WO2007067981A2

WO2007067981A2 - RNA INTERFERENCE MEDIATED INHIBITION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION USING SHORT INTERFERING NUCLEIC ACID (siNA)

Info

Publication number: WO2007067981A2
Application number: PCT/US2006/061797
Authority: WO
Inventors: James Mcswiggen; Roberto Guerciolini; Pamela Pavco
Original assignee: Sirna Therapeutics, Inc.
Priority date: 2005-12-09
Filing date: 2006-12-08
Publication date: 2007-06-14
Also published as: US7517864B2; WO2007067981A3; US20060217332A1

Abstract

This invention relates to compounds, compositions, and methods useful for modulating VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression using short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecules. This invention also relates to compounds, compositions, and methods useful for modulating the expression and activity of other genes involved in pathways of VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression and/or activity by RNA interference (RNAi) using small nucleic acid molecules. In particular, the instant invention features small nucleic acid molecules, such as short interfering nucleic acid (siNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecules and methods used to modulate the expression of VEGF and/or VEGFR genes. The application also relates to methods of treating diseases and conditions associated with VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression, such as ocular diseases and conditions, including age related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy, as well as providing dosing regimens and treatment protocols.

Description

RNA INTERFERENCE MEDIATED INHIBITION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL

GROWTH FACTOR AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION USING SHORT INTERFERING NUCLEIC ACID

(siNA)

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 11/299,391, filed December 9, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/962,898, filed October 12, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/944,611, filed September 16, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/844,076, filed May 11, 2004, which is a continuation-in- part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/831,620, filed April 23, 2004, which is a continuation- in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/764,957, filed January 26, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of USSN 10/670,01 1 , filed September 23, 2003, which is a continuation- in-part of both USSN 10/665,255 and USSN 10/664,767, filed September 16, 2003, which are continuations-in-part of PCT/US03/05022, filed February 20, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/393,796 filed July 3, 2002 and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/399,348 filed July 29, 2002. This application is also a continuation-in-part of USSN 11/205,646, filed on August 17, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 11/299,254, filed December 8, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 11/234,730, filed September 23, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 11/205,646, filed August 17, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 11/098,303, filed April 4, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/923,536, filed August.20, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US04/16390, filed May 24, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/826,966, filed April 16, 2004, which is continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/757,803, filed January 14, 2004, which is a continuation- in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/720,448, filed November 24, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/693,059, filed October 23, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/444,853, filed May 23, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US03/05346, filed February 20, 2003, and a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US03/05028, filed February 20, 2003, both of which claim the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/358,580 filed February 20, 2002, U.S. Provisional W

Application No. 60/363,124 filed March 11, 2002, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/386,782 filed June 6, 2002, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/406,784 filed August 29,

2002, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/408,378 filed September 5, 2002, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/409,293 filed September 9, 2002, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/440,129 filed January 15, 2003. This application is also a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US04/13456, filed April 30, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/780,447, filed February 13, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/427,160, filed April 30,

2003, which is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCTVUS02/15876 filed May 17, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/292,217, filed May 18, 2001, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/362,016, filed March 6, 2002, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/306,883, filed July 20, 2001 , and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/311 ,865, filed August 13, 2001. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/727,780 filed December 3, 2003. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/922,675 filed August 20, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 10/863,973, filed July 7, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No. PCT/US03/04566, filed February 14, 2003. This application also claims the benefit of U.S.. Provisional Application No. 60/543,480, filed February 10, 2004. The instant application claims the benefit of all the listed applications, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, including the drawings.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to compounds, compositions, and methods for the study, diagnosis, and treatment of traits, diseases and conditions that respond to the modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and/or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (e.g., VEGFRl, VEGFR2 and/or VEGFR3, collectively VEGFR) gene expression and/or activity. The present invention is also directed to compounds, compositions, and methods relating to traits, diseases and conditions that respond to the modulation of expression and/or activity of genes involved in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and/or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) gene expression pathways or other cellular processes that mediate the maintenance or development of such traits, diseases and conditions. Specifically, the invention relates to double stranded nucleic acid molecules including small nucleic acid molecules, such as short interfering nucleic acid (siNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecules capable of mediating or that mediate RNA interference (RNAi) against VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression, including cocktails of such small nucleic acid molecules and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations of such small nucleic acid molecules. The present invention also relates to small nucleic acid molecules, such as siNA, siRNA, and others that can inhibit the function of endogenous RNA molecules, such as endogenous micro-RNA (miRNA) (eg, miRNA inhibitors) or endogenous short interfering RNA (siRNA), (e.g., siRNA inhibitors) or that can inhibit the function of RISC (e.g., RISC inhibitors), to modulate gene expression by interfering with the regulatory function of such endogenous RNAs or proteins associated with such endogenous RNAs (e.g., RISC), including cocktails of such small nucleic acid molecules and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations of such small nucleic acid molecules. Such small nucleic acid molecules and are useful, for example, in providing compositions to prevent, inhibit, or reduce various diseases, traits and conditions that are associated with gene expression or activity in a subject or organism Such small nucleic acid molecules are useful, for example, in providing compositions for treatment of traits, diseases and conditions that can respond to modulation of VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression in a subject or organism, such proliferative diseases and conditions, ocular diseases and conditions, dermatological disseases and conditions, and any other disease, condition, trait or indication that can respond to the level of VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression in a cell or tissue.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The following is a discussion of relevant art pertaining to RNAi. The discussion is provided only for understanding of the invention that follows. The summary is not an admission that any of the work described below is prior art to the claimed invention.

[0004] RNA interference refers to the process of sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Zamore et al., 2000, Cell, 101, 25-33; Fire et al, 1998, Nature, 391, 806; Hamilton et al, 1999, Science, 286, 950- 951; Lin et al., 1999, Nature, 402, 128-129; Sharp, 1999, Genes & Dev., 13:139-141; and Strauss, 1999, Science, 286, 886). The corresponding process in plants (Heifetz et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 99/61631) is commonly referred to as post- transcriptional gene silencing or RNA silencing and is also referred to as quelling in fungi. The process of post-transcriptional gene silencing is thought to be an evolutionarily- conserved cellular defense mechanism used to prevent the expression of foreign genes and is commonly shared by diverse flora and phyla (Fire et al, 1999, Trends Genet, 15, 358). Such protection from foreign gene expression may have evolved in response to the production of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) derived from viral infection or from the random integration of transposon elements into a host genome via a cellular response that specifically destroys homologous single-stranded RNA or viral genomic RNA. The presence of dsRNA in cells triggers the RNAi response through a mechanism that has yet to be fully characterized. This mechanism appears to be different from other known mechanisms involving double stranded RNA-specifϊc ribonucleases, such as the interferon response that results from dsRNA- mediated activation of protein kinase PKR and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase resulting in non-specific cleavage of mRNA by ribonuclease L (see for example US Patent Nos. 6,107,094; 5,898,031 ; Clemens et al, 1997, J. Interferon & Cytokine Res., 17, 503-524; Adah et al, 2001, Curr. Med. Chem., 8, 1189).

[0005] The presence of long dsRNAs in cells stimulates the activity of a ribonuclease III enzyme referred to as dicer (Bass, 2000, Cell, 101, 235; Zamore et al, 2000, Cell, 101, 25- 33; Hammond et al., 2000, Nature, 404, 293). Dicer is involved in the processing of the dsRNA into short pieces of dsRNA known as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Zamore et al., 2000, Cell, 101, 25-33; Bass, 2000, Cell, 101, 235; Berstein et al, 2001, Nature, 409, 363). Short interfering RNAs derived from dicer activity are typically about 21 to about 23 nucleotides in length and comprise about 19 base pair duplexes (Zamore et al., 2000, Cell, 101, 25-33; Elbashir et al., 2001, Genes Dev., 15, 188). Dicer has also been implicated in the excision of 21- and 22 -nucleotide small temporal RNAs (stRNAs) from precursor RNA of conserved structure that are implicated in translational control (Hutvagner et al, 2001, Science, 293, 834). The RNAi response also features an cndonuclcasc complex, commonly referred to as an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which mediates cleavage of single- stranded RNA having sequence complementary to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex. Cleavage of the target RNA takes place in the middle of the region complementary to the antisense strand of the siRNA duplex (Elbashir et al, 2001, Genes Dev., 15, 188).

[0006] RNAi has been studied in a variety of systems. Fire et al, 1998, Nature, 391, 806, were the first to observe RNAi in C. elegans. Bahramian and Zarbl, 1999, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 19, 274-283 and Wianny and Goetz, 1999, Nature Cell Biol, 2, 70, describe RNAi mediated by dsRNA in mammalian systems. Hammond et al, 2000, Nature, 404, 293, describe RNAi in Drosophila cells transfected with dsRNA. Elbashir et al, 2001, Nature, 411, 494 and Tuschl et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/75164, describe RNAi induced by introduction of duplexes of synthetic 21 -nucleotide RNAs in cultured mammalian cells including human embryonic kidney and HeLa cells. Recent work in Drosophila embryonic lysates (Elbashir et al, 2001, EMBO J., 20, 6877 and Tuschl et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/75164) has revealed certain requirements for siRNA length, structure, chemical composition, and sequence that arc essential to mediate efficient RNAi activity. These studies have shown that 21 -nucleotide siRNA duplexes are most active when containing 3 '-terminal dinucleotide overhangs. Furthermore, complete substitution of one or both siRNA strands with 2'-deoxy (2'-H) or 2'-O-methyl nucleotides abolishes RNAi activity, whereas substitution of the 3 '-terminal siRNA overhang nucleotides with 2'-deoxy nucleotides (2'-H) was shown to be tolerated. Single mismatch sequences in the center of the siRNA duplex were also shown to abolish RNAi activity. In addition, these studies also indicate that the position of the cleavage site in the target RNA is defined by the 5'-end of the siRNA guide sequence rather than the 3 '-end of the guide sequence (Elbashir et al, 2001, EMBO J., 20, 6877). Other studies have indicated that a 5'-phosphate on the target- complementary strand of a siRNA duplex is required for siRNA activity and that ATP is utilized to maintain the 5'-phosphate moiety on the siRNA (Nykanen et al, 2001, Cell, 107, 309).

10007] Studies have shown that replacing the 3'-terminal nucleotide overhanging segments of a 21-mer siRNA duplex having two-nucleotide 3 '-overhangs with deoxyribonucleotides does not have an adverse effect on RNAi activity. Replacing up to four nucleotides on each end of the siRNA with deoxyribonucleotides has been reported to be well tolerated, whereas complete substitution with deoxyribonucleotides results in no RNAi activity (Elbashir et al, 2001, EMBO J., 20, 6877 and Tuschl et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/75164). In addition, Elbashir et al, supra, also report that substitution of siRNA with 2'- O-methyl nucleotides completely abolishes RNAi activity. Li et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/44914, and Beach et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/68836 preliminarily suggest that siRNA may include modifications to either the phosphate-sugar backbone or the nucleoside to include at least one of a nitrogen or sulfur heteroatom, however, neither application postulates to what extent such modifications would be tolerated in siRNA molecules, nor provides any further guidance or examples of such modified siRNA. Kreutzer et al., Canadian Patent Application No. 2,359,180, also describe certain chemical modifications for use in dsRNA constructs in order to counteract activation of double-stranded KNA-dependent protein kinase PKR, specifically 2'-amino or 2'-O-methyl nucleotides, and nucleotides containing a 2'-O or 4'-C methylene bridge. However, Kreutzer et al. similarly fails to provide examples or guidance as to what extent these modifications would be tolerated in dsRNA molecules.

[0008] Parrish et al, 2000, Molecular Cell, 6, 1077-1087, tested certain chemical modifications targeting the unc-22 gene in C. elegans using long (>25 nt) siRNA transcripts. The authors describe the introduction of thiophosphate residues into these siRNA transcripts by incorporating thiophosphate nucleotide analogs with T7 and T3 RNA polymerase and observed that RNAs with two phosphorothioate modified bases also had substantial decreases in effectiveness as RNAi. Further, Parrish et al. reported that phosphorothioate modification of more than two residues greatly destabilized the RNAs in vitro such that interference activities could not be assayed. Id. at 1081. The authors also tested certain modifications at the 2'-position of the nucleotide sugar in the long siRNA transcripts and found that substituting deoxynucleotides for ribonucleotides produced a substantial decrease in interference activity, especially in the case of Uridine to Thymidine and/or Cytidine to deoxy- Cytidine substitutions. Id. In addition, the authors tested certain base modifications, including substituting, in sense and antisense strands of the siRNA, 4-thiouracil, 5- bromouracil, 5-iodouracil, and 3-(aminoallyl)uracil for uracil, and inosine for guanosine. Whereas 4-thiouracil and 5-bromouracil substitution appeared to be tolerated, Parrish reported that inosine produced a substantial decrease in interference activity when incorporated in either strand. Parrish also reported that incorporation of 5-iodouracil and 3- (aminoallyl)uracil in the antisense strand resulted in a substantial decrease in RNAi activity as well.

[0009] The use of longer dsRNA has been described. For example, Beach et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 01/68836, describes specific methods for attenuating gene expression using endogenously-derived dsRNA. Tuschl et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/75164, describe a Drosophila in vitro RNAi system and the use of specific siRNA molecules for certain functional genomic and certain therapeutic applications; although Tuschl, 2001, Chem. Biochem.., 2, 239-245, doubts that RNAi can be used to cure genetic diseases or viral infection due to the danger of activating interferon response. Li et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/44914, describe the use of specific long (141 bp-488 bp) enzymatically synthesized or vector expressed dsRNAs for attenuating the expression of certain target genes. Zernicka-Goetz et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/36646, describe certain methods for inhibiting the expression of particular genes in mammalian cells using certain long (550 bp-714 bp), enzymatically synthesized or vector expressed dsRNA molecules. Fire et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 99/32619, describe particular methods for introducing certain long dsRNA molecules into cells for use in inhibiting gene expression in nematodes. Plactinck et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/01846, describe certain methods for identifying specific genes responsible for conferring a particular phenotype in a cell using specific long dsRNA molecules. Mello et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/29058, describe the identification of specific genes involved in dsRNA-mediated RNAi. Pachuck et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/63364, describe certain long (at least 200 nucleotide) dsRNA constructs. Deschamps Depaillette et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 99/07409, describe specific compositions consisting of particular dsRNA molecules combined with certain anti-viral agents. Waterhouse et ah, International PCT Publication No. 99/53050 and 1998, PNAS, 95, 13959-13964, describe certain methods for decreasing the phenotypic expression of a nucleic acid in plant cells using certain dsRNAs. Driscoll et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/49844, describe specific DNA expression constructs for use in facilitating gene silencing in targeted organisms.

LOOlOJ Others have reported on various RNAi and gene-silencing systems. For example, Parrish et ah, 2000, Molecular Cell, 6, 1077-1087, describe specific chemically-modified dsRNA constructs targeting the unc-22 gene of C. elegans. Grossniklaus, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/38551, describes certain methods for regulating polycomb gene expression in plants using certain dsRNAs. Churikov et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/42443, describe certain methods for modifying genetic characteristics of an organism using certain dsRNAs. Cogoni et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/53475, describe certain methods for isolating a Neurospora silencing gene and uses thereof. Reed et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/68836, describe certain methods for gene silencing in plants. Honer et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/70944, describe certain methods of drug screening using transgenic nematodes as Parkinson's Disease models using certain dsRNAs. Deak et ah, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/7277 '4, describe certain Drosophila-deήved gene products that may be related to RNAi in Drosophiϊa. Arndt et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/92513 describe certain methods for mediating gene suppression by using factors that enhance RNAi. Tuschl et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 02/44321, describe certain synthetic siRNA constructs. Pachuk et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/63364, and Satishchandran et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 01/04313, describe certain methods and compositions for inhibiting the function of certain polynucleotide sequences using certain long (over 250 bp), vector expressed dsRNAs. Echcvcrri et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 02/38805, describe certain C. elegans genes identified via RNAi. Kreutzer et al, International PCT Publications Nos. WO 02/055692, WO 02/055693, and EP 1144623 Bl describes certain methods for inhibiting gene expression using dsRNA. Graham et al., International PCT Publications Nos. WO 99/49029 and WO 01/70949, and AU 4037501 describe certain vector expressed siRNA molecules. Fire et al., US 6,506,559, describe certain methods for inhibiting gene expression in vitro using certain long dsRNA (299 bp-1033 bp) constructs that mediate RNAi. Martinez et al., 2002, Cell, 110, 563-574, describe certain single stranded siRNA constructs, including certain 5'-phosphorylated single stranded siRNAs that mediate RNA interference in HeIa cells. Harborth et al., 2003, Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development, 13, 83-105, describe certain chemically and structurally modified siRNA molecules. Chiu and Rana, 2003, RNA, 9, 1034-1048, describe certain chemically and structurally modified siRNA molecules. Woolf et al, International PCT Publication Nos. WO 03/064626 and WO 03/064625 describe certain chemically modified dsRNA constructs. Hornung et al, 2005, Nature Medicine, 11, 263 - 270, describe the sequence-specific potent induction of IFN- alpha by short interfering RNA in plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7. Judge et al, 2005, Nature Biotechnology, Published online: 20 March 2005, describe the sequence- dependent stimulation of the mammalian innate immune response by synthetic siRNA. Yuki et al, International PCT Publication Nos. WO 05/049821 and WO 04/048566, describe certain methods for designing short interfering RNA sequences and certain short interfering RNA sequences with optimized activity. Saigo et al, US Patent Application Publication No. US20040539332, describe certain methods of designing oligo- or polynucleotide sequences, including short interfering RNA sequences, for achieving RNA interference. Tei et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 03/044188, describe certain methods for inhibiting expression of a target gene, which comprises transfecting a cell, tissue, or individual organism with a double-stranded polynucleotide comprising DNA and RNA having a substantially identical nucleotide sequence with at least a partial nucleotide sequence of the target gene.

[0011] Mattick, 2005, Science, 309, 1527-1528; Claverie, 2005, Science, 309, 1529-1530; Sethupathy et al., 2006, RNA, 12, 192-197; and Czech, 2006 NEJM, 354, 11: 1194-1195; Hutvagner et al, US 20050227256, and Tuschl et al, US 20050182005, all describe antisense molecules that can inhibit miRNA function via steric blocking and are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] This invention relates to compounds, compositions, and methods useful for modulating the expression of genes, such as those genes associated with the development or maintenance of diseases, traits and conditions that are related to gene expression or activity, by RNA interference (RNAi), using short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecules. This invention further relates to compounds, compositions, and methods useful for modulating the expression and activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and/or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (e.g., VEGFRl, VEGFR2, VEGFR3) genes, or genes involved in VEGF and/or VEGFR pathways of gene expression and/or VEGF activity by RNA interference (RNAi) using small nucleic acid molecules. In particular, the instant invention features small nucleic acid molecules, such as short interfering nucleic acid (siNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded. RNA (dsRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecules and methods used to modulate the expression of VEGF and/or VEGFR genes and/or other genes involved in VEGF and/or VEGFR mediated angiogenesis in a subject or organism.

[0013] The instant invention also relates to small nucleic acid molecules, such as siNA, siRNA, and others that can inhibit the function of endogenous RNA molecules, such as endogenous micro-RNA (miRNA) (e.g, miRNA inhibitors) or endogenous short interfering RNA (siRNA), (e.g., siRNA inhibitors) or that can inhibit the function of RISC (e.g., RISC inhibitors), to modulate gene expression by interfering with the regulatory function of such endogenous RNAs or proteins associated with such endogenous RNAs (e.g., RISC). Such molecules are collectively referred to herein as RNAi inhibitors. [0014] A siNA or RNAi inhibitor of the invention can be unmodified or chemically- modified. A siNA or RNAi inhibitor of the instant invention can be chemically synthesized, expressed from a vector or enzymatically synthesized. The instant invention also features various chemically-modified synthetic short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecules capable of modulating target gene expression or activity in cells by RNA interference (RNAi). The instant invention also features various chemically-modified synthetic short nucleic acid (siNA) molecules capable of modulating RNAi activity in cells by interacting with miRNA, siRNA, or RISC, and hence down regulating or inhibiting RNA interference (RNAi), translational inhibition, or transcriptional silencing in a cell or organism. The use of chemically-modified siNA and/or RNAi inhibitors improves various properties of native siNA molecules and/or RNAi inhibitors through increased resistance to nuclease degradation in vivo and/or through improved cellular uptake. Further, contrary to earlier published studies, siNA molecules of the invention having multiple chemical modifications, including fully modified siNA, retains its RNAi activity. Therefore, Applicant teaches herein chemically modified siRNA (generally referred to herein as siNA) that retains or improves upon the activity of native siRNA. The siNA molecules of the instant invention provide useful reagents and methods for a variety of therapeutic, prophylactic, veterinary, diagnostic, target validation, genomic discovery, genetic engineering, and pharmacogenomic applications.

[0015] In one embodiment, the invention features one or more siNA molecules and/or RNAi inhibitors and methods that independently or in combination modulate the expression of VEGF and/or VEGFR target genes, such as genes that are associated with the maintenance and/or development of various diseases and conditions, including inflammatory diseases and conditions, respiratory diseases and conditions, allergic diseases and conditions, autoimmune diseases and conditions, neurologic diseases and conditions, ocular diseases and conditions, and cancer and other proliferative diseases and conditions, such as genes encoding sequences comprising those sequences referred to by GenBank Accession Nos. shown in Table I, referred to herein generally as VEGF and/or VEGFR, and also those sequences referred to by GenBank Accession Nos. shown in USSN 10/923,536 and USSN 10/923536, both incorporated by reference herein, referred to herein generally as "target" sequences. The description below of the various aspects and embodiments of the invention is provided with reference to the exemplary VEGF {e.g., VEGF, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D) and VEGFR (e.g., VEGFRl, VEGFR2, VEGFR3) genes referred to herein as VEGF and VEGFR respectively. However, such reference is meant to be exemplary only and the various aspects and embodiments of the invention are also directed to other genes that express alternate target genes, such as mutant target genes, splice variants of target genes, target gene variants from species to species or subject to subject, and other target pathway genes described herein or otherwise known in the art. Such additional genes can be analyzed for target sites using the methods described herein for exemplary target genes and sequences herein. Thus, the modulation and the effects of such modulation of the other genes can be performed as described herein. In other words, the terms "target" and "target gene" as defined herein below and recited in the described embodiments, is meant to encompass genes associated with the development and/or maintenance of diseases, traits and conditions herein, such as genes which encode polypeptides, regulatory polynucleotides (e.g., miRNAs and siRNAs), mutant genes, and splice variants of genes, as well as other genes involved in pathways of gene expression and/or activity. Thus, each of the embodiments described herein with reference to the term "target" are applicable to all of the protein, peptide, polypeptide, and/or polynucleotide molecules covered by the term "target", as that term is defined herein. Comprehensively, such gene targets are also referred to herein generally as "target" sequences. The various aspects and embodiments are also directed to other genes that are involved in VEGF and/or VEGFR mediated pathways of signal transduction or gene expression that are involved in the progression, development, and/or maintenance of disease {e.g., cancer, inflammatory disease, allergic disease, autoimmune disease, ocular disease, or other angiogenesis/neovascularization related diseases and conditions), such as interleukins, including for example IL-4, IL-4 receptor, IL-13, and IL- 13 receptor. These additional genes can be analyzed for target sites using the methods described for VEGF and/or VEGFR genes herein. Thus, the modulation of other genes and the effects of such modulation of the other genes can be performed, determined, and measured as described herein.

[0016] In one embodiment, the invention features a composition comprising two or more different siNA molecules and/or RNAi inhibitors of the invention (e.g., siNA, duplex forming siNA, or multifunctional siNA or any combination thereof) targeting different polynucleotide targets, such as different regions of a target RNA or DNA (e.g., two different target sites such as provided herein or any combination of targets or pathway targets) or both coding and non- coding targets. Such pools of siNA molecules can provide increased therapeutic effect. [0017] In one embodiment, the invention features a pool of two or more different siNA molecules of the invention (e.g., siNA, duplex foming siNA, or multifunctional siNA or any combination thereof) that have specificity for different polynucleotide targets, such as different regions of target RNA or DNA (e.g., two different target sites herein or any combination of targets or pathway targets) or both coding and non-coding targets, wherein the pool comprises siNA molecules targeting about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more different targets.

[0018] Due to the potential for sequence variability of the genome across different organisms or different subjects, selection of siNA molecules for broad therapeutic applications likely involve the conserved regions of the gene. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to siNA molecules and/or RNAi inhibitors that target conserved regions of the genome or regions that are conserved across different targets. siNA molecules and/or RNAi inhibitors designed to target conserved regions of various targets enable efficient inhibition of target gene expression in diverse patient populations.

[0019] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule, such as an siNA molecule, where one of the strands comprises nucleotide sequence having complementarity to a predetermined nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule, or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the predetermined nucleotide sequence is a nucleotide target sequence described herein. In another embodiment, the predetermined nucleotide sequence is a target sequence as is known in the art.

[0020] Tn one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target gene or that directs cleavage of a target RNA, wherein said siNA molecule comprises about 15 to about 28 base pairs.

[0021] Tn one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that directs cleavage of a target RNA, wherein said siNA molecule comprises about 15 to about 28 base pairs.

[0022] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that directs cleavage of a target RNA via RJNA interference (RNAi), wherein the double stranded siNA molecule comprises a first strand and a second strand, each strand of the siNA molecule is about 18 to about 28 (e.g., about 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28) nucleotides in length, the first strand of the siNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity to the target RNA for the siNA molecule to direct cleavage of the target RNA via RNA interference, and the second strand of said siNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the first strand. In one specific embodiment, for example, each strand of the siNA molecule is about 18 to about 27 nucleotides in length.

[0023] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that directs cleavage of a target RNA via RNA interference (RNAi), wherein the double stranded siNA molecule comprises a first strand and a second strand, each strand of the siNA molecule is about 18 to about 23 (e.g., about 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23) nucleotides in length, the first strand of the siNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity to the target RNA for the siNA molecule to direct cleavage of the target RNA via RNA interference, and the second strand of said siNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the first strand.

[0024] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically synthesized double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that directs cleavage of a target RNA via RNA interference (RNAi), wherein each strand of the siNA molecule is about 18 to about 28 nucleotides in length; and one strand of the siNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity to the target RNA for the siNA molecule to direct cleavage of the target RNA via RNA interference.

[0025] Tn one embodiment, the invention features a chemically synthesized double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that directs cleavage of a target RNA via RNA interference (RNAi), wherein each strand of the siNA molecule is about 18 to about 23 nucleotides in length; and one strand of the siNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity to the target RNA for the siNA molecule to direct cleavage of the target RNA via RNA interference.

[0026] In one embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule that down-regulates expression of a target gene or that directs cleavage of a target RNA, for example, wherein the target gene or RJSIA comprises protein encoding sequence. In one embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule that down-regulates expression of a target gene or that directs cleavage of a target RNA, for example, wherein the target gene or RNA comprises non- coding sequence or regulatory elements involved in target gene expression {e.g., non-coding RNA, miRNA, stRNA etc.).

[0027] In one embodiment, a siNA of the invention is used to inhibit the expression of target genes or a target gene family {e.g., one or more VEGF and/or VEGFR isoforms), wherein the genes or gene family sequences share sequence homology. Such homologous sequences can be identified as is known in the art, for example using sequence alignments. siNA molecules can be designed to target such homologous sequences, for example using perfectly complementary sequences or by incorporating non-canonical base pairs, for example mismatches and/or wobble base pairs, that can provide additional target sequences. In instances where mismatches are identified, non-canonical base pairs (for example, mismatches and/or wobble bases) can be used to generate s£NA molecules that target more than one gene sequence. In a non-limiting example, non-canonical base pairs such as UU and CC base pairs are used to generate siNA molecules that are capable of targeting sequences for differing polynucleotide targets that share sequence homology. As such, one advantage of using siNAs of the invention is that a single siNA can be designed to include nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence that is conserved between the homologous genes. Tn this approach, a single siNA can be used to inhibit expression of more than one gene instead of using more than one siNA molecule to target the different genes.

[0028] In one embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule having RNAi activity against target RNA {e.g., coding or non-coding RNA), wherein the siNA molecule comprises a sequence complementary to any RNA sequence, such as those sequences having GenBank Accession Nos. shown in and/or shown in GenBank Accession Nos. shown in Table I, PCT/US03/05028, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/363,124, or USSN 10/923,536, all of which are incorporated by reference herein. In another embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule having RNAi activity against target RNA, wherein the siNA molecule comprises a sequence complementary to an RNA having variant encoding sequence, for example other mutant genes known in the art to be associated with the maintenance and/or development of diseases, traits, disorders, and/or conditions described herein or otherwise known in the art. Chemical modifications as shown in Tables III and IV or otherwise described herein can be applied to any siNA construct of the invention. In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention includes a nucleotide sequence that can interact with nucleotide sequence of a target gene and thereby mediate silencing of target gene expression, for example, wherein the siNA mediates regulation of target gene expression by cellular processes that modulate the chromatin structure or methylation patterns of the target gene and prevent transcription of the target gene.

[0029J In one embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule having RJMAi activity against VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, wherein the siNA molecule comprises a sequence complementary to any RNA having VEGF and/or VEGFR encoding sequence, such as those sequences having VEGF and/or VEGFR GenBank Accession Nos. shown in Table I. In another embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule having RNAi activity against VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, wherein the siNA molecule comprises a sequence complementary to an RNA having other VEGF and/or VEGFR encoding sequence, for example, mutant VEGF and/or VEGFR genes, splice variants of VEGF and/or VEGFR genes, VEGF and/or VEGFR variants with conservative substitutions, and homologous VEGF and/or VEGFR ligands and receptors. Chemical modifications as shown in Tables III and IV or otherwise described herein can be applied to any siNA construct of the invention.

[0030] In one embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention are used to down regulate or inhibit the expression of proteins arising from VEGF and/or VEGFR haplotype polymorphisms that are associated with a trait, disease or condition. Analysis of genes, or protein or RNA levels can be used to identify subjects with such polymorphisms or those subjects who are at risk of developing traits, conditions, or diseases described herein (see for example Silvestri et al., 2003, Int J Cancer., 104, 310-7). These subjects are amenable to treatment, for example, treatment with siNA molecules of the invention and any other composition useful in treating diseases related to VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression. As such, analysis of VEGF and/or VEGFR protein or RNA levels can be used to determine treatment type and the course of therapy in treating a subject. Monitoring of VEGF and/or VEGFR protein or RNA levels can be used to predict treatment outcome and to determine the efficacy of compounds and compositions that modulate the level and/or activity of certain VEGF and/or VEGFR proteins associated with a trait, condition, or disease.

[0031] In one embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention are used to down regulate or inhibit the expression of soluble VEGF receptors {e.g. sVEGFRl or sVEGFR2). Analysis of soluble VEGF receptor levels can be used to identify subjects with certain cancer types. These cancers can be amenable to treatment, for example, treatment with siNA molecules of the invention and any other chemotherapeutic composition. As such, analysis of soluble VEGF receptor levels can be used to determine treatment type and the course of therapy in treating a subject. Monitoring of soluble VEGF receptor levels can be used to predict treatment outcome and to determine the efficacy of compounds and compositions that modulate the level and/or activity of VEGF receptors (see for example Pavco USSN 10/438,493, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety including the drawings).

[0032] In one embodiment of the invention a siNA molecule comprises an antisense strand comprising a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence or a portion thereof encoding a target VEGF and/or VEGFR protein. The siNA further comprises a sense strand, wherein said sense strand comprises a nucleotide sequence of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof.

[0033] In another embodiment, a siNA molecule comprises an antisense region comprising a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence encoding a target VEGF and/or VEGFR protein or a portion thereof. The siNA molecule further comprises a sense region, wherein said sense region comprises a nucleotide sequence of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof.

[0034] In another embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule comprising nucleotide sequence, for example, nucleotide sequence in the antisense region of the siNA molecule that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence or portion of sequence of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene. In another embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule comprising a region, for example, the antisense region of the siNA construct, complementary to a sequence comprising a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene sequence or a portion thereof.

[0035] In one embodiment, the sense region or sense strand of a siNA molecule of the invention is complementary to that portion of the antisense region or antisense strand of the siNA molecule that is complementary to a target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence.

[0036] In yet another embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule comprising a sequence, for example, the antisense sequence of the siNA construct, complementary to a sequence or portion of sequence comprising sequence represented by GenBank Accession Nos. shown in PCT/US03/05028, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/363,124, and/or USSN 10/923,536, all of which are incorporated by reference herein. Chemical modifications in Table IV and otherwise described herein can be applied to any siNA construct of the invention. LNP formulations described in Table VI can be applied to any siNA molecule or combination of siNA molecules herein.

[0037] In one embodiment of the invention a siNA molecule comprises an antisense strand having about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides, wherein the antisense strand is complementary to a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA sequence or a portion thereof, and wherein said siNA further comprises a sense strand having about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides, and wherein said sense strand and said antisense strand are distinct nucleotide sequences where at least about 15 nucleotides in each strand are complementary to the other strand.

[0038] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention (e.g., a double stranded nucleic acid molecule) comprises an antisense (guide) strand having about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides that are complementary to a target RNA sequence or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, at least 15 nucleotides (e.g., 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides) of a target RNA sequence are complementary to the antisense (guide) strand of a siNA molecule of the invention.

[0039] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention (e.g., a double stranded nucleic acid molecule) comprises a sense (passenger) strand having about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides that comprise sequence of a target RNA or a portion thereof. Tn one embodiment, at least 15 nucleotides (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides of a target RNA sequence comprise the sense (passenger) strand of a siNA molecule of the invention.

[0040] Tn another embodiment of the invention a siNA molecule of the invention comprises an antisense region having about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides, wherein the antisense region is complementary to a target VEGF and/or VEGFR DNA sequence, and wherein said siNA further comprises a sense region having about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides, wherein said sense region and said antisense region are comprised in a linear molecule where the sense region comprises at least about 15 nucleotides that are complementary to the antisense region.

[0041] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention has RNAi activity that modulates expression of RNA encoded by one or more genes. Because various genes can share some degree of sequence homology with each other, siNA molecules can be designed to target a class of genes or alternately specific genes (e.g., polymorphic variants) by selecting sequences that are either shared amongst different gene target VEGF and/or VEGFRs or alternatively that arc unique for a specific gene target VEGF and/or VEGFR. Therefore, in one embodiment, the siNA molecule can be designed to target conserved regions of target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA sequences having homology among several gene variants so as to target a class of genes with one siNA molecule. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the siNA molecule of the invention modulates the expression of one or both gene alleles in a subject. In another embodiment, the siNA molecule can be designed to target a sequence that is unique to a specific target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA sequence (e.g., a single allele or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)) due to the high degree of specificity that the siNA molecule requires to mediate RNAi activity.

[0042] Tn one embodiment, nucleic acid molecules of the invention that act as mediators of the RNA interference gene silencing response are double-stranded nucleic acid molecules. In another embodiment, the siNA molecules of the invention consist of duplex nucleic acid molecules containing about 15 to about 30 base pairs between oligonucleotides comprising about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides. In yet another embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention comprise duplex nucleic acid molecules with overhanging ends of about 1 to about 3 (e.g., about 1, 2, or 3) nucleotides, for example, about 21 -nucleotide duplexes with about 19 base pairs and 3'- terminal mononucleotide, dinucleotide, or trinucleotide overhangs. In yet another embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention comprise duplex nucleic acid molecules with blunt ends, where both ends are blunt, or alternatively, where one of the ends is blunt.

[0043] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid (e.g., siNA) molecule comprises nucleotide or non-nucleotide overhangs. By "overhang" is meant a terminal portion of the nucleotide sequence that is not base paired between the two strands of a double stranded nucleic acid molecule (see for example Figure 6). In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention can comprise nucleotide or non-nucleotide overhangs at the 3 '-end of one or both strands of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule. For example, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention can comprise a nucleotide or non-nucleotide overhang at the 3 '-end of the guide strand or antisense strand/region, the 3 '-end of the passenger strand or sense strand/region, or both the guide strand or antisense strand/region and the passenger strand or sense strand/region of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule. In another embodiment, the nucleotide overhang portion of a double stranded nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprises 2'-O-methyl, X- dcoxy, 2'-dcoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-dcoxy-2'-fluoroarabino (FANA), 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromcthyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, universal base, acyclic, or 5-C- methyl nucleotides. In another embodiment, the non-nucleotide overhang portion of a double stranded nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprises glyceryl, abasic, or inverted dedxy abasic non-nucleotides.

[0044] In one embodiment, the nucleotides comprising the overhang portions of a double stranded nucleic acid (e.g., siNA) molecule of the invention correspond to the nucleotides comprising the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence of the siNA molecule. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the nucleotides comprising the overhang portion of a siNA molecule of the invention comprise sequence based on the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence in which nucleotides comprising the overhang portion of the guide strand or antisense strand/region of a siNA molecule of the invention can be complementary to nucleotides in the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence and nucleotides comprising the overhang portion of the passenger strand or sense strand/region of a siNA molecule of the invention can comprise the nucleotides in the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence. Such nucleotide overhangs comprise sequence that would result from Dicer processing of a native dsRNA into siRNA.

[0045] In one embodiment, the nucleotides comprising the overhang portion of a double stranded nucleic acid (e.g., siNA) molecule of the invention are complementary to the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence and are optionally chemically modified as described herein. As such, in one embodiment, the nucleotides comprising the overhang portion of the guide strand or antisense strand/region of a siNA molecule of the invention can be complementary to nucleotides in the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence, i.e. those nucleotide positions in the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence that are complementary to the nucleotide positions of the overhang nucleotides in the guide strand or antisense strand/region of a siNA molecule. In another embodiment, the nucleotides comprising the overhang portion of the passenger strand or sense strand/region of a siNA molecule of the invention can comprise the nucleotides in the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence, i.e. those nucleotide positions in the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence that correspond to same the nucleotide positions of the overhang nucleotides in the passenger strand or sense strand/region of a siNA molecule. In one embodiment, the overhang comprises a two nucleotide (e.g., 3'-GA; 3'-GU; 3'-GG; 3'GC; 3'-CA; 3'-CU; 3'-CG; 3'CC; 3'-UA; 3'-UU; 3'-UG; 3'UC; 3'-AA; 3'-AU; 3'-AG; 3'- AC; 3'-TA; 3'-TU; 3'-TG; 3'-TC; 3'-AT; 3'-UT; 3'-GT; 3'-CT) overhang that is complementary to a portion of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence. In one embodiment, the overhang comprises a two nucleotide (e.g., 3'-GA; 3'-GU; 3'-GG; 3'GC; 3'-CA; 3'-CU; 3'-CG; 3'CC; 3'-UA; 3'-UU; 3'-UG; 3'UC; 3'-AA; 3'-AU; 3'-AG; 3'- AC; 3'-TA; 3'-TU; 3'-TG; 3'-TC; 3'-AT; 3'-UT; 3'-GT; 3'-CT) overhang that is not complementary to a portion of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence. In another embodiment, the overhang nucleotides of a siNA molecule of the invention are 2'-O- methyl nucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino., and/or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides. In another embodiment, the overhang nucleotides of a siNA molecule of the invention are 2'-O- methyl nucleotides in the event the overhang nucleotides are purine nucleotides and/or 2'- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides or 2¹-deoxy-2'-fiuoroarabino nucleotides in the event the overhang nucleotides are pyrimidines nucleotides. In another embodiment, the purine nucleotide (when present) in an overhang of siNA molecule of the invention is 2'-O-methyl nucleotides. In another embodiment, the pyrimidine nucleotide (when present) in an overhang of siNA molecule of the invention are 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro or 2'-deoxy-2'- fiuoroarabino nucleotides.

