steel alternatively a kevlar tape, alternatively a microwave or laser measuring device, further alternatively an optic range finder and still further alternatively an acoustic range finder. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the invention will be described below by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 is one embodiment of a surveying instrument according to the invention; Figure 2 is a part sectional side view of a head for a surveying instrument according to the invention sharing alternate means for securing sighting rods to the head; and
Figures 3, are respectively, first, second and third embodiments of a means 4 and 5 for measuring a geometric parameter secured to free ends of the sighting rods.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring to the drawings, a surveying instrument (1) comprises a head (2) which is securable to a tripod (not shown) or another fixed support. The head
(2) is levelable relative to the surface of the earth when secured to the tripod or support.
The head (2) has four sighting rods (3) projecting therefrom. Each sighting rod
(3) has a fixed end (4) which is attachable to the head (2) and a free end (5) opposite the fixed end (4). Each free end (5) has a sight (6) which, when sighted on a measured point (not shown), enables measurement of a geometric parameter relative to a reference point (not shown) above which the instrument (1) is positioned and the measured point. The measured parameter then being usable to calculate the position of the measured point relative to the reference point. Referring particularly to Figures 1 and 2, the head (2) is cast from a metal having a low thermal expansion coefficient such as aluminium or an invar alloy. The head has a lower side (7) from which projects a screw threaded stud (8) which is screwed into a complementarily threaded stud (8) which is screwed into a complementarily threated bore in a leveling platform of a surveying tripod (not shown). Alternatively a clip arrangement can be used.
A circular spirit level (9) is provided in the upper side (10) of the head (2) to enable the head (2) to be leveled prior to surveying although a tubular spirit level can also be used.
Referring specifically to Figure 2, sighting rods (3) are secured to the head (2) in any one of a number of different ways. In the illustration the right hand sighting rod (11) screws over a screw threaded stud (12) which projects from a side (13) of the head (2). The left-hand sighting rod (14) terminates in a spigot (15) which slides into a bore (16) in the side (13) of the head.
When so secured, the angle of the sighting rod (3) relative to the head (2) and, consequently to the reference point (not shown) above which the head (2) is positioned is known and so too is the length of the sighting rod (3). These known parameters enable the position of the free end (6) of each sighting arm (3) relative to the reference point to be determined accurately.
When set up as described above, a geometric parameter, either the angle or the distance, from the reference point and from each free end (6) of the sighting rods (3) is measured and, using either triangulation or trilateration depending on the parameter measured, the position of the measured point is calculated accurately.
Referring to Figures 3, 4 and 5, different embodiments of a sight (6) according to the invention are shown. In figure 3 the sight (6) is in the form of a circular pelorus plate (17) graduated in degrees, seconds and decimal fractures of seconds. A telescopic sight (18). is rotatably connected to the centre of the pelorus (17) and the assembly is secured to the free end of the sighting rod (3). In use the sight is zeroed and then moved onto the measured point by rotating a knurled knob (19). Once sighted the angle is read off through the vernier gauge (20) and this angle, together with angles obtained from the other sighting arms is used to determine the precise position of the measured point relative to the reference point by triangulation.
In figure 4, a plumb bob is suspended over a pulley (22) at the free end (5) of the sighting arm (3). The distance from the plumb bob (21) to the measured point is then measured with an accurate steel ruler. The distance together with the distance of the other sighting arms and from the head are used to determine the position of the measured point relative to the reference part by trilateration.
In figure 5 the distance from the free end (5) of the arm (3) is also measured but here a laser measuring means (23) is used.
It is envisaged that the above-described survey instrument will facilitate the surveying of restricted areas where there is no unimpeded access to the sky such as in dense forests and down mines and in the construction industry. In addition the actual measuring can be conducted by semi-skilled persons and a computer program can be used to complete the survey from sets of measurements.

