WO2007099236A1

WO2007099236A1 - Method for the electrochemical detection of target nucleic acid sequences

Info

Publication number: WO2007099236A1
Application number: PCT/FR2007/000373
Authority: WO
Inventors: Damien Marchal; Benoît LIMOGES; Murielle Dequaire
Original assignee: Universite Paris Diderot - Paris 7; Universite De Bourgogne
Priority date: 2006-03-03
Filing date: 2007-03-02
Publication date: 2007-09-07
Also published as: US8313638B2; US20090065372A1; JP5320077B2; WO2007099236B1; JP2009528072A; KR20080111451A; KR101345077B1; JP2013153764A; HK1129909A1; ATE510028T1; EP1996725B1; EP1996725A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and a collection for the electrochemical detection of target nucleic acid sequences. According to the method, a biological sample that may contain a nucleic acid is provided, said nucleic acid being capable of containing a target sequence, said biological sample being mixed with an oxidizing agent, said target sequence comprising at least one nucleotide base that can be oxidized by said oxidizing agent; complementary means capable of coupling with said target sequence are provided; according to the invention, said complementary means comprise activatable amplification means suitable for replicating said target sequence, said amplification means comprising at least nucleotides which include said nucleotide base, wherein said nucleotides are able to be consumed during replication so as to constitute replicated nucleic acids; and the presence of said target sequence is determined by applying an electric field to said sample and recording the decrease in the electric current.

Description

Electrochemical detection method of nucleic acid target sequences

The present invention relates to a method for the electrochemical detection of nucleic acid target sequences and to a detection set for the implementation of said method.

Known methods already make it possible, by means of electrochemical detection, to identify the presence or absence of a target nucleic acid sequence of a given biological sample. These methods make it possible in particular to detect in a nucleic acid a target sequence corresponding for example to a part of the genetic inheritance of a given virus.

According to the known techniques, once this nucleotide sequence has been identified, oligonucleotide probes incorporating said sequence are made and these probes are fixed on a solid support. The probes include a given number of nucleotides that has an oxidizable nucleotide base. Then, the determined biological sample is brought into contact with the solid support on which said probes are grafted so that, where appropriate, hybridization of the nucleic acid containing the target sequence with the probe occurs. The hybrid nucleic acid is then reacted with a transition metal complex capable of oxidizing nucleotide bases of the oligonucleotide probe; and determining the presence or absence of this hybridization, which occurs if the biological sample comprises a nucleic acid including said target sequence, by applying a variable electric field to the sample and by measuring in parallel the electric current flowing therethrough. The electric current then being a function of the number of given bases that can be oxidized. In fact, when a potential sweep is carried out and at the same time the electric current flowing in the sample is recorded, the electric current response is different depending on whether the probe is hybridized with the nucleic acid containing the target sequence or as it is not. In any hypothesis the electric current of oxidation of the base of the nucleotides of the hybridized probe has a value higher than that associated with the oxidation of the base of the non-hybrid nucleotides.

In particular, reference may be made to document US 2002/106 683, which describes such a detection method.

However, such a method is relatively complex to implement, because it is in particular necessary to prepare oligonucleotide probes in order to graft them onto the solid support which is long and expensive. Also, a problem that arises and aims to solve the present invention is to provide a method that is not only easier to implement but also more economical.

In order to solve this problem, and according to a first aspect, the present invention proposes a method for the electrochemical detection of nucleic acid target sequences, said method being of the type according to which: a biological sample is provided which can contain at least one nucleic acid, said nucleic acid being capable of containing a specific target sequence, said biological sample being mixed with an oxidizing agent, said target sequence comprising a nucleotide base capable of being oxidized by said oxidizing agent; providing complementary means capable of coupling with said determined target sequence; applying an electric field to said sample, said electric field being adapted to cause a reaction of said oxidizing agent with said nucleotide base, and measuring an electric current which passes through said sample to determine the presence of said target sequence; according to the invention said complementary means comprise activatable amplification means adapted to replicate said target sequence, said amplification means comprising at least nucleotides of a type including said nucleotide base, said nucleotides of said type being able to be consumed during replication to form replicated nucleic acids, and; the presence of said determined target sequence is determined if the electric current decreases when said amplification means are activated.