[0046] In one embodiment, the nucleotides comprising the overhang portion of a double stranded nucleic acid (e.g., siNA) molecule of the invention are not complementary to the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence and are optionally chemically modified as described herein. In one embodiment, the overhang comprises a 3'-UU overhang that is not complementary to a portion of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence. In another embodiment, the nucleotides comprising the overhanging portion of a siNA molecule of the invention are 2'-O-methyl nucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino and/or T- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides. [0047] In one embodiment, the double stranded nucleic molecule (e.g. siNA) of the invention comprises a two or three nucleotide overhang, wherein the nucleotides in the overhang are the same or different. In one embodiment, the double stranded nucleic molecule (e.g. siNA) of the invention comprises a two or three nucleotide overhang, wherein the nucleotides in the overhang are the same or different and wherein one or more nucleotides in the overhang are chemically modified at the base, sugar and/or phosphate backbone.

[0048] In one embodiment, the invention features one or more chemically-modified siNA constructs having specificity for target nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA, or RNA encoding a protein or non-coding RNA associated with the expression of target genes. In one embodiment, the invention features a RNA based siNA molecule (e.g., a siNA comprising T- OH nucleotides) having specificity for nucleic acid molecules that includes one or more chemical modifications described herein. Non-limiting examples of such chemical modifications include without limitation phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, T- deoxyribonucleotides, 2'-O-methyl ribonucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro ribonucleotides, 4'- thio ribonucleotides, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl nucleotides, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy nucleotides, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy nucleotides (see for example USSN 10/981,966 filed November 5, 2004, incorporated by reference herein), "universal base" nucleotides, "acyclic" nucleotides, 5-C-methyl nucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino (FANA, see for example Dowler et al., 2006, Nucleic Acids Research, 34, 1669-1675) and terminal glyceryl and/or inverted deoxy abasic residue incorporation. These chemical modifications, when used in various siNA constructs, (e.g., RNA based siNA constructs), are shown to preserve RNAi activity in cells while at the same time, dramatically increasing the serum stability of these compounds.

[0049] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises chemical modifications described herein (e.g., 2'-O-methyl ribonucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro ribonucleotides, 4'-thio ribonucleotides, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl nucleotides, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy nucleotides, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy nucleotides, LNA) at the internal positions of the siNA molecule. By "internal position" is meant the base paired positions of a siNA duplex

[0050] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises modified nucleotides while maintaining the ability to mediate RNAi. The modified nucleotides can be used to improve in vitro or in vivo characteristics such as stability, activity, toxicity, immune response, and/or bioavailability. For example, a siNA molecule of the invention can comprise modified nucleotides as a percentage of the total number of nucleotides present in the siNA molecule. As such, a siNA molecule of the invention can generally comprise about 5% to about 100% modified nucleotides (e.g., about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% modified nucleotides). For example, in one embodiment, between about 5% to about 100% {e.g., about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% modified nucleotides) of the nucleotide positions in a siNA molecule of the invention comprise a nucleic acid sugar modification, such as a 2 '-sugar modification, e.g., 2'-O-methyl nucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro nucleotides, 2^>-deoxy-2'- fluoroarabino. 2'-O-methoxyethyl nucleotides, 2'-O-trifiuoromethyl nucleotides, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy nucleotides, 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy nucleotides, or 2'-deoxy nucleotides. In another embodiment, between about 5% to about 100% (e.g., about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% modified nucleotides) of the nucleotide positions in a siNA molecule of the invention comprise a nucleic acid base modification, such as inosine, purine, pyridin-4-one, pyridin-2-one, phenyl, pseudouracil, 2, 4, 6-trimethoxy benzene, 3-methyl uracil, dihydrouridine, naphthyl, aminophenyl, 5-alkylcytidines (e.g., 5-methylcytidine), 5-alkyluridines (e.g., ribothymidine), 5-halouridine (e.g., 5-bromouridine) or 6-azapyrimidines or 6-alkylpyrimidines (e.g. 6-methyluridine), or propyne modifications. In another embodiment, between about 5% to about 100% (e.g., about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% modified nucleotides) of the nucleotide positions in a siNA molecule of the invention comprise a nucleic acid backbone modification, such as a backbone modification having Formula I herein. In another embodiment, between about 5% to about 100% (e.g., about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% modified nucleotides) of the nucleotide positions in a siNA molecule of the invention comprise a nucleic acid sugar, base, or backbone modification or any combination thereof (e.g., any combination of nucleic acid sugar, base, backbone or non- nucleotide modifications herein). In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises at least about 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% modified nucleotides. The actual percentage of modified nucleotides present in a given siNA molecule will depend on the total number of nucleotides present in the siNA. If the siNA molecule is single stranded, the percent modification can be based upon the total number of nucleotides present in the single stranded siNA molecules. Likewise, if the siNA molecule is double stranded, the percent modification can be based upon the total number of nucleotides present in the sense strand, antisense strand, or both the sense and antisense strands.

[0051] A siNA molecule of the invention can comprise modified nucleotides at various locations within the siNA molecule. In one embodiment, a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises modified nucleotides at internal base paired positions within the siNA duplex. For example, internal positions can comprise positions from about 3 to about 19 nucleotides from the 5 '-end of either sense or antisense strand or region of a 21 nucleotide siNA duplex having 19 base pairs and two nucleotide 3 '-overhangs. In another embodiment, a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises modified nucleotides at non- base paired or overhang regions of the siNA molecule. By "non-base paired" is meant, the nucleotides are not base paired between the sense strand or sense region and the antisense strand or antisense region or the siNA molecule. The overhang nucleotides can be complementary or base paired to a corresponding target VEGF and/or VEGFR polynucleotide sequence (see for example Figure 6C). For example, overhang positions can comprise positions from about 20 to about 21 nucleotides from the 5 '-end of either sense or antisense strand or region of a 21 nucleotide siNA duplex having 19 base pairs and two nucleotide 3 '-overhangs. In another embodiment, a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises modified nucleotides at terminal positions of the siNA molecule. For example, such terminal regions include the 3 '-position, 5 '-position, for both 3' and 5'- positions of the sense and/or antisense strand or region of the siNA molecule. In another embodiment, a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises modified nucleotides at base-paired or internal positions, non-base paired or overhang regions, and/or terminal regions, or any combination thereof.

[0052] One aspect of the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or that directs cleavage of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA. In one embodiment, the double stranded siNA molecule comprises one or more chemical modifications and each strand of the double-stranded siNA is about 21 nucleotides long. In one embodiment, the double-stranded siNA molecule does not contain any ribonucleotides. In another embodiment, the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises one or more ribonucleotides. In one embodiment, each strand of the double-stranded siNA molecule independently comprises about 15 to about 30 {e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides, wherein each strand comprises about 15 to about 30 {e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleotides of the other strand. In one embodiment, one of the strands of the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence or a portion thereof of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, and the second strand of the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially similar to the nucleotide sequence of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof.

[0053] In another embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or that directs cleavage of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, comprising an antisense region, wherein the antisense region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof, and a sense region, wherein the sense region comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially similar to the nucleotide sequence of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the antisense region and the sense region independently comprise about 15 to about 30 {e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides, wherein the antisense region comprises about 15 to about 30 {e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides that are complementary to nucleotides of the sense region.

[0054] In another embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or that directs cleavage of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, comprising a sense region and an antisense region, wherein the antisense region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of RNA encoded by the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof and the sense region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the antisense region.

[0055] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises blunt ends, i.e., ends that do not include any overhanging nucleotides. For example, a siNA molecule comprising modifications described herein {e.g. , comprising nucleotides having Formulae I- VII or siNA constructs comprising "Stab OO"-"Stab 36" or "Stab 3F"-"Stab 36F" (Table IV) or any combination thereof) and/or any length described herein can comprise blunt ends or ends with no overhanging nucleotides.

[0056J In one embodiment, any siNA molecule of the invention can comprise one or more blunt ends, i.e. where a blunt end does not have any overhanging nucleotides. In one embodiment, the blunt ended siNA molecule has a number of base pairs equal to the number of nucleotides present in each strand of the siNA molecule. In another embodiment, the siNA molecule comprises one blunt end, for example wherein the 5 '-end of the antiscnsc strand and the 3 '-end of the sense strand do not have any overhanging nucleotides. In another example, the siNA molecule comprises one blunt end, for example wherein the 3 '-end of the antisense strand and the 5 '-end of the sense strand do not have any overhanging nucleotides. In another example, a siNA molecule comprises two blunt ends, for example wherein the 3'- end of the antisense strand and the 5 '-end of the sense strand as well as the 5 '-end of the antisense strand and 3 '-end of the sense strand do not have any overhanging nucleotides. A blunt ended siNA molecule can comprise, for example, from about 15 to about 30 nucleotides (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides). Other nucleotides present in a blunt ended siNA molecule can comprise, for example, mismatches, bulges, loops, or wobble base pairs to modulate the activity of the siNA molecule to mediate RNA interference.

[0057] By "blunt ends" is meant symmetric termini or termini of a double stranded siNA molecule having no overhanging nucleotides. The two strands of a double stranded siNA molecule align with each other without over-hanging nucleotides at the termini. For example, a blunt ended siNA construct comprises terminal nucleotides that are complementary between the sense and antisense regions of the siNA molecule.

[0058J In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or that directs cleavage of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, wherein the siNA molecule is assembled from two separate oligonucleotide fragments wherein one fragment comprises the sense region and the second fragment comprises the antisense region of the siNA molecule. The sense region can be connected to the antisense region via a linker molecule, such as a polynucleotide linker or a non-nucleotide linker. [0059] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule (e.g., siNA) molecule of the invention comprises ribonucleotides at positions that maintain or enhance RNAi activity. In one embodiment, ribonucleotides are present in the sense strand or sense region of the siNA molecule, which can provide for RNAi activity by allowing cleavage of the sense strand or sense region by an enzyme within the RISC (e.g., ribonucleotides present at the position of passenger strand, sense strand, or sense region cleavage, such as position 9 of the passenger strand of a 19 base-pair duplex, which is cleaved in the RISC by AGO2 enzyme, sec, for example, Matranga et al., 2005, Cell, 123:1-114 and Rand et al., 2005, Cell, 123:621- 629). In another embodiment, one or more (for example 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) nucleotides at the 5'- end of the guide strand or guide region (also known as antisense strand or antisense region) of the siNA molecule are ribonucleotides.

[0060] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule (e.g., siNA) molecule of the invention comprises one or more ribonucleotides at positions within the passenger strand or passenger region (also known as the sense strand or sense region) that allows cleavage of, the passenger strand or passenger region by an enzyme in the RISC complex, (e.g., ribonucleotides present at the position of passenger strand such as position 9 of the passenger strand of a 19 base-pair duplex is cleaved in the RTSC by AGO2 enzyme, see for example Matranga et al., 2005, Cell, 123:1-114 and Rand et al., 2005, Cell, 123:621-629).

[0061] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention contains at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or more chemical modifications that can be the same of different. In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention contains at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or more different chemical modifications.

[0062] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA), wherein the double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprises about 15 to about 30 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) base pairs, and wherein one or more (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) of the nucleotide positions in each strand of the siNA molecule comprises a chemical modification. In another embodiment, the siNA contains at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or more different chemical modifications.

[0063] In one embodiment, the invention features double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or that directs cleavage of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, wherein the siNA molecule comprises about 15 to about 30 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) base pairs, and wherein each strand of the siNA molecule comprises one or more chemical modifications. In one embodiment, each strand of the double stranded siNA molecule comprises at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) different chemical modifications, e.g., different nucleotide sugar, base, or backbone modifications. In another embodiment, one of the strands of the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof, and the second strand of the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially similar to the nucleotide sequence or a portion thereof of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene. In another embodiment, one of the strands of the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or portion thereof, and the second strand of the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially similar to the nucleotide sequence or portion thereof of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene. In another embodiment, each strand of the siNA molecule comprises about 15 to about 30 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides, and each strand comprises at least about 15 to about 30 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleotides of the other strand. The target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene can comprise, for example, sequences referred to herein or incorporated herein by reference. The gene can comprise, for example, sequences referred to by GenBank Accession number herein.

[0064] In one embodiment, each strand of a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises a different pattern of chemical modifications, such as any "Stab 00"- "Stab 36" or "Stab 3F"-"Stab 36F" (Table IV) modification patterns herein or any combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of sense and antisense strands of such siNA molecules having various modification patterns are shown in Table III and Figures 4 and 5.

[0065] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises no ribonucleotides. In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more ribonucleotides (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more ribonucleotides).

[0066] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises an antisense region comprising a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof, and the siNA further comprises a sense region comprising a nucleotide sequence substantially similar to the nucleotide sequence of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof. In another embodiment, the antisense region and the sense region each comprise about 15 to about 30 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides and the antisense region comprises at least about 15 to about 30 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides that are complementary to nucleotides of the sense region. In one embodiment, each strand of the double stranded siNA molecule comprises at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) different chemical modifications, e.g., different nucleotide sugar, base, or backbone modifications. The target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene can comprise, for example, sequences referred to herein or incorporated by reference herein. In another embodiment, the siNA is a double stranded nucleic acid molecule, where each of the two strands of the siNA molecule independently comprise about 15 to about 40 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 23, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40) nucleotides, and where one of the strands of the siNA molecule comprises at least about 15 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 or more) nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof.

[0067] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises a sense region and an antisense region, wherein the antisense region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of RNA encoded by a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, or a portion thereof, and the sense region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the antisense region. In one embodiment, the siNA molecule is assembled from two separate oligonucleotide fragments, wherein one fragment comprises the sense region and the second fragment comprises the antisense region of the siNA molecule. In another embodiment, the sense region is connected to the antisense region via a linker molecule. In another embodiment, the sense region is connected to the antisense region via a linker molecule, such as a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker. In one embodiment, each strand of the double stranded siNA molecule comprises at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) different chemical modifications, e.g., different nucleotide sugar, base, or backbone modifications. The target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene can comprise, for example, sequences referred herein or incorporated by reference herein [0068] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine modificatons (e.g., where one or more or all pyrimidine (e.g., U or C) positions of the siNA are modified with 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides). In one embodiment, the T- deoxy-2'-fhioro pyrimidine modifications are present in the sense strand. In one embodiment, the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine modifications are present in the antisense strand. In one embodiment, the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine modifications are present in both the sense strand and the antisense strand of the siNA molecule.

[0069] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) 2'-O-methyl purine modificatons (e.g., where one or more or all purine (e.g., A or G) positions of the siNA are modified with 2'-O-methyl nucleotides). In one embodiment, the 2'-O-methyl purine modifications are present in the sense strand. In one embodiment, the 2'-O-methyl purine modifications are present in the antisense strand. In one embodiment, the 2'-O-methyl purine modifications are present in both the sense strand and the antisense strand of the siNA molecule.

[0070] Tn one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more (e.g.,

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) 2'-deoxy purine modificatons (e.g., where one or more or all purine (e.g., A or G) positions of the siNA are modified with 2'-deoxy nucleotides). In one embodiment, the 2'-deoxy purine modifications are present in the sense strand. In one embodiment, the 2'-deoxy purine modifications are present in the antisense strand. In one embodiment, the 2'-deoxy purine modifications are present in both the sense strand and the antisense strand of the siNA molecule.

[0071] In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target gene or that directs cleavage of a target RNA, comprising a sense region and an antisense region, wherein the antisense region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of RNA encoded by the target gene or a portion thereof and the sense region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the antisense region, and wherein the siNA molecule has one or more modified pyrimidine and/or purine nucleotides. In one embodiment, each strand of the double stranded siNA molecule comprises at least two (e.g. ,

2, 3, 4, 5, or more) different chemical modifications, e.g., different nucleotide sugar, base, or backbone modifications. In one embodiment, the pyrimidine nucleotides in the sense region are 2'-O-methyl pyrimidine nucleotides or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides and the purine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides. In another embodiment, the pyrimidine nucleotides in the sense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides and the purine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-O-methyl purine nucleotides. In another embodiment, the pyrimidine nucleotides in the sense region are T- deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides and the purine nucleotides present in the sense region arc 2'-dcoxy purine nucleotides. In one embodiment, the pyrimidine nucleotides in the antisense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides and the purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-O-methyl or 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides. In another embodiment of any of the above-described siNA molecules, any nucleotides present in a non- complementary region of the sense strand (e.g. overhang region) are 2'-deoxy nucleotides.

[0072] In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or that directs cleavage of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, wherein the siNA molecule is assembled from two separate oligonucleotide fragments wherein one fragment comprises the sense region and the second fragment comprises the antisense region of the siNA molecule, and wherein the fragment comprising the sense region includes a terminal cap moiety at the 5'-end, the 3'-end, or both of the 5' and 3' ends of the fragment. In one embodiment, the terminal cap moiety is an inverted deoxy abasic moiety or glyceryl moiety. In one embodiment, each of the two fragments of the siNA molecule independently comprise about 15 to about 30 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides. In another embodiment, each of the two fragments of the siNA molecule independently comprise about 15 to about 40 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 23, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40) nucleotides. In a non-limiting example, each of the two fragments of the siNA molecule comprise about 21 nucleotides.

[0073] In one embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule comprising at least one modified nucleotide, wherein the modified nucleotide is a 2'-dcoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotide, T- deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl nucleotide, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy nucleotide, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy nucleotide or any other modified nucleoside/nucleotide described herein and in USSN 10/981,966, filed November 5, 2004, T/US2006/061797

incorporated by reference herein. In one embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule comprising at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9 ,10, or more) modified nucleotides, wherein the modified nucleotide is selected from the group consisting of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotide, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl nucleotide, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy nucleotide, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy nucleotide or any other modified nucleoside/nucleotide described herein and in USSN 10/981,966, filed November 5, 2004, incorporated by reference herein. The modified nucleotide/nucleoside can be the same or different. The siNA can be, for example, about 15 to about 40 nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, all pyrimidine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoroarabino, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio pyrimidine nucleotides. In one embodiment, the modified nucleotides in the siNA include at least one 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro cytidine or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro uridine nucleotide. Tn another embodiment, the modified nucleotides in the siNA include at least one 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro cytidine and at least one 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro uridine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all uridine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro uridine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all cytidine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy- 2'-fluoro cytidine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all adenosine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro adenosine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all guanosine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro guanosine nucleotides. The siNA can further comprise at least one modified internucleotidic linkage, such as phosphorothioate linkage. In one embodiment, the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoronucleotides are present at specifically selected locations in the siNA that are sensitive to cleavage by ribonucleases, such as locations having pyrimidine nucleotides.

[0074] In one embodiment, the invention features a method of increasing the stability of a siNA molecule against cleavage by ribonucleases comprising introducing at least one modified nucleotide into the siNA molecule, wherein the modified nucleotide is a 2'-deoxy- 2'-fluoro nucleotide. In one embodiment, all pyrimidine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides. In one embodiment, the modified nucleotides in the siNA include at least one 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro cytidine or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro uridine nucleotide. In another embodiment, the modified nucleotides in the siNA include at least one 2'-fluoro cytidine and at least one 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro uridine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all uridine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro uridine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all cytidine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy- 2006/061797

2'-fTuoro cytidine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all adenosine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro adenosine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all guanosine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro guanosine nucleotides. The siNA can further comprise at least one modified internucleotidic linkage, such as a phosphorothioate linkage. In one embodiment, the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoronucleotides are present at specifically selected locations in the siNA that are sensitive to cleavage by ribonucleases, such as locations having pyrimidine nucleotides.

[0075] In one embodiment, the invention features a method of increasing the stability of a siNA molecule against cleavage by ribonucleases comprising introducing at least one modified nucleotide into the siNA molecule, wherein the modified nucleotide is a 2'-deoxy- 2'-fluoroarabino nucleotide. In one embodiment, all pyrimidine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino pyrimidine nucleotides. In one embodiment, the modified nucleotides in the siNA include at least one 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino cytidine or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino uridine nucleotide. In another embodiment, the modified nucleotides in the siNA include at least one 2'-fluoro cytidine and at least one 2'-deoxy-2'- fluoroarabino uridine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all uridine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino uridine nucleotides. Tn one embodiment, all cytidine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino cytidine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all adenosine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino adenosine nucleotides. In one embodiment, all guanosine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabino guanosine nucleotides. The siNA can further comprise at least one modified internucleotidic linkage, such as a phosphorothioate linkage. In one embodiment, the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinonucleotides are present at specifically selected locations in the siNA that are sensitive to cleavage by ribonucleases, such as locations having pyrimidine nucleotides.

[0076] In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target VEGFR gene or that directs cleavage of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, comprising a sense region and an antiscnsc region, wherein the antiscnsc region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of RNA encoded by the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or a portion thereof and the sense region comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the antisense region, and wherein the purine nucleotides present in the antisense region comprise 2'-deoxy- purine nucleotides. In an alternative embodiment, the purine nucleotides present in the antisense region comprise 2'-O-methyl purine nucleotides. In either of the above embodiments, the antisense region can comprise a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage at the 3' end of the antisense region. Alternatively, in either of the above embodiments, the antisense region can comprise a glyceryl modification at the 3' end of the antisense region. In another embodiment of any of the above-described siNA molecules, any nucleotides present in a non-complementary region of the antisense strand (e.g. overhang region) arc 2 '-dcoxy nucleotides.

[0077] In one embodiment, the antisense region of a siNA molecule of the invention comprises sequence complementary to a portion of an endogenous transcript having sequence unique to a particular disease or trait related allele in a subject or organism, such as sequence comprising a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with the disease or trait specific allele. As such, the antisense region of a siNA molecule of the invention can comprise sequence complementary to sequences that are unique to a particular allele to provide specificity in mediating selective RNAi against the disease, condition, or trait related allele.

[0078] Tn one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that down-regulates expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene or that directs cleavage of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, wherein the siNA molecule is assembled from two separate oligonucleotide fragments wherein one fragment comprises the sense region and the second fragment comprises the antisense region of the siNA molecule. In one embodiment, each strand of the double stranded siNA molecule is about 21 nucleotides long where about 19 nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule are base-paired to the complementary nucleotides of the other fragment of the siNA molecule, wherein at least two 3' terminal nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule are not base-paired to the nucleotides of the other fragment of the siNA molecule. In another embodiment, the siNA molecule is a double stranded nucleic acid molecule, where each strand is about 19 nucleotide long and where the nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule arc base-paired to the complementary nucleotides of the other fragment of the siNA molecule to form at least about 15 (e.g., 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19) base pairs, wherein one or both ends of the siNA molecule are blunt ends. In one embodiment, each of the two 3' terminal nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule is a 2'-deoxy-pyrimidine nucleotide, such US2006/061797

as a 2'-deoxy-thymidine. In one embodiment, each, of the two 3' terminal nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule is a 2'-O-methyl pyrrolidine nucleotide, such as a 2'-O- methyl uridine, cytidine, or thymidine. In another embodiment, all nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule are base-paired to the complementary nucleotides of the other fragment of the siNA molecule. In another embodiment, the siNA molecule is a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of about 19 to about 25 base pairs having a sense region and an antisense region, where about 19 nucleotides of the antisense region are base-paired to the nucleotide sequence or a portion thereof of the RNA encoded by the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene. In another embodiment, about 21 nucleotides of the antisense region are base- paired to the nucleotide sequence or a portion thereof of the RJSfA encoded by the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene. In any of the above embodiments, the 5 '-end of the fragment comprising said antisense region can optionally include a phosphate group.

[0079] In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that inhibits the expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA sequence, wherein the siNA molecule does not contain any ribonucleotides and wherein each strand of the double-stranded siNA molecule is about 15 to about 30 nucleotides. In one embodiment, the siNA molecule is 21 nucleotides in length. Examples of non-ribonucleotide containing siNA constructs are combinations of stabilization chemistries shown in Table IV in any combination of Sense/ Antisense chemistries, such as Stab 7/8, Stab 7/11, Stab 8/8, Stab 18/8, Stab 18/11, Stab 12/13, Stab 7/13, Stab 18/13, Stab 7/19, Stab 8/19, Stab 18/19, Stab 7/20, Stab 8/20, Stab 18/20, Stab 7/32, Stab 8/32, or Stab 18/32 (e.g., any siNA having Stab 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 32 sense or antisense strands or any combination thereof). Herein, numeric Stab chemistries can include both 2'-fluoro and T- OCF3 versions of the chemistries shown in Table IV. For example, "Stab 7/8" refers to both Stab 7/8 and Stab 7F/8F etc. In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically synthesized double stranded RJSTA molecule that directs cleavage of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA via RNA interference, wherein each strand of said RNA molecule is about 15 to about 30 nucleotides in length; one strand of the RNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity to the target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA for the RNA molecule to direct cleavage of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA via RNA interference; and wherein at least one strand of the RNA molecule optionally comprises one or more chemically modified nucleotides described herein, such as without limitation deoxynucleotides, 2'-O-methyl nucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'- 6 061797

fluoroarabino, 2'-O-methoxyethyl nucleotides, 4'-thio nucleotides, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl nucleotides, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoronαethoxy nucleotides, 2¹-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy nucleotides, etc. or any combination thereof.

L0080] In one embodiment, a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RMA of the invention comprises sequence encoding a protein.

[0081] In one embodiment, target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA of the invention comprises non-coding RNA sequence (e.g., miRNA, snRNA, siRNA etc.), see for example Mattick,

2005, Science, 309, 1527-1528; Claverie, 2005, Science, 309, 1529-1530; Sethupathy et al,

2006, RNA, 12, 192-197; and Czech, 2006 NEJM, 354, 11: 1194-1195.

[0082] In one embodiment, the invention features a medicament comprising a siNA molecule of the invention.

[0083] In one embodiment, the invention features an active ingredient comprising a siNA molecule of the invention.

[0084] In one embodiment, the invention features the use of a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule to inhibit, down-regulate, or reduce expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, wherein the siNA molecule comprises one or more chemical modifications and each strand of the double-stranded siNA is independently about 15 to about 30 or more {e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 or more) nucleotides long. In one embodiment, the siNA molecule of the invention is a double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising one or more chemical modifications, where each of the two fragments of the siNA molecule independently comprise about 15 to about 40 (e.g. about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 23, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40) nucleotides and where one of the strands comprises at least 15 nucleotides that are complementary to nucleotide sequence of target VEGF and/or VEGFR encoding RNA or a portion thereof. Tn a non-limiting example, each of the two fragments of the siNA molecule comprise about 21 nucleotides. In another embodiment, the siNA molecule is a double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising one or more chemical modifications, where each strand is about 21 nucleotide long and where about 19 nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule are base-paired to the complementary nucleotides of the other fragment of the siNA molecule, wherein at least two 3' terminal nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule are not base-paired to the nucleotides of the other fragment of the siNA molecule. In another embodiment, the siNA molecule is a double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising one or more chemical modifications, where each strand is about 19 nucleotide long and where the nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule are base- paired to the complementary nucleotides of the other fragment of the siNA molecule to form at least about 15 (e.g., 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19) base pairs, wherein one or both ends of the siNA molecule are blunt ends. In one embodiment, each of the two 3' terminal nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule is a 2'-deoxy-pyrimidine nucleotide, such as a 2'-deoxy- thymidinc. In one embodiment, each of the two 3' terminal nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule is a 2'-O-methyl pyrimidine nucleotide, such as a 2'-O-methyl uridine, cytidine, or thymidine. In another embodiment, all nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule are base-paired to the complementary nucleotides of the other fragment of the siNA molecule. In another embodiment, the siNA molecule is a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of about 19 to about 25 base pairs having a sense region and an antisense region and comprising one or more chemical modifications, where about 19 nucleotides of the antisense region are base-paired to the nucleotide sequence or a portion thereof of the RNA encoded by the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene. In another embodiment, about 21 nucleotides of the antisense region are base-paired to the nucleotide sequence or a portion thereof of the RNA encoded by the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene. In any of the above embodiments, the 5 '-end of the fragment comprising said antisense region can optionally include a phosphate group.

[0085J In one embodiment, the invention features the use of a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that inhibits, down-regulates, or reduces expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, wherein one of the strands of the double-stranded siNA molecule is an antisense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence of target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA or a portion thereof, the other strand is a sense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand. In one embodiment, each strand has at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) chemical modifications, which can be the same or different, such as nucleotide, sugar, base, or backbone modifications. In one embodiment, a majority of the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification. In one embodiment, a majority of the purine nucleotides present in the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification. [0086] In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that inhibits, down-regulates, or reduces expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, wherein one of the strands of the double-stranded siNA molecule is an antisense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence of target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA or a portion thereof, wherein the other strand is a sense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand. In one embodiment, each strand has at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) chemical modifications, which can be the same or different, such as nucleotide, sugar, base, or backbone modifications. In one embodiment, a majority of the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification. In one embodiment, a majority of the purine nucleotides present in the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification.

[0087] In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that inhibits, down-regulates, or reduces expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, wherein one of the strands of the double-stranded siNA molecule is an antisense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence of target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA that encodes a protein or portion thereof, the other strand is a sense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand and wherein a majority of the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification. In one embodiment, each strand of the siNA molecule comprises about 15 to about 30 or more (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 or more) nucleotides, wherein each strand comprises at least about 15 nucleotides that, are complementary to the nucleotides of the other strand. In one embodiment, the siNA molecule is assembled from two oligonucleotide fragments, wherein one fragment comprises the nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand, of the siNA molecule and a second fragment comprises nucleotide sequence of the sense region of the siNA molecule. In one embodiment, the sense strand is connected to the antisense strand via a linker molecule, such as a polynucleotide linker or a non-nucleotide linker. In a further embodiment, the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand are 2'-deoxy-2'fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides and the purine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides. In another embodiment, the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand are 2'-deoxy-2'fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides and the purine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-O-methyl purine nucleotides. In still another embodiment, the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the antisense strand are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides and any purine nucleotides present in the antisense strand are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides. In another embodiment, the antisense strand comprises one or more 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides and one or more 2'-O-methyl purine nucleotides. In another embodiment, the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the antisense strand are 2'-deoxy-2'- fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides and any purine nucleotides present in the antisense strand are 2'-O-mcthyl purine nucleotides. In a further embodiment the sense strand comprises a 3'-cnd and a 5'-end, wherein a terminal cap moiety (e.g., an inverted deoxy abasic moiety or inverted deoxy nucleotide moiety such as inverted thymidine) is present at the 5'-end, the 3'-end, or both of the 5' and 3' ends of the sense strand. In another embodiment, the antisense strand comprises a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage at the 3' end of the antisense strand. In another embodiment, the antisense strand comprises a glyceryl modification at the 3' end. Tn another embodiment, the 5 '-end of the antisense strand optionally includes a phosphate group.

[0088] In any of the above-described embodiments of a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that inhibits expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, wherein a majority of the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification, each of the two strands of the siNA molecule can comprise about 15 to about 30 or more (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 or more) nucleotides. In one embodiment, about 15 to about 30 or more (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 or more) nucleotides of each strand of the siNA molecule are base-paired to the complementary nucleotides of the other strand of the siNA molecule. In another embodiment, about 15 to about 30 or more (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 or more) nucleotides of each strand of the siNA molecule are base-paired to the complementary nucleotides of the other strand of the siNA molecule, wherein at least two 3' terminal nucleotides of each strand of the siNA molecule are not base-paired to the nucleotides of the other strand of the siNA molecule. In another embodiment, each of the two 3' terminal nucleotides of each fragment of the siNA molecule is a 2'-deoxy-pyrimidine, such as 2'- deoxy-thymidine. In one embodiment, each strand of the siNA molecule is base-paired to the complementary nucleotides of the other strand of the siNA molecule. In one embodiment, about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or T/US2006/061797

30) nucleotides of the antisense strand are base-paired to the nucleotide sequence of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, about 18 to about 25 (e.g., about 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) nucleotides of the antisense strand are base- paired to the nucleotide sequence of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA or a portion thereof.

[0089] In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that inhibits expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, wherein one of the strands of the doublc-strandcd siNA molecule is an antisense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence of target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA or a portion thereof, the other strand is a sense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand. In one embodiment, each strand has at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) different chemical modifications, such as nucleotide sugar, base, or backbone modifications. In one embodiment, a majority of the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification. In one embodiment, a majority of the purine nucleotides present in the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification. In one embodiment, the 5 '-end of the antisense strand optionally includes a phosphate group.

[0090] In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that inhibits expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, wherein one of the strands of the double-stranded siNA molecule is an antisense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence of target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA or a portion thereof, the other strand is a sense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand and wherein a majority of the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the double-stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification, and wherein the nucleotide sequence or a portion thereof of the antisense strand is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the untranslated region or a portion thereof of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA.

[0091] In one embodiment, the invention features a double-stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that inhibits expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene, wherein one of the strands of the double-stranded siNA molecule is an antisense strand which comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence of target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA or a portion thereof, wherein the other strand is a sense strand which T/US2006/061797

comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand, wherein a majority of the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the double- stranded siNA molecule comprises a sugar modification, and wherein the nucleotide sequence of the antisense strand is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA or a portion thereof that is present in the target VEGF and/or VEGFRRNA.

[0092] In one embodiment, the invention features a composition comprising a siNA molecule of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. In another embodiment, the invention features two or more differing siNA molecules of the invention (e.g. siNA molecules that target different regions of target RNA or siNA molecules that target SREBPl pathway RNA) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

[0093] In a non-limiting example, the introduction of chemically-modified nucleotides into nucleic acid molecules provides a powerful tool in overcoming potential limitations of in vivo stability and bioavailability inherent to native RNA molecules that are delivered exogenously. For example, the use of chemically-modified nucleic acid molecules can enable a lower dose of a particular nucleic acid molecule for a given therapeutic effect since chemically-modified nucleic acid molecules tend to have a longer half-life in serum. Furthermore, certain chemical modifications can improve the bioavailability of nucleic acid molecules by targeting particular cells or tissues and/or improving cellular uptake of the nucleic acid molecule. Therefore, even if the activity of a chemically-modified nucleic acid molecule is reduced as compared to a native nucleic acid molecule, for example, when compared to an all-RNA nucleic acid molecule, the overall activity of the modified nucleic acid molecule can be greater than that of the native molecule due to improved stability and/or delivery of the molecule. Unlike native unmodified siNA, chemically-modified siNA can also minimize the possibility of activating interferon activity or immunostimulation in humans. These properties therefore improve upon native siRNA or minimally modified siRNA's ability to mediate RNAi in various in vitro and in vivo settings, including use in both research and therapeutic applications. Applicant describes herein chemically modified siNA molecules with improved RNAi activity compared to corresponding unmodified or minimally modified siRNA molecules. The chemically modified siNA motifs disclosed herein provide the capacity to maintain RNAi activity that is substantially similar to unmodified or minimally modified active siRNA (see for example Elbashir et al., 2001, EMBO J., 20:6877-6888) while at the same time providing nuclease resistance and pharmacoketic properties suitable for use in therapeutic applications.

[0094] In any of the embodiments of siNA molecules described herein, the antisense region of a siNA molecule of the invention can comprise a phosphorothioate internucleoti.de linkage at the 3'-end of said antisense region. In any of the embodiments of siNA molecules described herein, the antisense region can comprise about one to about five phosphorothioate internucleoti.de linkages at the 5'-end of said antisense region. In any of the embodiments of siNA molecules described herein, the 3'-tcrminal nucleotide overhangs of a siNA molecule of the invention can comprise ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides that are chemically- modified at a nucleic acid sugar, base, or backbone. In any of the embodiments of siNA molecules described herein, the 3'-terminal nucleotide overhangs can comprise one or more universal base ribonucleotides. In any of the embodiments of siNA molecules described herein, the 3'-terminal nucleotide overhangs can comprise one or more acyclic nucleotides.

[0095] One embodiment of the invention provides an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one siNA molecule of the invention in a manner that allows expression of the nucleic acid molecule. Another embodiment of the invention provides a mammalian cell comprising such an expression vector. The mammalian cell can be a human cell. The siNA molecule of the expression vector can comprise a sense region and an antisense region. The antisense region can comprise sequence complementary to a RJSfA or DNA sequence encoding a target VEGF and/or VEGFR and the sense region can comprise sequence complementary to the antisense region. The siNA molecule can comprise two distinct strands having complementary sense and antisense regions. The siNA molecule can comprise a single strand having complementary sense and antisense regions.

[0096] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule capable of mediating RNA interference (RNAi) inside a cell or reconstituted in vitro system, wherein the chemical modification comprises one or more {e.g. , about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) nucleotides comprising a backbone modified internucleotide linkage having Formula I: R-i X P Y R₂

W

wherein each Rl and R2 is independently any nucleotide, non-nucleotide, or polynucleotide which can be naturally-occurring or chemically-modified and which can be included in the structure of the siNA molecule or serve as a point of attachment to the siNA molecule, each X and Y is independently O, S, N, alkyl, or substituted alkyl, each Z and W is independently O, S, N, alkyl, substituted alkyl, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, or acetyl and wherein W, X, Y, and Z are optionally not all O. In another embodiment, a backbone modification of the invention comprises a phosphonoacetate and/or thiophosphonoacetate internucleotide linkage (see for example Sheehan et al., 2003, Nucleic Acids Research, 31, 4109-4118).

[0097] The chemically-modified internucleotide linkages having Formula I, for example, wherein any Z, W, X, and/or Y independently comprises a sulphur atom, can be present in one or both oligonucleotide strands of the siNA duplex, for example, in the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. The siNA molecules of the invention can comprise one or more {e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) chemically-modified internucleotide linkages having Formula I at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3' and 5'-ends of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. For example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise about 1 to about 5 or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) chemically-modified internucleotide linkages having Formula I at the 5'-end of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. In another non-limiting example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) pyrrolidine nucleotides with chemically -modified internucleotide linkages having Formula I in the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. In yet another non-limiting example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise one or more (e.g., about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) purine nucleotides with chemically- modified internucleotide linkages having Formula I in the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention having internucleotide linkage(s) of Formula I also comprises a chemically-modified nucleotide or non-nucleotide having any of Formulae 1-VlI. [0098] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule capable of mediating RNA interference (RNAi) inside a cell or reconstituted in vitro system, wherein the chemical modification comprises one or more {e.g. , about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) nucleotides or non-nucleotides having Formula II:

wherein each R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, RlO, RI l and Rl 2 is independently H, OH, alkyl, substituted alkyl alkaryl or aralkyl, F, Cl₅ Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, OCH3, OCN, O-alkyl, S- alkyl, N-alkyl, O-alkenyl, S-alkenyl, N-alkenyl, SO-alkyl, alkyl-OSH, alkyl-OH, O-alkyl- OH₅ O-alkyl-SH, S-alkyl-OH, S-alkyl-SH, alkyl-S -alkyl, alkyl-O-alkyl, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, aminoalkyl, aminoacid, aminoacyl, ONH2, O-aminoalkyl, O-aminoacid, O-aminoacyl, hctcrocycloalkyl, hctcrocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalklylamino, substituted silyl, or a group having any of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI and/or VTI, any of which can be included in the structure of the siNA molecule or serve as a point of attachment to the siNA molecule; R9 is O, S, CH2, S=O, CHF, or CF2, and B is a nucleosidic base such as adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine, thymine, 2-aminoadenosine, 5-methylcytosine, 2,6-diaminopurine, or any other non-naturally occurring base that can be complementary or non-complementary to target RNA or a non-nucleosidic base such as phenyl, naphthyl, 3-nitropyrrole, 5-nitroindole, nebularine, pyridone, pyridinone, or any other non-naturally occurring universal base that can be complementary or non-complementary to target RNA. In one embodiment, R3 and/or R7 comprises a conjugate moiety and a linker (e.g., a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker as described herein or otherwise known in the art). Non-limiting examples of conjugate moieties include ligands for cellular receptors, such as peptides derived from naturally occurring protein ligands; protein localization sequences, including cellular ZIP code sequences; antibodies; nucleic acid aptamers; vitamins and other co-factors, such as folate and N-acetylgalactosamine; polymers, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG); phospholipids; cholesterol; steroids, and polyamines, such as PEI, spermine or spermidine. In one embodiment, a nucleotide of the invention having Formula II is a 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotide. In one embodiment, a nucleotide of the invention having Formula II is a 2'-O- methyl nucleotide. In one embodiment, a nucleotide of the invention having Formula II is a 2'-deoxy nucleotide.