Claims

1. A surveying instrument comprising a head which is securable to a tripod or other fixed support, the head being orientatable at a desired angle relative to the surface of the earth when so secured and the head having a number of sighting rods projecting therefrom, each rod having a fixed end which is attachable to the head and a free end opposite the fixed end, each free end providing, in use, a fixed point which enables a geometric parameter between said fixed point and an unknown point to be determined and, consequently, the accurate position of the unknown point relative to the fixed point and head to be calculable.
2. A surveying instrument as claimed in claim 1 in which the head has at least three sighting rods projecting therefrom.
3. A surveying instrument as claimed in claim 1 in which the head has four or more sighting rods projecting therefrom.
4. A surveying instrument as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the lengths of the .sighting rods is varied to suit a particular surveying application and location.
5. A surveying instrument as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the angle of each sighting rod relative to the leveled head and, consequently, relative to the horizontal as defined by the surface of the earth, is a known constant and the distance from the free end of each sighting rod to the centre of the head is known so that, in use, trilateration, alternatively triangulation techniques, can be used for the position of a point relative to the centre of the head to be determined accurately.
6. A surveying instrument as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the sight is a telescopic sight mounted on a pelorus table which is fixed or fixable to the free end of each sighting rod.
7. A surveying instrument as claimed in any one claims 1 to 5 in which the sight is a simple plumb bob depending from the free end of each sighting rod.
8. A surveying instrument as claimed in any one claims 1 to 5 in which the sight is a microwave distance measuring means which is securable to a free end of the sighting rods.
9. A surveying instrument as claimed in any one claims 1 to 5 in which the sight is a laser distance measuring means which is securable to a free end of the sighting rods.
10. A surveying instrument substantially as herein described with reference to and as illustrated in Figure 1.
11. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point using a surveying instrument as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, said method comprising the following steps:
1. Fixing the head relative to a fixed terrestrial point and orientating it relative to the surface of the earth;
2. ascertaining the value of at least one geometric parameter from the free end of at least one sighting rod projecting from the head to a known fixed terrestrial point;
3. ascertaining the value of at least one geometric parameter from the knee end of each sighting rod to an unknown terrestrial point; and
4. calculating the position of the unknown terrestrial point relative to the head and, consequently, to the fixed terrestrial point.
12. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to fixed terrestrial points using a surveying instrument as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, said method comprising the following steps:
1. Fixing the head relative to a fixed terrestrial point and orientating it relative to the surface of the earth;
2. ascertaining the value of at least one geometric parameter from the free end of at least one sighting rod projecting from the head to a known fixed terrestrial point;
3. ascertaining the value of at least one geometric parameter from the known end of each sighting rod to an unknown terrestrial point;
4. ascertaining the value of at least one geometric parameter from the free end of at least one sighting rod projecting from the head to at least one other known fixed terrestrial point; and
5. calculating the position of the unknown terrestrial point relative to the head and, consequently, to the fixed terrestrial points.
13. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point or points as claimed in claim 11 or in claim 12 in which the method includes orientating the head by leveling it thus rendering it parallel to the surface of the earth.
14. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point or points as claimed in claim 11 or in claim 12 in which the head is orientated by angling it and having it at, for example, right angles to the surface of the earth.
15. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point or points as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 14 in which the geometric parameter is an angle.
16. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point or points as claimed in any one of claims 11 to 14 in which the geometric parameter is the distance from the free end of the sighting arm to the unknown point.
17. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point or points as claimed in claim 16 in which the distance from the free end of the sighting arm to the unknown point is measured by an accurate tape.
18. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point or points as claimed in claim 17 in which the distance from the free end of the sighting arm to the unknown point is measured by a steel tape or a kevlar tape.
19. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point or points as claimed in claim 16 in which the distance from the free end of the sighting arm to the unknown point is measured by a microwave, acoustic or laser measuring device.
20. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point or points as claimed in claim 16 in which the distance from the free end of the sighting arm to the unknown point is measured by an optic range finder.
21. A method of determining the accurate position of an unknown terrestrial point relative to a fixed terrestrial point or points substantially as herein described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
PCT/IB2007/001794 2006-06-29 2007-06-29 Survey instrument and a method of surveying WO2008001210A2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ZA2006/05369 2006-06-29
ZA200605369 2006-06-29

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008001210A2 true WO2008001210A2 (en) 2008-01-03
WO2008001210A3 WO2008001210A3 (en) 2008-06-05

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Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB664760A (en) * 1948-02-23 1952-01-09 Gasaccumulator Svenska Ab Improvements in or relating to range finding surveying instruments
US3783524A (en) * 1971-12-07 1974-01-08 Us Navy Underwater angle measuring device
FR2601765A1 (en) * 1986-07-15 1988-01-22 Massoud Ahmed Apparatus for surveying interior and exterior plans of buildings
JPH0324410A (en) * 1989-06-21 1991-02-01 Fanuc Ltd Non-contact type distance measuring device
US5027521A (en) * 1989-05-17 1991-07-02 Martin Del Giorgio Surveying apparatus
US5477459A (en) * 1992-03-06 1995-12-19 Clegg; Philip M. Real time three-dimensional machine locating system
DE19755324A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 1999-06-17 Michael Dipl Ing Sartori Controlling place and position of vehicle
JP2000088518A (en) * 1998-09-11 2000-03-31 Mitsubishi Cable Ind Ltd Fiber-scope type distance surveying apparatus
EP1262909A2 (en) * 2001-06-01 2002-12-04 Smart Technologies Inc. Calculating camera offsets to facilitate object position determination using triangulation
US6590834B1 (en) * 1998-07-24 2003-07-08 Robert R. Highfill Local positioning system using acoustic time-of-flight and a fixed array of receivers and method for use
US6782123B1 (en) * 1997-02-17 2004-08-24 Compagnie Generale Des Matieres Nucleaires Method and device for mapping radiation sources

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB664760A (en) * 1948-02-23 1952-01-09 Gasaccumulator Svenska Ab Improvements in or relating to range finding surveying instruments
US3783524A (en) * 1971-12-07 1974-01-08 Us Navy Underwater angle measuring device
FR2601765A1 (en) * 1986-07-15 1988-01-22 Massoud Ahmed Apparatus for surveying interior and exterior plans of buildings
US5027521A (en) * 1989-05-17 1991-07-02 Martin Del Giorgio Surveying apparatus
JPH0324410A (en) * 1989-06-21 1991-02-01 Fanuc Ltd Non-contact type distance measuring device
US5477459A (en) * 1992-03-06 1995-12-19 Clegg; Philip M. Real time three-dimensional machine locating system
US6782123B1 (en) * 1997-02-17 2004-08-24 Compagnie Generale Des Matieres Nucleaires Method and device for mapping radiation sources
DE19755324A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 1999-06-17 Michael Dipl Ing Sartori Controlling place and position of vehicle
US6590834B1 (en) * 1998-07-24 2003-07-08 Robert R. Highfill Local positioning system using acoustic time-of-flight and a fixed array of receivers and method for use
JP2000088518A (en) * 1998-09-11 2000-03-31 Mitsubishi Cable Ind Ltd Fiber-scope type distance surveying apparatus
EP1262909A2 (en) * 2001-06-01 2002-12-04 Smart Technologies Inc. Calculating camera offsets to facilitate object position determination using triangulation

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