Thus, a feature of the invention lies in the implementation of a method for amplifying a nucleic acid and the simultaneous measurement of an electric current, the measurement of this electric current testifying or not to the consumption of one of the elements of the amplification means during this and precisely one of the free nucleotides. In this way, if the nucleic acid target sequence corresponds to the activatable amplification means, this target sequence will be replicated during the amplification process, and the number of free nucleotides used as substrate during this replication and of which the concentration is determined initially, will decrease. Consequently, if the number of free nucleotides decreases in favor of the number of nucleotides incorporated in the nucleic acids synthesized during the amplification, the oxidizing agent can react only with a more and more limited quantity of nucleotide bases corresponding to the nucleotides free, and therefore fewer electronic transfers will occur, and the finally measured electric current will decrease. However, it will be explained more in detail in the detailed description that follows, that the oxidizing agent can also oxidize the bases of the nucleotides incorporated in the nucleic acid initially present and in the nucleic acids synthesized by replication, but that the electric current The result is weak compared with that resulting from the oxidation of the bases of the free nucleotides. According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid on which a target sequence is to be identified is a single or double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule. Also, the activatable amplification means comprise means adapted to hybridize upstream of a target sequence and means to proceed with its replication. The number of nucleic acids resulting from this replication grows exponentially with time, so that the number of free nucleotides having the oxidizable nucleotide base It also decreases exponentially over time, and at the same time the decrease in the current passing through the sample is rapidly perceptible.

Advantageously, the nitrogenous base which is associated with the free nucleotides is a purine nucleotide base, for example guanine or a chemical analog of guanine, for example of the mercaptoguanine or oxoguanine type, and the oxidizing agent used is a ruthenium complex. The latter has a reduced form and an oxidized form, the latter irreversibly catalyze the oxidation of guanine. When the electric field is applied to the mixture, the resulting measured current is substantially a function of the concentration of free nucleotides having the guanine residue, since although the oxidizing agent also oxidizes the guanine of the nucleotides incorporated into the replicated nucleic acid the kinetics of oxidation as well as the diffusion coefficient of the free nucleotides are much greater than that of said replicated nucleic acids.

In addition, since the number of nucleic acids resulting from the replication of said target sequences is a function of time, the decrease in the current that passes through the sample is also a function of time. Thus, if the starting sample has a high concentration of nucleic acid, and these nucleic acids of the same type all have the target sequence, the consumption of nucleotides will be all the more important. Also, the measurement of the variation of electric current will be all the more perceptible the more quickly. On the other hand, if the concentration of nucleic acid is less important, a longer time will be necessary to observe the variation of the current. As a result, said invention is applicable for quantitative determination of the target sequence.

Also, in practice, we will apply an electric field and measure the resulting current, for example at zero time and regularly so as to record the decrease of the electric current throughout the amplification process. Alternatively we can record the electric current after a specific time determined. Indeed, a priori, the concentration of free nucleotides having the guanine residue is maximum before starting the amplification and therefore the electrical current likely to pass through the sample is then also maximum. Then, it is by comparing the measurement of the current during or after the amplification, with the measurements that have been carried out during the amplification process, that we can appreciate the difference. If during these measurements a significant decrease in the electric current is observed, it means that the free nucleotides having the guanine residue have been consumed, and therefore that the nucleic acid having the target sequence is present in the sample. We will explain in more detail in the detailed description, the additional checks to make before concluding to the presence of the target sequence.

Moreover, this electric current is measured after having applied the electric field for a predetermined, relatively constant time for the same amplification. Indeed, between the instant when the electric field is applied and the instant when the electric current which then crosses the sample is maximum, a transient phase is established during which the mobility of the ionized chemical species present in the sample goes grow to a maximum. Also, to provide maximum sensitivity, it is preferable to measure the electric current when it is maximum, or after a predetermined time as will be explained in more detail below. Be that as it may, the measurement of the electric current is carried out by means of known electrochemical techniques of the potential scanning voltammetry type that can be linear, cyclic, impulse or even potential jump type such as chronoamperometry.