10099J The chemically-modified nucleotide or non-nucleotide of Formula U can be present in one or both oligonucleotide strands of the siNA duplex, for example in the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. The siNA molecules of the invention can comprise one or more chemically-modified nucleotides or non-nucleotides of Formula II at the 3'-end, the 5'-cnd, or both of the 3' and 5'-cnds of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. For example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise about 1 to about 5 or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) chemically-modified nucleotides or non- nucleotides of Formula II at the 5'-end of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. In anther non-limiting example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise about 1 to about 5 or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) chemically-modified nucleotides or non-nucleotides of Formula II at the 3 '-end of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands.

[00100] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule capable of mediating RNA interference (RNAi) inside a cell or reconstituted in vitro system, wherein the chemical modification comprises one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) nucleotides or non-nucleotides having Formula III:

wherein each R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, RlO, RIl and Rl 2 is independently H, OH, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl, F, Cl, Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, OCN, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, N- alkyl, O-alkenyl, S-alkenyl, N-alkenyl, SO-alkyl, alkyl-OSH, alkyl-OH, O-alkyl-OH, O- alkyl-SH, S-alkyl-OH, S-alkyl-SH, alkyl-S-alkyl, alkyl-O-alkyl, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, aminoalkyl, aminoacid, aminoacyl, ONH2, O-aminoalkyl, O-aminoacid, O-aminoacyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalklylamino, substituted silyl, or a group having any of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI and/or VII, any of which can be included in the structure of the siNA molecule or serve as a point of attachment to the siNA molecule; R9 is O, S, CH2, S=O, CHF, or CF2, and B is a nucleosidic base such as adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine, thymine, 2-aminoadenosine, 5-methylcytosine, 2,6-diaminopurine, or any other non-naturally occurring base that can be employed to be complementary or non- complementary to target RNA or a non-nucleosidic base such as phenyl, naphthyl, 3- nitropyrrole, 5-nitroindole, nebularine, pyridone, pyridinone, or any other non-naturally occurring universal base that can be complementary or non-complcmcntary to target RNA. In one embodiment, R3 and/or R7 comprises a conjugate moiety and a linker {e.g., a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker as described herein or otherwise known in the art). Non- limiting examples of conjugate moieties include ligands for cellular receptors, such as peptides derived from naturally occurring protein ligands; protein localization sequences, including cellular ZTP code sequences; antibodies; nucleic acid aptamers; vitamins and other co-factors, such as folate and N-acetylgalactosamine; polymers, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG); phospholipids; cholesterol; steroids, and polyamines, such as PEI, spermine or spermidine.

[00101] The chemically-modified nucleotide or non-nucleotide of Formula TTT can be present in one or both oligonucleotide strands of the siNA duplex, for example, in the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. The siNA molecules of the invention can comprise one or more chemically-modified nucleotides or non-nucleotides of Formula III at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3' and 5'-ends of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. For example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise about 1 to about 5 or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) chemically-modified nucleotide(s) or non-nucleotide(s) of Formula III at the 5'-end of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. In anther non-limiting example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise about 1 to about 5 or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) chemically-modified nucleotide or non-nucleotide of Formula III at the 3'-end of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands.

[00102] In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises a nucleotide having Formula II or III, wherein the nucleotide having Formula II or III is in an inverted configuration. For example, the nucleotide having Formula II or III is connected to the siNA construct in a 3'-3', 3 '-2', 2'-3', or 5 -5' configuration, such as at the 3 '-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3' and 5'-ends of one or both siNA strands.

[00103] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule capable of mediating RNA interference (RMAi) inside a cell or reconstituted in vitro system, wherein the chemical modification comprises a 5'-terminal phosphate group having Formula IV:

wherein each X and Y is independently O, S, N, alkyl, substituted alkyl, or alkylhalo; wherein each Z and W is independently O, S, N, alkyl, substituted alkyl, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkylhalo, or acetyl; and wherein W, X, Y and Z are optionally not all O and Y serves as a point of attachment to the siNA molecule.

[00104] In one embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule having a 5'-terminal phosphate group having Formula TV on the target VEGF and/or VEGFR-complementary strand, for example, a strand complementary to a target VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA, wherein the siNA molecule comprises an all RNA siNA molecule. In another embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule having a 5'-terminal phosphate group having Formula IV on the target VEGF and/or VEGFR-complementary strand wherein the siNA molecule also comprises about 1 to about 3 {e.g., about 1, 2, or 3) nucleotide 3 '-terminal nucleotide overhangs having about 1 to about 4 {e.g., about 1, 2, 3, or 4) deoxyribonucleotides on the 3'- end of one or both strands. In another embodiment, a 5'-terminal phosphate group having Formula IV is present on the target VEGF and/or VEGFR-complementary strand of a siNA molecule of the invention, for example a siNA molecule having chemical modifications having any of Formulae I- VII.

[00105] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule capable of mediating RNA interference (RNAi) inside a cell or reconstituted in vitro system, wherein the chemical modification comprises one or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages. For example, in a non-limiting example, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) having about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more phosphorothioate interαucleotide linkages in one siNA strand. In yet another embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) individually having about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages in both siNA strands. The phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages can be present in one or both oligonucleotide strands of the siNA duplex, for example in the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. The siNA molecules of the invention can comprise one or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3'- and 5 '-ends of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. For example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise about 1 to about 5 or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) consecutive phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at the 5 '-end of the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. In another non-limiting example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise one or more (e.g., about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) pyrimidine phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages in the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands. In yet another non- limiting example, an exemplary siNA molecule of the invention can comprise one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) purine phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages in the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands.

[00106] Each strand of the double stranded siNA molecule can have one or more chemical modifications such that each strand comprises a different pattern of chemical modifications. Several non-limiting examples of modification schemes that could give rise to different patterns of modifications are provided herein.

[00107] In one embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule, "wherein the sense strand comprises one or more, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy and/or about one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) universal base modified nucleotides, and optionally a terminal cap molecule at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends of the sense strand; and wherein the antisense strand comprises about 1 to about 10 or more, specifically about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro., T- O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) universal base modified nucleotides, and optionally a terminal cap molecule at the 3 '-end, the 5 '-end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends of the antisense strand. In another embodiment, one or more, for example about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more, pyrimidine nucleotides of the sense and/or antisense siNA strand are chemically-modified with 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio and/or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides, with or without one or more, for example about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more, phosphorothioatc intcrnuclcotidc linkages and/or a terminal cap molecule at the 3 '-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends, being present in the same or different strand.

[00108] In another embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule, wherein the sense strand comprises about 1 to about 5, specifically about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 phosphorothioate internucleoti.de linkages, and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) 2'-deoxy, 2'-O- methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, 2'-O- difiuoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) universal base modified nucleotides, and optionally a terminal cap molecule at the 3-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends of the sense strand; and wherein the antisense strand comprises about 1 to about 5 or more, specifically about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) universal base modified nucleotides, and optionally a terminal cap molecule at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends of the antisense strand. In another embodiment, one or more, for example about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more, pyrimidine nucleotides of the sense and/or antisense siNA strand are chemically-modified with 2'-dcoxy, 2'-O-mcthyl, 2'-O-trifluoromcthyl, 2'-O-cthyl-trifluoromcthoxy, 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio and/or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides, with or without about 1 to about 5 or more, for example about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages and/or a terminal cap molecule at the 3 '-end, the 5 '-end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends, being present in the same or different strand.

[00109] In one embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule, wherein the antisense strand comprises one or more, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, and/or about one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2^t-fluoro, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O- ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) universal base modified nucleotides, and optionally a terminal cap molecule at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends of the sense strand; and wherein the antisense strand comprises about 1 to about 10 or more, specifically about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy- 2'-fluoro, 2'-O-trifluoromcthyl, 2'-O-cthyl-trifluoromcthoxy, 2'-O-difluoromcthoxy-cthoxy, 4'-thio and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) universal base modified nucleotides, and optionally a terminal cap molecule at the 3 '-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends of the antisense strand. In another embodiment, one or more, for example about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more pyrimidine nucleotides of the sense and/or antisense siNA strand are chemically-modified with 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-tri£luoromethoxy, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio and/or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides, with or without one or more, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9, 10 or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages and/or a terminal cap molecule at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3' and 5'-ends, being present in the same or different strand.

[00110] In another embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule, wherein the antisense strand comprises about 1 to about 5 or more, specifically about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8, 9, 10 or more) 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-O-trifiuoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy_:, 4'-thio and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2,

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) universal base modified nucleotides, and optionally a terminal cap molecule at the 3'-cnd, the 5'-cnd, or both of the 3'- and 5'-cnds of the sense strand; and wherein the antisense strand comprises about 1 to about 5 or more, specifically about 1, 2, 3,

4, 5 or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy_!1 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio and/or one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) universal base modified nucleotides, and optionally a terminal cap molecule at the 3 '-end, the 5 '-end, or both of the 3'- and 5 '-ends of the antisense strand. In another embodiment, one or more, for example about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,

9, 10 or more pyrimidine nucleotides of the sense and/or antisense siNA strand are chemically-modified with 2'-deoxy, 2'-O-methyl, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy, 4'-thio and/or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides, with or without about 1 to about 5, for example about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages and/or a terminal cap molecule at the 3'-end, the 5'- end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends, being present in the same or different strand.

[00111] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule having about 1 to about 5 or more (specifically about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more) phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages in each strand of the siNA molecule.

[00112] In another embodiment, the invention features a siNA molecule comprising 2'-5' internucleotide linkages. The 2'-5' internucleotide linkage(s) can be at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3'- and 5'-ends of one or both siNA sequence strands. In addition, the 2'-5' internucleotide linkagc(s) can be present at various other positions within one or both siNA sequence strands, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more including every internucleotide linkage of a pyrimidine nucleotide in one or both strands of the siNA molecule can comprise a 2'-5' internucleotide linkage, or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more including every internucleotide linkage of a purine nucleotide in one or both strands of the siNA molecule can comprise a 2'-5' internucleotide linkage.

[00113] In another embodiment, a chemically-modified siNA molecule of the invention comprises a duplex having two strands, one or both of which can be chemically-modified, wherein each strand is independently about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides in length, wherein the duplex has about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) base pairs, and wherein the chemical modification comprises a structure having any of Formulae I-VII. For example, an exemplary chemically-modified siNA molecule of the invention comprises a duplex having two strands, one or both of which can be chemically- modified with a chemical modification having any of Formulae I-VII or any combination thereof, wherein each strand consists of about 21 nucleotides, each having a 2-nucleotide 3'- terminal nucleotide overhang, and wherein the duplex has about 19 base pairs. In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises a single stranded hairpin structure, wherein the siNA is about 36 to about 70 (e.g., about 36, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70) nucleotides in length having about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) base pairs, and wherein the siNA can include a chemical modification comprising a structure having any of Formulae I- VII or any combination thereof. For example, an exemplary chemically-modified siNA molecule of the invention comprises a linear oligonucleotide having about 42 to about 50 (e.g., about 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50) nucleotides that is chemically-modified with a chemical modification having any of Formulae I-VII or any combination thereof, wherein the linear oligonucleotide forms a hairpin structure having about 19 to about 21 (e.g. , 19, 20, or 21) base pairs and a 2- nucleotide 3 '-terminal nucleotide overhang. In another embodiment, a linear hairpin siNA molecule of the invention contains a stem loop motif, wherein the loop portion of the siNA molecule is biodegradable. For example, a linear hairpin siNA molecule of the invention is designed such that degradation of the loop portion of the siNA molecule in vivo can generate a double-stranded siNA molecule with 3'-terminal overhangs, such as 3'-terminal nucleotide overhangs comprising about 2 nucleotides.

[00114] In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises a hairpin structure, wherein the siNA is about 25 to about 50 (e.g., about 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50) nucleotides in length having about 3 to about 25 (e.g., about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, or 25) base pairs, and wherein the siNA can include one or more chemical modifications comprising a structure having any of Formulae I-VII or any combination thereof. For example, an exemplary chemically-modified siNA molecule of the invention comprises a linear oligonucleotide having about 25 to about 35 (e.g., about 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, or 35) nucleotides that is chemically-modified with one or more chemical modifications having any of Formulae I-VII or any combination thereof, wherein the linear oligonucleotide forms a hairpin structure having about 3 to about 25 (e.g., about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) base pairs and a 5'- tcrminal phosphate group that can be chemically modified as described herein (for example a 5'-termmal phosphate group having Formula IV). In another embodiment, a linear hairpin siNA molecule of the invention contains a stem loop motif, wherein the loop portion of the siNA molecule is biodegradable. In one_^embodiment, a linear hairpin siNA molecule of the invention comprises a loop portion comprising a non-nucleotide linker.

[00115] In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises an asymmetric hairpin structure, wherein the siNA is about 25 to about 50 (e.g., about 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50) nucleotides in length having about 3 to about 25 (e.g., about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,

14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) base pairs, and wherein the siNA can include one or more chemical modifications comprising a structure having any of Formulae I-VII or any combination thereof. For example, an exemplary chemically-modified siNA molecule of the invention comprises a linear oligonucleotide having about 25 to about 35 (e.g., about 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, or 35) nucleotides that is chemically-modified with one or more chemical modifications having any of Formulae I-VII or any combination thereof, wherein the linear oligonucleotide forms an asymmetric hairpin structure having about 3 to about 25 (e.g., about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) base pairs and a 5 '-terminal phosphate group that can be chemically modified as described herein (for example a 5 '-terminal phosphate group having Formula IV). In one embodiment, an asymmetric hairpin siNA molecule of the invention contains a stem loop motif, wherein the loop portion of the siNA molecule is biodegradable. Tn another embodiment, an asymmetric hairpin siNA molecule of the invention comprises a loop portion comprising a non-nucleotide linker.

[00116] In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises an asymmetric double stranded structure having separate polynucleotide strands comprising sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region is about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about

15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides in length, wherein the sense region is about 3 to about 25 (e.g., about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) nucleotides in length, wherein the sense region and the antisense region have at least 3 complementary nucleotides, and wherein the siNA can include one or more chemical modifications comprising a structure having any of Formulae I- VII or any combination thereof. For example, an exemplary chemically-modified siNA molecule of the invention comprises an asymmetric double stranded structure having separate polynucleotide strands comprising sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region is about 18 to about 23 (e.g., about 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23) nucleotides in length and wherein the sense region is about 3 to about 15 (e.g., about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15) nucleotides in length, wherein the sense region the antisense region have at least 3 complementary nucleotides, and "wherein the siNA can include one or more chemical modifications comprising a structure having any of Formulae I-VII or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the asymmetric double stranded siNA molecule can also have a 5 '-terminal phosphate group that can be chemically modified as described herein (for example a 5'-terminal phosphate group having Formula IV).

[00117] In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises a circular nucleic acid molecule, wherein the siNA is about 38 to about 70 (e.g., about 38, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70) nucleotides in length having about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) base pairs, and wherein the siNA can include a chemical modification, which comprises a structure having any of Formulae I-VII or any combination thereof. For example, an exemplary chemically-modified siNA molecule of the invention comprises a circular oligonucleotide having about 42 to about 50 (e.g., about 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50) nucleotides that is chemically-modified with a chemical modification having any of Formulae I-VII or any combination thereof, wherein the circular oligonucleotide forms a dumbbell shaped structure having about 19 base pairs and 2 loops.

[00118] In another embodiment, a circular siNA molecule of the invention contains two loop motifs, wherein one or both loop portions of the siNA molecule is biodegradable. For example, a circular siNA molecule of the invention is designed such that degradation of the loop portions of the siNA molecule in vivo can generate a double-stranded siNA molecule with 3'-terminal overhangs, such as 3'-terminal nucleotide overhangs comprising about 2 nucleotides.

[00119] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises at least one (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) abasic moiety, for example a compound having Formula V:

wherein each R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, RlO, RIl, R12, and R13 is independently H, OH, alky], substituted alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl, F, Cl, Br₅ CN, CF3, OCF3, OCH3, OCN, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, N-alkyl, O-alkenyl, S-alkenyl, N-alkenyl, SO-alkyl, alkyl-OSH, alkyl-OH, O-alkyl- OH, O-alkyl-SH, S-alkyl-OH, S-alkyl-SH, alkyl-S-alkyl, alkyl-O-alkyl, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, aminoalkyl, aminoacid, aminoacyl, ONH2, O-aminoalkyl, O-aminoacid, O-aminoacyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalklylamino, substituted silyl, or a group having any of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI and/or VII, any of which can be included in the structure of the siNA molecule or serve as a point of attachment to the siNA molecule; R9 is O₅ S, CH2, S=O, CHF, or CF2. In one embodiment, R3 and/or R7 comprises a conjugate moiety and a linker (e.g., a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker as described herein or otherwise known in the art). Non-limiting examples of conjugate moieties include ligands for cellular receptors, such as peptides derived from naturally occurring protein ligands; protein localization sequences, including cellular ZIP code sequences; antibodies; nucleic acid aptamers; vitamins and other co-factors, such as folate and N-acetylgalactosamine; polymers, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG); phospholipids; cholesterol; steroids, and polyamines, such as PET, spermine or spermidine.

[00120] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises at least one (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) inverted abasic moiety, for example a compound having Formula VI:

wherein each R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, RlO, RI l, R12, and R13 is independently H, OH, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl, F, Cl, Br₅ CN, CF3, OCF3, OCH3, OCN₅ O-alkyl, S-alkyl, N-alkyl, O-alkenyl, S-alkenyl, N-alkenyl, SO-alkyl, alkyl-OSH, alkyi-OH, O-alkyl- OH, O-alkyl-SH, S-aLkyl-OH, S-alkyl-SH, alkyl-S-alkyl, alkyl-O-alkyl, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, aminoalkyl, aminoacid, aminoacyl, 0NH2, O-aminoalkyl, O-aminoacid, O-aminoacyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalklylamino, substituted silyl, or a group having any of Formula 1, II, 111, IV, V, Vl and/or VIl, any of which can be included in the structure of the siNA molecule or serve as a point of attachment to the siNA molecule; R9 is O, S, CH2, S=O, CHF, or CF2, and either R2, R3, R8 or Rl 3 serve as points of attachment to the siNA molecule of the invention. In one embodiment, R3 and/or R7 comprises a conjugate moiety and a linker (e.g., a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker as described herein or otherwise known in the art). Non-limiting examples of conjugate moieties include ligands for cellular receptors, such as peptides derived from naturally occurring protein ligands; protein localization sequences, including cellular ZIP code sequences; antibodies; nucleic acid aptamers; vitamins and other co-factors, such as folate and N-acetylgalactosamine; polymers, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG); phospholipids; cholesterol; steroids, and polyamines, such as PEI, spermine or spermidine.

[00121] In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises at least one (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) substituted polyalkyl moieties, for example a compound having Formula VII:

wherein each n is independently an integer from 1 to 12, each Rl , R2 and R3 is independently H, OH, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl, F, Cl, Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, OCH3, OCN, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, N-alkyl, O-alkenyl, S-alkenyl, N-alkenyl, SO-alkyl, alkyl- OSH, alkyl-OH, O-alkyl-OH, O-alkyl-SH, S-alkyl-OH, S-alkyl-SH, alkyl-S-alkyl, alkyl-O- alkyl, ONO2, NO2, N3, NH2, aminoalkyl, aminoacid, aminoacyl, ONH2, O-aminoalkyl, O- aminoacid, O-aminoacyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalklylamino, substituted silyl, or a group having any of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI and/or VII, any of which can be included in the structure of the siNA molecule or serve as a point of attachment to the siNA molecule. In one embodiment, R3 and/or Rl comprises a conjugate moiety and a linker (e.g., a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker as described herein or otherwise known in the art). Non-limiting examples of conjugate moieties include ligands for cellular receptors, such as peptides derived from naturally occurring protein ligands; protein localization sequences, including cellular ZIP code sequences; antibodies; nucleic acid aptamers; vitamins and other co-factors, such as folate and N-acetylgalactosamine; polymers, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG); phospholipids; cholesterol; steroids, and polyamines, such as PEI, spermine or spermidine. [00122] By "ZIP code" sequences is meant, any peptide or protein sequence that is involved in cellular topogenic signaling mediated transport (see for example Ray et al., 2004, Science, 306(1501): 1505).

10100J Each nucleotide within the double stranded siNA molecule can independently have a chemical modification comprising the structure of any of Formulae I-VIII. Thus, in one embodiment, one or more nucleotide positions of a siNA molecule of the invention comprises a chemical modification having structure of any of Formulae I- VII or any other modification herein. In one embodiment, each nucleotide position of a siNA molecule of the invention comprises a chemical modification having structure of any of Formulae I- VII or any other modification herein.

[0101] In one embodiment, one or more nucleotide positions of one or both strands of a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises a chemical modification having structure of any of Formulae 1-VII or any other modification herein. In one embodiment, each nucleotide position of one or both strands of a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises a chemical modification having structure of any of Formulae I- VII or any other modification herein.

[0102] In another embodiment, the invention features a compound having Formula VII, wherein Rl and R2 are hydroxyl (OH) groups, n = 1, and R3 comprises O and is the point of attachment to the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3' and 5'-ends of one or both strands of a double-stranded siNA molecule of the invention or to a single-stranded siNA molecule of the invention. This modification is referred to herein as "glyceryl" (for example modification 6 in Figure 10).

[0103] In another embodiment, a chemically modified nucleoside or non-nucleoside (e.g. a moiety having any of Formula V, VI or VII) of the invention is at the 3 '-end, the 5 '-end, or both of the 3' and 5'-ends of a siNA molecule of the invention. For example, chemically modified nucleoside or non-nucleoside (e.g., a moiety having Formula V, VI or VII) can be present at the 3 '-end, the 5 '-end, or both of the 3' and 5 '-ends of the antisense strand, the sense strand, or both antisense and sense strands of the siNA molecule. In one embodiment, the chemically modified nucleoside or non-nucleoside (e.g., a moiety having Formula V, VI or VII) is present at the 5 '-end and 3 '-end of the sense strand and the 3 '-end of the antisense strand of a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention. In one embodiment, the chemically modified nucleoside or non-nucleoside (e.g., a moiety having Formula V, VI or VII) is present at the terminal position of the 5"-end and 3'-end of the sense strand and the 3'- end of the antisense strand of a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention. In one embodiment, the chemically modified nucleoside or non-nucleoside (e.g., a moiety having Formula V, VI or VII) is present at the two terminal positions of the 5 '-end and 3 '-end of the sense strand and the 3 '-end of the antisense strand of a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention. In one embodiment, the chemically modified nucleoside or non-nucleoside (e.g., a moiety having Formula V, VI or VII) is present at the penultimate position of the 5 '-end and 3 '-end of the sense strand and the 3 '-end of the antisense strand of a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention. In addition, a moiety having Formula VII can be present at the 3'- end or the 5'-end of a hairpin siNA molecule as described herein.

[0104] In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises an abasic residue having Formula V or VI, wherein the abasic residue having Formula VI or VI is connected to the siNA construct in a 3'-3', 3'-2', 2'-3', or 5'-5' configuration, such as at the 3'- end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3' and 5'-ends of one or both siNA strands.

[0105] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more (e.g., about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotides, for example, at the 5 '-end, the 3 '-end, both of the 5' and 3 '-ends, or any combination thereof, of the siNA molecule.

[0106] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more (e.g., about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) 4'-thio nucleotides, for example, at the 5'-end, the 3'-end, both of the 5' and 3'-ends, or any combination thereof, of the siNA molecule.

[0107] In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) acyclic nucleotides, for example, at the 5'-end, the 3'-end, both of the 5' and 3'-ends, or any combination thereof, of the siNA molecule.

[0108] In one embodiment, a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprises a sense strand or sense region having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 11, 12, 13 ,14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more) 2'-O-alkyl (e.g. 2'-O-methyl), 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-deoxy, FANA, or abasic chemical modifications or any combination thereof. [0109] In one embodiment, a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprises an antisense strand or antisense region having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 11, 12, 13 ,14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more) 2'-O-alkyl (e.g. 2'-O-methyl), 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-deoxy, FANA, or abasic chemical modifications or any combination thereof.

[0110] In one embodiment, a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprises a sense strand or sense region and an antisense strand or antisense region, each having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 11, 12, 13 ,14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more) 2'-O-alkyl (e.g. 2'-O- methyl), 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-deoxy, FANA, or abasic chemical modifications or any combination thereof.

[0111] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising a sense region, wherein any {e.g., one or more or all) pyrrolidine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides {e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides).

[0112] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically -modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising a sense region, wherein any {e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense region are FANA pyrimidine nucleotides {e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are FANA pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are FANA pyrimidine nucleotides).

[0113] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising an antisense region, wherein any {e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-deoxy- 2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides {e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'- fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides).

[0114] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising a sense region and an antisense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense region and the antisense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides).

[0115] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising a sense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the sense region arc 2'-dcoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides).

[0116] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising an antisense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-O-methyl purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl purine nucleotides).

[0117] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising a sense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides), and wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides).

[0118] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising a sense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'- thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), and wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides), wherein any nucleotides comprising a 3'-terminal nucleotide overhang that are present in said sense region are T- dcoxy nucleotides.

[0119] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising a sense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'- thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), and wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-O-methyl purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difiuoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides).

[0120] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising a sense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'- thio, 2'-O-trifluoromcthyl, 2'-0-cthyl-trifluoromcthoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromcthoxy-cthoxy pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-O-methyl, 4'- thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-O- methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy- ethoxy purine nucleotides), and wherein any nucleotides comprising a 3'-terminal nucleotide overhang that arc present in said sense region arc 2'-dcoxy nucleotides.

[0121] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising an antisense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-deoxy- 2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-emyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-0-TrIfIuOrOmCAyI₃ 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), and wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl., 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-O- methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy- ethoxy purine nucleotides).

[0122] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising an antisense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-deoxy- 2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromcthoxy-cthoxy pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides arc 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoroniethoxy, or 2'-O-di£luoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-O- methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy- cthoxy purine nucleotides), and wherein any nucleotides comprising a 3'-tcrminal nucleotide overhang that are present in said antisense region are 2'-deoxy nucleotides.

[0123] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising an antisense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-deoxy- 2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'~deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifIuoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), and wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides).

[0124] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprising an antisense region, wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) pyrimidine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-deoxy- 2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromcthoxy-cthoxy pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ic. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifiuoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), and wherein any (e.g., one or more or all) purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluorometh.oxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl~trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-O- methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy- ethoxy purine nucleotides).

[0125] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention capable of mediating RNA interference (RNAi) inside a cell or reconstituted in vitro system comprising a sense region, wherein one or more pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro, 4'-thio, 2'- O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifiuoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifiuoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'- deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), and one or more purine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are T- deoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides), and an antisense region, wherein one or more pyrimidine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifiuoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of pyrimidine nucleotides are T- dcoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromcthyl, 2'-0-cthyl-trifiuoromcthoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), and one or more purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl₅ 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifiuoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difmoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides). The sense region and/or the antisense region can have a terminal cap modification, such as any modification described herein or shown in Figure 10, that is optionally present at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3' and 5'-ends of the sense and/or antisense sequence. The sense and/or antisense region can optionally further comprise a 3'- terminal nucleotide overhang having about 1 to about 4 (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, or 4) T- deoxynucleotides. The overhang nucleotides can further comprise one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4 or more) phosphorothioate, phosphonoacetate, and/or thiophosphonoacetate internucleotide linkages. Non-limiting examples of these chemically-modified siNAs are shown in Figures 4 and 5 and Table III herein. In any of these described embodiments, the purine nucleotides present in the sense region are alternatively 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality of purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides) and one or more purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-O- methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifiuoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy- ethoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-O- methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy- ethoxy purine nucleotides). Also, in any of these embodiments, one or more purine nucleotides present in the sense region are alternatively purine ribonucleotides (e.g. , wherein all purine nucleotides are purine ribonucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are purine ribonucleotides) and any purine nucleotides present in the antisense region arc 2'-O-mcthyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromcthyl, 2'-O-cthyl-trifluoromcthoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides). Additionally, in any of these embodiments, one or more purine nucleotides present in the sense region and/or present in the antisense region are alternatively selected from the group consisting of 2'- deoxy nucleotides, locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotides, 2'-methoxyethyl nucleotides, 4'- thionucleotides, 2'-O-trifiuoromethyl nucleotides, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy nucleotides, 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy nucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are selected from the group consisting of 2'-deoxy nucleotides, locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotides, 2'-methoxyethyl nucleotides, 4'-thionucleotides, 2'-O- trifluoromethyl nucleotides, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy nucleotides, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy- ethoxy nucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides or alternately a plurality (ie. more than one) of purine nucleotides are selected from the group consisting of 2'-deoxy nucleotides, locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotides, 2'-methoxyethyl nucleotides, 4'-thionucleotides, 2'-O- trifluoromcthyl nucleotides, 2'-O-cthyl-trifluoromcthoxy nucleotides, 2'-O-difluoromcthoxy- ethoxy nucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides).

[0126] In another embodiment, any modified nucleotides present in the siNA molecules of the invention, preferably in the antisense strand of the siNA molecules of the invention, but also optionally in the sense and/or both antisense and sense strands, comprise modified nucleotides having properties or characteristics similar to naturally occurring ribonucleotides. For example, the invention features siNA molecules including modified nucleotides having a Northern conformation (e.g., Northern pseudorotation cycle, see for example Saenger, Principles of Nucleic Add Structure, Springer- Verlag ed., 1984) otherwise known as a "ribo- like" or "A-form helix" configuration. As such, chemically modified nucleotides present in the siNA molecules of the invention, preferably in the antisense strand of the siNA molecules of the invention, but also optionally in the sense and/or both antisense and sense strands, are resistant to nuclease degradation while at the same time maintaining the capacity to mediate RNAi. Non-limiting examples of nucleotides having a northern configuration include locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotides (e.g., 2'-O, 4'-C-methylene-(D-ribofuranosyl) nucleotides); 2'-methoxyethoxy (MOE) nucleotides; 2'-methyl-thio-ethyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-chloro nucleotides, 2'-azido nucleotides, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl nucleotides, 2'-O- cthyl-trifluoromcthoxy nucleotides, 2'-O-difluoromcthoxy-cthoxy nucleotides, 4'-thio nucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides.

[0127] In one embodiment, the sense strand of a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises a terminal cap moiety, (see for example Figure 10) such as an inverted dcoxyabaisc moiety, at the 3 '-end, 5 '-end, or both 3' and 5 '-ends of the sense strand.

[0128] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid molecule (siNA) capable of mediating RNA interference (RNAi) inside a cell or reconstituted in vitro system, wherein the chemical modification comprises a conjugate covalently attached to the chemically-modified siNA molecule. Non-limiting examples of conjugates contemplated by the invention include conjugates and ligands described in Vargeese et ah, USSN 10/427,160, filed April 30, 2003, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including the drawings. In another embodiment, the conjugate is covalently attached to the chemically-modified siNA molecule via a biodegradable linker. In one embodiment, the conjugate molecule is attached at the 3'-end of either the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands of the chemically-modified siNA molecule. In another embodiment, the conjugate molecule is attached at the 5 '-end of cither the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands of the chemically-modified siNA molecule. In yet another embodiment, the conjugate molecule is attached both the 3'-end and 5'-end of either the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands of the chemically-modified siNA molecule, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, a conjugate molecule of the invention comprises a molecule that facilitates delivery of a chemically-modified siNA molecule into a biological system, such as a cell. In another embodiment, the conjugate molecule attached to the chemically-modified siNA molecule is a ligand for a cellular receptor, such as peptides derived from naturally occurring protein ligands; protein localization sequences, including cellular ZIP code sequences; antibodies; nucleic acid aptamers; vitamins and other co-factors, such as folate and N-acerylgalactosamine; polymers, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG); phospholipids; cholesterol; steroids, and polyamines, such as PEI, spermine or spermidine. Examples of specific conjugate molecules contemplated by the instant invention that can be attached to chemically-modified siNA molecules are described in Vargeese et ah, U.S. Serial No. 10/201,394, filed July 22, 2002 incorporated by reference herein. The type of conjugates used and the extent of conjugation of siNA molecules of the invention can be evaluated for improved pharmacokinetic profiles, bioavailability, and/or stability of siNA constructs while at the same time maintaining the ability of the siNA to mediate RNAi activity. As such, one skilled in the art can screen siNA constructs that are modified with various conjugates to determine whether the siNA conjugate complex possesses improved properties while maintaining the ability to mediate RNAi, for example in animal models as are generally known in the art.

[0129] In one embodiment, the invention features a short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention, wherein the siNA further comprises a nucleotide, non-nucleotide, or mixed nucleotide/non-nucleotide linker that joins the sense region of the siNA to the antisense region of the siNA. In one embodiment, a nucleotide, non-nucleotide, or mixed nucleotide/non-nucleotide linker is used, for example, to attach a conjugate moiety to the siNA. In one embodiment, a nucleotide linker of the invention can be a linker of > 2 nucleotides in length, for example about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the nucleotide linker can be a nucleic acid aptamer. By "aptamer" or "nucleic acid aptamer" as used herein is meant a nucleic acid molecule that binds specifically to a target VEGF and/or VEGFR molecule wherein the nucleic acid molecule has sequence that comprises a sequence recognized by the target VEGF and/or VEGFR molecule in its natural setting. Alternately, an aptamer can be a nucleic acid molecule that binds to a target VEGF and/or VEGFR molecule where the target VEGF and/or VEGFR molecule does not naturally bind to a nucleic acid. The target VEGF and/or VEGFR molecule can be any molecule of interest. For example, the aptamer can be used to bind to a ligand-binding domain of a protein, thereby preventing interaction of the naturally occurring ligand with the protein. This is a non-limiting example and those in the art will recognize that other embodiments can be readily generated using techniques generally known in the art. (See, for example, Gold et al, 1995, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 64, 763; Brody and Gold, 2000, J. Biotechnol, 74, 5; Sun, 2000, Curr. Opin. MoI. Ther., 2, 100; Kusser, 2000, J. BiotechnoL, 74, 27; Hermann and Patel, 2000, Science, 287, 820; and Jayasena, 1999, Clinical Chemistry, 45, 1628.)

[0130] In yet another embodiment, a non-nucleotide linker of the invention comprises abasic nucleotide, polyether, polyamine, polyamide, peptide, carbohydrate, lipid, polyhydrocarbon, or other polymeric compounds {e.g. polyethylene glycols such as those having between 2 and 100 ethylene glycol units). Specific examples include those described by Seela and Kaiser, Nucleic Acids Res. 1990, 75:6353 and Nucleic Acids Res. 1987, 75:3113; Cload and Schepartz, J. Am. Chan. Soc. 1991, 113:6324; Richardson and Schepartz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 775:5109; Ma et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 27:2585 and Biochemistry 1993, 52:1751; Durand et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 1990, 7£:6353; McCurdy et al, Nucleosides & Nucleotides 1991, 70:287; Jschke et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 54:301; Ono et al, Biochemistiy 1991, 30:9914; Arnold et al, International Publication No. WO 89/02439; Usman et al, International Publication No. WO 95/06731; Dudycz et al, International Publication No. WO 95/11910 and Ferentz and Verdine, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 775:4000, all hereby incorporated by reference herein. A "non-nucleotide" further means any group or compound that can be incorporated into a nucleic acid chain in the place of one or more nucleotide units, including either sugar and/or phosphate substitutions, and allows the remaining bases to exhibit their enzymatic activity. The group or compound can be abasic in that it does not contain a commonly recognized nucleotide base, such as adenosine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine, for example at the Cl position of the sugar.

10131] In one embodiment, the invention features a short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule capable of mediating RNA interference (RNAi) inside a cell or reconstituted in vitro system, wherein one or both strands of the siNA molecule that are assembled from two separate oligonucleotides do not comprise any ribonucleotides. For example, a siNA molecule can be assembled from a single oligonculcotidc where the sense and antiscnsc regions of the siNA comprise separate oligonucleotides that do not have any ribonucleotides {e.g., nucleotides having a 2'-OH group) present in the oligonucleotides. In another example, a siNA molecule can be assembled from a single oligonculeotide where the sense and antisense regions of the siNA are linked or circularized by a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker as described herein, wherein the oligonucleotide does not have any ribonucleotides (e.g., nucleotides having a 2'-OH group) present in the oligonucleotide. Applicant has surprisingly found that the presense of ribonucleotides (e.g., nucleotides having a 2'-hydroxyl group) within the siNA molecule is not required or essential to support RNAi activity. As such, in one embodiment, all positions within the siNA can include chemically modified nucleotides and/or non-nucleotides such as nucleotides and or non-nucleotides having Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII or any combination thereof to the extent that the ability of the siNA molecule to support RNAi activity in a cell is maintained.

[0132J In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is a single stranded siNA molecule that mediates RNAi activity in a cell or reconstituted in vitro system comprising a single stranded polynucleotide having complementarity to a target VEGF and/or VEGFR nucleic acid sequence. In another embodiment, the single stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises a 5 '-terminal phosphate group. In another embodiment, the single stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises a 5 '-terminal phosphate group and a 3'- terminal phosphate group (e.g., a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate). In another embodiment, the single stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides. In yet another embodiment, the single stranded siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more chemically modified nucleotides or non-nucleotides described herein. For example, all the positions within the siNA molecule can include chemically-modified nucleotides such as nucleotides having any of Formulae I-VTI, or any combination thereof to the extent that the ability of the siNA molecule to support RKTAi activity in a cell is maintained.