In addition, and preferably, said electric field is applied between electrodes adapted to be bathed in said sample. For example, an electric field is applied between an electrode based on metal oxides or based on carbon or else based on a noble metal and a reference electrode plunging both in the sample, taking care to present a constant active surface of the electrodes for each current measurement of the same amplification to be certain that the current variation is the result of the decrease in charge carriers and not no surface variation. For example, an electrode of a noble metal such as gold or platinum may be chosen.

According to another embodiment of the invention which is particularly advantageous, said oxidizing agent is confined to the surface of one of said electrodes, either via a gel, a membrane, or a film applied to the electrode and which precisely traps the oxidizing agent; or via a polymer on which the oxidizing agent is coupled, the assembly being adsorbed or grafted onto the surface of one of the electrodes.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a set of electrochemical detection of target nucleic acid sequences, said set comprising: means for receiving a biological sample capable of containing at least one nucleic acid, said nucleic acid being capable of containing a nucleic acid. determined target sequence, said biological sample being mixed with an oxidizing agent, said target sequence comprising a nucleotide base capable of being oxidized by said oxidizing agent; complementary means capable of coupling with said determined target sequence; means for applying an electric field to said sample, said electric field being adapted to cause a reaction of said oxidizing agent with said nucleotide base, and means for measuring an electric current which passes through said sample to determine the presence of said target sequence; according to the invention said complementary means comprise activatable amplification means adapted to replicate said target sequence, said amplification means comprising at least nucleotides of a type including said nucleotide base, said nucleotides of said type being able to be consumed during replication to form replicated nucleic acids, and; said means of measurement provide a decreasing value of electric current when said amplification means are activated, if said nucleic acid contains said determined target sequence.

Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the following description of particular embodiments of the invention, given by way of indication but not limitation, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

- Figure 1 is a reaction diagram schematically showing chemical and electrochemical reactions involved in the implementation of the method according to the invention;

- Figure 2 is a schematic view showing a first implementation of the method according to the invention according to a first embodiment;

- Figure 3 is a schematic view showing an element of a device for implementing the method according to the invention and according to a second embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing curves of evolution of an electric current as a function of an applied potential and illustrating the method according to the invention; - Figure 5 is a graph showing the decrease of an electric current according to an amplification process;

- Figure 6 is a schematic view of a second set of implementations of the method according to the invention.

Figure 7 is a graph showing a voltammetric curve.

The method for the electrochemical detection of nucleic acid target sequences according to the invention aims to combine the implementation of a nucleic acid amplification method and an electrochemical method to be able to monitor the decrease of a species. particular chemical characterizing the presence of said nucleic acid target sequence. The amplification method that will be described below is of the "PCR" type for: Polymerase chain reaction. However, any other amplification method could be implemented with the same efficiency. In particular, methods of the "LCR" type for: Ligase Chain Reaction; "SDA" for Strand Displacement Amplification; RCA for Rolling Circle Amplification; "NASBA" for Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Assay or Amplification; or "HDA" for Helicase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification. These methods are all designated by their acronym.

The principle of the "PCR" method is to use, repetitively, one of the properties of the DNA polymerases, to synthesize by replication from the two complementary DNA component strands and a pair of primers (" primer "in English) two new strands copies of the two initial strands, the primers being nucleic acid small strands of about 20 bases, able to hybridize specifically, thanks to the complementarity of the bases, on each two strands of DNA to replicate. Obviously, the primers are chosen according to a target sequence to be revealed on a nucleic acid.

In addition to the DNA polymerases, which allow after the primer has hybridized on one strand, to synthesize from this primer a complementary strand, it is also provided nucleotides, and in particular the four nucleotides dGTP, dATP, dTTP and dCTP component of DNA (respectively deoxy-guanine-tri-phosphate, deoxy-adenosine-triphosphate, deoxy-tyrosine-tri-phosphate and deoxy-cytosine-triphosphate), which the DNA polymerase assembles to form a complementary strand replicated.