[0133] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is a single stranded siNA molecule that mediates RNAi activity or that alternately modulates RNAi activity in a cell or reconstituted in vitro system comprising a single stranded polynucleotide having complementarity to a target VEGF and/or VEGFR nucleic acid sequence, wherein one or more pyrimidine nucleotides present in the siNA are 2'-deoxy-2'-fIuoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifluorornethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-rrifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides {e.g., wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O- trifiuoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidrne nucleotides or alternately a plurality of pyrimidine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'- thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy pyrimidine nucleotides), and wherein any purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are 2'-O-methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O- difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides {e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-O- methyl, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-0-difluoromethoxy- ethoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality of purine nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl, 4'- thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, or 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy purine nucleotides), and a terminal cap modification, such as any modification described herein or shown in Figure 10, that is optionally present at the 3'-end, the 5'-end, or both of the 3' and 5'-ends of the antisense sequence. The siNA optionally further comprises about 1 to about 4 or more {e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4 or more) terminal 2'-deoxynucleotides at the 3 '-end of the siNA molecule, wherein the terminal nucleotides can further comprise one or more {e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more) phosphorothioate, phosphonoacetate, and/or thiophosphonoacetate internucleotide linkages, and wherein the siNA optionally further comprises a terminal phosphate group, such as a 5 '-terminal phosphate group. In any of these embodiments, any purine nucleotides present in the antisense region are alternatively 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides {e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality of purine nucleotides are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides). Also, in any of these embodiments, any purine nucleotides present in the siNA (i.e., purine nucleotides present in the sense and/or antisense region) can alternatively be locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotides {e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are LNA nucleotides or alternately a plurality of purine nucleotides are LNA nucleotides). Also, in any of these embodiments, any purine nucleotides present in the siNA are alternatively 2'-methoxyethyl purine nucleotides (e.g., wherein all purine nucleotides are 2'-methoxyethyl purine nucleotides or alternately a plurality of purine nucleotides are 2'-methoxyethyl purine nucleotides). In another embodiment, any modified nucleotides present in the single stranded siNA molecules of the invention comprise modified nucleotides having properties or characteristics similar to naturally occurring ribonucleotides. For example, the invention features siNA molecules including modified nucleotides having a Northern conformation (e.g., Northern pscudorotation cycle, sec for example Sacngcr, Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, Springer- Verlag ed., 1984). As such, chemically modified nucleotides present in the single stranded siNA molecules of the invention are preferably resistant to nuclease degradation while at the same time maintaining the capacity to mediate RNAi.

[0134] In one embodiment, a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprises a sense strand or sense region having two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 11, 12, 13 ,14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more) 2'-O-alkyl (e.g. 2'-O-methyl) modifications or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the 2'-O-alkyl modification is at alternating position in the sense strand or sense region of the siNA, such as position 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 etc. or position 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 etc.

[0135] In one embodiment, a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprises an antisense strand or antisense region having two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 11, 12, 13 ,14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more) 2'-O-alkyl (e.g. 2'-O-methyl) modifications or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the 2'-O-alkyl modification is at alternating position in the antisense strand or antisense region of the siNA, such as position 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 etc. or position 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 etc.

[0136] In one embodiment, a chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule of the invention comprises a sense strand or sense region and an antisense strand or antisense region, each having two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 11, 12, 13 ,14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more) 2'-O-alkyl (e.g. V-O- methyl), 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 2'-deoxy, or abasic chemical modifications or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the 2'-O-alkyl modification is at alternating position in the sense strand or sense region of the siNA, such as position 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 etc. or position 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 etc. In another embodiment, the 2'-O-alkyl modification is at alternating position in the antisense strand or antisense region of the siNA, such as position 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 etc. or position 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 etc.

[0137] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises chemically modified nucleotides or non-nucleotides {e.g., having any of Formulae I- VII, such as 2'- deoxy, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifiuoromethoxy, 2'-O- difluoromcthoxy-cthoxy or 2'-O-mcthyl nucleotides) at alternating positions within one or more strands or regions of the siNA molecule. For example, such chemical modifications can be introduced at every other position of a RNA based siNA molecule, starting at either the first or second nucleotide from the 3 '-end or 5 '-end of the siNA. In a non-limiting example, a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention in which each strand of the siNA is 21 nucleotides in length is featured wherein positions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 of each strand are chemically modified (e.g. , with compounds having any of Formulae I- VII, such as such as 2'-deoxy, 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl- trifluoromethoxy, 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy or 2'-O-methyl nucleotides). In another non-limiting example, a double stranded siNA molecule of the invention in which each strand of the siNA is 21 nucleotides in length is featured wherein positions 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 of each strand are chemically modified (e.g., with compounds having any of Formulae I- VII, such as such as 2'-deoxy, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-O-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy or 2'-O-methyl nucleotides). In one embodiment, one strand of the double stranded siNA molecule comprises chemical modifications at positions 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 and chemical modifications at positions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21. Such siNA molecules can further comprise terminal cap moieties and/or backbone modifications as described herein.

[0138] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises the following features: if purine nucleotides are present at the 5 '-end (e.g., at any of terminal nucleotide positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 from the 5'-end) of the antisense strand or antisense region (otherwise referred to as the guide sequence or guide strand) of the siNA molecule then such purine nucleosides are ribonucleotides. In another embodiment, the purine ribonucleotides, when present, are base paired to nucleotides of the sense strand or sense region (otherwise referred to as the passenger strand) of the siNA molecule. Such purine ribonucleotides can be present in a siNA stabilization motif that otherwise comprises modified nucleotides.

[0139] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises the following features: if pyrrolidine nucleotides are present at the 5 '-end (e.g., at any of terminal nucleotide positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 from the 5'-end) of the antisense strand or antisense region (otherwise referred to as the guide sequence or guide strand) of the siNA molecule then such pyrimidine nucleosides are ribonucleotides. In another embodiment, the pyrimidinc ribonucleotides, when present, arc base paired to nucleotides of the sense strand or sense region (otherwise referred to as the passenger strand) of the siNA molecule. Such pyrimidine ribonucleotides can be present in a siNA stabilization motif that otherwise comprises modified nucleotides.

[0140] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises the following features: if pyrimidine nucleotides are present at the 5 '-end (e.g., at any of terminal nucleotide positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 from the 5 '-end) of the antisense strand or antisense region (otherwise referred to as the guide sequence or guide strand) of the siNA molecule then such pyrimidine nucleosides are modified nucleotides. In another embodiment, the modified pyrimidine nucleotides, when present, are base paired to nucleotides of the sense strand or sense region (otherwise referred to as the passenger strand) of the siNA molecule. Non-limiting examples of modified pyrimidine nucleotides include those having any of Formulae I-VII. such as such as 2'-deoxy, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, 4'-thio, 2'-O-trifluoromethyl, 2'-0-ethyl-trifluoromethoxy, 2'-0-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy or 2'-O-methyl nucleotides.

[0141] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SI:

B N_X3 (N)_X2 B -3'

B (N)_X1 Nχ₄ [N]χs -5'

SI wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions wherein any purine nucleotides when present are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 andNX5, and

(a) any pyridmidine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) other than the purines nucleotides in the [N] nucleotide positions, are independently 2'-O-methyl nucleotides, 2'-deoxyribonucleotides or a combination of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides;

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are X- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are independently 2'-deoxyribonucleotides, 2'-O-methyl nucleotides or a combination of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides.

[0142] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure STT:

B N_X3 (N)χ₂ B -3'

B (N)_X1 N_X4 [N]_X5 -5'

SII wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions_^ wherein any purine nucleotides when present are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 andNX5, and

(a) any pyridmidine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) arc 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) other than the purines nucleotides in the [N] nucleotide positions, are 2'-O-methyl nucleotides;

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are

ribonucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are ribonucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides .

[0143] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SIII:

B N_X3 (H)_X2 B -3'

B (N)χi ; N_X4 [N]_X5 -5'

SIII wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions wherein any purine nucleotides when present are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 and NX5, and

(a) any pyridmidine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) other than the purines nucleotides in the [N] nucleotide positions, are 2'-O-methyl nucleotides;

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are 2'- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are ribonucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides . [0144] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SIV:

B N_X3 (N)_X2 B -3'

B (N)χi N_X4 [N]_X5 -5'

SIV wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions wherein any purine nucleotides when present are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 and NX5, and

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are 2'- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are deoxyribonucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyL 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides .

[0145] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SV:

B N_X3 (N)_X2 B -3'

B (N)χi N_X4 [N]X₅ -5'

SV wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions wherein any purine nucleotides when present are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 andNX5, and

(a) any pyridmidine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) are nucleotides having a ribo-like configuration (e.g., Northern or A-form helix configuration); any purine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) other than the purines nucleotides in the [N] nucleotide positions, are 2'-O-methyl nucleotides;

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are

nucleotides having a ribo-like configuration (e.g. , Northern or A-form helix configuration); any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are 2'-O-methyl nucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides .

10146J In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SVI:

B N_X3 (N)_X2 B -3'

B (N)X₁ N_X4 [N]_X5 -5'

SVI wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions comprising sequence that renders the 5 '-end of the antisense strand (lower strand) less thermally stable than the 5 '-end of the sense strand (upper strand); Xl and X2 arc independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 andNX5, and

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are 2'- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are independently 2'-deoxyribonucleotides, 2'-O-methyl nucleotides or a combination of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides .

[0147] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SVII:

B N_X3 (N)_X2 B -3'

B (N)_X1 N_X4 5'

SVTT wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 1 1 to about 30; NX3 is complementary to NX4, and any (N) nucleotides are 2'-O-methyl and/or 2'-deoxy-2'- fluoro nucleotides.

[0148] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SVIII: B -3'

SVIII wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions comprising sequence that renders the 5 '-end of the antisense strand (lower strand) less thermally stable than the 5 '-end of the sense strand (upper strand); [N] represents nucleotide positions that are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 15; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; X6 is an integer from about 1 to about 4; X7 is an integer from about 9 to about 15; NX7, NX6, and NX3 are complementary to NX4 and NX5, and

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are T- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides other than [N] nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are independently 2'- deoxyribonucleotides, 2'-O-methyl nucleotides or a combination of 2'- deoxyribonucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides other than [N] nucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides .

[0149] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SIX:

B N_X3 (N)_X2 B -3'

B (N)χi -N_X4 [N]χ5 -5'

SIX wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions that are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 and NX5, and

(a) any pyridmidine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) other than the purines nucleotides in the [N] nucleotide positions, are independently 2' -O -methyl nucleotides, 2'-deoxyribonucleotides or a combination of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides;

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are T- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are independently 2'-deoxyribonucleotides, 2'-O-methyl nucleotides or a combination of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides .

[01501 In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SX:

B N_X3 -(N)_X2 B -3'

B (N)_X1 N_X4 [N]_X5 -5'

SX wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions that are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 and NX5, and (a) any pyridmidine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the antisense strand (lower strand) other than the purines nucleotides in the [N] nucleotide positions, are 2'-O-methyl nucleotides;

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are

(c) any (N) nucleotides arc optionally 2'-O-mcthyl, 2'-dcoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides.

[0151] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SXI:

B Nχ₃ (N)_X2 B -3'

B (N)_X1 N_X4 [N]_X5 -5'

SXI wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions that are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 and NX5, and

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are T- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are ribonucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides . [0152] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SXII:

B _Nχ3 (N)_{χ2 B} _₃,

B (N)_X1 N_X4 [N]X₅ -5'

SXII wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions that are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 and NX5, and

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are 2'- deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) arc dcoxyribonuclcotidcs; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides .

[0153] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SXIII:

B N_X3 (N)_X2 B -3'

B (N)χi N_X4 [N]_X5 -5'

SXIII wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions that are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 30; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; NX3 is complementary to NX4 and NX5, and

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides .

[0154] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having structure SXIV:

B N_X7 [jV]_X6 - N_X3 (N)χ₂ B -3'

SXTV wherein each N is independently a nucleotide; each B is a terminal cap moiety that can be present or absent; (N) represents non-base paired or overhanging nucleotides which can be unmodified or chemically modified; [N] represents nucleotide positions that are ribonucleotides; [N] represents nucleotide positions that are ribonucleotides; Xl and X2 are independently integers from about 0 to about 4; X3 is an integer from about 9 to about 15; X4 is an integer from about 11 to about 30, provided that the sum of X4 and X5 is between 17-36; X5 is an integer from about 1 to about 6; X6 is an integer from about 1 to about 4; X7 is an integer from about 9 to about 15; NX7, NX6, and NX3 are complementary to NX4 and NX5, and

(b) any pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) are T- deoxy-2'-fiuoro nucleotides other than [N] nucleotides; any purine nucleotides present in the sense strand (upper strand) arc independently T- deoxyribonucleotides, 2'-O-methyl nucleotides or a combination of 2'- deoxyribonucleotides and 2'-O-methyl nucleotides other than [N] nucleotides; and

(c) any (N) nucleotides are optionally 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro, or

deoxyribonucleotides .

[0155] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX₅ SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises a terminal phosphate group at the 5 '-end of the antisense strand or antisense region of the nucleic acid molecule.

[0156] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises X5 = 1, 2, or 3; each Xl and X2 = 1 or 2; X3 = 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30, and X4 = 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30.

[0157] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises X5 = 1; each Xl and X2 = 2; X3 = 19, and X4 = 18.

[0158] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX₅ SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises X5 = 2; each Xl and X2 = 2; X3 = 19, and X4 = 17

[0159J In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX₅ SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises X5 = 3; each Xl and X2 = 2; X3 = 19, and X4 = 16. [0160] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX₅ SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises B at the 3' and 5' ends of the sense strand or sense region.

10161] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises B at the 3 '-end of the antisense strand or antisense region.

[0162] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI₅ SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises B at the 3' and 5' ends of the sense strand or sense region and B at the 3 '-end of the antisense strand or antisense region.

[0163] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV₅ SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV further comprises one or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at the first terminal (N) on the 3 'end of the sense strand, antisense strand, or both sense strand and antisense strands of the nucleic acid molecule. For example, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule can comprise Xl and/or X2 = 2 having overhanging nucleotide positions with a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage, e.g., (NsN) where "s" indicates phosphorothioate.

[0164] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises (N) nucleotides that are 2'-O-methyl nucleotides.

[0165] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX₅ SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises (N) nucleotides that are 2'-deoxy nucleotides.

[0166] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV₅ SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises (N) nucleotides in the antisense strand (lower strand) that are complementary to nucleotides in a target polynucleotide sequence having complementary to the N and [N] nucleotides of the antisense (lower) strand. [0167] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII₅ SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV comprises (N) nucleotides in the sense strand (upper strand) that comprise a contiguous nucleotide sequence of about 15 to about 30 nucleotides of a target polynucleotide sequence.

[0168] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI₅ SVII ,SVIII₅ SIX₅ SX₅ SXII, SXIII₅ or SXIV comprises (N) nucleotides in the sense strand (upper strand) that comprise nucleotide sequence corresponding a target polynucleotide sequence having complementary to the antiscnsc (lower) strand such that the contiguous (N) and N nucleotide sequence of the sense strand comprises nucleotide sequence of the target nucleic acid sequence.

[0169] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SVIII or SXIV comprises B only at the 5 '-end of the sense (upper) strand of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule.

[0170] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SI, SII, SIII, SIV₅ SV, SVI₅ SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX₅ SXII, SXIII₅ or SXIV further comprises an unpaired terminal nucleotide at the 5 '-end of the antiscnsc (lower) strand. The unpaired nucleotide is not complementary to the sense (upper) strand. In one embodiment, the unpaired terminal nucleotide is complementary to a target polynucleotide sequence having complementary to the N and [N] nucleotides of the antisense (lower) strand. In another embodiment, the unpaired terminal nucleotide is not complementary to a target polynucleotide sequence having complementary to the N and [N] nucleotides of the antisense (lower) strand.

[0171] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SVIII or SXIV comprises X6 = 1 and X3 = 10.

[0172] Tn one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule having any of structure SVIII or SXIV comprises X6 = 2 and X3 = 9.

[0173] In one embodiment, the invention features a composition comprising a siNA molecule or double stranded nucleic acid molecule or RNAi inhibitor formulated as any of formulation LNP-051; LNP-053; LNP-054; LNP-069; LNP-073; LNP-077; LNP-080; LNP- 082; LNP-083; LNP-060; LNP-061; LNP-086; LNP-097; LNP-098; LNP-099; LNP-100; LNP-101; LNP-102; LNP-103; or LNP-104 (see Table VI).

[0174] In one embodiment, the invention features a composition comprising a first double stranded nucleic and a second double stranded nucleic acid molecule each having a first strand and a second strand that are complementary to each other, wherein the second strand of the first double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprises sequence complementary to a first target sequence and the second strand of the second double stranded nucleic acid molecule comprises sequence complementary to a second target or pathway target sequence. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, and a polyethyleneglycol-conjugate. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises a cationic lipid, a neutral lipid, a polyethyleneglycol-conjugate, and a cholesterol. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises a polyethyleneglycol-conjugate, a cholesterol, and a surfactant. In one embodiment, the cationic lipid is selected from the group consisting of CLinDMA, pCLinDMA, eCLinDMA, DMOBA, and DMLBA. In one embodiment, the neutral lipid is selected from the group consisting of DSPC, DOBA, and cholesterol. In one embodiment, the polyethyleneglycol-conjugate is selected from the group consisting of a PEG-dimyristoyl glycerol and PEG-cholesterol. In one embodiment, the PEG is 2KPEG. In one embodiment, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of palmityl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and linoleyl alcohol. In one embodiment, the cationic lipid is CLinDMA, the neutral lipid is DSPC, the polyethylene glycol conjugate is 2KPEG-DMG, the cholesterol is cholesterol, and the surfactant is linoleyl alcohol. In one embodiment, the CLinDMA, the DSPC, the 2K-PEG-DMG, the cholesterol, and the linoleyl alcohol are present in molar ratio of 43:38:10:2:7 respectively.

[0175] In any of the embodiments herein, the siNA molecule of the invention modulates expression of one or more targets via RNA interference or the inhibition of RNA interference. In one embodiment, the RNA interference is RISC mediated cleavage of the target (e.g., siRNA mediated RNA interference). In one embodiment, the RNA interference is translational inhibition of the target (e.g., miRNA mediated RNA interference). In one embodiment, the RNA interference is transcriptional inhibition of the target (e.g., siRNA mediated transcriptional silencing). In one embodiment, the RNA interference takes place in the cytoplasm. In one embodiment, the RNA interference takes place in the nucleus. [0176] In any of the embodiments herein, the siNA molecule of the invention modulates expression of one or more targets via inhibition of an endogenous target RNA, such as an endogenous mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, or alternately though inhibition of RISC.

[0177J In one embodiment, the invention features one or more RNAi inhibitors that modulate the expression of one or more gene targets by miRNA inhibition, siRNA inhibition, or RISC inhibition.

[0178] In one embodiment, a RNAi inhibitor of the invention is a siNA molecule as described herein that has one or more strands that are complementary to one or more target miRNA or siRNA molecules.

[0179] In one embodiment, the RNAi inhibitor of the invention is an antisense molecule that is complementary to a target miRNA or siRNA molecule or a portion thereof. An antisense RNAi inhibitor of the invention can be of length of about 10 to about 40 nucleotides in length (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides in length). An antisense RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more modified nucleotides or non-nucleotides as described herein (sec for example molecules having any of Formulae I- VII herein or any combination thereof). In one embodiment, an antisense RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more or all 2'-O-methyl nucleotides. In one embodiment, an antisense RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more or all 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro nucleotides. In one embodiment, an antisense RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more or all 2'-0-methoxy-ethyl (also known as 2'-methoxyethoxy or MOE) nucleotides. In one embodiment, an antisense RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more or all phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages. In one embodiment, an antisense RNA inhibitor or the invention can comprise a terminal cap moiety at the 3 '-end, the 5 '-end, or both the 5' and 3' ends of the the antisense RMA inhibitor.

[0180] In one embodiment, a RNAi inhibitor of the invention is a nucleic acid aptamer having binding affinity for RISC, such as a regulatable aptamer (see for example An et ah, 2006, RNA, 12:710-716). An aptamer RNAi inhibitor of the invention can be of length of about 10 to about 50 nucleotides in length (e.g., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides in length). An aptamer RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more modified nucleotides or non-nucleotides as described herein (see for example molecules having any of Formulae I-VII herein or any combination thereof). In one embodiment, an aptamer RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more or all T- O-methyl nucleotides. In one embodiment, an aptamer RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more or all 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides. In one embodiment, an aptamer RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more or all 2'-0-methoxy-ethyl (also known as 2'-methoxyethoxy or MOE) nucleotides. In one embodiment, an aptamer RNAi inhibitor of the invention can comprise one or more or all phosphorothioatc intcrnuclcotidc linkages. In one embodiment, an aptamer RNA inhibitor or the invention can comprise a terminal cap moiety at the 3'-end, the 5;'-end, or both the 5' and 3' ends of the the aptamer RNA inhibitor.

[0181] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for modulating the expression of a target gene within a cell comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically -modified or unmodified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target gene; and (b) introducing the siNA molecule into a cell under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g. , inhibit) the expression of the target gene in the cell.

[0182] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for modulating the expression of a target gene within a cell comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified or unmodified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target gene and wherein the sense strand sequence of the siNA comprises a sequence identical or substantially similar to the sequence of the target RNA; and (b) introducing the siNA molecule into a cell under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target gene in the cell.

[0183] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for modulating the expression of more than one target gene within a cell comprising: (a) synthesizing siNA molecules of the invention, which can be chemically-modified or unmodified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target genes; and (b) introducing the siNA molecules into a cell under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target genes in the cell. [0184] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for modulating the expression of two or more target genes within a cell comprising: (a) synthesizing one or more siNA molecules of the invention, which can be chemically-modified or unmodified, wherein the siNA strands comprise sequences complementary to RNA of the target genes and wherein the sense strand sequences of the siNAs comprise sequences identical or substantially similar to the sequences of the target RNAs; and (b) introducing the siNA molecules into a cell under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target genes in the cell.

[0185] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for modulating the expression of more than one target gene within a cell comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified or unmodified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target gene and wherein the sense strand sequence of the siNA comprises a sequence identical or substantially similar to the sequences of the target RNAs; and (b) introducing the siNA molecule into a cell under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target genes in the cell.

[0186] ST, STT, STTT, STV, SV, SVT, SVTT ,SVTTT, STX, SX, SXTT, SXTTT, or SXTV ST, STT, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV SI, SII, SIII, SIV, SV, SVI, SVII ,SVIII, SIX, SX, SXII, SXIII, or SXIV gene within a cell comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified or unmodified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target gene, wherein the sense strand sequence of the siNA comprises a sequence identical or substantially similar to the sequences of the target RNA; and (b) introducing the siNA molecule into a cell under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target gene in the cell.

[0187] In one embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention are used as reagents in ex vivo applications. For example, siNA reagents are introduced into tissue or cells that are transplanted into a subject for therapeutic effect. The cells and/or tissue can be derived from an organism or subject that later receives the explant, or can be derived from another organism or subject prior to transplantation. The siNA molecules can be used to modulate the expression of one or more genes in the cells or tissue, such that the cells or tissue obtain a desired phenotype or are able to perform a function when transplanted in vivo. In one embodiment, certain target cells from a patient are extracted. These extracted cells are contacted with siNAs targeting a specific nucleotide sequence within the cells under conditions suitable for uptake of the siNAs by these cells (e.g. using delivery reagents such as cationic lipids, liposomes and the like or using techniques such as electroporation to facilitate the delivery of siNAs into cells). The cells are then reintroduced back into the same patient or other patients.

[0188] In one embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of a target gene in a tissue cxplant comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target gene; and (b) introducing the siNA molecule into a cell of the tissue explant derived from a particular organism under conditions, suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target gene in the tissue explant. In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing the tissue explant back into the organism the tissue was derived from or into another organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target gene in that organism.

[0189] In one embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of a target gene in a tissue explant comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target gene and wherein the sense strand sequence of the siNA comprises a sequence identical or substantially similar to the sequence of the target RNA; and (b) introducing the siNA molecule into a cell of the tissue explant derived from a particular organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target gene in the tissue explant. In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing the tissue explant back into the organism the tissue was derived from or into another organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target gene in that organism.

[0190] In another embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of more than one target gene in a tissue explant comprising: (a) synthesizing siNA molecules of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target genes; and (b) introducing the siNA molecules into a cell of the tissue explant derived from a particular organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target genes in the tissue explant. In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing the tissue explant back into the organism the tissue was derived from or into another organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g. , inhibit) the expression of the target genes in that organism.

[0191] In one embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of a target gene in a subject or organism comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target gene; and (b) introducing the siNA molecule into the subject or organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target gene in the subject or organism. The level of target protein or RNA can be determined using various methods well-known in the art.

[0192] In another embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of more than one target gene in a subject or organism comprising: (a) synthesizing siNA molecules of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein one of the siNA strands comprises a sequence complementary to RNA of the target genes; and (b) introducing the siNA molecules into the subject or organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target genes in the subject or organism. The level of target protein or RNA can be determined as is known in the art.

[0193] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for modulating the expression of a target gene within a cell, comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein the siNA comprises a single stranded sequence having complementarity to RNA of the target gene; and (b) introducing the siNA molecule into a cell under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target gene in the cell.

[0194] Tn another embodiment, the invention features a method for modulating the expression of more than one target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene within a cell comprising: (a) synthesizing siNA molecules of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein the siNA comprises a single stranded sequence having complementarity to RNA of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene; and (b) contacting the cell in vitro or in vivo with the siNA molecule under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR genes in the cell. [0195] In one embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in a tissue explant (e.g., a cochlea, skin, heart, liver, spleen, cornea, lung, stomach, kidney, vein, artery, hair, appendage, or limb transplant, or any other organ, tissue or cell as can be transplanted from one organism to another or back to the same organism from which the organ, tissue or cell is derived) comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein the siNA comprises a single stranded sequence having complementarity to RNA of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene; and (b) contacting a cell of the tissue explant derived from a particular subject or organism with the siNA molecule under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the tissue explant. In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing the tissue explant back into the subject or organism the tissue was derived from or into another subject or organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in that subject or organism.

[0196] In another embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of more than one target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in a tissue explant (e.g., a cochlear, skin, heart, liver, spleen, cornea, lung, stomach, kidney, vein, artery, hair, appendage, or limb transplant, or any other organ, tissue or cell as can be transplanted from one organism to another or back to the same organism from which the organ, tissue or cell is derived) comprising: (a) synthesizing siNA molecules of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein the siNA comprises a single stranded sequence having complementarity to RNA of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene; and (b) introducing the siNA molecules into a cell of the tissue explant derived from a particular subject or organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR genes in the tissue explant. In another embodiment, the method further comprises introducing the tissue explant back into the subject or organism the tissue was derived from or into another subject or organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR genes in that subject or organism.

[0197] In one embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in a subject or organism comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein the siNA comprises a single stranded sequence having complementarity to RNA of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene; and (b) introducing the siNA molecule into the subject or organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism.

[0198J In another embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of more than one target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in a subject or organism comprising: (a) synthesizing siNA molecules of the invention, which can be chemically- modified, wherein the siNA comprises a single stranded sequence having complementarity to RNA of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene; and (b) introducing the siNA molecules into the subject or organism under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR genes in the subject or organism.

[0199] In one embodiment, the invention features a method of modulating the expression of a target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism.

[0200] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing a disease, disorder, trait or condition related to gene expression or activity in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target gene in the subject or organism. The reduction of gene expression and thus reduction in the level of the respective protein/RNA relieves, to some extent, the symptoms of the disease, disorder, trait or condition.

[0201] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing ocular disease in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate (e.g., inhibit) the expression of VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression in the subject or organism. In one embodiment, the ocular disease is age related macular degeneration (e.g., wet or dry AMD). In one embodiment, the ocular disease is diabetic retinopathy.

[0202] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing cancer in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of cancer can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cancerous cells and tissues. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of cancer in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of cancer in a subject or organism.

[0203] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing a proliferative disease or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the proliferative disease or condition can be achieved. Tn one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in proliferative disease. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the proliferative disease or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of proliferative diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0204] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the inflammatory disease or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in inflammatory disease. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the inflammatory disease or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of inflammatory diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0205] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing an angiogenesis disease or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the angiogenesis disease or condition can be achieved. Tn one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in angiogenesis disease. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the angiogenesis disease or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of angiogenesis diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0206] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing an autoimmune disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the autoimmune disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in the autoimmune disease, disorder, trait or condition. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the autoimmune disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of autoimmune diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0207] In one embodiment, the siNA molecule or double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention is formulated as a composition described in U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/678,531 and in related U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/703,946, filed July 29, 2005, and U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/737,024, filed November 15, 2005 (Vargeese et a!.).

[0208] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing an age-related disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the age-related disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in the age-related disease, disorder, trait or condition. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the age-related disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of age- related diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0209J In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing a neurologic or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the neurologic or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in the neurologic or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, trait or condition. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the neurologic or neurodegenerative disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of neurologic or neurodegenerative diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0210] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing a metabolic disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the metabolic disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in the metabolic disease, disorder, trait or condition. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous 61797

administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the metabolic disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of metabolic diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0211] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing a cardiovascular disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the cardiovascular disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in the cardiovascular disease, disorder, trait or condition. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the cardiovascular disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of cardiovascular diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0212] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing a respiratory disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the respiratory disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in the respiratory disease, disorder, trait or condition. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the respiratory disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as arc known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of respiratory diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0213] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing an ocular disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the ocular disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in the ocular disease, disorder, trait or condition. Tn one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the ocular disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as arc known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of ocular diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism (e.g., age related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy etc.).

[0214] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing a dcrmatological disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the dermatological disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues involved in the dermatological disease, disorder, trait or condition. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the dermatological disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of dermatological diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism (e.g., rosacea, acne, dermatitis etc.).

[0215] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing a kidney/renal disease, disorder, trait or condition (e.g., polycystic kidney disease etc.) in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the kidney/renal disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as kidney/renal cells and tissues involved in the kidney/renal disease, disorder, trait or condition. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the kidney/renal disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of kidney diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism (e.g. , polycystic kidney disease). [0216] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for treating or preventing an auditory disease, disorder, trait or condition (e.g., hearing loss, deafness, etc.) in a subject or organism comprising contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention under conditions suitable to modulate the expression of the target VEGF and/or VEGFR gene in the subject or organism whereby the treatment or prevention of the auditory disease, disorder, trait or condition can be achieved. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via local administration to relevant tissues or cells, such as cells and tissues of the car, inner hear, or middle ear involved in the auditory disease, disorder, trait or condition. In one embodiment, the invention features contacting the subject or organism with a siNA molecule of the invention via systemic administration (such as via intravenous or subcutaneous administration of siNA) to relevant tissues or cells, such as tissues or cells involved in the maintenance or development of the auditory disease, disorder, trait or condition in a subject or organism. The siNA molecule of the invention can be formulated or conjugated as described herein or otherwise known in the art to target appropriate tisssues or cells in the subject or organism. The siNA molecule can be combined with other therapeutic treatments and modalities as are known in the art for the treatment of or prevention of auditory diseases, traits, disorders, or conditions in a subject or organism.

[0217] In another embodiment^ the siNA molecules of the invention are used to target conserved sequences corresponding to a gene family or gene families such as VEGF and/or VEGFR family genes. As such, siNA molecules targeting multiple VEGF and/or VEGFR targets can provide increased therapeutic effect. In addition, siNA can be used to characterize pathways of gene function in a variety of applications. For example, the present invention can be used to inhibit the activity of target gene(s) in a pathway to determine the function of uncharactcrizcd gcnc(s) in gene function analysis, mRNA function analysis, or translational analysis. The invention can be used to determine potential target gene pathways involved in various diseases and conditions toward pharmaceutical development. The invention can be used to understand pathways of gene expression involved in, for example, the progression and/or maintenance of cancer.

[0218] In any of the methods of treatment of the invention, the siNA can be administered to the subject as a course of treatment, for example administration at various time intervals, such as once per day over the course of treatment, once every two days over the course of treatment, once every three days over the course of treatment, once every four days over the course of treatment, once every five days over the course of treatment, once every six days over the course of treatment, once per week over the course of treatment, once every other week over the course of treatment, once per month over the course of treatment, etc. In one embodiment, the course of treatment is once every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 weeks. In one embodiment, the course of treatment is from about one to about 52 weeks or longer (e.g. , indefinitely). In one embodiment, the course of treatment is from about one to about 48 months or longer (e.g., indefinitely).

[0219] In one embodiment, a course of treatment involves an initial course of treatment, such as once every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more weeks for a fixed interval (e.g., Ix, 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x, 10x or more) followed by a maintenance course of treatment, such as once every 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or more weeks for an additional fixed interval (e.g., Ix, 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x, 10x or more).

[0220] In any of the methods of treatment of the invention, the siNA can be administered to the subject systemically as described herein or otherwise known in the art, either alone as a monotherapy or in combination with additional therapies described herein or as are known in the art. Systemic administration can include, for example, pulmonary (inhalation, nebulization etc.) intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, catheterization, nasopharangeal, transdermal, or oral/gastrointestinal administration as is generally known in the art.

[0221] In one embodiment, in any of the methods of treatment or prevention of the invention, the siNA can be administered to the subject locally or to local tissues as described herein or otherwise known in the art, either alone as a monotherapy or in combination with additional therapies as are known in the art. Local administration can include, for example, inhalation, nebulization, catheterization, implantation, direct injection, dermal/transdermal application, stenting, ear/eye drops, or portal vein administration to relevant tissues, or any other local administration technique, method or procedure, as is generally known in the art.

[0222] The siNA molecules of the invention can be designed to down regulate or inhibit target (e.g. , VEGF and/or VEGFR) gene expression through RNAi targeting of a variety of RJNA molecules. In one embodiment, the siNA molecules of the invention are used to target various DNA corresponding to a target (e.g. , VEGF and/or VEGFR) gene, for example via heterochromatic silencing or transcriptional inhibition. In one embodiment, the siNA molecules of the invention are used to target various KNAs corresponding to a target (e.g. , VEGF and/or VEGFR) gene, for example via RNA target cleavage or translational inhibition. Non-limiting examples of such RNAs include messenger RNA (rnRNA), non-coding RNA (ncRNA) or regulatory elements (see for example Mattick, 2005, Science, 309, 1527-1528 and Claverie, 2005, Science, 309, 1529-1530) which includes miRNA and other small RNAs, alternate RNA splice variants of target gene(s), post-transcriptionally modified RNA of target gene(s), pre-mRNA of target gene(s), and/or RNA templates. If alternate splicing produces a family of transcripts that arc distinguished by usage of appropriate cxons, the instant invention can be used to inhibit gene expression through the appropriate exons to specifically inhibit or to distinguish among the functions of gene family members. For example, a protein that contains an alternatively spliced transmembrane domain can be expressed in both membrane bound and secreted forms. Use of the invention to target the exon containing the transmembrane domain can be used to determine the functional consequences of pharmaceutical targeting of membrane bound as opposed to the secreted form of the protein. Non-limiting examples of applications of the invention relating to targeting these RNA molecules include therapeutic pharmaceutical applications, cosmetic applications, veterinary applications, pharmaceutical discovery applications, molecular diagnostic and gene function applications, and gene mapping, for example using single nucleotide polymorphism mapping with siNA molecules of the invention. Such applications can be implemented using known gene sequences or from partial sequences available from an expressed sequence tag (EST).

[0223J In another embodiment, the siNA molecules of the invention are used to target conserved sequences corresponding to a gene family or gene families such as VEGF and/or VEGFR family genes. As such, siNA molecules targeting multiple VEGF and/or VEGFR targets can provide increased therapeutic effect. In addition, siNA can be used to characterize pathways of gene function in a variety of applications. For example, the present invention can be used to inhibit the activity of target gene(s) in a pathway to determine the function of uncharacterized gene(s) in gene function analysis, rnRNA function analysis, or translational analysis. The invention can be used to determine potential target gene pathways involved in various diseases and conditions toward pharmaceutical development. The invention can be used to understand pathways of gene expression involved in, for example, the progression and/or maintenance of cancer, angiogenesis, etc. 97

[0224] In one embodiment, siNA molecule(s) and/or methods of the invention are used to down regulate the expression of gene(s) that encode RNA referred to by Genbank Accession, for example, VEGF and/or VEGFR genes encoding RNA sequence(s) referred to herein by Genbank Accession number, for example, Genbank Accession Nos. shown in Table I or Genbank Accession Nos. shown in USSN 10/923,536 and USSN 10/923536, both incorporated by reference herein.

[0225] In one embodiment, the invention features a method comprising: (a) generating a library of siNA constructs having a predetermined complexity; and (b) assaying the siNA constructs of (a) above, under conditions suitable to determine RNAi target sites within the target RNA sequence. In one embodiment, the siNA molecules of (a) have strands of a fixed length, for example, about 23 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the siNA molecules of (a) are of differing length, for example having strands of about 15 to about 30 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, the assay can comprise a reconstituted in vitro siNA assay as described herein. In another embodiment, the assay can comprise a cell culture system in which target RNA is expressed. In another embodiment, fragments of target RNA are analyzed for detectable levels of cleavage, for example by gel electrophoresis, northern blot analysis, or RNAse protection assays, to determine the most suitable target site(s) within the target RNA sequence. The target RNA sequence can be obtained as is known in the art, for example, by cloning and/or transcription for in vitro systems, and by cellular expression in in vivo systems.

[0226] In one embodiment, the invention features a method comprising: (a) generating a randomized library of siNA constructs having a predetermined complexity, such as of 4^N, where N represents the number of base paired nucleotides in each of the siNA construct strands (eg. for a siNA construct having 21 nucleotide sense and antisense strands with 19 base pairs, the complexity would be 4^iε>); and (b) assaying the siNA constructs of (a) above, under conditions suitable to determine RNAi target sites within the target RNA sequence. In another embodiment, the siNA molecules of (a) have strands of a fixed length, for example about 23 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, the siNA molecules of (a) arc of differing length, for example having strands of about 15 to about 30 {e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, the assay can comprise a reconstituted in vitro siNA assay as described in Example 6 herein. In another embodiment, the assay can comprise a cell culture system in which target RNA is expressed. In another embodiment, fragments of target RNA are analyzed for detectable levels of cleavage, for example, by gel electrophoresis, northern blot analysis, or RNAse protection assays, to determine the most suitable target site(s) within the target RNA sequence. The target RNA sequence can be obtained as is known in the art, for example, by cloning and/or transcription for in vitro systems, and by cellular expression in in vivo systems.

[0227] In another embodiment, the invention features a method comprising: (a) analyzing the sequence of a RNA target encoded by a target gene; (b) synthesizing one or more sets of siNA molecules having sequence complementary to one or more regions of the RNA of (a); and (c) assaying the siNA molecules of (b) under conditions suitable to determine RNAi targets within the target RNA sequence. In one embodiment, the siNA molecules of (b) have strands of a fixed length, for example about 23 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the siNA molecules of (b) are of differing length, for example having strands of about 15 to about 30 {e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, the assay can comprise a reconstituted in vitro siNA assay as described herein. Tn another embodiment, the assay can comprise a cell culture system in which target RNA is expressed. Fragments of target RNA are analyzed for detectable levels of cleavage, for example by gel electrophoresis, northern blot analysis, or RNAse protection assays, to determine the most suitable target site(s) within the target RNA sequence. The target RNA sequence can be obtained as is known in the art, for example, by cloning and/or transcription for in vitro systems, and by expression in in vivo systems.