Furthermore, the reaction medium in which are introduced: the test sample likely to contain the target nucleic acid sequence, the DNA polymerase, the primers, and the four types of nucleotides and which form a reaction mixture, is well obviously liquid and buffered. In addition, and according to the method, this reaction mixture will be alternately subjected to temperature variations, corresponding to different phases, of denaturation, hybridization and elongation of the nucleic acid, during the same cycle. In a conventional manner, the reaction mixture may successively undergo about thirty cycles.

Moreover, and this is an object of the invention, the amplification method, the principle of which has been described above, will be coupled to electrochemical means, making it possible to reveal, if appropriate, the disappearance of nucleotides. of one of the four types, as amplification cycles, the nucleotides of one of the four types, being incorporated into the complementary DNA strands by action of the DNA polymerase.

For this purpose, an oxidizing agent and in particular a ruthenium complex, for example tris (2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II), which is susceptible, in its oxidized form, to oxidize in turn guanine is used. nucleotides with the guanine residue: dGTP. Of course, any other oxidizing agent capable of oxidizing guanine may be used, are for example IRCI ₆ ^{4 ".} As shown in Figure 1, on which is shown a 10 electrode immersed in a reaction 12 aqueous medium, the oxidizing agent being incorporated in the aforementioned reaction mixture, when an electric field is applied to this mixture, the oxidizing agent first evolves from its reduced form 14 to its oxidized form 16 according to the arrow F, by giving an electron Moreover, in its oxidized form 16, the oxidizing agent is capable of, in turn, oxidizing a guanine of a nucleotide 18 having precisely a guanine residue, and which is either free or inserted into A nucleic acid By oxidizing this guanine, the oxidizing agent is simultaneously reduced along the arrow R while the guanine definitely oxidized no longer intervenes in the reaction The current measured at the electrode, that is to say the flu x electronic, is mainly due to the oxidation current of free nucleotides having a guanine residue and a small fraction to the nucleotides inserted into a strand of DNA. An explanation that can be given by the difference in diffusion coefficient but also the difference in oxidation kinetics of guanines between a nucleotide having a free guanine residue and a nucioteotide having a guanine residue incorporated into a nucleic acid.

Accordingly, if the nucleotides including guanine are consumed during the amplification cycles, in the same way as the other nucleotides, to synthesize the replicated nucleic acids which statistically include almost as many nucleotides of the four aforementioned types, the electronic flow and therefore The current measured at the electrode will also decrease as a result.

In order to illustrate the method according to the invention, an implementation example will be described below.

FIG. 2 illustrates, according to a first embodiment, a tube 30 adapted to be installed in a thermocycler 32 which will allow the tube 30 to be carried at predetermined temperatures, representative of the different stages of amplification according to FIG. the "PCR" type method. In a conventional manner, in a first stage of a cycle, the tube is heated for a few seconds at 94 ° C. to cause the denaturation of the nucleic acid and here of the DNA. Then in a second step of about one minute, the temperature is rapidly lowered to 58 ° C so as to cause hybridization of the primers. Then, the tube is then heated to a temperature of 72 ° C for one minute as well, so as to activate the DNA polymerase to elongate the complementary strands. And then, a new cycle is started.

The reaction mixture 34 is housed in the base 36 of the tube 30 and two electrodes 38, 40 introduced into the tube 30 immerse in the reaction mixture 34. One of the electrodes, 38, is a carbon electrode for example, while the another electrode 40 is the reference electrode. These electrodes 38, 40 are respectively connected to a potentiostat 42 making it possible to vary an electric potential in a given profile, between the two electrodes, and to record in parallel the electric current passing through them. According to a second implementation mode, the essential elements of which have been reproduced in FIG. 3, the amplification method is identical in all respects to the aforementioned method, however, the detection is no longer carried out during the amplification but the outcome of it. In this case, no electrode is directly introduced into the tube 30, but the reaction mixture 34 is introduced into one or more pits 44 shown in FIG. 3. These microcuvettes 44 are sealed on a plate of type "integrated circuit" 46 on which have been screen printed electrodes 48, 50. These electrodes 48, 50 respectively have an active end 52, 54 located in the bottom of the microcuvettes 44 and they extend out respectively towards ends In the same way as in the first embodiment, the connection ends 56, 58 are adapted to be connected to a potentiostat for applying an electric field to the reaction mixture located in the microcuvette. 44.