[0228] By "target site" is meant a sequence within a target RNA that is "targeted" for cleavage mediated by a siNA construct which contains sequences within its antisense region that are complementary to the target sequence.

[0229] By "detectable level of cleavage" is meant cleavage of target RNA (and formation of cleaved product RNAs) to an extent sufficient to discern cleavage products above the background of RNAs produced by random degradation of the target RNA. Production of cleavage products from 1-5% of the target RNA is sufficient to detect above the background for most methods of detection. [0230] In one embodiment, the invention features a composition comprising a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. In another embodiment, the invention features a pharmaceutical composition comprising siNA molecules of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, targeting one or more genes in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. In another embodiment, the invention features a method for diagnosing a disease, trait, or condition in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition of the invention under conditions suitable for the diagnosis of the disease, trait, or condition in the subject.

[0231] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for validating a VEGF and/or VEGFR target gene VEGF and/or VEGFR target, comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein one of the siNA strands includes a sequence complementary to RNA of a VEGF and/or VEGFR target gene; (b) introducing the siNA molecule into a cell, tissue, subject, or organism under conditions suitable for modulating expression of the VEGF and/or VEGFR target gene in the cell, tissue, subject, or organism; and (c) determining the function of the gene by assaying for any phenotypic change in the cell, tissue, subject, or organism.

[0232] Tn another embodiment, the invention features a method for validating a VEGF and/or VEGFR target comprising: (a) synthesizing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, wherein one of the siNA strands includes a sequence complementary to RNA of a VEGF and/or VEGFR target gene; (b) introducing the siNA molecule into a biological system under conditions suitable for modulating expression of the VEGF and/or VEGFR target gene in the biological system; and (c) determining the function of the gene by assaying for any phenotypic change in the biological system.

[0233] By "biological system" is meant, material, in a purified or unpurified form, from biological sources, including but not limited to human or animal, wherein the system comprises the components required for RNAi activity. The term "biological system" includes, for example, a cell, tissue, subject, or organism, or extract thereof. The term biological system also includes reconstituted RNAi systems that can be used in an in vitro setting.

[0234] By "phenotypic change" is meant any detectable change to a cell that occurs in response to contact or treatment with a nucleic acid molecule of the invention (e.g., siNA). Such detectable changes include, but are not limited to, changes in shape, size, proliferation, motility, protein expression or KNA expression or other physical or chemical changes as can be assayed by methods known in the art. The detectable change can also include expression of reporter genes/molecules such as Green Florescent Protein (GFP) or various tags that are used to identify an expressed protein or any other cellular component that can be assayed.

[0235] In one embodiment, the invention features a kit containing a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, that can be used to modulate the expression of a VEGF and/or VEGFR target gene in a biological system, including, for example, in a cell, tissue, subject, or organism. In another embodiment, the invention features a kit containing more than one siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, that can be used to modulate the expression of more than one VEGF and/or VEGFR target gene in a biological system, including, for example, in a cell, tissue, subject, or organism.

[0236] In one embodiment, the invention features a cell containing one or more siNA molecules of the invention, which can be chemically -modified. In' another embodiment, the cell containing a siNA molecule of the invention is a mammalian cell. In yet another embodiment, the cell containing a siNA molecule of the invention is a human cell.

[0237] In one embodiment, the synthesis of a siNA molecule of the invention, which can be chemically-modified, comprises: (a) synthesis of two complementary strands of the siNA molecule; (b) annealing the two complementary strands together under conditions suitable to obtain a double-stranded siNA molecule. In another embodiment, synthesis of the two complementary strands of the siNA molecule is by solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Tn yet another embodiment, synthesis of the two complementary strands of the siNA molecule is by solid phase tandem oligonucleotide synthesis.

[0238] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for synthesizing a siNA duplex molecule comprising: (a) synthesizing a first oligonucleotide sequence strand of the siNA molecule, wherein the first oligonucleotide sequence strand comprises a cleavable linker molecule that can be used as a scaffold for the synthesis of the second oligonucleotide sequence strand of the siNA; (b) synthesizing the second oligonucleotide sequence strand of siNA on the scaffold of the first oligonucleotide sequence strand, wherein the second oligonucleotide sequence strand further comprises a chemical moiety than can be used to purify the siNA duplex; (c) cleaving the linker molecule of (a) under conditions suitable for the two siNA oligonucleotide strands to hybridize and form a stable duplex; and (d) purifying the siNA duplex utilizing the chemical moiety of the second oligonucleotide sequence strand. In one embodiment, cleavage of the linker molecule in (c) above takes place during deprotection of the oligonucleotide, for example, under hydrolysis conditions using an alkylamine base such as methylamine. In one embodiment, the method of synthesis comprises solid phase synthesis on a solid support such as controlled pore glass (CPG) or polystyrene, wherein the first sequence of (a) is synthesized on a cleavable linker, such as a succinyl linker, using the solid support as a scaffold. The cleavable linker in (a) used as a scaffold for synthesizing the second strand can comprise similar reactivity as the solid support derivatized linker, such that cleavage of the solid support derivatized linker and the cleavable linker of (a) takes place concomitantly. In another embodiment, the chemical moiety of (b) that can be used to isolate the attached oligonucleotide sequence comprises a trityl group, for example a dimethoxytrityl group, which can be employed in a trityl-on synthesis strategy as described herein. In yet another embodiment, the chemical moiety, such as a dimethoxytrityl group, is removed during purification, for example, using acidic conditions.

[0239] Tn a further embodiment, the method for siNA synthesis is a solution phase synthesis or hybrid phase synthesis wherein both strands of the siNA duplex are synthesized in tandem using a cleavable linker attached to the first sequence which acts a scaffold for synthesis of the second sequence. Cleavage of the linker under conditions suitable for hybridization of the separate siNA sequence strands results in formation of the double- stranded siNA molecule.

[0240] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for synthesizing a siNA duplex molecule comprising: (a) synthesizing one oligonucleotide sequence strand of the siNA molecule, wherein the sequence comprises a cleavable linker molecule that can be used as a scaffold for the synthesis of another oligonucleotide sequence; (b) synthesizing a second oligonucleotide sequence having complementarity to the first sequence strand on the scaffold of (a), wherein the second sequence comprises the other strand of the double-stranded siNA molecule and wherein the second sequence further comprises a chemical moiety than can be used to isolate the attached oligonucleotide sequence; (c) purifying the product of (b) utilizing the chemical moiety of the second oligonucleotide sequence strand under conditions suitable for isolating the full-length sequence comprising both siNA oligonucleotide strands connected by the cleavable linker and under conditions suitable for the two siNA oligonucleotide strands to hybridize and form a stable duplex. In one embodiment, cleavage of the linker molecule in (c) above takes place during deprotection of the oligonucleotide, for example, under hydrolysis conditions. In another embodiment, cleavage of the linker molecule in (c) above takes place after deprotection of the oligonucleotide. In another embodiment, the method of synthesis comprises solid phase synthesis on a solid support such as controlled pore glass (CPG) or polystyrene, wherein the first sequence of (a) is synthesized on a cleavable linker, such as a succinyl linker, using the solid support as a scaffold. The cleavable linker in (a) used as a scaffold for synthesizing the second strand can comprise similar reactivity or differing reactivity as the solid support derivatized linker, such that cleavage of the solid support derivatized linker and the cleavable linker of (a) takes place either concomitantly or sequentially. In one embodiment, the chemical moiety of (b) that can be used to isolate the attached oligonucleotide sequence comprises a trityl group, for example a dimethoxy trityl group.

[0241] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for making a double- stranded siNA molecule in a single synthetic process comprising: (a) synthesizing an oligonucleotide having a first and a second sequence, wherein the first sequence is complementary to the second sequence, and the first oligonucleotide sequence is linked to the second sequence via a cleavable linker, and wherein a terminal 5'-protecting group, for example, a 5'-O-dimethoxytrityl group (5'-O-DMT) remains on the oligonucleotide having the second sequence;- (b) deprotecting the oligonucleotide whereby the deprotection results in the cleavage of the linker joining the two oligonucleotide sequences; and (c) purifying the product of (b) under conditions suitable for isolating the double-stranded siNA molecule, for example using a trityl-on synthesis strategy as described herein.

[0242] In another embodiment, the method of synthesis of siNA molecules of the invention comprises the teachings of Scaringe et a!., US Patent Nos. 5,889,136; 6,008,400; and 6,111,086, incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0243] In one embodiment, the invention features siNA constructs that mediate RNAi against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target polynucleotide (e.g., RNA or DNA VEGF and/or VEGFR target), wherein the siNA construct comprises one or more chemical modifications, for example, one or more chemical modifications having any of Formulae I- VII or any combination thereof that increases the nuclease resistance of the siNA construct. [0244] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules with increased nuclease resistance comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I- VII or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having increased nuclease resistance.

[0245] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules with improved toxicologic profiles (e.g., having attenuated or no immunstimulatory properties) comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I-VII (e.g., siNA motifs referred to in Table IV) or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved toxicologic profiles.

[0246] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA formulations with improved toxicologic profiles (e.g., having attenuated or no immunstimulatory properties) comprising (a) generating a siNA formulation comprising a siNA molecule of the invention and a delivery vehicle or delivery particle as described herein or as otherwise known in the art, and (b) assaying the siNA formualtion of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA formulations having improved toxicologic profiles.

[0247] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules that do not stimulate an interferon response (e.g., no interferon response or attenuated interferon response) in a cell, subject, or organism, comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula T-Vϊϊ (e.g., siNA motifs referred to in Table TV) or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules that do not stimulate an interferon response.

[0248] Tn another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA formulations that do not stimulate an interferon response (e.g., no interferon response or attenuated interferon response) in a cell, subject, or organism, comprising (a) generating a siNA formulation comprising a siNA molecule of the invention and a delivery vehicle or delivery particle as described herein or as otherwise known in the art, and (b) assaying the siNA formualtion of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA formulations that do not stimulate an interferon response. In one embodiment, the interferon comprises interferon alpha.

[0249] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules that do not stimulate an inflammatory or proinflammatory cytokine response (e.g. , no cytokine response or attenuated cytokine response) in a cell, subject, or organism, comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I- VII (e.g., siNA motifs referred to in Table IV) or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules that do not stimulate a cytokine response. In one embodiment, the cytokine comprises an interleukin such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α).

[0250J In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA formulations that do not stimulate an inflammatory or proinflammatory cytokine response (e.g., no cytokine response or attenuated cytokine response) in a cell, subject, or organism, comprising (a) generating a siNA formulation comprising a siNA molecule of the invention and a delivery vehicle or delivery particle as described herein or as otherwise known in the art, and (b) assaying the siNA formualtion of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA formulations that do not stimulate a cytokine response. In one embodiment, the cytokine comprises an interleukin such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α).

[0251] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules that do not stimulate Toll-like Receptor (TLR) response (e.g., no TLR response or attenuated TLR response) in a cell, subject, or organism, comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I-VII (e.g. , siNA motifs referred to in Table IV) or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules that do not stimulate a TLR response. In one embodiment, the TLR comprises TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and/or TLR9.

[0252] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA formulations that do not stimulate a Toll-like Receptor (TLR) response (e.g., no TLR response or attenuated TLR response) in a cell, subject, or organism, comprising (a) generating a siNA formulation comprising a siNA molecule of the invention and a delivery vehicle or delivery particle as described herein or as otherwise known in the art, and. (b) assaying the siNA formualtion of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA formulations that do not stimulate a TLR response. In one embodiment, the TLR comprises TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and/or TLR9.

[0253] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically synthesized double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that directs cleavage of a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA via RNA interference (RNAi), wherein: (a) each strand of said siNA molecule is about 18 to about 38 nucleotides in length; (b) one strand of said siNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity to said VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA for the siNA molecule to direct cleavage of the VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA via RNA interference; and (c) wherein the nucleotide positions within said siNA molecule are chemically modified to reduce the immunostimulatory properties of the siNA molecule to a level below that of a corresponding unmodified siRNA molecule. Such siNA molecules are said to have an improved toxicologic profile compared to an unmodified or minimally modified siNA.

[0254] By "improved toxicologic profile", is meant that the chemically modified or formulated siNA construct exhibits decreased toxicity in a cell, subject, or organism compared to an unmodified or unformulated siNA, or siNA molecule having fewer modifications or modifications that are less effective in imparting improved toxicology. Such siNA molecules are also considered to have "improved RNAi activity". In a non-limiting example, siNA molecules and formulations with improved toxicologic profiles are associated with reduced immunostimulatory properties, such as a reduced, decreased or attenuated immunostimulatory response in a cell, subject, or organism compared to an unmodified or unformulated siNA, or siNA molecule having fewer modifications or modifications that are less effective in imparting improved toxicology. Such an improved toxicologic profile is characterized by abrogated or reduced immunostimulation, such as reduction or abrogation of induction of interferons (e.g., interferon alpha), inflammatory cytokines {e.g., interleukins such as IL-6, and/or TNF-alpha), and/or toll like receptors (e.g., TLR-3, TLR-7, TLR-8, and/or TLR-9). In one embodiment, a siNA molecule or formulation with an improved toxicological profile comprises no ribonucleotides. In one embodiment, a siNA molecule or formulation with an improved toxicological profile comprises less than 5 ribonucleotides (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 ribonucleotides). In one embodiment, a siNA molecule or formulation with an improved toxicological profile comprises Stab 7, Stab 8, Stab 11, Stab 12, Stab 13, Stab 16, Stab 17, Stab 18, Stab 19, Stab 20, Stab 23, Stab 24, Stab 25, Stab 26, Stab 27, Stab 28, Stab 29, Stab 30, Stab 31, Stab 32, Stab 33, Stab 34, Stab 35, Stab 36 or any combination thereof (see Table IV). Herein, numeric Stab chemistries include both 2'-fluoro and T- OCF3 versions of the chemistries shown in Table IV. For example, "Stab 7/8" refers to both Stab 7/8 and Stab 7F/8F etc. In one embodiment, a siNA molecule or formulation with an improved toxicological profile comprises a siNA molecule of the invention and a formulation as described in United States Patent Application Publication No. 20030077829, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety including the drawings.

[0255] In one embodiment, the level of immunostimulatory response associated with a given siNA molecule can be measured as is described herein or as is otherwise known in the art, for example by determining the level of PKR/interferon response, proliferation, B-cell activation, and/or cytokine production in assays to quantitate the immunostimulatory response of particular siNA molecules (see, for example, Leifer et ah, 2003, J Immunother. 26, 313-9; and U.S. Patent No. 5,968,909, incorporated in its entirety by reference). In one embodiment, the reduced immunostimulatory response is between about 10% and about 100% compared to an unmodified or minimally modified siRNA molecule, e.g., about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% reduced immunostimulatory response. In one embodiment, the immunostimulatory response associated with a siNA molecule can be modulated by the degree of chemical modification. For example, a siNA molecule having between about 10% and about 100%, e.g., about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%) or at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% of the nucleotide positions in the siNA molecule modified can be selected to have a corresponding degree of immunostimulatory properties as described herein.

[0256] In one embodiment, the degree of reduced immunostimulatory response is selected for optimized RNAi activity. For example, retaining a certain degree of immunostimulation can be preferred to treat viral infection, where less than 100% reduction in immunostimulation may be preferred for maximal antiviral activity (e.g., about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% reduction in immunostimulation) whereas the inhibition of expression of an endogenous gene VEGF and/or VEGFR target may be preferred with siNA molecules that posess minimal immunostimulatory properties to prevent non-specific toxicity or off VEGF and/or VEGFR target effects (e.g., about 90% to about 100% reduction in immunostimulation). [0257] In one embodiment, the invention features a chemically synthesized double stranded siNA molecule that directs cleavage of a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA via RNA interference (RNAi), wherein (a) each strand of said siNA molecule is about 18 to about 38 nucleotides in length; (b) one strand of said siNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity to said VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA for the siNA molecule to direct cleavage of the VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA via RNA interference; and (c) wherein one or more nucleotides of said siNA molecule are chemically modified to reduce the immunostimulatory properties of the siNA molecule to a level below that of a corresponding unmodified siNA molecule. In one embodiment, each starnd comprises at least about 18 nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleotides of the other strand.

[0258] In another embodiment, the siNA molecule comprising modified nucleotides to reduce the immunostimulatory properties of the siNA molecule comprises an antisense region having nucleotide sequence that is complemetary to a nucleotide sequence of a VEGF and/or VEGFR target gene or a protion thereof and further comprises a sense region, wherein said sense region comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially similar to the nucleotide sequence of said VEGF and/or VEGFR target gene or protion thereof. Tn one embodiment thereof, the antisense region and the sense region comprise about 18 to about 38 nucleotides, wherein said antisense region comprises at least about 18 nucleotides that are complementary to nucleotides of the sense region. In one embodiment thereof, the pyrimidine nucleotides in the sense region are 2'-O-methyl pyrimidine nucleotides. In another embodiment thereof, the purine nucleotides in the sense region are 2'-deoxy purine nucleotides. In yet another embodiment thereof, the pyrimidine nucleotides present in the sense region are 2'-deoxy-2'- fluoro pyrimidine nucleotides. In another embodiment thereof, the pyrimidine nucleotides of said antisense region arc 2'-dcoxy-2'-fiuoro pyrimidine nucleotides. In yet another embodiment thereof, the purine nucleotides of said antisense region are 2'-O-methyl purine nucleotides. In still another embodiment thereof, the purine nucleotides present in sard antisense region comprise 2'-deoxypurine nucleotides. In another embodiment, the antisense region comprises a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage at the 3' end of said antisense region. In another embodiment, the antisense region comprises a glyceryl modification at a 3' end of said antisense region. [0259] In other embodiments, the siNA molecule comprisisng modified nucleotides to reduce the immunostimulatory properties of the siNA molecule can comprise any of the structural features of siNA molecules described herein. In other embodiments, the siNA molecule comprising modified nucleotides to reduce the immunostimulatory properties of the siNA molecule can comprise any of the chemical modifications of siNA molecules described herein.

[0260] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for generating a chemically synthesized double stranded siNA molecule having chemically modified nucleotides to reduce the immunostimulatory properties of the siNA molecule, comprising (a) introducing one or more modified nucleotides in the siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating an siNA molecule having reduced immunostimulatory properties compared to a corresponding siNA molecule having unmodified nucleotides. Each strand of the siNA molecule is about 18 to about 38 nucleotides in length. One strand of the siNA molecule comprises nucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity to the VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA for the siNA molecule to direct cleavage of the VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA via RNA interference. Tn one embodiment, the reduced immunostimulatory properties comprise an abrogated or reduced induction of inflammatory or proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL- 6) or tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), in response to the siNA being introduced in a cell, tissue, or organism. Tn another embodiment, the reduced immunostimulatory properties comprise an abrogated or reduced induction of Toll Like Receptors (TLRs), such as TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 or TLR9, in response to the siNA being introduced in a cell, tissue, or organism. In another embodiment, the reduced immunostimulatory properties comprise an abrogated or reduced induction of interferons, such as interferon alpha, in response to the siNA being introduced in a cell, tissue, or organism.

[0261] In one embodiment, the invention features siNA constructs that mediate RNAi against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target polynucleotide, wherein the siNA construct comprises one or more chemical modifications described herein that modulates the binding affinity between the sense and antisense strands of the siNA construct.

[0262] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules with increased binding affinity between the sense and antisense strands of the siNA molecule comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula 1-Vll or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having increased binding affinity between the sense and antisense strands of the siNA molecule.

[0263J In one embodiment, the invention features siNA constructs that mediate RNAi against a target polynucleotide, wherein the siNA construct comprises one or more chemical modifications described herein that modulates the binding affinity between the antisense strand of the siNA construct and a complementary target RNA sequence within a cell.

[0264] In one embodiment, the invention features siNA constructs that mediate RNAi against a VEGFR target polynucleotide, wherein the siNA construct comprises one or more chemical modifications described herein that modulates the binding affinity between the antisense strand of the siNA construct and a complementary VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence within a cell.

[0265] In one embodiment, the invention features siNA constructs that mediate RNAi against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target polynucleotide, wherein the siNA construct comprises one or more chemical modifications described herein that modulates the binding affinity between the antisense strand of the siNA construct and a complementary VEGF and/or VEGFR target DNA sequence within a cell.

[0266] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules with increased binding affinity between the antisense strand of the siNA molecule and a complementary VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula T-VTT or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having increased binding affinity between the antisense strand of the siNA molecule and a complementary VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence.

[0267] Tn another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules with increased binding affinity between the antisense strand of the siNA molecule and a complementary VEGF and/or VEGFR target DNA sequence comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I-VII or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having increased binding affinity between the antisense strand of the siNA molecule and a complementary VEGF and/or VEGFR target DNA sequence. [0268] In one embodiment, the invention features siNA constructs that mediate RNAi against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target polynucleotide, wherein the siNA construct comprises one or more chemical modifications described herein that modulate the polymerase activity of a cellular polymerase capable of generating additional endogenous siNA molecules having sequence homology to the chemically-modified siNA construct.

[0269] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules capable of mediating increased polymerase activity of a cellular polymerase capable of generating additional endogenous siNA molecules having sequence homology to a chemically-modified siNA molecule comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I-VII or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules capable of mediating increased polymerase activity of a cellular polymerase capable of generating additional endogenous siNA molecules having sequence homology to the chemically- modified siNA molecule.

[0270] In one embodiment, the invention features chemically-modified siNA constructs that mediate RNAi against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target polynucleotide in a cell, wherein the chemical modifications do not significantly effect the interaction of siNA with a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA molecule, DNA molecule and/or proteins or other factors that are essential for RNAi in a manner that would decrease the efficacy of RNAi mediated by such siNA constructs.

[0271] Tn another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules with improved RNAi specificity against polynucleotide VEGF and/or VEGFR targets comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I-VII or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved RNAi specificity. In one embodiment, improved specificity comprises having reduced off VEGF and/or VEGFR target effects compared to an unmodified siNA molecule. For example, introduction of terminal cap moieties at the 3 '-end, 5 '-end, or both 3' and 5 '-ends of the sense strand or region of a siNA molecule of the invention can direct the siNA to have improved specificity by preventing the sense strand or sense region from acting as a template for RNAi activity against a corresponding VEGF and/or VEGFR target having complementarity to the sense strand or sense region. [0272] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules with improved RNAi activity against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target polynucleotide comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I-VII or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved RNAi activity.

[0273] In yet another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules with improved RNAi activity against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I-VII or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved RNAi activity against the VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA.

[0274] In yet another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules with improved RNAi activity against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target DNA comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I-VII or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved RNAi activity against the VEGF and/or VEGFR target DNA.

[0275] In one embodiment, the invention features siNA constructs that mediate RNAi against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target polynucleotide, wherein the siNA construct comprises one or more chemical modifications described herein that modulates the cellular uptake of the siNA construct, such as cholesterol conjugation of the siNA.

[0276] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target polynucleotide with improved cellular uptake comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formula I-VII or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved cellular uptake.

[02771 In one embodiment, the invention features siNA constructs that mediate RNAi against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target polynucleotide, wherein the siNA construct comprises one or more chemical modifications described herein that increases the bioavailability of the siNA construct, for example, by attaching polymeric conjugates such as polyethyleneglycol or equivalent conjugates that improve the pharmacokinetics of the siNA construct, or by attaching conjugates that VEGF and/or VEGFR target specific tissue types or cell types in vivo. Non-limiting examples of such conjugates are described in Vargeese et ah, U.S. Serial No. 10/201,394 incorporated by reference herein.

[0278J In one embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siN A molecules of the invention with improved bioavailability comprising (a) introducing a conjugate into the structure of a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved bioavailability. Such conjugates can include ligands for cellular receptors, such as peptides derived from naturally occurring protein ligands; protein localization sequences, including cellular ZIP code sequences; antibodies; nucleic acid aptamers; vitamins and other co-factors, such as folate and N- acetylgalactosamine; polymers, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG); phospholipids; cholesterol; cholesterol derivatives, polyamines, such as spermine or spermidine; and others.

[0279] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that comprises a first nucleotide sequence complementary to a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence or a portion thereof, and a second sequence having complementarity to said first sequence, wherein said second sequence is chemically modified in a manner that it can no longer act as a guide sequence for efficiently mediating RNA interference and/or be recognized by cellular proteins that facilitate RNAi. In one embodiment, the first nucleotide sequence of the siNA is chemically modified as described herein. In one embodiment, the first nucleotide sequence of the siNA is not modified (e.g., is all RNA).

[0280] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that comprises a first nucleotide sequence complementary to a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence or a portion thereof, and a second sequence having complementarity to said first sequence, wherein the second sequence is designed or modified in a manner that prevents its entry into the RNAi pathway as a guide sequence or as a sequence that is complementary to a VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid (e.g., RNA) sequence. In one embodiment, the first nucleotide sequence of the siNA is chemically modified as described herein. In one embodiment, the first nucleotide sequence of the siNA is not modified (e.g., is all RNA). Such design or modifications are expected to enhance the activity of siNA and/or improve the specificity of siNA molecules of the invention. These modifications are also expected to minimize any off-VEGF and/or VEGFR target effects and/or associated toxicity.

[0281] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that comprises a first nucleotide sequence complementary to a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence or a portion thereof, and a second sequence having complementarity to said first sequence, wherein said second sequence is incapable of acting as a guide sequence for mediating RNA interference. In one embodiment, the first nucleotide sequence of the siNA is chemically modified as described herein. In one embodiment, the first nucleotide sequence of the siNA is not modified {e.g., is all RNA).

[0282] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that comprises a first nucleotide sequence complementary to a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence or a portion thereof, and a second sequence having complementarity to said first sequence, "wherein said second sequence does not have a terminal 5' -hydroxy 1 (5'-OH) or 5 '-phosphate group.

[0283] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that comprises a first nucleotide sequence complementary to a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence or a portion thereof, and a second sequence having complementarity to said first sequence, wherein said second sequence comprises a terminal cap moiety at the 5 '-end of said second sequence. In one embodiment, the terminal cap moiety comprises an inverted abasic, inverted deoxy abasic, inverted nucleotide moiety, a group shown in Figure 10, an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, a heterocycle, or any other group that prevents RNAi activity in which the second sequence serves as a guide sequence or template for RNAi.

[0284] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecule that comprises a first nucleotide sequence complementary to a VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence or a portion thereof, and a second sequence having complementarity to said first sequence, wherein said second sequence comprises a terminal cap moiety at the 5 '-end and 3 '-end of said second sequence. In one embodiment, each terminal cap moiety individually comprises an inverted abasic, inverted deoxy abasic, inverted nucleotide moiety, a group shown in Figure 10, an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, a heterocycle, or any other group that prevents RNAi activity in which the second sequence serves as a guide sequence or template for RNAi.

[0285] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules of the invention with improved specificity for down regulating or inhibiting the expression of a VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid (e.g., a DNA or RNA such as a gene or its corresponding RNA), comprising (a) introducing one or more chemical modifications into the structure of a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved specificity. In another embodiment, the chemical modification used to improve specificity comprises terminal cap modifications at the 5 '-end, 3 '-end, or both 5' and 3 '-ends of the siNA molecule. The terminal cap modifications can comprise, for example, structures shown in Figure 10 (e.g. inverted deoxyabasic moieties) or any other chemical modification that renders a portion of the siNA molecule (e.g. the sense strand) incapable of mediating RNA interference against an off VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid sequence. In a non-limiting example, a siNA molecule is designed such that only the antisense sequence of the siNA molecule can serve as a guide sequence for RISC mediated degradation of a corresponding VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA sequence. This can be accomplished by rendering the sense sequence of the siNA inactive by introducing chemical modifications to the sense strand that preclude recognition of the sense strand as a guide sequence by RNAi machinery. In one embodiment, such chemical modifications comprise any chemical group at the 5 '-end of the sense strand of the siNA, or any other group that serves to render the sense strand inactive as a guide sequence for mediating RNA interference. These modifications, for example, can result in a molecule where the 5 '-end of the sense strand no longer has a free 5'-hydroxyl (5'-OH) or a free 5'-phosphate group (e.g., phosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, cyclic phosphate etc.). Non-limiting examples of such siNA constructs arc described herein, such as "Stab 9/10", "Stab 7/8", "Stab 7/19", "Stab 17/22", "Stab 23/24", "Stab 24/25", and "Stab 24/26" (e.g., any siNA having Stab 7, 9, 17, 23, or 24 sense strands) chemistries and variants thereof (see Table IV) wherein the 5 '-end and 3 '-end of the sense strand of the siNA do not comprise a hydroxyl group or phosphate group. Herein, numeric Stab chemistries include both 2'-fiuoro and 2'-OCF3 versions of the chemistries shown in Table TV. For example, "Stab 7/8" refers to both Stab 7/8 and Stab 7F/8F etc. [0286] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules of the invention with improved specificity for down regulating or inhibiting the expression of a VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid (e.g., a DNA or RNA such as a gene or its corresponding RNA), comprising introducing one or more chemical modifications into the structure of a siNA molecule that prevent a strand or portion of the siNA molecule from acting as a template or guide sequence for RNAi activity. In one embodiment, the inactive strand or sense region of the siNA molecule is the sense strand or sense region of the siNA molecule, i.e. the strand or region of the siNA that docs not have complementarity to the VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid sequence. In one embodiment, such chemical modifications comprise any chemical group at the 5 '-end of the sense strand or region of the siNA that does not comprise a 5'-hydroxyl (5'-OH) or 5 '-phosphate group, or any other group that serves to render the sense strand or sense region inactive as a guide sequence for mediating RNA interference. Non-limiting examples of such siNA constructs are described herein, such as "Stab 9/10", "Stab 7/8", "Stab 7/19", "Stab 17/22", "Stab 23/24", "Stab 24/25", and "Stab 24/26" (e.g., any siNA having Stab 7, 9, 17, 23, or 24 sense strands) chemistries and variants thereof (see Table IV) wherein the 5 '-end and 3 '-end of the sense strand of the siNA do not comprise a hydroxyl group or phosphate group. Herein, numeric Stab chemistries include both 2'-fluoro and 2'-OCF3 versions of the chemistries shown in Table IV. For example, "Stab 7/8" refers to both Stab 7/8 and Stab 7F/8F etc.

[0287] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for screening siNA molecules that are active in mediating RNA interference against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid sequence comprising (a) generating a plurality of unmodified siNA molecules, (b) screening the siNA molecules of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules that are active in mediating RNA interference against the VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid sequence, and (c) introducing chemical modifications (e.g. chemical modifications as described herein or as otherwise known in the art) into the active siNA molecules- of (b). In one embodiment, the method further comprises re-screening the chemically modified siNA molecules of step (c) under conditions suitable for isolating chemically modified siNA molecules that are active in mediating RNA interference against the VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid sequence.

[0288] In one embodiment, the invention features a method for screening chemically modified siNA molecules that are active in mediating RNA interference against a VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid sequence comprising (a) generating a plurality of chemically modified siNA molecules {e.g. siNA molecules as described herein or as otherwise known in the art), and (b) screening the siNA molecules of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating chemically modified siNA molecules that are active in mediating RNA interference against the VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid sequence.

[0289] The term "ligand" refers to any compound or molecule, such as a drug, peptide, hormone, or neurotransmitter, that is capable of interacting with another compound, such as a receptor, cither directly or indirectly. The receptor that interacts with a ligand can be present on the surface of a cell or can alternately be an intercellular receptor. Interaction of the ligand with the receptor can result in a biochemical reaction, or can simply be a physical interaction or association. >

[0290] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules of the invention with improved bioavailability comprising (a) introducing an excipient formulation to a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved bioavailability. Such excipients include polymers such as cyclodextrins, lipids, cationic lipids, polyamines, phospholipids, nanoparticles, receptors, ligands, and others.

[0291] In another embodiment, the invention features a method for generating siNA molecules of the invention with improved bioavailability comprising (a) introducing nucleotides having any of Formulae I-VTI or any combination thereof into a siNA molecule, and (b) assaying the siNA molecule of step (a) under conditions suitable for isolating siNA molecules having improved bioavailability.

[0292] In another embodiment, polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be covalently attached to siNA compounds of the present invention. The attached PEG can be any molecular weight, preferably from about 100 to about 50,000 daltons (Da).

[0293] The present invention can be used alone or as a component of a kit having at least one of the reagents necessary to carry out the in vitro or in vivo introduction of RNA to test samples and/or subjects. For example, preferred components of the kit include a siNA molecule of the invention and a vehicle that promotes introduction of the siNA into cells of interest as described herein (e.g., using lipids and other methods of transfection known in the art, see for example Beigelman et al, US 6,395,713). The kit can be used for VEGF and/or VEGFR target validation, such as in determining gene function and/or activity, or in drug optimization, and in drug discovery (see for example Usman et al., USSN 60/402,996). Such a kit can also include instructions to allow a user of the kit to practice the invention.

10294] The term "short interfering nucleic acid", "siNA", "short interfering RMA", "siRNA", "short interfering nucleic acid molecule", "short interfering oligonucleotide molecule", or "chemically-modified short interfering nucleic acid molecule" as used herein refers to any nucleic acid molecule capable of inhibiting or down regulating gene expression or viral replication by mediating RNA interference "RNAi" or gene silencing in a sequence- specific manner. These terms can refer to both individual nucleic acid molecules, a plurality of such nucleic acid molecules, or pools of such nucleic acid molecules. The siNA can be a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule comprising self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof and the sense region having nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof. The siNA can be assembled from two separate oligonucleotides, where one strand is the sense strand and the other is the antisense strand, wherein the antisense and sense strands are self-complementary (i.e., each strand comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in the other strand; such as where the antisense strand and sense strand form a duplex or double stranded structure, for example wherein the double stranded region is about 15 to about 30, e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 base pairs; the antisense strand comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof and the sense strand comprises nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof {e.g., about 15 to about 25 or more nucleotides of the siNA molecule arc complementary to the target nucleic acid or a portion thereof). Alternatively, the siNA is assembled from a single oligonucleotide, where the self-complementary sense and antisense regions of the siNA are linked by means of a nucleic acid based or non-nucleic acid-based linker(s). The siNA can be a polynucleotide with a duplex, asymmetric duplex, hairpin or asymmetric hairpin secondary structure, having self-complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a separate target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof and the sense region having nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof. The siNA can be a circular single-stranded polynucleotide having two or more loop structures and a stem comprising self- complementary sense and antisense regions, wherein the antisense region comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof and the sense region having nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof, and wherein the circular polynucleotide can be processed either in vivo or in vitro to generate an active siNA molecule capable of mediating RNAi. The siNA can also comprise a single stranded polynucleotide having nucleotide sequence complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof (for example, where such siNA molecule does not require the presence within the siNA molecule of nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof), wherein the single stranded polynucleotide can further comprise a terminal phosphate group, such as a 5 '-phosphate (see for example Martinez et al, 2002, Cell, 110, 563-574 and Schwarz et al, 2002, Molecular Cell, 10, 537-568), or 5 ',3 '-diphosphate. In certain embodiments, the siNA molecule of the invention comprises separate sense and antisense sequences or regions, wherein the sense and antisense regions are covalently linked by nucleotide or non-nucleotide linkers molecules as is known in the art, or are alternately non-covalently linked by ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and/or stacking interactions. In certain embodiments, the siNA molecules of the invention comprise nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence of a target gene. In another embodiment, the siNA molecule of the invention interacts with nucleotide sequence of a target gene in a manner that causes inhibition of expression of the target gene. As used herein, siNA molecules need not be limited to those molecules containing only RNA, but further encompasses chemically- modified nucleotides and non-nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the short interfering nucleic acid molecules of the invention lack 2'-hydroxy (2'-OH) containing nucleotides. Applicant describes in certain embodiments short interfering nucleic acids that do not require the presence of nucleotides having a 2'-hydroxy group for mediating RNAi and as such, short interfering nucleic acid molecules of the invention optionally do not include any ribonucleotides (e.g., nucleotides having a 2'-OH group). Such siNA molecules that do not require the presence of ribonucleotides within the siNA molecule to support RNAi can however have an attached linker or linkers or other attached or associated groups, moieties, or chains containing one or more nucleotides with 2'-OH groups. Optionally, siNA molecules can comprise ribonucleotides at about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% of the nucleotide positions. The modified short interfering nucleic acid molecules of the invention can also be referred to as short interfering modified oligonucleotides "siMON." As used herein, the term siNA is meant to be equivalent to other terms used to describe nucleic acid molecules that are capable of mediating sequence specific RNAi, for example short interfering RNA (siRNA), double- stranded RNA (dsRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), short interfering oligonucleotide, short interfering nucleic acid, short interfering modified oligonucleotide, chemically-modified siRNA, post-transcriptional gene silencing RNA (ptgsRNA), and others. Non limiting examples of siNA molecules of the invention are shown in Figures 4-6, and Tables II and III herein. Such siNA molecules arc distinct from other nucleic acid technologies known in the art that mediate inhibition of gene expression, such as ribozymes, antisense, triplex forming, aptamer, 2,5-A chimera, or decoy oligonucleotides.

[0295] By "RNA interference" or "RNAi" is meant a biological process of inhibiting or down regulating gene expression in a cell as is generally known in the art and which is mediated by short interfering nucleic acid molecules, see for example Zamore and Haley, 2005, Science, 309, 1519-1524; Vaughn and Martienssen, 2005, Science, 309, 1525-1526; Zamore et al, 2000, Cell, 101, 25-33; Bass, 2001, Nature, 411, 428-429; Elbashir et al, 2001, Nature, 411, 494-498; and Kreutzer et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/44895; Zernicka-Goetz et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/36646; Fire, International PCT Publication No. WO 99/32619; Plaetinck et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/01846; Mello and Fire, International PCT Publication No. WO 01/29058; Deschamps-Depaillette, International PCT Publication No. WO 99/07409; and Li et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/44914; Allshire, 2002, Science, 297, 1818- 1819; Volpe et al, 2002, Science, 297, 1833-1837; Jenuwein, 2002, Science, 297, 2215-2218; and Hall et al, 2002, Science, 297, 2232-2237; Hutvagner and Zamore, 2002, Science, 297, 2056-60; McManus et al, 2002, RNA, 8, 842-850; Reinhart et al, 2002, Gene & Dev., 16, 1616-1626; and Reinhart & Bartcl, 2002, Science, 297, 1831). In addition, as used herein, the term RNAi is meant to be equivalent to other terms used to describe sequence specific RNA interference, such as post transcriptional gene silencing, translational inhibition, transcriptional inhibition, or epigenetics. For example, siNA molecules of the invention can be used to epigenetically silence genes at both the post-transcriptional level or the pre- transcriptional level. In a non-limiting example, epigenetic modulation of gene expression by siNA molecules of the invention can result from siNA mediated modification of chromatin structure or methylation patterns to alter gene expression (see, for example, Verdel et al, 2004, Science, 303, 672-676; Pal-Bhadra et al, 2004, Science, 303, 669-672; Allshire, 2002, Science, 297, 1818-1819; Volpe et al, 2002, Science, 297, 1833-1837; Jenuwein, 2002, Science, 297, 2215-2218; and Hall et al, 2002, Science, 297, 2232-2237). In another non- limiting example, modulation of gene expression by siNA molecules of the invention can result from siNA mediated cleavage of RNA (either coding or non-coding RNA) via RISC, or alternately, translational inhibition as is known in the art. In another embodiment, modulation of gene expression by siNA molecules of the invention can result from transcriptional inhibition (see for example Janowski et al., 2005, Nature Chemical Biology, I₅ 216-222).