It will be noted that these microcuvettes 44 are also adapted to amplification methods of the "NASBA", "RCA" or "HDA" type mentioned above.

Application Example 1 The following is an example of application of said method for detecting the presence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in a biological sample. The genome of this virus has a well-identified sequence of 406 base pairs and the two commercial AC1 and AC2 primers are used which allow the specific amplification of this sequence (references 60-003 and 60-004 from Argene). The total volume of the reaction mixture is equal to 50 μl and it contains the two primers at a concentration of 0.8 μmol / l, the nucleotides of the four types at a concentration of 100 μmol / l, the polymerase at a concentration of 0, 02 units per μl, a ruthenium complex concentration of 20 μmol / l and a tenth dilution of 10X buffer. Of course, the reaction mixture contains a biological sample and in this case a cellular extract incorporating Cytomegalovirus. The electrochemical measurement is carried out using potentiostat 42 through the application of a voltammetric technique which consists of applying a potential variation between the two electrodes 38, 40 or 52, 54, starting, for example, from an initial potential of 0.5 V with respect to a calomel electrode, up to a final potential of 1.3 V (with respect to the same calomel electrode), for a scanning speed of between 0, 01 and 100 V per second. At the same time, the resulting electric current is recorded during the potential sweep. Reference is made to FIG. 4, in which two voltammetric curves recorded at a speed of 0.1 Vs ^-1 are recorded by the potentiostat as a function of the potential difference applied between the aforementioned electrodes and represented here in current density. first curve 60 represents the evolution of the electric current measured at the second amplification cycle according to the above-mentioned experiment The biological sample initially contained 100,000 copies of the target sequence This curve reaches a first extremum 62 of approximately 68 μA per cm ^2. A second curve 64 represents the evolution of the electric current measured at the thirtieth cycle according to the above-mentioned experiment.This curve reaches a first extremum 66 of about 56 μA per cm ^2. This extremum 66 is located substantially 12 μA per cm ^2. below the first extremum 62.

Moreover, it has been verified beforehand, that the two steps of the above-mentioned operating scheme, applied to a biological sample not containing Cytomegalovirus with the abovementioned amplification means, led to the production of two substantially identical curves. Therefore, when the virus is not present in the biological sample, the amplification does not occur.

Thus, it appears very clearly by comparing the two curves 60, 64 that the intensity of the electric current has decreased after 30 amplification cycles relative to its initial value before amplification. Therefore, it is clear that the presence of Cytomegalovirus in the nucleic acid of the biological sample, was recognized by the corresponding primers AC1 and AC2, and that the extension of the complementary strands was well produced by consuming the nucleotides and in particular the nucleotides of the dGTP type having the guanine residue, since it is the base of this single nucleotide that the oxidizing agent, the ruthenium complex, is likely to oxidize. However, the measurement of the electric current is essentially the result of the measurement of the electron flux corresponding to the reduction of the ruthenium complex and in parallel with the oxidation of nucleotides including guanine dGTP. Also, when these latter nucleotides partially disappear because they are integrated into the complementary nucleic acid strands, their amount in the free state decreases and therefore the resulting oxidation current also decreases.

On the other hand, reference will now be made to the graph illustrated in FIG. 5 to describe the principle of quantifying a target sequence of a nucleic acid in a given sample.

On the abscissa 80 of the graph, the numbers of replication cycles are carried and on the ordinate 82 are reported the normalized values of the currents recorded at each cycle at a given potential according to the embodiment shown in FIG. current correspond to the current measurements divided by the measurement of the current carried out before starting the amplification.

The five curves represented, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92 represent the curves plotted starting from a biological sample comprising, respectively, zero copies of the CMV target sequence, 84, 1000 copies of said target sequence, 86, 10,000 copies. of said target sequence, 88, 100,000 copies of said target sequence, 90, and 1,000,000 copies of said target sequence, 92.