[0296] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is a duplex forming oligonucleotide "DFO", (see for example Figures 14-15 and Vaish et al, USSN 10/727,780 filed December 3, 2003 and International PCT Application No. US04/16390, filed May 24, 2004).

[0297] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is a multifunctional siNA, (see for example Figures 16-21 and Jadhav et al, USSN 60/543,480 filed February 10, 2004 and International PCT Application No. US04/16390, filed May 24, 2004). In one embodiment, the multifunctional siNA of the invention can comprise sequence targeting, for example, two or more regions of target RNA (see for example target sequences in Table TT). In one embodiment, the multifunctional siNA of the invention can comprise sequence targeting one or more VEGF isoforms (e.g., VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D). In one embodiment, the multifunctional siNA of the invention can comprise sequence targeting one or more VEGF receptors (e.g., VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3). In one embodiment, the multifunctional siNA of the invention can comprise sequence targeting one or more VEGF isoforms (e.g., VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D) and one or more VEGF receptors, (e.g., VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3). In one embodiment, the multifunctional siNA of the invention can comprise sequence targeting one or more VEGF isoforms (e.g., VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D) and one or more interleukins (e.g., IL-4 or IL-13) or one or more interleukin receptors (e.g., IL-4R or IL-13R). In one embodiment, the multifunctional siNA of the invention can comprise sequence targeting one or more VEGF receptors (e.g., VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) and one or more interleukins (e.g., IL-4 or IL-13) or one or more interleukin receptors (e.g., IL-4R or IL-13R). In one embodiment, the multifunctional siNA of the invention can comprise sequence targeting one or more VEGF isoforms (e.g., VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D), one or more VEGF receptors (e.g., VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) and one or more interleukins (e.g., IL-4 or IL- 13) or one or more interleukin receptors (e.g., IL-4R or IL-13R).

[0298] By "asymmetric hairpin" as used herein is meant a linear siNA molecule comprising an antisense region, a loop portion that can comprise nucleotides or non- nucleotides, and a sense region that comprises fewer nucleotides than the antisense region to the extent that the sense region has enough complementary nucleotides to base pair with the antisense region and form a duplex with loop. For example, an asymmetric hairpin siNA molecule of the invention can comprise an antisense region having length sufficient to mediate RNAi in a cell or in vitro system (e.g. about 15 to about 30, or about 15, 16, 17, 18,

19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides) and a loop region comprising about 4 to about 12 (e.g., about 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12) nucleotides, and a sense region having about 3 to about 25 (e.g., about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,

20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) nucleotides that are complementary to the antisense region. The asymmetric hairpin siNA molecule can also comprise a 5 '-terminal phosphate group that can be chemically modified. The loop portion of the asymmetric hairpin siNA molecule can comprise nucleotides, non-nucleotides, linker molecules, or conjugate molecules as described herein.

[0299] By "asymmetric duplex" as used herein is meant a siNA molecule having two separate strands comprising a sense region and an antisense region, wherein the sense region comprises fewer nucleotides than the antisense region to the extent that the sense region has enough complementary nucleotides to base pair with the antisense region and form a duplex. For example, an asymmetric duplex siNA molecule of the invention can comprise an antisense region having length sufficient to mediate RNAi in a cell or in vitro system (e.g. , about 15 to about 30, or about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides) and a sense region having about 3 to about 25 (e.g., about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) nucleotides that are complementary to the antisense region.

[0300] By "RNAi inhibitor" is meant any molecule that can down regulate, reduce or inhibit RNA interference function or activity in a cell or organism. An RNAi inhibitor can down regulate, reduce or inhibit RNAi (e.g., RNAi mediated cleavage of a target polynucleotide, translational inhibition, or transcriptional silencing) by interaction with or interfering the function of any component of the RNAi pathway, including protein components such as RISC, or nucleic acid components such as miRNAs or siRNAs. A RNAi inhibitor can be a siNA molecule, an antisense molecule, an aptamer, or a small molecule that interacts with or interferes with the function of RISC, a miRNA, or a siRNA or any other component of the RNAi pathway in a cell or organism. By inhibiting RNAi (e.g., RNAi mediated cleavage of a target polynucleotide, translational inhibition, or transcriptional silencing), a RNAi inhibitor of the invention can be used to modulate (e.g, up-regulate or down regulate) the expression of a target gene. In one embodiment, a RNA inhibitor of the invention is used to up-rcgulatc gene expression by interfering with (e.g., reducing or preventing) endogenous down-regulation or inhibition of gene expression through translational inhibition, transcriptional silencing, or RISC mediated cleavage of a polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA). By interfering with mechanisms of endogenous repression, silencing, or inhibition of gene expression, RNAi inhibitors of the invention can therefore be used to up-regulate gene expression for the treatment of diseases, traits, or conditions resulting from a loss of function. In one embodiment, the term "RNAi inhibitor" is used in place of the term "siNA" in the various embodiments herein, for example, with the effect of increasing gene expression for the treatment of loss of function diseases, traits, and/or conditions.

[0301] By "aptamer" or "nucleic acid aptamer" as used herein is meant a polynucleotide that binds specifically to a target molecule wherein the nucleic acid molecule has sequence that is distinct from sequence recognized by the target molecule in its natural setting. Alternately, an aptamer can be a nucleic acid molecule that binds to a target molecule where the target molecule does not naturally bind to a nucleic acid. The target molecule can be any molecule of interest. For example, the aptamer can be used to bind to a ligand-binding domain of a protein, thereby preventing interaction of the naturally occurring ligand with the protein. This is a non-limiting example and those in the art will recognize that other embodiments can be readily generated using techniques generally known in the art, see for example Gold et al, 1995, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 64, 763; Brody and Gold, 2000, J. Biotechnol, 74, 5; Sun, 2000, Curr. Opin. MoI. Ther., 2, 100; Kusser, 2000, J. Biotechnol, 74, 27; Hermann and Patel, 2000, Science, 287, 820; and Jayasena, 1999, Clinical Chemistry, 45, 1628. Aptamer molecules of the invention can be chemically modified as is generally known in the art or as described herein. [0302] The term "antisense nucleic acid", as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule that binds to target RNA by means of RNA-RNA or RNA-DNA or RNA-PNA (protein nucleic acid; Egholm et al., 1993 Nature 365, 566) interactions and alters the activity of the target RNA (for a review, see Stein and Cheng, 1993 Science 261, 1004 and Woolf et al., US patent No. 5,849,902) by steric interaction or by RNase H mediated target recognition. Typically, antisense molecules are complementary to a target sequence along a single contiguous sequence of the antisense molecule. However, in certain embodiments, an antisense molecule can bind to substrate such that the substrate molecule forms a loop, and/or an antisense molecule can bind such that the antisense molecule forms a loop. Thus, the antisense molecule can be complementary to two (or even more) non-contiguous substrate sequences or two (or even more) non-contiguous sequence portions of an antisense molecule can be complementary to a target sequence or both. For a review of current antisense strategies, see Schmajuk et al., 1999, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 21783-21789, Delihas et al., 1997, Nature, 15, 751-753, Stein et al., 1997, Antisense N. A. Drug Dev., 7, 151, Crooke, 2000, Methods EnzymoL, 313, 3-45; Crooke, 1998, Biotech, genet. Eng. Rev., 15, 121-157, Crooke, 1997, Ad. Pharmacol., 40, 1-49. In addition, antisense DNA or antisense modified with 2'-MOE and other modifictions as are known in the art can be used to target RNA by means of DNA-RNA interactions, thereby activating RNase H, which digests the target RNA in the duplex. The antisense oligonucleotides can comprise one or more RNAse H activating region, which is capable of activating RNAse H cleavage of a target RNA. Antisense DNA can be synthesized chemically or expressed via the use of a single stranded DNA expression vector or equivalent thereof. Antisense molecules of the invention can be chemically modified as is generally known in the art or as described herein.

[0303] By "modulate" is meant that the expression of the gene, or level of a RNA molecule or equivalent RNA molecules encoding one or more proteins or protein subunits, or activity of one or more proteins or protein subunits is up regulated or down regulated, such that expression, level, or activity is greater than or less than that observed in the absence of the modulator. For example, the term "modulate" can mean "inhibit," but the use of the word "modulate" is not limited to this definition.

[0304] By "inhibit", "down-regulate", or "reduce", it is meant that the expression of the gene, or level of RNA molecules or equivalent RNA molecules encoding one or more proteins or protein subunits, or activity of one or more proteins or protein subunits, is reduced below that observed in the absence of the nucleic acid molecules (e.g., siNA) of the invention. In one embodiment, inhibition, down-regulation or reduction with an siNA molecule is below that level observed in the presence of an inactive or attenuated molecule. In another embodiment, inhibition, down-regulation, or reduction with siNA molecules is below that level observed in the presence of, for example, an siNA molecule with scrambled sequence or with mismatches. In another embodiment, inhibition, down-regulation, or reduction of gene expression with a nucleic acid molecule of the instant invention is greater in the presence of the nucleic acid molecule than in its absence. In one embodiment, inhibition, down regulation, or reduction of gene expression is associated with post transcriptional silencing, such as RNAi mediated cleavage of a target nucleic acid molecule (e.g. KNA) or inhibition of translation. In one embodiment, inhibition, down regulation, or reduction of gene expression is associated with pretranscriptional silencing, such as by alterations in DNA methylation patterns and DNA chromatin structure.

[0305] By "up-regulate", or "promote", it is meant that the expression of the gene, or level of RNA molecules or equivalent RNA molecules encoding one or more proteins or protein subunits, or activity of one or more proteins or protein subunits, is increased above that observed in the absence of the nucleic acid molecules (e.g., siNA) of the invention. Tn one embodiment, up-regulation or promotion of gene expression with an siNA molecule is above that level observed in the presence of an inactive or attenuated molecule. In another embodiment, up-regulation or promotion of gene expression with siNA molecules is above that level observed in the presence of, for example, an siNA molecule with scrambled sequence or with mismatches. In another embodiment, up-regulation or promotion of gene expression with a nucleic acid molecule of the instant invention is greater in the presence of the nucleic acid molecule than in its absence. In one embodiment, up-regulation or promotion of gene expression is associated with inhibition of RNA mediated gene silencing, such as RNAi mediated cleavage or silencing of a coding or non-coding RNA target that down regulates, inhibits, or silences the expression of the gene of interest to be up-regulated. The down regulation of gene expression can, for example, be induced by a coding RNA or its encoded protein, such as through negative feedback or antagonistic effects. The down regulation of gene expression can, for example, be induced by a non-coding RNA having regulatory control over a gene of interest, for example by silencing expression of the gene via translational inhibition, chromatin structure, methylation, RISC mediated RNA cleavage, or translational inhibition. As such, inhibition or down regulation of targets that down regulate, suppress, or silence a gene of interest can be used to up-regulate or promote expression of the gene of interest toward therapeutic use.

[0306] In one embodiment, a RNAi inhibitor of the invention is used to up regulate gene expression by inhibiting RJSlAi or gene silencing. For example, a RMAi inhibitor of the invention can be used to treat loss of function diseases and conditions by up-regulating gene expression, such as in instances of haploinsufficiency where one allele of a particular gene harbors a mutation (e.g., a frameshift, missense, or nonsense mutation) resulting in a loss of function of the protein encoded by the mutant allele. In such instances, the RNAi inhibitor can be used to up regulate expression of the protein encoded, by the wild type or functional allele, thus correcting the haploinsufficiency by compensating for the mutant or null allele. In another embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is used to down regulate expression of a toxic gain of function allele while a RNAi inhibitor of the invention is used concomitantly to up regulate expression of the wild type or functional allele, such as in the treatment of diseases, traits, or conditions herein or otherwise known in the art (see for example Rhodes et al, 2004, PNAS USA, 101:11147-11152 and Meisler et al. 2005, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115:2010-2017).

[0307] By "gene", or "target gene" or "target DNA", is meant a nucleic acid that encodes an RNA, for example, nucleic acid sequences including, but not limited to, structural genes encoding a polypeptide. A gene or target gene can also encode a functional RNA (fRNA) or non-coding RNA (ncRNA), such as small temporal RNA (stRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (τRNA) and precursor RNAs thereof. Such non-coding RNAs can serve as target nucleic acid molecules for siNA mediated RNA interference in modulating the activity of fRNA or ncRNA involved in functional or regulatory cellular processes. Abberant fRNA or ncRNA activity leading to disease can therefore be modulated by siNA molecules of the invention. siNA molecules targeting fRNA and ncRNA can also be used to manipulate or alter the genotype or phenotype of a subject, organism or cell, by intervening in cellular processes such as genetic imprinting, transcription, translation, or nucleic acid processing (e.g., transamination, mcthylation etc.). The target gene can be a gene derived from a cell, an endogenous gene, a transgene, or exogenous genes such as genes of a pathogen, for example a virus, which is present in the cell after infection thereof. The cell containing the target gene can be derived from or contained in any organism, for example a plant, animal, protozoan, virus, bacterium, or fungus. Non-limiting examples of plants include monocots, dicots, or gymnosperms. Non- limiting examples of animals include vertebrates or invertebrates. Non-limiting examples of fungi include molds or yeasts. For a review, see for example Snyder and Gerstein, 2003, Science, 300, 258-260.

[0308] By "non-canonical base pair" is meant any non- Watson Crick base pair, such as mismatches and/or wobble base pairs, including flipped mismatches, single hydrogen bond mismatches, trans-type mismatches, triple base interactions, and quadruple base interactions. Non-limiting examples of such non-canonical base pairs include, but are not limited to, AC reverse Hoogsteen, AC wobble, AU reverse Hoogsteen, GU wobble, AA N7 amino, CC 2- carbonyl-amino(Hl)-N3-amino(H2), GA sheared, UC 4-carbonyl-amino, UU imino- carbonyl, AC reverse wobble, AU Hoogsteen, AU reverse Watson Crick, CG reverse Watson Crick, GC N3 -amino-amino N3, AA Nl-amino symmetric, AA N7-amino symmetric, GA N7-N1 amino-carbonyl, GA+ carbonyl-amino N7-N1, GG Nl-carbonyl symmetric, GG N3- amino symmetric, CC carbonyl-amino symmetric, CC N3-amino symmetric, UU 2-carbonyl- imino symmetric, UU 4-carbonyl-imino symmetric, AA amino-N3, AA Nl-amino, AC amino 2-carbonyl, AC N3-amino, AC N7-amino, AU amino-4-carbonyl, AU Nl-imino, AU N3- imino, AU N7-imino, CC carbonyl-amino, GA amino-Nl, GA amino-N7, GA carbonyl- amino, GA N3-amino, GC amino-N3, GC carbonyl-amino, GC N3-amino, GC N7-amino, GG amino-N7, GG carbonyl-imino, GG N7-amino, GU amino-2-carbonyl, GU carbonyl- imino, GU imino-2-carbonyl, GU N7-imino, psiU imino-2-carbonyl, UC 4-carbonyl-amino, UC imino-carbonyl, UU imino-4-carbonyl, AC C2-H-N3, GA carbonyl-C2-H, UU imino-4- carbonyl 2 carbonyl-C5-H, AC amino(A) N3(C)-carbonyl, GC imino amino-carbonyl, Gpsi imino-2-carbonyl amino-2- carbonyl, and GU imino amino-2-carbonyl base pairs.

[0309] By "target" as used herein is meant, any target protein, peptide, or polypeptide, such as encoded by Genbank Accession Nos. described herein and/or in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/363,124, USSN 10/923,536 and/or PCT/US03/05028, both incorporated by reference herein. The term "target" also refers to nucleic acid sequences or target polynucleotide sequence encoding any target protein, peptide, or polypeptide, such as proteins, peptides, or polypeptides encoded by sequences having Genbank Accession Nos. shown herein and/or in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/363,124, USSN 10/923,536 and/or USSN PCT/US03/05028. The target of interest can include target polynucleotide sequences, such as target DNA or target RNA. The term "target" is also meant to include other sequences, such as differing isoforms, mutant target genes, splice variants of target polynucleotides, target polymorphisms, and non-coding (e.g., ncRNA, miRNA, stRNA) or other regulatory polynucleotide sequences as described herein. Therefore, in various embodiments of the invention, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention (e.g., siNA) having complementarity to a target RNA can be used to inhibit or down regulate miRNA or other ncRNA activity. In one embodiment, inhibition of miRNA or ncRNA activity can be used to down regulate or inhibit gene expression (e.g., gene targets described herein or otherwise known in the art) that is dependent on miRNA or ncRNA activity. In another embodiment, inhibition of miRNA or ncRNA activity by double stranded nucleic acid molecules of the invention (e.g. siNA) having complementarity to the miRNA or ncRNA can be used to up regulate or promote target gene expression (e.g., gene targets described herein or otherwise known in the art) where the expression of such genes is down regulated, suppressed, or silenced by the miRNA or ncRNA. Such up-regulation of gene expression can be used to treat diseases and conditions associated with a loss of function or haploinsuffϊciency as are generally known in the art. In one embodiment, the target is VEGF, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFRl₅ VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3.

[0310] By "pathway target" is meant any target involved in pathways of gene expression or activity. For example, any given target can have related pathway targets that can include upstream, downstream, or modifier genes in a biologic pathway. These pathway target genes can provide additive or synergistic effects in the treatment of diseases, conditions, and traits herein.

[0311] In one embodiment, the target is any of target RNA or a portion thereof.

[0312] In one embodiment, the target is any target DNA or a portion thereof.

[0313] Tn one embodiment, the target is any target mRNA or a portion thereof.

[0314] In one embodiment, the target is any target miRNA or a portion thereof.

[0315] In one embodiment, the target is any target siRNA or a portion thereof.

[0316] In one embodiment, the target is any target stRNA or a portion thereof.

[0317] In one embodiment, the target is a target and or pathway target or a portion thereof. [0318] In one embodiment, the target is any (e.g., one or more) of target sequences described herein and/or in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/363,124, USSN 10/923,536 and/or PCT/US03/05028, or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the target is any (e.g., one or more) of target sequences shown in Table II or a portion thereof. In another embodiment, the target is a siRNA, miRNA, or stRNA corresponding to any (e.g., one or more) target, upper strand, or lower strand sequence shown in Table II or a portion thereof. In another embodiment, the target is any siRNA, miRNA, or stRNA corresponding any (e.g., one or more) sequence corresponding to a sequence herein or described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/363,124, USSN 10/923,536 and/or PCT/US03/05028.

[0319] By "VEGF" as used herein is meant, any vascular endothelial growth factor (e.g., VEGF, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D) protein, peptide, or polypeptide having vascular endothelial growth factor activity, such as encoded by VEGF Genbank Accession Nos. shown in Table I. The term VEGF also refers to nucleic acid sequences encloding any vascular endothelial growth factor protein, peptide, or polypeptide having vascular endothelial growth factor activity.

[0320] By "VEGF-B" is meant, protein, peptide, or polypeptide receptor or a derivative thereof, such as encoded by Genbank Accession No. NM_003377, having vascular endothelial growth factor type B activity. The term VEGF-B also refers to nucleic acid sequences encloding any VEGF-B protein, peptide, or polypeptide having VEGF-B activity.

[0321] By "VEGF-C" is meant, protein, peptide, or polypeptide receptor or a derivative thereof, such as encoded by Genbank Accession No. NM_005429, having vascular endothelial growth factor type C activity. The term VEGF-C also refers to nucleic acid sequences encloding any VEGF-C protein, peptide, or polypeptide having VEGF-C activity.

[0322] By "VEGF-D" is meant, protein, peptide, or polypeptide receptor or a derivative thereof, such as encoded by Genbank Accession No. NM_004469, having vascular endothelial growth factor type D activity. The term VEGF-D also refers to nucleic acid sequences encloding any VEGF-D protein, peptide, or polypeptide having VEGF-D activity.

[0323] By "VEGFR" as used herein is meant, any vascular endothelial growth factor receptor protein, peptide, or polypeptide (e.g., VEGFRl, VEGFR2, or VEGFR3, including both membrane bound and/or soluble forms thereof) having vascular endothelial growth factor receptor activity, such as encoded by VEGFR Genbank Accession Nos. shown in Table I. The term VEGFR also refers to nucleic acid sequences encloding any vascular endothelial growth factor receptor protein, peptide, or polypeptide having vascular endothelial growth factor receptor activity.

[0324] By "VEGFRl " is meant, protein, peptide, or polypeptide receptor or a derivative thereof, such as encoded by Genbank Accession No. NM_002019, having vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 1 (fit) activity, for example, having the ability to bind a vascular endothelial growth factor. The term VEGFl also refers to nucleic acid sequences encloding any VEGFRl protein, peptide, or polypeptide having VEGFRl activity.

[0325] By "VEGFR2" is meant, protein, peptide, or polypeptide receptor or a derivative thereof, such as encoded by Genbank Accession No. NM_002253, having vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (kdr) activity, for example, having the ability to bind a vascular endothelial growth factor. The term VEGF2 also refers to nucleic acid sequences encloding any VEGFR2 protein, peptide, or polypeptide having VEGFR2 activity.

[0326] By "VEGFR3" is meant, protein, peptide, or polypeptide receptor or a derivative thereof, such as encoded by Genbank Accession No. NM_002020 having vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 3 (kdr) activity, for example, having the ability to bind a vascular endothelial growth factor. The term VEGFR3 also refers to nucleic acid sequences encloding any VEGFR3 protein, peptide, or polypeptide having VEGFR3 activity.

[0327] By "interleukin" is meant, any interleukin (e.g., IL-I, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-I l, IL-12, IL-13, IL- 14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, TL-21 , TL-22, TL-23, TL-24, TL-25, TL-26, and TL-27) protein, peptide, or polypeptide having any interleukin activity, such as encoded by interleukin Genbank Accession Nos. described in USSN Serial No. 10/922,675, filed August 20, 2004 and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety including the drawings. The term interleukin also refers to nucleic acid sequences encoding any interleukin protein, peptide, or polypeptide having interleukin activity. The term "interleukin" is also meant to include other interleukin encoding sequence, such as other interleukin isoforms, mutant interleukin genes, splice variants of interleukin genes, and interleukin gene polymorphisms.

[0328] By "interleukin receptor" is meant, any interleukin receptor (e.g., IL-IR, IL-2R, IL-3R, IL-4R, IL-5R, IL-6R, IL-7R, IL-8R, IL-9R, IL-10R, IL-IlR, IL-12R, IL-13R, IL-14R, IL-15R, IL-16R, IL-17R, IL-18R, IL-19R, IL-20R, IL-21R, IL-22R, IL-23R, IL-24R, IL- 25R, IL-26R, and IL-27R) protein, peptide, or polypeptide having any interleukin receptor activity, such as encoded by interleukin receptor Genbank Accession Nos. described in USSN Serial No. 10/922,675, filed August 20, 2004 and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety including the drawings. The term interleukin receptor also refers to nucleic acid sequences encoding any interleukin receptor protein, peptide, or polypeptide having interleukin receptor activity. The term "interleukin receptor" is also meant to include other interleukin receptor encoding sequence, such as other interleukin receptor isoforms, mutant interleukin receptor genes, splice variants of interleukin receptor genes, and interleukin receptor gene polymorphisms.

[0329] By "homologous sequence" is meant, a nucleotide sequence that is shared by one or more polynucleotide sequences, such as genes, gene transcripts and/or non-coding polynucleotides. For example, a homologous sequence can be a nucleotide sequence that is shared by two or more genes encoding related but different proteins, such as different members of a gene family, different protein epitopes, different protein isoforms or completely divergent genes, such as a cytokine and its corresponding receptors. A homologous sequence can be a nucleotide sequence that is shared by two or more non-coding polynucleotides, such as noncoding DNA or RNA, regulatory sequences, introns, and sites of transcriptional control or regulation. Homologous sequences can also include conserved sequence regions shared by more than one polynucleotide sequence. Homology does not need to be perfect homology (e.g., 100%), as partially homologous sequences are also contemplated by the instant invention (e.g., 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 84%, 83%, 82%, 81%, 80% etc.).

[0330] By "conserved sequence region" is meant, a nucleotide sequence of one or more regions in a polynucleotide does not vary significantly between generations or from one biological system, subject, or organism to another biological system, subject, or organism. The polynucleotide can include both coding and non-coding DNA and RNA.

[0331] By "sense region" is meant a nucleotide sequence of a siNA molecule having complementarity to an antisense region of the siNA molecule. Tn addition, the sense region of a siNA molecule can comprise a nucleic acid sequence having homology with a target nucleic acid sequence. In one embodiment, the sense region of the siNA molecule is referred to as the sense strand or passenger strand. [0332] By "aπtisense region" is meant a nucleotide sequence of a siNA molecule having complementarity to a target nucleic acid sequence. In addition, the antisense region of a siNA molecule can optionally comprise a nucleic acid sequence having complementarity to a sense region of the siNA molecule. In one embodiment, the antisense region of the siNA molecule is referred to as the antisense strand or guide strand.

[0333] By "target nucleic acid" or "target polynucleotide" is meant any nucleic acid sequence (e.g, any target and/or pathway target sequence) whose expression or activity is to be modulated. The target nucleic acid can be DNA or KNA. In one embodiment, a target nucleic acid of the invention is target RNA or DNA.

[0334] By "complementarity" is meant that a nucleic acid can form hydrogen bond(s) with another nucleic acid sequence by either traditional Watson-Crick or other non-traditional types as described herein. In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention, such as an siNA molecule, wherein each strand is between 15 and 30 nucleotides in length, comprises between about 10% and about 100% (e.g., about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%) complementarity between the two strands of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule. In another embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention, such as an siNA molecule, where one strand is the sense strand and the other stand is the antisense strand, wherein each strand is between 15 and 30 nucleotides in length, comprises between at least about 10% and about 100% (e.g., at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%) complementarity between the nucleotide sequence in the antisense strand of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule and the nucleotide sequence of its corresponding target nucleic acid molecule, such as a target RNA or target mRNA or viral RNA. In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention, such as an siNA molecule, where one strand comprises nucleotide sequence that is referred to as the sense region and the other strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is referred to as the antisense region, wherein each strand is between 15 and 30 nucleotides in length, comprises between about 10% and about 100% (e.g., about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%) complementarity between the sense region and the antisense region of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule. In reference to the nucleic molecules of the present invention, the binding free energy for a nucleic acid molecule with its complementary sequence is sufficient to allow the relevant function of the nucleic acid to proceed, e.g., RNAi activity. Determination of binding free energies for nucleic acid molecules is well known in the art (see, e.g., Turner et al., 1987, CSH Symp. Quant. Biol. LII pp.123-133; Frier et al, 1986, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9373-9377; Turner et al, 1987, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:3783- 3785). A percent complementarity indicates the percentage of contiguous residues in a nucleic acid molecule that can form hydrogen bonds (e.g., Watson-Crick base pairing) with a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides out of a total of 10 nucleotides in the first oligonucleotide being based paired to a second nucleic acid sequence having 10 nucleotides represents 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% complementary respectively). In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention has perfect complementarity between the sense strand or sense region and the antisense strand or antisense region of the siNA molecule. In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is perfectly complementary to a corresponding target nucleic acid molecule. "Perfectly complementary" means that all the contiguous residues of a nucleic acid sequence will hydrogen bond with the same number of contiguous residues in a second nucleic acid sequence. In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises about 15 to about 30 or more (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 or more) nucleotides that are complementary to one or more target nucleic acid molecules or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention has partial complementarity (i.e., less than 100% complementarity) between the sense strand or sense region and the antisense strand or antisense region of the siNA molecule or between the antisense strand or antisense region of the siNA molecule and a corresponding target nucleic acid molecule. For example, partial complementarity can include various mismatches or non- based paired nucleotides (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more mismatches or non-based paired nucleotides) within the siNA structure which can result in bulges, loops, or overhangs that result between the between the sense strand or sense region and the antisense strand or antisense region of the siNA molecule or between the antisense strand or antisense region of the siNA molecule and a corresponding target nucleic acid molecule.

[0335] In one embodiment, a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention, such as siNA molecule, has perfect complementarity between the sense strand or sense region and the antisense strand or antisense region of the nucleic acid molecule. In one embodiment, double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention, such as siNA molecule, is perfectly complementary to a corresponding target nucleic acid molecule. [0336] In one embodiment, double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention, such as siNA molecule, has partial complementarity (i.e., less than 100% complementarity) between the sense strand or sense region and the antisense strand or antisense region of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule or between the antisense strand or antisense region of the nucleic acid molecule and a corresponding target nucleic acid molecule. For example, partial complementarity can include various mismatches or non-base paired nucleotides (e.g. , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more mismatches or non-based paired nucleotides, such as nucleotide bulges) within the double stranded nucleic acid molecule, structure which can result in bulges, loops, or overhangs that result between the sense strand or sense region and the antisense strand or antisense region of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule or between the antisense strand or antisense region of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule and a corresponding target nucleic acid molecule.

[0337] In one embodiment, double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention is a microRNA (miRNA). By "microRNA" or "miRNA" is meant, a small double stranded RNA that regulates the expression of target messenger RNAs either by mRNA cleavage, translational repression/inhibition or heterochromatic silencing (see for example Ambros, 2004, Nature, 431 , 350-355; Bartel, 2004, Cell, 1 16, 281-297; Cullen, 2004, Virus Research., 102, 3-9; He et al, 2004, Nat. Rev. Genet., 5, 522-531; Ying et al, 2004, gene, 342, 25-28; and Sethupathy et al, 2006, RNA, 12:192-197). In one embodiment, the microRNA of the invention, has partial complementarity (i.e., less than 100% complementarity) between the sense strand or sense region and the antisense strand or antisense region of the miRNA molecule or between the antisense strand or antisense region of the miRNA and a corresponding target nucleic acid molecule. For example, partial complementarity can include various mismatches or non-base paired nucleotides (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more mismatches or non-based paired nucleotides, such as nucleotide bulges) within the double stranded nucleic acid molecule, structure which can result in bulges, loops, or overhangs that result between the sense strand or sense region and the antisense strand or antisense region of the miRNA or between the antisense strand or antisense region of the miRNA and a corresponding target nucleic acid molecule.

[0338] In one embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention that down regulate or reduce target gene expression are used for preventing or treating diseases, disorders, conditions, or traits in a subject or organism as described herein or otherwise known in the art. [0339] In one embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention that down regulate or reduce VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression are used for treating, preventing or reducing ocular disease, cancer, proliferative disease, inflammatory disease, respiratory disease, neurologic disease, allergic disease, renal disease, or angiogenesis in a subject or organism.

[0340] By "proliferative disease" or "cancer" as used herein is meant, any disease, condition, trait, genotype or phenotype characterized by unregulated cell growth or replication as is known in the art; including leukemias, for example, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, AIDS related cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma; breast cancers; bone cancers such as Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcomas, Ewing's sarcoma, Fibrosarcomas, Giant cell tumors, Adamantinomas, and Chordomas; Brain cancers such as Meningiomas, Glioblastomas, Lower-Grade Astrocytomas, Oligodendrocytomas, Pituitary Tumors, Schwannomas, and Metastatic brain cancers; cancers of the head and neck including various lymphomas such as mantle cell lymphoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, adenoma, squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal carcinoma, gallbladder and bile duct cancers, cancers of the retina such as retinoblastoma, cancers of the esophagus, gastric cancers, multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, thyroid cancer, testicular cancer, endometrial cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer (including non-small cell lung carcinoma), pancreatic cancer, sarcomas, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, head and neck cancer, skin cancers, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, liposarcoma, epithelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, gallbladder adeno carcinoma, parotid adenocarcinoma, endometrial sarcoma, multidrug resistant cancers; and proliferative diseases and conditions, such as neovascularization associated with tumor angiogenesis, macular degeneration (e.g., wet/dry AMD), corneal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, ncovascular glaucoma, myopic degeneration and other proliferative diseases and conditions such as restenosis and polycystic kidney disease, and any other cancer or proliferative disease, condition, trait, genotype or phenotype that can respond to the modulation of disease related gene expression in a cell or tissue, alone or in combination with other therapies.

[0341] By "inflammatory disease" or "inflammatory condition" as used herein is meant any disease, condition, trait, genotype or phenotype characterized by an inflammatory or allergic process as is known in the art, such as inflammation, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, respiratory disease, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, dermatitis, restenosis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowl disease, inflammatory pelvic disease, pain, ocular inflammatory disease, celiac disease, Leigh Syndrome, Glycerol Kinase Deficiency, Familial eosinophilia (FE), autosomal recessive spastic ataxia, laryngeal inflammatory disease; Tuberculosis, Chronic cholecystitis, Bronchiectasis, Silicosis and other pneumoconioses, and any other inflammatory disease, condition, trait, genotype or phenotype that can respond to the modulation of disease related gene expression in a cell or tissue, alone or in combination with other therapies.

[0342] By "autoimmune disease" or "autoimmune condition" as used herein is meant, any disease, condition, trait, genotype or phenotype characterized by autoimmunity as is known in the art, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, lupus, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, scleroderms, Goodpasture's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, autoimmune epilepsy, Rasmussen's encephalitis, Primary biliary sclerosis, Sclerosing cholangitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Addison's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Fibromyalgia, Menier's syndrome; transplantation rejection (e.g., prevention of allograft rejection) pernicious anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Reiter's syndrome, Grave's disease, and any other autoimmune disease, condition, trait, genotype or phenotype that can respond to the modulation of disease related gene expression in a cell or tissue, alone or in combination with other therapies.

[0343] By "neurologic disease" or "neurological disease" is meant any disease, disorder, or condition affecting the central or peripheral nervous system, inlcuding ADHD, AIDS - Neurological Complications, Absence of the Septum Pellucidum, Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum, Agnosia, Aicardi Syndrome, Alexander Disease, Alpers' Disease, Alternating Hemiplegia, Alzheimer's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Anencephaly, Aneurysm, Angelman Syndrome, Angiomatosis, Anoxia, Aphasia, Apraxia, Arachnoid Cysts, Arachnoiditis, Arnold-Chiari Malformation, Arteriovenous Malformation, Aspartame, Asperger Syndrome, Ataxia Telangiectasia, Ataxia, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism, Autonomic Dysfunction, Back Pain, Barth Syndrome, Batten Disease, Behcet's Disease, Bell's Palsy, Benign Essential Blepharospasm, Benign Focal Amyotrophy, Benign Intracranial Hypertension, Bernhardt-Roth Syndrome, Binswanger's Disease, Blepharospasm, Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome, Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries, Brachial Plexus Injuries, Bradbury-Eggleston Syndrome, Brain Aneurysm, Brain Injury, Brain and Spinal Tumors, Brown-Sequard Syndrome, Bulbospinal Muscular Atrophy, Canavan Disease, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Causalgia, Cavernomas, Cavernous Angioma, Cavernous Malformation, Central Cervical Cord Syndrome, Central Cord Syndrome, Central Pain Syndrome, Cephalic Disorders, Cerebellar Degeneration, Cerebellar Hypoplasia, Cerebral Aneurysm, Cerebral Arteriosclerosis, Cerebral Atrophy,, Cerebral Beriberi, Cerebral Gigantism, Cerebral Hypoxia, Cerebral Palsy, Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal Syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth. Disorder, Chiari Malformation, Chorea, Chorcoacanthocytosis, Chronic Inflammatory Dcmyclinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), Chronic Orthostatic Intolerance, Chronic Pain, Cockayne Syndrome Type II, Coffin Lowry Syndrome, Coma, including Persistent Vegetative State, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Congenital Facial Diplegia, Congenital Myasthenia, Congenital Myopathy, Congenital Vascular Cavernous Malformations, Corticobasal Degeneration, Cranial Arteritis, Craniosynostosis, Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease, Cumulative Trauma Disorders, Cushing's Syndrome, Cytomegalic Inclusion Body Disease (CIBD), Cytomegalovirus Infection, Dancing Eyes-Dancing Feet Syndrome, Dandy-Walker Syndrome, Dawson Disease, De Morsier's Syndrome, Dejerine-Klumpke Palsy, Dementia - Multi-lnfarct, Dementia - Subcortical, Dementia With Lewy Bodies, Dermatomyositis, Developmental Dyspraxia, Devic's Syndrome, Diabetic Neuropathy, Diffuse Sclerosis, Dravet's Syndrome, Dysautonomia, Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, Dysphagia, Dyspraxia, Dystonias, Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy, Empty Sella Syndrome, Encephalitis Lethargica, Encephalitis and Meningitis, Encephaloceles, Encephalopathy, Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis, Epilepsy, Erb's Palsy, Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies, Fabry's Disease, Fahr's Syndrome, Fainting, Familial Dysautonomia, Familial Hemangioma, Familial Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification, Familial Spastic Paralysis, Febrile Seizures (e.g., GEFS and GEFS plus), Fisher Syndrome, Floppy Infant Syndrome, Friedreich's Ataxia, Gaucher's Disease, Gerstmann's Syndrome, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease, Giant Cell Arteritis, Giant Cell Inclusion Disease, Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy, Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, HTLV-I Associated Myelopathy, Hallervorden-Spatz Disease, Head Injury, Headache, Hemicrania Continua, Hemifacial Spasm, Hemiplegia Alterans, Hereditary Neuropathies, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, Heredopathia Atactica Polyneuritiformis, Herpes Zoster Oticus, Herpes Zoster, Hirayama Syndrome, Holoprosencephaly, Huntington's Disease, Hydranencephaly, Hydrocephalus - Normal Pressure, Hydrocephalus, Hydromyelia, Hypercortisolism, Hypersomnia, Hypertonia, Hypotonia, Hypoxia, Immune-Mediated Encephalomyelitis, Inclusion Body Myositis, Incontinentia Pigmenti, Infantile Hypotonia, Infantile Phytanic Acid Storage Disease, Infantile Refsum Disease, Infantile Spasms, Inflammatory Myopathy, Intestinal Lipodystrophy, Intracranial Cysts, Intracranial Hypertension, Isaac's Syndrome, Joubert Syndrome, Kearns-Sayre Syndrome, Kennedy's Disease, Kinsbourne syndrome, Kleine- Levin syndrome, Klippel Feil Syndrome, Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS), Klύver-Bucy Syndrome, Korsakoff's Amnesic Syndrome, Krabbe Disease, Kugelberg-Welander Disease, Ruru, Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome, Landau-Kleffher Syndrome, Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment, Lateral Medullary Syndrome, Learning Disabilities, Leigh's Disease, Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Leukodystrophy, Levine- Critchley Syndrome, Lewy Body Dementia, Lissencephaly, Locked-In Syndrome, Lou Gehrig's Disease, Lupus - Neurological Sequelae, Lyme Disease - Neurological Complications, Machado-Joseph Disease, Macrencephaly, Megalencephaly, Melkersson- Rosenthal Syndrome, Meningitis, Menkes Disease, Meralgia Paresthetica, Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Microcephaly, Migraine, Miller Fisher Syndrome, Mini-Strokes, Mitochondrial Myopathies, Mobius Syndrome, Monomelic Amyotrophy, Motor Neuron Diseases, Moyamoya Disease, Mucolipidoses, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Multi-Infarct Dementia, Multifocal Motor Meuropathy, Multiple Sclerosis, Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension, Multiple System Atrophy, Muscular Dystrophy, Myasthenia - Congenital, Myasthenia Gravis, Myelinoclastic Diffuse Sclerosis, Myoclonic Encephalopathy of Infants, Myoclonus, Myopathy - Congenital, Myopathy - Thyrotoxic, Myopathy, Myotonia Congenita, Myotonia, Narcolepsy, Neuroacanthocytosis, Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation, Neurofibromatosis, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Neurological Complications of AIDS, Neurological Manifestations of Pompe Disease, Neuromyelitis Optica, Neuromyotonia, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, Neuronal Migration Disorders, Neuropathy - Hereditary, Ncurosarcoidosis, Neurotoxicity, Nevus Cavcrnosus, Nicmann-Pick Disease, O'Sullivan-McLeod Syndrome, Occipital Neuralgia, Occult Spinal Dysraphism Sequence, Ohtahara Syndrome, Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy, Opsoclonus Myoclonus, Orthostatic Hypotension, Overuse Syndrome, Pain - Chronic, Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Paresthesia, Parkinson's Disease, Parmyotonia Congenita, Paroxysmal Choreoathetosis, Paroxysmal Hemicrania, Parry-Romberg, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease, Pena Shokeir TT Syndrome, Perineural Cysts, Periodic Paralyses, Peripheral Neuropathy, Periventricular Leukomalacia, Persistent Vegetative State, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Phytanic Acid Storage Disease, Pick's Disease, Piriformis Syndrome, Pituitary Tumors, Polymyositis, Pompe Disease, Porencephaly, Post-Polio Syndrome, Postherpetic Neuralgia, Postinfectious Encephalomyelitis, Postural Hypotension, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome, Postural Tachycardia Syndrome, Primary Lateral Sclerosis, Prion Diseases, Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy, Progressive Locomotor Ataxia, Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Sclerosing Poliodystrophy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Pseudotumor Cerebri, Pyridoxine Dependent and Pyridoxine Responsive Siezure Disorders, Ramsay Hunt Syndrome Type I, Ramsay Hunt Syndrome Type II, Rasmussen's Encephalitis and other autoimmune epilepsies, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome, Rcfsum Disease - Infantile, Rcfsum Disease, Repetitive Motion Disorders, Repetitive Stress Injuries, Restless Legs Syndrome, Retrovirus-Associated Myelopathy, Rett Syndrome, Reye's Syndrome, Riley-Day Syndrome, SUNCT Headache, Sacral Nerve Root Cysts, Saint Vitus Dance, Salivary Gland Disease, Sandhoff Disease, Schilder's Disease, Schizencephaly, Seizure Disorders, Septo-Optic Dysplasia, Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy (SMEI), Shaken Baby Syndrome, Shingles, Shy-Drager Syndrome, Sjogren's Syndrome, Sleep Apnea, Sleeping Sickness, Soto's Syndrome, Spasticity, Spina Bifida, Spinal Cord Infarction, Spinal Cord Injury, Spinal Cord Tumors, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Spinocerebellar Atrophy, Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome, Stiff-Person Syndrome, Striatonigral Degeneration, Stroke, Sturge-Weber Syndrome, Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis, Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy, Swallowing Disorders, Sydenham Chorea, Syncope, Syphilitic Spinal Sclerosis, Syringohydromyelia, Syringomyelia, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Tabes Dorsalis, Tardive Dyskinesia, Tarlov Cysts, Tay-Sachs Disease, Temporal Arteritis, Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome, Thomsen Disease, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Thyrotoxic Myopathy, Tic Douloureux, Todd's Paralysis, Tourette Syndrome, Transient Ischemic Attack, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Transverse Myelitis, Traumatic Brain Injury, Tremor, Trigeminal Neuralgia, Tropical Spastic Paraparesis, Tuberous Sclerosis, Vascular Erectile Tumor, Vasculitis including Temporal Arteritis, Von Economo's Disease, Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), Von Recklinghausen's Disease, Wallenberg's Syndrome, Werdnig-Hoffman Disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, West Syndrome, Whipple's Disease, Williams Syndrome, Wilson's Disease, X- Linked Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy, and Zellweger Syndrome.

[0344] By "respiratory disease" is meant, any disease or condition affecting the respiratory tract, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or "COPD", allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, pulmonary vasoconstriction, inflammation, allergies, impeded respiration, respiratory distress syndrome, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vasoconstriction, emphysema, and any other respiratory disease, condition, trait, genotype or phenotype that can respond to the modulation of disease related gene expression in a cell or tissue, alone or in combination with other therapies.

[0345J By "cardiovascular disease" is meant and disease or condition affecting the heart and vasculature, inlcuding but not limited to, coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), aortic stenosis, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction (heart attack), cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), transient ischaemic attacks (TIA), angina (stable and unstable), atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia, vavular disease, congestive heart failure, hypercholoesterolemia, type I hyperlipoproteinemia, type II hyperlipoproteinemia, type III hyperlipoproteinemia, type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, type V hyperlipoproteinemia, secondary hypertrigliceridemia, and familial lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency.

[0346] By "ocular disease" as used herein is meant, any disease, condition, trait, genotype or phenotype of the eye and related structures as is known in the art, such as Cystoid Macular Edema, Asteroid Hyalosis, Pathological Myopia and Posterior Staphyloma, Toxocariasis (Ocular Larva Migrans), Retinal Vein Occlusion, Posterior Vitreous Detachment, Tractional Retinal Tears, Epiretinal Membrane, Diabetic Retinopathy, Lattice Degeneration, Retinal Vein Occlusion, Retinal Artery Occlusion, Macular Degeneration {e.g., age related macular degeneration such as wet AMD or dry AMD), Toxoplasmosis, Choroidal Melanoma, Acquired Retinoschisis, Hollenhorst Plaque, Idiopathic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy, Macular Hole, Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome, Retinal Macroaneursym, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Retinal Detachment, Hypertensive Retinopathy, Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Detachment, Papillophlebitis, Ocular Ischemic Syndrome, Coats' Disease, Leber's Miliary Aneurysm, Conjunctival Neoplasms, Allergic Conjunctivitis, Vernal Conjunctivitis, Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis &Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis, Viral Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Conjunctivitis, Chlamydial & Gonococcal Conjunctivitis, Conjunctival Laceration, Episcleritis, Scleritis, Pingueculitis, Pterygium, Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis (SLK of Theodore), Toxic Conjunctivitis, Conjunctivitis with Pscudomcmbranc, Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis, Tcrricn's Marginal Degeneration, Acanthamoeba Keratitis, Fungal Keratitis, Filamentary Keratitis, Bacterial Keratitis, Keratitis Sicca/Dry Eye Syndrome, Bacterial Keratitis, Herpes Simplex Keratitis, Sterile Corneal Infiltrates, Phlyctenulosis, Corneal Abrasion & Recurrent Corneal Erosion, Corneal Foreign Body, Chemical Burs, Epithelial Basement Membrane Dystrophy (EBMD), Thygeson's Superficial Punctate Keratopathy, Corneal Laceration, Salzmann's Nodular Degeneration, Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy, Crystalline Lens Subluxation, Ciliary-Block Glaucoma, Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma, Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma, Pseudoexfoliation Syndrom and Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma, Anterior Uveitis, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Uveitic Glaucoma & Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis, Pigment Dispersion Syndrome & Pigmentary Glaucoma, Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma, Anterior Uveitis, Hyphema, Angle Recession Glaucoma, Lens Induced Glaucoma, Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma, Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome, Neovascular Glaucoma, Pars Planitis, Choroidal Rupture, Duane's Retraction Syndrome, Toxic/Nutritional Optic Neuropathy, Aberrant Regeneration of Cranial Nerve III, Intracranial Mass Lesions, Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula, Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy, Optic Disc Edema & Papilledema, Cranial Nerve TTT Palsy, Cranial Nerve TV Palsy, Cranial Nerve VT Palsy, Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve) Palsy, Horner's Syndrome, Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia, Optic Nerve Head Hypoplasia, Optic Pit, Tonic Pupil, Optic Nerve Head Drusen, Demyelinating Optic Neuropathy (Optic Neuritis, Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis), Amaurosis Fugax and Transient Ischemic Attack, Pseudotumor Cerebri, Pituitary Adenoma, Molluscum Contagiosum, Canaliculitis, Verruca and Papilloma, Pediculosis and Pthiriasis, Blepharitis, Hordeolum, Preseptal Cellulitis, Chalazion, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus, Pediculosis & Phthiriasis, Blow-out Fracture, Chronic Epiphora, Dacryocystitis, Herpes Simplex Blepharitis, Orbital Cellulitis, Senile Entropion, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

[0347] By "metabolic disease" is meant any disease or condition affecting metabolic pathways as in known in the art. Metabolic disease can result in an abnormal metabolic process, cither congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (inborn errors of metabolism) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. In one embodiment, metabolic disease includes obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes (e.g., type I and/or type II diabetes).

[0348] By "dcrmatological disease" is mcany any disease or condition of the skin, dermis, or any substructure therein such as hair, follicle, etc. Dermatological diseases, disorders, conditions, and traits can include rosacea, psoriasis, ectopic dermatitis, skin cancers such as melanoma and basal cell carcinoma, hair loss, hair removal, alterations in pigmentation, and any other disease, condition, or trait associated with the skin, dermis, or structures therein.

[0349] By "auditory disease" is meany any disease or condition of the auditory system, including the ear, such as the inner ear, middle ear, outer ear, auditory nerve, and any substructures therein. Auditory diseases, disorders, conditions, and traits can include hearing loss, deafness, tinnitus, Meniere's Disease, vertigo, balance and motion disorders, and any other disease, condition, or trait associated with the ear, or structures therein.

[0350] By "metabolic disease" is meant any disease or condition affecting metabolic pathways as in known in the art. Metabolic disease can result in an abnormal metabolic process, either congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (inborn errors of metabolism) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. In one embodiment, metabolic disease includes hypcrlipidcmia, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetis (e.g., type I and/or type II diabetis), insulin resistance, and/or obesity.

[0351] In one embodiment of the present invention, each sequence of a siNA molecule of the invention is independently about 15 to about 30 nucleotides in length, in specific embodiments about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, the siNA duplexes of the invention independently comprise about 15 to about 30 base pairs (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30). In another embodiment, one or more strands of the siNA molecule of the invention independently comprises about 15 to about 30 nucleotides (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30) that are complementary to a target nucleic acid molecule. In yet another embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention comprising hairpin or circular structures are about 35 to about 55 (e.g., about 35, 40, 45, 50 or 55) nucleotides in length, or about 38 to about 44 (e.g., about 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, or 44) nucleotides in length and comprising about 15 to about 25 (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25) base pairs. Exemplary siNA molecules of the invention are shown in Tables II and III and/or Figures 4-5.

[0352] As used herein "cell" is used in its usual biological sense, and does not refer to an entire multicellular organism, e.g., specifically does not refer to a human. The cell can be present in an organism, e.g., birds, plants and mammals such as humans, cows, sheep, apes, monkeys, swine, dogs, and cats. The cell can be prokaryotic (e.g., bacterial cell) or eukaryotic (e.g., mammalian or plant cell). The cell can be of somatic or germ line origin, totipotent or pluripotent, dividing or non-dividing. The cell can also be derived from or can comprise a gamete or embryo, a stem cell, or a fully differentiated cell. The cell can be an isolated cell, purified cell, or substantially purified cell as is generally recognized in the art.

[0353] The siNA molecules of the invention are added directly, or can be complexed with cationic lipids, packaged within liposomes, or otherwise delivered to target cells or tissues. The nucleic acid or nucleic acid complexes can be locally administered to relevant tissues ex vivo, or in vivo through local delivery to the lung, with or without their incorporation in biopolymers. In particular embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention comprise sequences shown in Tables II-III and/or Figures 4-5. Examples of such nucleic acid molecules consist essentially of sequences defined in these tables and figures. Furthermore, the chemically modified constructs described in Table IV and the lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations shown in Table VI can be applied to any siNA sequence or group of siNA sequences of the invention.

[0354] In another aspect, the invention provides mammalian cells containing one or more siNA molecules of this invention. The one or more siNA molecules can independently be targeted to the same or different sites within a target polynucleotide of the invention.

[0355] By "RNA" is meant a molecule comprising at least one ribonucleotide residue. By "ribonucleotide" is meant a nucleotide with a hydroxyl group at the 2' position of a β-D- ribofuranose moiety. The terms include double-stranded RNA₅ single-stranded RNA, isolated RNA such as partially purified RNA, essentially pure RNA, synthetic RNA, recombinantly produced RNA, as well as altered RNA that differs from naturally occurring RNA by the addition, deletion, substitution and/or alteration of one or more nucleotides. Such alterations can include addition of non-nucleotide material, such as to the end(s) of the siNA or internally, for example at one or more nucleotides of the RNA. Nucleotides in the RNA molecules of the instant invention can also comprise non-standard nucleotides, such as non-naturally occurring nucleotides or chemically synthesized nucleotides or deoxynucleo tides. These altered RNAs can be referred to as analogs or analogs of naturally- occurring RNA. 61797

[0356] By "subject" is meant an organism, which is a donor or recipient of explanted cells or the cells themselves. "Subject" also refers to an organism to which the nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be administered. A subject can be a mammal or mammalian cells, including a human or human cells. In one embodiment, the subject is an infant (e.g., subjects that are less than 1 month old, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10, 11₅ or 12 months old). In one embodiment, the subject is a toddler (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 years old). In one embodiment, the subject is a senior (e.g., anyone over the age of about 65 years of age).

[0357] By "chemical modification" as used herein is meant any modification of chemical structure of the nucleotides that differs from nucleotides of native siRNA or RNA. The term "chemical modification" encompasses the addition, substitution, or modification of native siRNA or EJMA nucleosides and nucleotides with modified nucleosides and modified nucleotides as described herein or as is otherwise known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such chemical modifications include without limitation compositions having any of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII herein, phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, 2'- deoxyribonucleotides, 2'-O-methyl ribonucleotides, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro ribonucleotides, 4'- thio ribonucleotides, 2'-0-trifluoromethyl nucleotides, 2'-0-ethyl-trifiuoromethoxy nucleotides, 2'-O-difluoromethoxy-ethoxy nucleotides (see for example USSN 10/981,966 filed November 5, 2004, incorporated by reference herein), FANA, "universal base" nucleotides, "acyclic" nucleotides, 5-C-mcthyl nucleotides, terminal glyceryl and/or inverted deoxy abasic residue incorporation, or a modification having any of Formulae I- VII herein. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention (e.g, dsRNA, siNA etc.) are partially modified (e.g., about 5%, 10,%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% modified) with chemical modifications. In another embodiment, the the nucleic acid molecules of the invention (e.g, dsRNA, siNA etc.) are completely modified (e.g., about 100% modified) with chemical modifications.

[0358] The term "phosphorothioate" as used herein refers to an internucleotide linkage having Formula I, wherein Z and/or W comprise a sulfur atom. Hence, the term phosphorothioate refers to both phosphorothioate and phosphorodithioate internucleotide linkages.

[0359] The term "phosphonoacetate" as used herein refers to an internucleotide linkage having Formula I, wherein Z and/or W comprise an acetyl or protected acetyl group. [0360] The term "thiophosphonoacetate" as used herein refers to an internucleotide linkage having Formula I, wherein Z comprises an acetyl or protected acetyl group and W comprises a sulfur atom or alternately W comprises an acetyl or protected acetyl group and Z comprises a sulfur atom.

[0361] The term "universal base" as used herein refers to nucleotide base analogs that form base pairs with each of the natural DNA/RNA bases with little discrimination between them. Non-limiting examples of universal bases include C-phenyl, C-naphthyl and other aromatic derivatives, inosinc, azoic carboxamidcs, and nitroazolc derivatives such as 3- nitropyrrole, 4-nitroindole, 5-nitroindole, and 6-nitroindole as known in the art (see for example Loakes, 2001, Nucleic Acids Research, 29, 2437-2447).

[0362] The term "acyclic nucleotide" as used herein refers to any nucleotide having an acyclic ribosc sugar, for example where any of the ribosc carbons (Cl, C2, C3, C4, or C5), are independently or in combination absent from the nucleotide.

[0363] The nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention, individually, or in combination or in conjunction with other drugs, can be used to treat, inhibit, reduce, or prevent ocular disease, cancer, proliferative disease, inflammatory disease, respiratory disease, neurologic disease, allergic disease, renal disease, or angiogenesis in a subject or organism. For example, the siNA molecules can be administered to a subject or can be administered to other appropriate cells evident to those skilled in the art, individually or in combination with one or more drugs under conditions suitable for the treatment.

[0364] Tn one embodiment, the siNA molecules of the invention can be administered to a subject or can be administered to other appropriate cells evident to those skilled in the art, individually or in combination with one or more drugs under conditions suitable for the treatment.

[0365] Tn a further embodiment, the siNA molecules can be used in combination with other known treatments to treat, inhibit, reduce, or prevent ocular disease, cancer, proliferative disease, rnfiammatory disease, respiratory disease, neurologic disease, allergic disease, renal disease, or angiogenesis in a subject or organism. For example, the described molecules could be used in combination with one or more known compounds, treatments, or procedures to treat, inhibit, reduce, or prevent ocular disease, cancer, proliferative disease, inflammatory disease, respiratory disease, neurologic disease, allergic disease, renal disease, or angiogenesis in a subject or organism as are known in the art.

[0366] In one embodiment, the invention features an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one siNA molecule of the invention, in a manner which allows expression of the siNA molecule. For example, the vector can contain sequence(s) encoding both strands of a siNA molecule comprising a duplex. The vector can also contain sequence(s) encoding a single nucleic acid molecule that is self-complementary and thus forms a siNA molecule. Non-limiting examples of such expression vectors arc described in Paul et al, 2002, Nature Biotechnology, 19, 505; Miyagishi and Taira, 2002, Nature Biotechnology, 19, 497; Lee et al., 2002, Nature Biotechnology, 19, 500; and Novina et al., 2002, Nature Medicine, advance online publication doi:10.1038/nm725.

[0367] In another embodiment, the invention features a mammalian cell, for example, a human cell, including an expression vector of the invention.

[0368] In yet another embodiment, the expression vector of the invention comprises a sequence for a siNA molecule having complementarity to a RNA molecule referred to by a Gcnbank Accession numbers, for example Gcnbank Accession Nos. described herein or in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/363,124, USSN 10/923,536 and/or PCT/US03/05028.

[0369] In one embodiment, an expression vector of the invention comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding two or more siNA molecules, which can be the same or different.

[0370] In another aspect of the invention, siNA molecules that interact with VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA molecules and down-regulate gene encoding VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA molecules (for example VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA molecules referred to by Genbank Accession numbers herein) are expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors. The recombinant vectors can be DNA plasmids or viral vectors. siNA expressing viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, or alphavirus. The recombinant vectors capable of expressing the siNA molecules can be delivered as described herein, and persist in VEGF and/or VEGFR target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of siNA molecules. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Once expressed, the siNA molecules bind and down-regulate gene function or expression via RNA interference (RNAi). Delivery of siNA expressing vectors can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intramuscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from a subject followed by reintroduction into the subject, or by any other means that would allow for introduction into the desired VEGF and/or VEGFR target cell.

[0371] By "vectors" is meant any nucleic acid- and/or viral-based technique used to deliver a desired nucleic acid.

[0372] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0373] Figure 1 shows a non-limiting example of a scheme for the synthesis of siNA molecules. The complementary siNA sequence strands, strand 1 and strand 2, are synthesized in tandem and are connected by a 'cleavable linkage, such as a nucleotide succinate or abasic succinate, which can be the same or different from the cleavable linker used for solid phase synthesis on a solid support. The synthesis can be either solid phase or solution phase, in the example shown, the synthesis is a solid phase synthesis. The synthesis is performed such that a protecting group, such as a dimcthoxytrityl group, remains intact on the terminal nucleotide of the tandem oligonucleotide. Upon cleavage and deprotection of the oligonucleotide, the two siNA strands spontaneously hybridize to form a siNA duplex, which allows the purification of the duplex by utilizing the properties of the terminal protecting group, for example by applying a trityl on purification method wherein only duplexes/oligonucleotides with the terminal protecting group are isolated.

[0374] Figure 2 shows a MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of a purified siNA duplex synthesized by a method of the invention. The two peaks shown correspond to the predicted mass of the separate siNA sequence strands. This result demonstrates that the siNA duplex generated from tandem synthesis can be purified as a single entity using a simple trityl-on purification methodology.

[0375] Figure 3 shows a non-limiting proposed mechanistic representation of target RNA degradation involved in RNAi. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is generated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) from foreign single-stranded RNA, for example viral, transposon, or other exogenous RNA, activates the DICER enzyme that in turn generates siNA duplexes. Alternately, synthetic or expressed siNA can be introduced directly into a cell by appropriate means. An active siNA complex forms which recognizes a target KNA, resulting in degradation of the target RNA by the RISC endonuclease complex or in the synthesis of additional RNA by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), which can activate DICER and result in additional siNA molecules, thereby amplifying the RNAi response.

[0376] Figure 4A-F shows non-limiting examples of chemically-modified siNA constructs of the present invention. In the figure, N stands for any nucleotide (adenosine, guanosine, cytosine, uridine, or optionally thymidine, for example thymidine can be substituted in the overhanging regions designated by parenthesis (N N). Various modifications are shown for the sense and antisense strands of the siNA constructs. The (N N) nucleotide positions can be chemically modified as described herein (e.g., 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro etc.) and can be either derived from a corresponding target nucleic acid sequence or not (see for example Figure 6C). Furthermore, the sequences shown in Figure 4 can optionally include a ribonucleotide at the 9^th position from the 5 '-end of the sense strand or the 11^th position based on the 5'-end of the guide strand by counting 11 nucleotide positions in from the 5'-terminus of the guide strand (see Figure 6C).

[0377] Figure 4A: The sense strand comprises 21 nucleotides wherein the two terminal 3'-nucleotides are optionally base paired and wherein all nucleotides present are ribonucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. The antisense strand comprises 21 nucleotides, optionally having a 3'-terminal glyceryl moiety wherein the two terminal 3'-nucleotides are optionally complementary to the target RNA sequence, and wherein all nucleotides present are ribonucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. A modified internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or other modified internucleotide linkage as described herein, shown as "s", optionally connects the (N N) nucleotides in the antisense strand.

[0378] Figure 4B: The sense strand comprises 21 nucleotides wherein the two terminal 3 '-nucleotides are optionally base paired and wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides that may be present are 2'deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides and all purine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotid.es, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. The antisense strand comprises 21 nucleotides, optionally having a 3'- terminal glyceryl moiety and wherein the two terminal 3'-nucleotides are optionally complementary to the target RNA sequence, and wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides and all purine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. A modified intcrnuclcotidc linkage, such as a phosphorothioatc, phosphorodithioate or other modified internucleotide linkage as described herein, shown as "s", optionally connects the (N N) nucleotides in the sense and antisense strand.

[0379] Figure 4C: The sense strand comprises 21 nucleotides having 5'- and 3'- terminal cap moieties wherein the two terminal 3'-nucleotides are optionally base paired and wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-O-methyl or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. The antisense strand comprises 21 nucleotides, optionally having a 3 '-terminal glyceryl moiety and wherein the two terminal 3'-nucleotides are optionally complementary to the target RNA sequence, and wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. A modified internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or other modified internucleotide linkage as described herein, shown as "s", optionally connects the (N N) nucleotides in the antisense strand.

[0380] Figure 4D: The sense strand comprises 21 nucleotides having 5'- and 3'- terminal cap moieties wherein the two terminal 3'-nucleotides are optionally base paired and wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein and wherein and all purine nucleotides that may be present arc 2'-dcoxy nucleotides. The antisense strand comprises 21 nucleotides, optionally having a 3'-terminal glyceryl moiety and wherein the two terminal 3'- nucleotides are optionally complementary to the target RNA sequence, wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides and all purine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-O-rnethyl modified nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. A modified internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or other modified internucleotide linkage as described herein, shown as "s", optionally connects the (N N) nucleotides in the antisense strand.

[0381] Figure 4E: The sense strand comprises 21 nucleotides having 5'- and 3'- terminal cap moieties wherein the two terminal 3 '-nucleotides are optionally base paired and wherein all pyrimidinc nucleotides that may be present arc 2'-dcoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. The antisense strand comprises 21 nucleotides, optionally having a 3'-terminal glyceryl moiety and wherein the two terminal 3 '-nucleotides are optionally complementary to the target RNA sequence, and wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides and all purine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-O-methyl modified nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. A modified internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or other modified internucleotide linkage as described herein, shown as "s", optionally connects the (N N) nucleotides in the antisense strand.

[0382] Figure 4F: The sense strand comprises 21 nucleotides having 5'- and 3'- terminal cap moieties wherein the two terminal 3'-nucleotides are optionally base paired and wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein and wherein and all purine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-deoxy nucleotides. The antisense strand comprises 21 nucleotides, optionally having a 3'-terminal glyceryl moiety and wherein the two terminal 3'- nucleotides are optionally complementary to the target RNA sequence, and having one 3'- terminal phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage and wherein all pyrimidine nucleotides that may be present arc 2'-dcoxy-2'-fluoro modified nucleotides and all purine nucleotides that may be present are 2'-deoxy nucleotides except for (N N) nucleotides, which can comprise ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, universal bases, or other chemical modifications described herein. A modified internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate or other modified internucleotide linkage as described herein, shown as "s", optionally connects the (N N) nucleotides in the antisense strand. The antisense strand of constructs A- F comprise sequence complementary to any target nucleic acid sequence of the invention. Furthermore, when a glyceryl moiety (L) is present at the 3 '-end of the antisense strand for any construct shown in Figure 4 A-F, the modified internucleotide linkage is optional.

[0383] Figure 5A-F shows non-limiting examples of specific chemically-modified siNA sequences of the invention. A-F applies the chemical modifications described in Figure 4A- F to an exemplary VEGF and/or VEGFR target siNA sequence. Such chemical modifications can be applied to any VEGF and/or VEGFR target or other target polynucleotide sequence. Furthermore, the sequences shown in Figure 5 can optionally include a ribonucleotide at the 9^th position from the 5 '-end of the sense strand or the 11^th position based on the 5'-end of the guide strand by counting 11 nucleotide positions in from the 5'-terminus of the guide strand (see Figure 6C). In addition, the sequences shown in Figure 5 can optionally include terminal ribonucleotides at up to about 4 positions at the 5'- end of the antisense strand (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, or 4 terminal ribonucleotides at the 5'-end of the antisense strand).

[0384] Figure 6A-C shows non-limiting examples of different siNA constructs of the invention.

[0385] The examples shown in Figure 6A (constructs 1, 2, and 3) have 19 representative base pairs; however, different embodiments of the invention include any number of base pairs described hereinj. Bracketed regions represent nucleotide overhangs, for example, comprising about 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides in length, preferably about 2 nucleotides. Constructs 1 and 2 can be used independently for RNAi activity. Construct 2 can comprise a polynucleotide or non-nucleotide linker, which can optionally be designed as a biodegradable linker. In one embodiment, the loop structure shown in construct 2 can comprise a biodegradable linker that results in the formation of construct 1 in vivo and/or in vitro. In another example, construct 3 can be used to generate construct 2 under the same principle wherein a linker is used to generate the active siNA construct 2 in vivo and/or in vitro, which can optionally utilize another biodegradable linker to generate the active siNA construct 1 in vivo and/or in vitro. As such, the stability and/or activity of the siNA constructs can be modulated based on the design of the siNA construct for use in vivo or in vitro and/or in vitro. [0386] The examples shown in Figure 6B represent different variations of double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention, such as microRNA, that can include overhangs, bulges, loops, and stem-loops resulting from partial complementarity. Such motifs having bulges, loops, and stem-loops are generally characteristics of miRNA. The bulges, loops, and stem- loops can result from any degree of partial complementarity, such as mismatches or bulges of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more nucleotides in one or both strands of the double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention.

[0387] The example shown in Figure 6C represents a model double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprising a 19 base pair duplex of two 21 nucleotide sequences having dinucleotide 3 '-overhangs. The top strand (1) represents the sense strand (passenger strand), the middle strand (2) represents the antisense (guide strand), and the lower strand (3) represents a target polynucleotide sequence. The dinucleotide overhangs (NN) can comprise sequence derived from the target polynucleotide. For example, the 3'-(NN) sequence in the guide strand can be complementary to the 5'-[NN] sequence of the target polynucleotide. In addition, the 5'-(NN) sequence of the passenger strand can comprise the same sequence as the 5'-[NN] sequence of the target polynucleotide sequence. In other embodiments, the overhangs (NN) are not derived from the target polynucleotide sequence, for example where the 3'-(NN) sequence in the guide strand are not complementary to the 5'-[NN] sequence of the target polynucleotide and the 5'-(NN) sequence of the passenger strand can comprise different sequence from the 5'-[NN] sequence of the target polynucleotide sequence. In additional embodiments, any (NN) nucleotides are chemically modified, e.g., as 2'-O-methyl, 2'-deoxy-2'-fiuoro, and/or other modifications herein. Furthermore, the passenger strand can comprise a ribonucleotide position N of the passenger strand. For the representative 19 base pair 21 mer duplex shown, position TV can be 9 nucleotides in from the 3' end of the passenger strand. However, in duplexes of differing length, the position N is determined based on the 5'-end of the guide strand by counting 11 nucleotide positions in from the 5'-terminus of the guide strand and picking the corresponding base paired nucleotide in the passenger strand. Cleavage by Ago2 takes place between positions 10 and 11 as indicated by the arrow. In additional embodiments, there are two ribonucleotides, MV, at positions 10 and 11 based on the 5'-end of the guide strand by counting 10 and 11 nucleotide positions in from the 5'- terminus of the guide strand and picking the corresponding base paired nucleotides in the passenger strand. [0388] Figure 7A-C is a diagrammatic representation of a scheme utilized in generating an expression cassette to generate siNA hairpin constructs.

[0389] Figure 7A: A DNA oligomer is synthesized with a 5 '-restriction site (Rl) sequence followed by a region having sequence identical (sense region of siNA) to a predetermined target sequence, wherein the sense region comprises, for example, about 19, 20, 21, or 22 nucleotides (N) in length, which is followed by a loop sequence of defined sequence (X), comprising, for example, about 3 to about 10 nucleotides.

[0390] Figure 7B: The synthetic construct is then extended by DNA polymerase to generate a hairpin structure having self-complementary sequence that will result in a siNA transcript having specificity for a target sequence and having self-complementary sense and antisense regions.

[0391] Figure 7C: The construct is heated (for example to about 95°C) to linearize the sequence, thus allowing extension of a complementary second DNA strand using a primer to the 3 '-restriction sequence of the first strand. The double-stranded DNA is then inserted into an appropriate vector for expression in cells. The construct can be designed such that a 3'- tcrminal nucleotide overhang results from the transcription, for example, by engineering restriction sites and/or utilizing a poly-U termination region as described in Paul et al, 2002, Nature Biotechnology, 29, 505-508.

[0392] Figure 8A-C is a diagrammatic representation of a scheme utilized in generating an expression cassette to generate double-stranded siNA constructs.

[0393] Figure 8A: A DNA oligomer is synthesized with a 5 '-restriction (Rl) site sequence followed by a region having sequence identical (sense region of siNA) to a predetermined target sequence, wherein the sense region comprises, for example, about 19, 20, 21, or 22 nucleotides (N) in length, and which is followed by a 3 '-restriction site (R2) which is adjacent to a loop sequence of defined sequence (X).

[0394] Figure 8B: The synthetic construct is then extended by DNA polymerase to generate a hairpin structure having self-complementary sequence.

[0395] Figure 8C: The construct is processed by restriction enzymes specific to Rl and R2 to generate a double-stranded DNA which is then inserted into an appropriate vector for expression in cells. The transcription cassette is designed such that a U6 promoter region flanks each side of the dsDNA which generates the separate sense and antisense strands of the siNA. Poly T termination sequences can be added to the constructs to generate U overhangs in the resulting transcript.

[0396] Figure 9A-E is a diagrammatic representation of a method used to determine target sites for siNA mediated RNAi within a particular target nucleic acid sequence, such as messenger RNA.

[0397] Figure 9A: A pool of siNA oligonucleotides are synthesized wherein the antisense region of the siNA constructs has complementarity to target, sites across the target nucleic acid sequence, and wherein the sense region comprises sequence complementary to the antisense region of the siNA.

[0398] Figure 9B&C: (Figure 9B) The sequences are pooled and are inserted into vectors such that (Figure 9C) transfection of a vector into cells results in the expression of the siNA.

[0399] Figure 9D: Cells are sorted based on phenotypic change that is associated with modulation of the target nucleic acid sequence.

[0400] Figure 9E: The siNA is isolated from the sorted cells and is sequenced to identify efficacious target sites within the target nucleic acid sequence.

[0401] Figure 10 shows non-limiting examples of different stabilization chemistries (1- 10) that can be used, for example, to stabilize the 3 '-end of siNA sequences of the invention, including (1) [3-3']-inverted deoxyribose; (2) deoxyribonucleotide; (3) [5'-3']-3'- deoxyribonucleotide; (4) [5 '-3 '] -ribonucleotide; (5) [5'-3']-3'-O-methyl ribonucleotide; (6) 3'- glyceryl; (7) [3'-5']-3'-deoxyribonucleotide; (8) [3'-3']-deoxyribonucleotide; (9) [5'-2']- dcoxyribonuclcotidc; and (10) [5-3']-didcoxyribonuclcotidc. In addition to modified and unmodified backbone chemistries indicated in the figure, these chemistries can be combined with different backbone modifications as described herein, for example, backbone modifications having Formula I. In addition, the 2'-deoxy nucleotide shown 5' to the terminal modifications shown can be another modified or unmodified nucleotide or non-nucleotide described herein, for example modifications having any of Formulae T-VTT or any combination thereof. [0402] Figure 11 shows a non-limiting example of a strategy used to identify chemically modified siNA constructs of the invention that are nuclease resistant while preserving the ability to mediate RNAi activity. Chemical modifications are introduced into the siNA construct based on educated design parameters (e.g. introducing 2'-mofϊcations, base modifications, backbone modifications, terminal cap modifications etc). The modified construct in tested in an appropriate system {e.g. human serum for nuclease resistance, shown, or an animal model for PK/delivery parameters). In parallel, the siNA construct is tested for RNAi activity, for example in a cell culture system such as a lucifcrasc reporter assay). Lead siNA constructs are then identified which possess a particular characteristic while maintaining RNAi activity, and can be further modified and assayed once again. This same approach can be used to identify siNA-conjugate molecules with improved pharmacokinetic profiles, delivery, and RNAi activity.

[0403] Figure 12 shows non-limiting examples of phosphorylated siNA molecules of the invention, including linear and duplex constructs and asymmetric derivatives thereof.

[0404] Figure 13 shows non-limiting examples of chemically modified terminal phosphate groups of the invention.

[0405] Figure 14A shows a non-limiting example of methodology used to design self complementary DFO constructs utilizing palindrome and/or repeat nucleic acid sequences that are identified in a target nucleic acid sequence, (i) A palindrome or repeat sequence is identified in a nucleic acid target sequence. (ii) A sequence is designed that is complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence and the palindrome sequence, (iii) An inverse repeat sequence of the non-palindrome/repeat portion of the complementary sequence is appended to the 3 '-end of the complementary sequence to generate a self complementary DFO molecule comprising sequence complementary to the nucleic acid target, (iv) The DFO molecule can self-assemble to form a double stranded oligonucleotide. Figure 14B shows a non-limiting representative example of a duplex forming oligonucleotide sequence. Figure 14C shows a non-limiting example of the self assembly schematic of a representative duplex forming oligonucleotide sequence. Figure 14D shows a non-limiting example of the self assembly schematic of a representative duplex forming oligonucleotide sequence followed by interaction with a target nucleic acid sequence resulting in modulation of gene expression. [0406] Figure 15 shows a non-limiting example of the design of self complementary DFO constructs utilizing palindrome and/or repeat nucleic acid sequences that are incorporated into the DFO constructs that have sequence complementary to any target nucleic acid sequence of interest. Incorporation of these palindrome/repeat sequences allow the design of DFO constructs that form duplexes in which each strand is capable of mediating modulation of target gene expression, for example by RNAi. First, the target sequence is identified. A complementary sequence is then generated in which nucleotide or non-nucleotide modifications (shown as X or Y) arc introduced into the complementary sequence that generate an artificial palindrome (shown as XYXYXY in the Figure). An inverse repeat of the non-palindrome/repeat complementary sequence is appended to the 3 '-end of the complementary sequence to generate a self complementary DFO comprising sequence complementary to the nucleic acid target. The DFO can self-assemble to form a double stranded oligonucleotide.

[0407] Figure 16 shows non- limiting examples of multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention comprising two separate polynucleotide sequences that are each capable of mediating RNAi directed cleavage of differing target nucleic acid sequences. Figure 16A shows a non-limiting example of a multifunctional siNA molecule having a first region that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 1) and a second region that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 2), wherein the first and second complementary regions are situated at the 3 '-ends of each polynucleotide sequence in the multifunctional siNA. The dashed portions of each polynucleotide sequence of the multifunctional siNA construct have complementarity with regard to corresponding portions of the siNA duplex, but do not have complementarity to the target nucleic acid sequences. Figure 16B shows a non-limiting example of a multifunctional siNA molecule having a first region that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 1) and a second region that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 2), wherein the first and second complementary regions are situated at the 5 '-ends of each polynucleotide sequence in the multifunctional siNA. The dashed portions of each polynucleotide sequence of the multifunctional siNA construct have complementarity with regard to corresponding portions of the siNA duplex, but do not have complementarity to the target nucleic acid sequences. [0408] Figure 17 shows non- limiting examples of multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention comprising a single polynucleotide sequence comprising distinct regions that are each capable of mediating KNAi directed cleavage of differing target nucleic acid sequences. Figure 17A shows a non-limiting example of a multifunctional siNA molecule having a first region that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 1) and a second region that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 2), wherein the second complementary region is situated at the 3 '-end of the polynucleotide sequence in the multifunctional siNA. The dashed portions of each polynucleotide sequence of the multifunctional siNA construct have complementarity with regard to corresponding portions of the siNA duplex, but do not have complementarity to the target nucleic acid sequences. Figure 17B shows a non-limiting example of a multifunctional siNA molecule having a first region that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 1) and a second region that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 2), wherein the first complementary region is situated at the 5 '-end of the polynucleotide sequence in the multifunctional siNA. The dashed portions of each polynucleotide sequence of the multifunctional siNA construct have complementarity with regard to corresponding portions of the siNA duplex, but do not have complementarity to the target nucleic acid sequences. In one embodiment, these multifunctional siNA constructs are processed in vivo or in vitro to generate multifunctional siNA constructs as shown in Figure 16.

[0409J Figure 18 shows non- limiting examples of multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention comprising two separate polynucleotide sequences that are each capable of mediating RNAi directed cleavage of differing target nucleic acid sequences and wherein the multifunctional siNA construct further comprises a self complementary, palindrome, or repeat region, thus enabling shorter bifuctional siNA constructs that can mediate RNA interference against differing target nucleic acid sequences. Figure 18A shows a non- limiting example of a multifunctional siNA molecule having a first region that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 1) and a second region that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 2), wherein the first and second complementary regions are situated at the 3 '-ends of each polynucleotide sequence in the multifunctional siNA, and wherein the first and second complementary regions further comprise a self complementary, palindrome, or repeat region. The dashed portions of each polynucleotide sequence of the multifunctional siNA construct have complementarity with regard to corresponding portions of the siNA duplex, but do not have complementarity to the target nucleic acid sequences. Figure 18B shows a non-limiting example of a multifunctional siNA molecule having a first region that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 1) and a second region that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 2), wherein the first and second complementary regions are situated at the 5 '-ends of each polynucleotide sequence in the multifunctional siNA, and wherein the first and second complementary regions further comprise a self complementary, palindrome, or repeat region. The dashed portions of each polynucleotide sequence of the multifunctional siNA construct have complementarity with regard to corresponding portions of the siNA duplex, but do not have complementarity to the target nucleic acid sequences.