Thus, it is found that, the more biological sample contains nucleic acids incorporating the target sequence, the more the electrical current flowing through the sample decreases rapidly depending on the number of cycles. Indeed, the more the sample contains at the origin of acids nucleic acid incorporating the target sequence, the more the replication will consume nucleotides of the dGTP type and therefore the more the electric current will fall soon depending on the number of cycles. In this way, it is understood that a measure of the amount of nucleic acids incorporating the target sequence is possible, by determining the number of cycles from which the amount of current flowing through the sample bends. In addition, this Figure 5 also shows that the presence of the target sequence is detectable even if only 1000 copies of said target sequence are initially present in the sample. Thus, the method according to the invention applied to a biological sample capable of containing an identified virus makes it possible not only, thanks to the implementation of an amplification method and an electrochemical measurement, to reveal the presence or the absence of said virus, but also to quantify it. Therefore, in comparison with the methods implemented according to the prior art, for which the preparation of the identification material is complex, according to the present invention, it is only necessary to implement a conventional amplification method, then during the amplification of subjecting the biological sample to an electric field and measuring the resulting current. This method uses an oxidizing agent which is not used in conventional amplification methods, to reveal the disappearance of a species, in this case a type of nucleotide having the guanine residue or a compound having the same role. biological than guanine. In addition, the choice of the oxidizing agent will depend on the nature of the type of nucleotides whose disappearance is to be measured.

The implementation example above relates to a double-chain nucleic acid, a DNA molecule. However, it can be applied to a single-stranded nucleic acid of the RNA or DNA type, by means of the implementation of suitable amplification means. In both cases, the amplification of these nucleic acids results in the consumption of nucleotides including guanine, and by consequently the decrease of this species in the medium as the amplification process progresses.

Thus, whatever the mode of implementation of the method which is the subject of the invention, ie the first mode described above in support of FIG. 2, or the second mode described with reference to FIG. 3, the moment at which the value of the electric current falls significantly is evaluated by taking measurements during the amplification process. This makes it possible not only to reveal the presence of the target DNA sequence, but also to indirectly go back to the initial nucleic acid concentration incorporating the target sequence to be detected. Indeed, the higher the number of initial copies of nucleic acid incorporating the target sequence, the more the electric current will decrease early, and conversely, the lower the number of copies, and the more the current drop will be observed late. Moreover, and according to another aspect illustrated in FIG. 6, the present invention also relates to a set specially adapted for the electrochemical detection of nucleic acid target sequences. This assembly comprises at least one microcuvette 94 as shown in Figure 3, to receive a biological sample 95, but here equipped with a thermal insulation. This microcuvette 94 has serigraphic electrodes 96 in the bottom and which are connected to a potensiostat P. Furthermore, the microcuvette 94 is placed between two Peltier effect modules 98, 100 connected by a generator adapted to regulate the temperature within the microcuvette 94. In this way, the biological sample 95 is capable of being heated to temperatures of up to 94 ° C. and following abrupt variations as well as the aforementioned method. PCR type. In addition, the biological sample is added activatable amplification material and in particular nucleotides having an oxidizable nucleotide base. Thus, the assembly illustrated in FIG. 6, which can be controlled by a computer, is adapted to automatically provide the information that the target sequence sought is contained in the sample inserted in the microcuvette 94, and if so, the nucleic acid concentration comprising the target sequence. The computer is then loaded by a computer program, capable of simultaneously operating the replication means, that is to say the Peltier effect modules 98, 100 according to predefined cycles and the potentiostat between cycles for measuring the amount of current flowing through the sample 95 for given potential values.

In addition, during the implementation of the amplification means, the surface state of said electrode is modified. Moreover, over the amplification cycles, the solvent of the reaction mixture, in this case water, is likely to evaporate taking into account the temperatures applied. Any evaporation of the solvent causes, by nature, an increase in the concentration of solutes.

Accordingly, measurement of the current that is proportional to the nucleotide base concentration consumed may not be fully correlated with the amount of amplified nucleic acid.

Also, a sub problem that arises then, is to be able to overcome both the disturbances to the electrode and the evaporation of the solvent. To do this, and according to yet another embodiment of the invention that is particularly advantageous, the detection method also comprises the following steps: a redox compound is provided which is capable of reacting with an offset electric field value different from the electric field value at which said oxidizing agent and said nucleotide base react; the value of the redox electric current is measured at said offset electric field value; and, the presence of said determined target sequence is determined if the difference in electrical current between the redox electric current and said electric reaction current of said oxidizing agent and said nucleotide base decreases when said amplification means are activated.

Thus, by choosing a redox compound, or internal standard, for example a ferrocene, a viologen or an osmium complex, whose oxidation potential is offset with respect to the oxidation potential of said oxidizing agent and said nucleotide base, for example 800 mV, the oxidation of the redox compound does not disturb the measurement of the oxidation current of the agent oxidant and base. In addition, this oxidizing agent does not interfere with the activatable amplification means.

According to a first embodiment in accordance with this other embodiment, for which reference can be made to FIG. 7, the measurement of the electric current for a single sample is standardized in the same experiment.

Thus, one carries out the implementation of a sample in a reaction mixture identical to that of the above-mentioned application example, except that it also incorporates ferrocenemethanol at a concentration of 50 μM and that one applies a potential variation between the two electrodes, starting at 50 mV and ending at 1300 mV. In this way, for the first amplification cycle, the voltammetric curve shown in FIG. 7 is obtained.

This curve has not only one extremum, but two. A first 210 located around 1100 mV with respect to the saturated calomel electrode, and which corresponds to the extremums of the curves illustrated in FIG. 4, and a second 220 situated around 200 mV, which corresponds to the oxidation of ferrocenemethanol. The first extremum results from the oxidation of the oxidizing agent, the ruthenium complex and the measurement of the corresponding current is substantially 32 μA, while the second resulting from the oxidation of the redox compound is approximately 2 μA.

After the potential sweep between 50 mV and 1300 mV and the simultaneous recording of the currents of intensity, the current corresponding to the first extremum 210 is normalized, dividing its value, in the example illustrated in FIG. 7: 32 μA, by the value of the current corresponding to the second extremum 220, 2 μA and one obtains 16. Then, one proceeds in the same way for all amplification cycles of said experiment. In this way, the measurement of the variation of the difference in the intensity values of the two extremes 210, 220 results solely from the decrease in the nucleotide base concentration, in this case the dGTPs, and makes it possible to overcome the conditions experience.

Accordingly, and according to a second embodiment is carried out identically for a series of samples respectively introduced into a series of microcuvettes of the type illustrated in Figure 3 so as to perform a series of experiments. These biological samples advantageously come from the same source, and this is to confirm the presence of the determined target sequence. Also, by normalizing the intensity values corresponding to the oxidation of the oxidizing agent respectively for each of the experiments, they are then comparable with each other since they are independent of the volume and surface state variations of the electrodes.

Thus, according to this other embodiment of the invention, the detection of the actual consumption of nucleotides is refined, which makes it possible to conclude that a target sequence is present after a small number of amplification cycles. As a result, the time required to establish the diagnosis is reduced.

In addition, and as illustrated in the second embodiment above, measurements can be compared regardless of the operating conditions. Application example 2

In addition, the detection method according to the invention is not only applicable to viruses, but also to bacteria. Thus, it has been applied to detect the presence of bacteria, and in particular Achromobacter xylosoxidans whose mobile genetic elements and more specifically the integrons play a fundamental role in the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes. Thus, three DNA fragments characteristic of this bacterial strain have been identified and amplified by PCR methods. The implementation of the method according to the invention has made it possible to detect the presence of the aforementioned bacterium by identifying a first "veb-1" gene having approximately 900 base pairs. This gene encodes a beta lactamase that confers a high level of resistance to various antibiotics including arnoxicillin and ticarcillin. The activatable amplification means comprise the four nucleotides, the DNA polymerase and a pair of "VEB-F and VEB-R" primers specific for the gene, and they have been incorporated into a biological sample containing said bacterium.

Thus, a voltammogram similar to that shown in FIG. 4 is observed. According to the conditions of the experiment, a first curve corresponding to a measurement of the electric current before having started the amplification has an extremum of about 6 μA for a potential value of approximately 1.075 V. A second curve produced after amplification shows an extremum decreased by approximately 1 μA. Consequently, the decrease of the electric current results from the consumption of nucleotides during the amplification and consequently from the effective presence of the "veb-1" gene. A second 100-base pair fragment of the "int I" gene, characteristic of the above-mentioned bacterium, has been identified and detected in the same way.

A third fragment of 2500 base pairs, characteristic of said bacterium, could also be detected in a similar way. The nucleotide sequence of this third fragment corresponds to a variable region of the integron containing all the cassettes including the "veb-1" gene.

Thus, the method which is the subject of the invention can be applied to amplifications of fragments of genetic material of different sizes on different protocols and with different activatable amplification means or biological leaves.

Claims

A method for the electrochemical detection of nucleic acid target sequences, said method being of the type in which: a biological sample is provided which can contain at least one nucleic acid, said nucleic acid being capable of containing a specific target sequence, said biological sample being mixed with an oxidizing agent, said target sequence comprising at least one nucleotide base capable of being oxidized by said oxidizing agent; providing complementary means capable of coupling with said determined target sequence;

- An electric field is applied to said sample, said electric field being adapted to cause a reaction of said oxidizing agent with said nucleotide base, and measuring an electric current which passes through said sample to determine the presence of said target sequence; characterized in that said complementary means comprise activatable amplification means adapted to replicate said target sequence, said amplification means comprising at least nucleotides of a type including said nucleotide base, said nucleotides of said type being able to be consumed during replication to form replicated nucleic acids; and in that in order:

said biological sample and said oxidizing agent are mixed with said activatable amplification means; and activating said activatable amplifying means to determine the presence of said determined target sequence if the electric current decreases.

2. Detection method according to claim 1, characterized in that said nucleic acid is a DNA or RNA molecule

3. Detection method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said nucleotide base is a purine nitrogen base.

4. Detection method according to claim 3, characterized in that said nucleotide base is guanine or a chemical analogue of guanine.

5. Detection method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that said oxidizing agent is a ruthenium complex.

6. Detection method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, said target sequences being replicated over time, measuring said electric current after applying said electric field for a predetermined time.

7. Detection method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that said target sequence is replicated according to amplification cycles, and in that said current is measured after a given number of cycles.

8. Method of detection according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that said electric field is applied between electrodes adapted to be bathed by said sample.

9. Detection method according to claim 8, characterized in that one of said electrodes is an electrode based on metal oxides.

10. Detection method according to claim 8, characterized in that one of said electrodes is an electrode based on a noble metal.

11. Detection method according to claim 8, characterized in that one of said electrodes is a carbon electrode.

12. Detection method according to any one of claims 8 to 11, characterized in that said oxidizing agent is confined to the surface of one of said electrodes.

13. Detection method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that it further comprises the following steps:

in addition, a redox compound capable of reacting with an offset electric field value different from the electric field value to which said oxidizing agent and said nucleotide base react is provided; the value of the redox electric current is measured at said offset electric field value; and,

the presence of said determined target sequence is determined if the difference in electric current between the redox electric current and said electric reaction current of said oxidizing agent and of said nucleotide base decreases when said amplification means are activated.

A set of electrochemical detection of target nucleic acid sequences, said set comprising:

means (30, 44, 94) for receiving a biological sample (34, 95) capable of containing at least one nucleic acid, said nucleic acid being capable of containing a specific target sequence, said biological sample being mixed with an oxidizing agent said target sequence comprising at least one nucleotide base capable of being oxidized by said oxidizing agent;

complementary means capable of coupling with said determined target sequence;

means (38, 42, 52, 54, 96) for applying an electric field to said sample, said electric field being adapted to cause a reaction of said oxidizing agent with said nucleotide base, and measuring means (42, P) for an electric current which passes through said sample to determine the presence of said target sequence; characterized in that said complementary means comprise activatable amplification means adapted to replicate said target sequence, said amplification means comprising at least nucleotides of a type including said nucleotide base, said nucleotides of said type being able to be consumed during replication to form replicated nucleic acids, and; in that said measuring means (42, P) provides a decreasing electric current value when said amplification means is activated, if said nucleic acid contains said determined target sequence.