[0410] Figure 19 shows non-limiting examples of multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention comprising a single polynucleotide sequence comprising distinct regions that are each capable of mediating RNAi directed cleavage of differing target nucleic acid sequences and wherein the multifunctional siNA construct further comprises a self complementary, palindrome, or repeat region, thus enabling shorter bifuctional siNA constructs that can mediate RNA interference against differing target nucleic acid sequences. Figure 19A shows a non-limiting example of a multifunctional siNA molecule having a first region that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 1) and a second region that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 2), wherein the second complementary region is situated at the 3 '-end of the polynucleotide sequence in the multifunctional siNA, and wherein the first and second complementary regions further comprise a self complementary, palindrome, or repeat region. The dashed portions of each polynucleotide sequence of the multifunctional siNA construct have complementarity with regard to corresponding portions of the siNA duplex, but do not have complementarity to the target nucleic acid sequences. Figure 19B shows a non-limiting example of a multifunctional siNA molecule having a first region that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 1) and a second region that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 2), wherein the first complementary region is situated at the 5 '-end of the polynucleotide sequence in the multifunctional siNA, and wherein the first and second complementary regions further comprise a self complementary, palindrome, or repeat region. The dashed portions of each polynucleotide sequence of the multifunctional siNA construct have complementarity with regard to corresponding portions of the siNA duplex, but do not have complementarity to the target nucleic acid sequences. In one embodiment, these multifunctional siNA constructs are processed in vivo or in vitro to generate multifunctional siNA constructs as shown in Figure 18.

[0411] Figure 20 shows a non-limiting example of how multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention can target two separate target nucleic acid molecules, such as separate RNA molecules encoding differing proteins, for example, a cytokine and its corresponding receptor, differing viral strains, a virus and a cellular protein involved in viral infection or replication, or differing proteins involved in a common or divergent biologic pathway that is implicated in the maintenance of progression of disease. Each strand of the multifunctional siNA construct comprises a region having complementarity to separate target nucleic acid molecules. The multifunctional siNA molecule is designed such that each strand of the siNA can be utilized by the RISC complex to initiate RNA interference mediated cleavage of its corresponding target. These design parameters can include destabilization of each end of the siNA construct (see for example Schwarz et al, 2003, Cell, 115, 199-208). Such destabilization can be accomplished for example by using guanosme-cytidine base pairs, alternate base pairs (e.g., wobbles), or destabilizing chemically modified nucleotides at terminal nucleotide positions as is known in the art.

[0412] Figure 21 shows a non-limiting example of how multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention can target two separate target nucleic acid sequences within the same target nucleic acid molecule, such as alternate coding regions of a RNA, coding and non-coding regions of a RNA, or alternate splice variant regions of a RNA. Each strand of the multifunctional siNA construct comprises a region having complementarity to the separate regions of the target nucleic acid molecule. The multifunctional siNA molecule is designed such that each strand of the siNA can be utilized by the RISC complex to initiate RNA interference mediated cleavage of its corresponding target region. These design parameters can include destabilization of each end of the siNA construct (see for example Schwarz et al., 2003, Cell, 115, 199-208). Such destabilization can be accomplished for example by using guanosinc-cytidinc base pairs, alternate base pairs (e.g., wobbles), or destabilizing chemically modified nucleotides at terminal nucleotide positions as is known in the art.

[0413] Figure 22(A-H) shows non-limiting examples of tethered multifunctional siNA constructs of the invention. In the examples shown, a linker (e.g., nucleotide or non- nucleotide linker) connects two siNA regions {e.g., two sense, two antisense, or alternately a sense and an antisense region together. Separate sense (or sense and antisense) sequences corresponding to a first target sequence and second target sequence are hybridized to their corresponding sense and/or antisense sequences in the multifunctional siNA. In addition, various conjugates, ligands, aptamers, polymers or reporter molecules can be attached to the linker region for selective or improved delivery and/or pharmacokinetic properties.

[0414] Figure 23 shows a non-limiting example of various dendrimer based multifunctional siNA designs.

[0415] Figure 24 shows a non-limiting example of various supramolecular multifunctional siNA designs.

[0416] Figure 25 shows a non-limiting example of a dicer enabled multifunctional siNA design using a 30 nucleotide precursor siNA construct. A 30 base pair duplex is cleaved by Dicer into 22 and 8 base pair products from, either end (8 b.p. fragments not shown). For ease of presentation the overhangs generated by dicer are not shown— but can be compensated for. Three targeting sequences are shown. The required sequence identity overlapped is indicated by grey boxes. The N's of the parent 30 b.p. siNA arc suggested sites of 2'-OH positions to enable Dicer cleavage if this is tested in stabilized chemistries. Note that processing of a 30mer duplex by Dicer RNase III does not give a precise 22+8 cleavage, but rather produces a series of closely related products (with 22+8 being the primary site). Therefore, processing by Dicer will yield a series of active siNAs.

[0417] Figure 26 shows a non-limiting example of a dicer enabled multifunctional siNA design using a 40 nucleotide precursor siNA construct. A 40 base pair duplex is cleaved by Dicer into 20 base pair products from either end. For ease of presentation the overhangs generated by dicer are not shown - but can be compensated for. Four targeting sequences are shown. The target sequences having homology are enclosed by boxes. This design format can be extended to larger RNAs. If chemically stabilized siNAs are bound by Dicer, then strategically located ribonucleotide linkages can enable designer cleavage products that permit our more extensive repertoire of multifunctional designs. For example cleavage products not limited to the Dicer standard of approximately 22-nucleotides can allow multifunctional siNA constructs with a target sequence identity overlap ranging from, for example, about 3 to about 15 nucleotides. [0418] Figure 27 shows a non-limiting example of additional multifunctional siNA construct designs of the invention. In one example, a conjugate, ligand, aptamer, label, or other moiety is attached to a region of the multifunctional siNA to enable improved delivery or pharmacokinetic profiling.

[0419] Figure 28 shows a non-limiting example of additional multifunctional siNA construct designs of the invention. In one example, a conjugate, ligand, aptamer, label, or other moiety is attached to a region of the multifunctional siNA to enable improved delivery or pharmacokinetic profiling.

[0420] Figure 29 shows a non-limiting example of a cholesterol linked phosphoramidite that can be used to synthesize cholesterol conjugated siNA molecules of the invention. An example is shown with the cholesterol moiety linked to the 5 '-end of the sense strand of a siNA molecule.

[0421] Figure 30 shows a non-limiting example of demonstrated stabilization of visual acuity (VA) in all patients treated with Sirna-027 in a Phase I clinical study, with a variable mean increase of number of letters read for each dose group, and a duration of effect sustained over 8 weeks post-injection.

[0422] Figure 31 shows a non-limiting example of assessment of visual acuity (VA) at 8 weeks post dosing in patients treated with Sirna-027 in a Phase I clinical study, VA (number of lines read) was stable or improved in 100% of the patients, while a clinically significant improvement (equal to or more than 3 lines) was observed in 23% of patients.

[0423] Figure 32 shows a non-limiting example of changes in foveal thickness for the first four dose groups (100, 200, 400 and 800 μg) in patients treated with Sirna-027 in a Phase I clinical study, in which treatment with Sirna-027 demonstrated a decrease of lesion thickness for the 100, 200 and 800 μg dose groups, with maximum effect by 14 days post- injection.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Mechanism of Action of Nucleic Acid Molecules of the Invention

[0424] The discussion that follows discusses the proposed mechanism of RNA interference mediated by short interfering RNA as is presently known, and is not meant to be limiting and is not an admission of prior art. Applicant demonstrates herein that chemically- modified short interfering nucleic acids possess similar or improved capacity to mediate RNAi as do siRNA molecules and are expected to possess improved stability and activity in vivo; therefore, this discussion is not meant to be limiting only to siRNA and can be applied to siNA as a whole. By "improved capacity to mediate RNAi" or "improved RNAi activity" is meant to include RNAi activity measured in vitro and/or in vivo where the RNAi activity is a reflection of both the ability of the siNA to mediate RNAi and the stability of the siNAs of the invention. In this invention, the product of these activities can be increased in vitro and/or in vivo compared to an all RNA siRNA or a siNA containing a plurality of ribonucleotides. In some cases, the activity or stability of the siNA molecule can be decreased (i.e., less than ten-fold), but the overall activity of the siNA molecule is enhanced in vitro and/or in vivo.

[0425] RNA interference refers to the process of sequence specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Fire et al., 1998, Nature, 391, 806). The corresponding process in plants is commonly referred to as post- transcriptional gene silencing or RNA silencing and is also referred to as quelling in fungi. The process of post-transcriptional gene silencing is thought to be an evolutionarily- conserved cellular defense mechanism used to prevent the expression of foreign genes which is commonly shared by diverse flora and phyla (Fire et al., 1999, Trends Genet, 15, 358). Such protection from foreign gene expression may have evolved in response to the production of double-stranded RNAs (dsRJSlAs) derived from viral infection or the random integration of transposon elements into a host genome via a cellular response that specifically destroys homologous single-stranded RNA or viral genomic RNA. The presence of dsRNA in cells triggers the RNAi response though a mechanism that has yet to be fully characterized. This mechanism appears to be different from the interferon response that results from dsRNA-mediated activation of protein kinase PKR and 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase resulting in non-specific cleavage of mRNA by ribonuclease L.

[0426] The presence of long dsRNAs in cells stimulates the activity of a ribonuclease III enzyme referred to as Dicer. Dicer is involved in the processing of the dsRNA into short pieces of dsRNA known as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Berstein et ah, 2001, Nature, 409, 363). Short interfering RNAs derived from Dicer activity are typically about 21 to about 23 nucleotides in length and comprise about 19 base pair duplexes. Dicer has also been implicated in the excision of 21- and 22-micleotide small temporal RNAs (stRNAs) from precursor RNA of conserved structure that are implicated in translational control (Hutvagner et al, 2001, Science, 293, 834). The RNAi response also features an endonuclease complex containing a siRNA, commonly referred to as an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)₅ which mediates cleavage of single-stranded RNA having sequence homologous to the siRNA. Cleavage of the target RNA takes place in the middle of the region complementary to the guide sequence of the siRNA duplex (Elbashir et al, 2001, Genes Dev., 15, 188). In addition, RNA interference can also involve small RNA (e.g., micro-RNA or miRNA) mediated gene silencing, presumably though cellular mechanisms that regulate chromatin structure and thereby prevent transcription of target gene sequences (see for example Allshire, 2002, Science, 297, 1818-1819; Volpe et al, 2002, Science, 297, 1833-1837; Jenuwein, 2002, Science, 297, 2215-2218; and Hall et al, 2002, Science, 297, 2232-2237). As such, siNA molecules of the invention can be used to mediate gene silencing via interaction with RNA transcripts or alternately by interaction with particular gene sequences, wherein such interaction results in gene silencing either at the transcriptional level or post- transcriptional level.

[0427] RNAi has been studied in a variety of systems. Fire et al, 1998, Nature, 391 , 806, were the first to observe RNAi in C. elegans. Wianny and Goetz, 1999, Nature Cell Biol, 2, 70, describe RNAi mediated by dsRNA in mouse embryos. Hammond et al, 2000, Nature, 404, 293, describe RNAi in Drosophila cells transfected with dsRNA. Elbashir et al, 2001 , Ncbture, 411, 494, describe RNAi induced by introduction of duplexes of synthetic 21- nucleotide RNAs in cultured mammalian cells including human embryonic kidney and HeLa cells. Recent work in Drosophila embryonic lysates has revealed certain requirements for siRNA length, structure, chemical composition, and sequence that are essential to mediate efficient RNAi activity. These studies have shown that 21 nucleotide siRNA duplexes arc most active when containing two 2-nucleotide 3'-terminal nucleotide overhangs. Furthermore, substitution of one or both siRNA strands with 2'-deoxy or 2'-O-methyl nucleotides abolishes RNAi activity, whereas substitution of 3'-terminal siRNA nucleotides with deoxy nucleotides was shown to be tolerated. Mismatch sequences in the center of the siRNA duplex were also shown to abolish RNAi activity. In addition, these studies also indicate that the position of the cleavage site in the target RNA is defined by the 5'-end of the siRNA guide sequence rather than the 3'-end (Elbashir et al, 2001, EMBO J., 20, 6877). Other studies have indicated that a 5'-phosphate on the target-complementary strand of a siRNA duplex is required for siRNA activity and that ATP is utilized to maintain the 5'- phosphate moiety on the siRNA (Nykanen et al, 2001, Cell, 107, 309); however, siRNA molecules lacking a 5'-phosphate are active when introduced exogenously, suggesting that 5'- phosphorylation of siRNA constructs may occur in vivo.

Duplex Forming Oligonucleotides (DFO) of the Invention

[0428] In one embodiment, the invention features siNA molecules comprising duplex forming oligonucleotides (DFO) that can self-assemble into double stranded oligonucleotides. The duplex forming oligonucleotides of the invention can be chemically synthesized or expressed from transcription units and/or vectors. The DFO molecules of the instant invention provide useful reagents and methods for a variety of therapeutic, diagnostic, agricultural, veterinary, target validation, genomic discovery, genetic engineering and pharmacogcnomic applications.

[0429] Applicant demonstrates herein that certain oligonucleotides, refered to herein for convenience but not limitation as duplex forming oligonucleotides or DFO molecules, are potent mediators of sequence specific regulation of gene expression. The oligonucleotides of the invention arc distinct from other nucleic acid sequences known in the art {e.g., siRNA, miRNA, stRNA, shRNA, antisense oligonucleotides etc.) in that they represent a class of linear polynucleotide sequences that are designed to self-assemble into double stranded oligonucleotides, where each strand in the double stranded oligonucleotides comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid molecule. Nucleic acid molecules of the invention can thus self assemble into functional duplexes in which each strand of the duplex comprises the same polynucleotide sequence and each strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid molecule.

[0430] Generally, double stranded oligonucleotides are formed by the assembly of two distinct oligonucleotide sequences where the oligonucleotide sequence of one strand is complementary to the oligonucleotide sequence of the second strand; such double stranded oligonucleotides are assembled from two separate oligonucleotides, or from a single molecule that folds on itself to form a double stranded structure, often referred to in the field as hairpin stem-loop structure {e.g., shRNA or short hairpin RNA). These double stranded oligonucleotides known in the art all have a common feature in that each strand of the duplex has a distict nucleotide sequence. [0431] Distinct from the double stranded nucleic acid molecules known in the art, the applicants have developed a novel, potentially cost effective and simplified method of forming a double stranded nucleic acid molecule starting from a single stranded or linear oligonucleotide. The two strands of the double stranded oligonucleotide formed according to the instant invention have the same nucleotide sequence and are not covalently linked to each other. Such double-stranded oligonucleotides molecules can be readily linked post- synthetically by methods and reagents known in the art and are within the scope of the invention. In one embodiment, the single stranded oligonucleotide of the invention (the duplex forming oligonucleotide) that forms a double stranded oligonucleotide comprises a first region and a second region, where the second region includes a nucleotide sequence that is an inverted repeat of the nucleotide sequence in the first region, or a portion thereof, such that the single stranded oligonucleotide self assembles to form a duplex oligonucleotide in which the nucleotide sequence of one strand of the duplex is the same as the nucleotide sequence of the second strand. Non-limiting examples of such duplex forming oligonucleotides are illustrated in Figures 14 and 15. These duplex forming oligonucleotides (DFOs) can optionally include certain palindrome or repeat sequences where such palindrome or repeat sequences are present in between the first region and the second region of the DFO.

[0432] In one embodiment, the invention features a duplex forming oligonucleotide (DFO) molecule, wherein the DFO comprises a duplex forming self complementary nucleic acid sequence that has nucleotide sequence complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence. The DFO molecule can comprise a single self complementary sequence or a duplex resulting from assembly of such self complementary sequences.

[0433] In one embodiment, a duplex forming oligonucleotide (DFO) of the invention comprises a first region and a second region, wherein the second region comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising an inverted repeat of nucleotide sequence of the first region such that the DFO molecule can assemble into a double stranded oligonucleotide. Such double stranded oligonucleotides can act as a short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) to modulate gene expression. Each strand of the double stranded oligonucleotide duplex formed by DFO molecules of the invention can comprise a nucleotide sequence region that is complementary to the same nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule {e.g., target RNA). [0434] In one embodiment, the invention features a single stranded DFO that can assemble into a double stranded oligonucleotide. The applicant has surprisingly found that a single stranded oligonucleotide with nucleotide regions of self complementarity can readily assemble into duplex oligonucleotide constructs. Such DFOs can assemble into duplexes that can inhibit gene expression in a sequence specific manner. The DFO moleucles of the invention comprise a first region with nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of a second region and where the sequence of the first region is complementary to a target nucleic acid. The DFO can form a double stranded oligonucleotide wherein a portion of each strand of the double stranded oligonucleotide comprises a sequence complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence.

[0435] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded oligonucleotide, wherein the two strands of the double stranded oligonucleotide are not covalently linked to each other, and wherein each strand of the double stranded oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the same nucleotide sequence in a target nucleic acid molecule or a portion thereof {e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target). In another embodiment, the two strands of the double stranded oligonucleotide share an identical nucleotide sequence of at least about 15, preferably at least about 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides.

[0436] In one embodiment, a DFO molecule of the invention comprises a structure having Formula DFO-I:

5'-p-X Z X'-3' wherein Z comprises a palindromic or repeat nucleic acid sequence optionally with one or more modified nucleotides (e.g., nucleotide with a modified base, such as 2-amino purine, 2- amino-l,6-dihydro purine or a universal base), for example of length about 2 to about 24 nucleotides in even numbers (e.g., about 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, or 22 or 24 nucleotides), X represents a nucleic acid sequence, for example of length of about 1 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides), X' comprises a nucleic acid sequence, for example of length about 1 and about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides) having nucleotide sequence complementarity to sequence X or a portion thereof, p comprises a terminal phosphate group that can be present or absent, and wherein sequence X and Z, either independently or together, comprise nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof and is of length sufficient to interact (e.g., base pair) with the target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target). For example, X independently can comprise a sequence from about 12 to about 21 or more (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or more) nucleotides in length that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in a target RNA or a portion thereof. In another non-limiting example, the length of the nucleotide sequence of X and Z together, when X is present, that is complementary to the target RNA or a portion thereof (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target) is from about 12 to about 21 or more nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or more). In yet another non- limiting example, when X is absent, the length of the nucleotide sequence of Z that is complementary to the target RNA or a portion thereof is from about 12 to about 24 or more nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, or more). Tn one embodiment X, Z and X' are independently oligonucleotides, where X and/or Z comprises a nucleotide sequence of length sufficient to interact (e.g. , base pair) with a nucleotide sequence in the target RNA or a portion thereof (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target). In one embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' are identical. In another embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' are not identical. In another embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and Z, or Z and X', or X, Z and X' are either identical or different.

[0437] When a sequence is described in this specification as being of "sufficient" length to interact (i.e., base pair) with another sequence, it is meant that the the length is such that the number of bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds) formed between the two sequences is enough to enable the two sequence to form a duplex under the conditions of interest. Such conditions can be in vitro (e.g., for diagnostic or assay purposes) or in vivo (e.g., for therapeutic purposes). It is a simple and routine matter to determine such lengths.

[0438] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded oligonucleotide construct having Formula DFO-I(a):

5'-p-X Z X'-3^f

3'-X^f Z X-p-5* wherein Z comprises a palindromic or repeat nucleic acid sequence or palindromic or repeat- like nucleic acid sequence with one or more modified nucleotides (e.g., nucleotides with a modified base, such as 2-amino purine, 2-amino-l,6-dihydro purine or a universal base), for example of length about 2 to about 24 nucleotides in even numbers (e.g., about 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 nucleotides), X represents a nucleic acid sequence, for example of length about 1 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides), X' comprises a nucleic acid sequence, for example of length about 1 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides) having nucleotide sequence complementarity to sequence X or a portion thereof, p comprises a terminal phosphate group that can be present or absent, and wherein each X and Z independently comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RJSfA target) and is of length sufficient to interact with the target nucleic acid sequence of a portion thereof (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target). For example, sequence X independently can comprise a sequence from about 12 to about 21 or more nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or more) in length that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence in a target RNA or a portion thereof (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target). In another non-limiting example, the length of the nucleotide sequence of X and Z together (when X is present) that is complementary to the target RNA or a portion thereof is from about 12 to about 21 or more nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15,

16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or more). In yet another non-limiting example, when X is absent, the length of the nucleotide sequence of Z that is complementary to the target RNA or a portion thereof is from about 12 to about 24 or more nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 or more). In one embodiment X, Z and X' are independently oligonucleotides, where X and/or Z comprises a nucleotide sequence of length sufficient to interact (e.g. , base pair) with nucleotide sequence in the target RNA or a portion thereof (e. g. , VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target). In one embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' arc identical. In another embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' are not identical. In another embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and Z or Z and X' or X, Z and X' are either identical or different. In one embodiment, the double stranded oligonucleotide construct of Formula I(a) includes one or more, specifically 1, 2, 3 or 4, mismatches, to the extent such mismatches do not significantly diminish the ability of the double stranded oligonucleotide to inhibit target gene expression.

[04391 I^{n one} embodiment, a DFO molecule of the invention comprises structure having Formula DFO-II:

\74 5^T-p-X X^?-3' wherein each X and X' are independently oligonucleotides of length about 12 nucleotides to about 21 nucleotides, wherein X comprises, for example, a nucleic acid sequence of length about 12 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides), X' comprises a nucleic acid sequence, for example of length about 12 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides) having nucleotide sequence complementarity to sequence X or a portion thereof, p comprises a terminal phosphate group that can be present or absent, and wherein X comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence (e.g., target RNA) or a portion thereof and is of length sufficient to interact (e.g., base pair) with the target nucleic acid sequence of a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the length of oligonucleotides X and X' are identical. In another embodiment the length of oligonucleotides X and X' are not identical. In one embodiment, length of the oligonucleotides X and X' are suffϊcint to form a relatively stable double stranded oligonucleotide.

[0440] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded oligonucleotide construct having Formula DFO-II(a):

5'-p-X X'-3^T

3^f-X^f X-p-5^f wherein each X and X' are independently oligonucleotides of length about 12 nucleotides to about 21 nucleotides, wherein X comprises a nucleic acid sequence, for example of length about 12 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides), X' comprises a nucleic acid sequence, for example of length about 12 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides) having nucleotide sequence complementarity to sequence X or a portion thereof, p comprises a terminal phosphate group that can be present or absent, and wherein X comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof (e.g. , VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target) and is of length sufficient to interact (e.g. , base pair) with the target nucleic acid sequence (e.g., target RJMA) or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' are identical. In another embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' are not identical. In one embodiment, the lengths of the oligonucleotides X and X' are sufficient to form a relatively stable double stranded oligonucleotide. In one embodiment, the double stranded oligonucleotide construct of Formula II(a) includes one or more, specifically 1, 2, 3 or 4 , mismatches, to the extent such mismatches do not significantly diminish the ability of the double stranded oligonucleotide to inhibit target gene expression.

[0441] In one embodiment, the invention features a DFO molecule having Formula DFO- I(b):

where Z comprises a palindromic or repeat nucleic acid sequence optionally including one or more non-standard or modified nucleotides (e.g. , nucleotide with a modified base, such as 2- amino purine or a universal base) that can facilitate base-pairing with other nucleotides. Z can be, for example, of length sufficient to interact (e.g., base pair) with nucleotide sequence of a target nucleic acid (e.g., target RNA) molecule, preferably of length of at least 12 nucleotides, specifically about 12 to about 24 nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 nucleotides), p represents a terminal phosphate group that can be present or absent.

[0442] In one embodiment, a DFO molecule having any of Formula DFO-I, DFO-I(a), DFO-I(b), DFO-II(a) or DFO-Il can comprise chemical modifications as described herein without limitation, such as, for example, nucleotides having any of Formulae I-VII, stabilization chemistries as described in Table IV, or any other combination of modified nucleotides and non-nucleotides as described in the various embodiments herein.

[0443] In one embodiment, the palidrome or repeat sequence or modified nucleotide (e.g., nucleotide with a modified base, such as 2-arnino purine or a universal base) in Z of DFO constructs having Formula DFO-I, DFO-I(a) and DFO-I(b), comprises chemically modified nucleotides that are able to interact with a portion of the target nucleic acid sequence (e.g. , modified base analogs that can form Watson Crick base pairs or non- Watson Crick base pairs).

[0444] In one embodiment, a DFO molecule of the invention, for example a DFO having Formula DFO-I or DFO-II, comprises about 15 to about 40 nucleotides (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides). In one embodiment, a DFO molecule of the invention comprises one or more chemical modifications. In a non-limiting example, the introduction of chemically modified nucleotides and/or non-nucleotides into nucleic acid molecules of the invention provides a powerful tool in overcoming potential limitations of in vivo stability and bioavailability inherent to unmodified RNA molecules that are delivered exogenously. For example, the use of chemically modified nucleic acid molecules can enable a lower dose of a particular nucleic acid molecule for a given therapeutic effect since chemically modified nucleic acid molecules tend to have a longer half-life in scrum or in cells or tissues. Furthermore, certain chemical modifications can improve the bioavailability and/or potency of nucleic acid molecules by not only enhancing half-life but also facilitating the targeting of nucleic acid molecules to particular organs, cells or tissues and/or improving cellular uptake of the nucleic acid molecules. Therefore, even if the activity of a chemically modified nucleic acid molecule is reduced in vitro as compared to a native/unmodified nucleic acid molecule, for example when compared to an unmodified RNA molecule, the overall activity of the modified nucleic acid molecule can be greater than the native or unmodified nucleic acid molecule due to improved stability, potency, duration of effect, bioavailability and/or delivery of the molecule.

Multifunctional or Multi -targeted siNA molecules of the Invention

[0445] In one embodiment, the invention features siNA molecules comprising multifunctional short interfering nucleic acid (multifunctional siNA) molecules that modulate the expression of one or more genes in a biologic system, such as a cell, tissue, or organism. The multifunctional short interfering nucleic acid (multifunctional siNA) molecules of the invention can target more than one region a VEGF and/or VEGFR target nucleic acid sequence or can target sequences of more than one distinct target nucleic acid molecules (e.g., VEGF, VEGFR, interleukin {e.g., IL-4, IL- 13), or interleukin receptor (e.g., IL-4R, IL- 13R) RNA targets). The multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention can be chemically synthesized or expressed from transcription units and/or vectors. The multifunctional siNA molecules of the instant invention provide useful reagents and methods for a variety of human applications,, therapeutic, diagnostic, agricultural, veterinary, target validation, genomic discovery, genetic engineering and pharmacogenomic applications.

[0446] Applicant demonstrates herein that certain oligonucleotides, refered to herein for convenience but not limitation as multifunctional short interfering nucleic acid or multifunctional siNA molecules, are potent mediators of sequence specific regulation of gene expression. The multifunctional silSfA molecules of the invention are distinct from other nucleic acid sequences known in the art (e.g., siRNA, miRNA, stRNA, shRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, etc.) in that they represent a class of polynucleotide molecules that are designed such that each strand in the multifunctional siNA construct comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a distinct nucleic acid sequence in one or more target nucleic acid molecules. A single multifunctional siNA molecule (generally a double- stranded molecule) of the invention can thus target more than one (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) differing target nucleic acid target molecules. Nucleic acid molecules of the invention can also target more than one (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) region of the same target nucleic acid sequence. As such multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention are useful in down regulating or inhibiting the expression of one or more target nucleic acid molecules. For example, a multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention can target nucleic acid molecules encoding a cytokine and its corresponding rcccptor(s) (e.g., VEGF and VEGF receptors and interleukins (e.g., JL-A, IL- 13) and interleukin receptors (e.g., IL-4R, IL- 13R) described herein). By reducing or inhibiting expression of more than one target nucleic acid molecule with one multifunctional siNA construct, multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention represent a class of potent therapeutic agents that can provide simultaneous inhibition of multiple targets within a disease or pathogen related pathway. Such simultaneous inhibition can provide synergistic therapeutic treatment strategies without the need for separate preclinical and clinical development efforts or complex regulatory approval process.

[0447] Use of multifunctional siNA molecules that target more then one region of a target nucleic acid molecule (e.g., messenger RNA) is expected to provide potent inhibition of gene expression. For example, a single multifunctional siNA construct of the invention can target both conserved and variable regions of a target nucleic acid molecule (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA and/or interleukin and/or interleukin receptor RNA), thereby allowing down regulation or inhibition of different splice variants encoded by a single gene, or allowing for targeting of both coding and non-coding regions of a target nucleic acid molecule.

[0448] Generally, double stranded oligonucleotides are formed by the assembly of two distinct oligonucleotides where the oligonucleotide sequence of one strand is complementary to the oligonucleotide sequence of the second strand; such double stranded oligonucleotides are generally assembled from two separate oligonucleotides (e.g., siRNA). Alternately, a duplex can be formed from a single molecule that folds on itself (e.g. , shRNA or short hairpin RNA). These double stranded oligonucleotides are known in the art to mediate RNA interference and all have a common feature wherein only one nucleotide sequence region (guide sequence or the antisense sequence) has complementarity to a target nucleic acid sequence (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA and/or interleukin and/or interleukin receptor RNA) and the other strand (sense sequence) comprises nucleotide sequence that is homologous to the target nucleic acid sequence. Generally, the antisense sequence is retained in the active RISC complex and guides the RISC to the target nucleotide sequence by means of complementary base-pairing of the antisense sequence with the target seqeunce for mediating sequence-specific RNA interference. It is known in the art that in some cell culture systems, certain types of unmodified siRNAs can exhibit "off target" effects. It is hypothesized that this off-target effect involves the participation of the sense sequence instead of the antisense sequence of the siRNA in the RISC complex (see for example Schwarz et al., 2003, Cell, 115, 199-208). In this instance the sense sequence is believed to direct the RISC complex to a sequence (off-target sequence) that is distinct from the intended target sequence, resulting in the inhibition of the off-target sequence. In these double stranded nucleic acid molecules, each strand is complementary to a distinct target nucleic acid sequence. However, the off-targets that are affected by these dsRNAs are not entirely predictable and are non-specific.

[0449] Distinct from the double stranded nucleic acid molecules known in the art, the applicants have developed a novel, potentially cost effective and simplified method of down regulating or inhibiting the expression of more than one target nucleic acid sequence using a single multifunctional siNA construct. The multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention are designed to be double-stranded or partially double stranded, such that a portion of each strand or region of the multifunctional siNA is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence of choice. As such, the multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention are not limited to targeting sequences that are complementary to each other, but rather to any two differing target nucleic acid sequences. Multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention are designed such that each strand or region of the multifunctional siNA molecule, that is complementary to a given target nucleic acid sequence, is of suitable length (e.g. , from about 16 to about 28 nucleotides in length, preferably from about 18 to about 28 nucleotides in length) for mediating RNA interference against the target nucleic acid sequence. The complementarity between the target nucleic acid sequence and a strand or region of the multifunctional siNA must be sufficient (at least about 8 base pairs) for cleavage of the target nucleic acid sequence by RNA interference, multifunctional siN A of the invention is expected to minimize off-target effects seen with certain siKNA sequences, such as those described in (Schwarz et al., supra).

[0450] Tt has been reported that dsRNAs of length between 29 base pairs and 36 base pairs (Tuschl et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 02/44321) do not mediate RNAi. One reason these dsRNAs are inactive may be the lack of turnover or dissociation of the strand that interacts with the target RNA sequence, such that the RISC complex is not able to efficiently interact with multiple copies of the target RJNA resulting in a significant decrease in the potency and efficiency of the RNAi process. Applicant has surprisingly found that the multifunctional siNAs of the invention can overcome this hurdle and are capable of enhancing the efficiency and potency of RNAi process. As such, in certain embodiments of the invention, multifunctional siNAs of length of about 29 to about 36 base pairs can be designed such that, a portion of each strand of the multifunctional siNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence region that is complementary to a target nucleic acid of length sufficient to mediate RNAi efficiently {e.g., about 15 to about 23 base pairs) and a nucleotide sequence region that is not complementary to the target nucleic acid. By having both complementary and non-complementary portions in each strand of the multifunctional siNA, the multifunctional siNA can mediate RNA interference against a target nucleic acid sequence without being prohibitive to turnover or dissociation {e.g., where the length of each strand is too long to mediate RNAi against the respective target nucleic acid sequence). Furthermore, design of multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention with internal overlapping regions allows the multifunctional siNA molecules to be of favorable (decreased) size for mediating RNA interference and of size that is well suited for use as a therapeutic agent {e.g., wherein each strand is independently from about 18 to about 28 nucleotides in length). Non-limiting examples are illustrated in the enclosed Figures 16-21.

[04511 In one embodiment, a multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention comprises a first region and a second region, where the first region of the multifunctional siNA comprises a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of a first target nucleic acid molecule, and the second region of the multifunctional siNA comprises nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of a second target nucleic acid molecule. In one embodiment, a multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention comprises a first region and a second region, where the first region of the multifunctional siNA comprises nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of the first region of a target nucleic acid molecule, and the second region of the multifunctional siNA comprises nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of a second region of a the target nucleic acid molecule. In another embodiment, the first region and second region of the multifunctional siNA can comprise separate nucleic acid sequences that share some degree of complementarity (e.g., from about 1 to about 10 complementary nucleotides). In certain embodiments, multifunctional siNA constructs comprising separate nucleic acid scqcunccs can be readily linked post-synthetically by methods and reagents known in the art and such linked constructs are within the scope of the invention. Alternately, the first region and second region of the multifunctional siNA can comprise a single nucleic acid sequence having some degree of self complementarity, such as in a hairpin or stem-loop structure. Non-limiting examples of such double stranded and hairpin multifunctional short interfering nucleic acids are illustrated in Figures 16 and 17 respectively. These multifunctional short interfering nucleic acids (multifunctional siNAs) can optionally include certain overlapping nucleotide sequence where such overlapping nucleotide sequence is present in between the first region and the second region of the multifunctional siNA (see for example Figures 18 and 19).

[0452] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional short interfering nucleic acid (multifunctional siNA) molecule, wherein each strand of the the multifunctional siNA independently comprises a first region of nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to a distinct target nucleic acid sequence and the second region of nucleotide sequence that is not complementary to the target sequence. The target nucleic acid sequence of each strand is in the same target nucleic acid molecule or different target nucleic acid molecules.

[0453] In another embodiment, the multifunctional siNA comprises two strands, where: (a) the first strand comprises a region having sequence complementarity to a target nucleic acid sequence (complementary region 1) and a region having no sequence complementarity to the target nucleotide sequence (non-complementary region 1); (b) the second strand of the multifunction siNA comprises a region having sequence complementarity to a target nucleic acid sequence that is distinct from the target nucleotide sequence complementary to the first strand nucleotide sequence (complementary region T), and a region having no sequence complementarity to the target nucleotide sequence of complementary region 2 (non- 6 061797

complementary region 2); (c) the complementary region 1 of the first strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence in the non- complementary region 2 of the second strand and the complementary region 2 of the second strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence in the non-complementary region 1 of the first strand. The target nucleic acid sequence of complementary region 1 and complementary region 2 is in the same target nucleic acid molecule or different target nucleic acid molecules.

[0454] In another embodiment, the multifunctional siNA comprises two strands, where:

(a) the first strand comprises a region having sequence complementarity to a target nucleic acid sequence derived from a gene (e.g., VEGF, VEGFR, interleukin, and/or interleukin receptor gene) (complementary region 1) and a region having no sequence complementarity to the target nucleotide sequence of complementary region 1 (non-complementary region 1);

(b) the second strand of the multifunction siNA comprises a region having sequence complementarity to a target nucleic acid sequence derived from a gene that is distinct from the gene of complementary region 1 (complementary region 2), and a region having no sequence complementarity to the target nucleotide sequence of complementary region 2 (non- complementary region 2); (c) the complementary region 1 of the first strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence in the non- complementary region 2 of the second strand and the complementary region 2 of the second strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence in the non-complementary region 1 of the first strand.

[0455] In another embodiment, the multifunctional siNA comprises two strands, where:

(b) the second strand of the multifunction siNA comprises a region having sequence complementarity to a target nucleic acid sequence distinct from the target nucleic acid sequence of complementary region 1 (complementary region 2), provided, however, that the target nucleic acid sequence for complementary region 1 and target nucleic acid sequence for complementary region 2 are both derived from the same gene, and a region having no sequence complementarity to the target nucleotide sequence of complementary region 2 (non- complementary region 2); (c) the complementary region 1 of the first strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence in the non- complementary region 2 of the second strand and the complementary region 2 of the second strand comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence in the non-complementary region 1 of the first strand.

[0456] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional short interfering nucleic acid (multifunctional siNA) molecule, wherein the multifunctional siNA comprises two complementary nucleic acid sequences in which the first sequence comprises a first region having nucleotide sequence complementary to nucleotide sequence within a target nucleic acid molecule, and in which the second seqeunce comprises a first region having nucleotide sequence complementary to a distinct nucleotide sequence within the same target nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the first region of the first sequence is also complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the second region of the second sequence, and where the first region of the second sequence is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the second region of the first sequence,

[0457] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional short interfering nucleic acid (multifunctional siNA) molecule, wherein the multifunctional siNA comprises two complementary nucleic acid sequences in which the first sequence comprises a first region having a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence within a first target nucleic acid molecule, and in which the second seqeunce comprises a first region having a nucleotide sequence complementary to a distinct nucleotide sequence within a second target nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the first region of the first sequence is also complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the second region of the second sequence, and where the first region of the second sequence is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the second region of the first sequence,

[0458] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional siNA molecule comprising a first region and a second region, where the first region comprises a nucleic acid sequence having about 18 to about 28 nucleotides complementary to a nucleic acid sequence within a first target nucleic acid molecule, and the second region comprises nucleotide sequence having about 18 to about 28 nucleotides complementary to a distinct nucleic acid sequence within a second target nucleic acid molecule. [0459] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional siNA molecule comprising a first region and a second region, where the first region comprises nucleic acid sequence having about 18 to about 28 nucleotides complementary to a nucleic acid sequence within a target nucleic acid molecule, and the second region comprises nucleotide sequence having about 18 to about 28 nucleotides complementary to a distinct nucleic acid sequence within the same target nucleic acid molecule.

[0460] In one embodiment, the invention features a double stranded multifunctional short interfering nucleic acid (multifunctional siNA) molecule, wherein one strand of the multifunctional siNA comprises a first region having nucleotide sequence complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence, and the second strand comprises a first region having a nucleotide sequence complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence. The first and second target nucleic acid sequences can be present in separate target nucleic acid molecules or can be different regions within the same target nucleic acid molecule. As such, multifunctional siNA molecules of the invention can be used to target the expression of different genes, splice variants of the same gene, both mutant and conserved regions of one or more gene transcripts, or both coding and non-coding sequences of the same or differeing genes or gene transcripts.

[0461] In one embodiment, a target nucleic acid molecule of the invention encodes a single protein. In another embodiment, a target nucleic acid molecule encodes more than one protein (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more proteins). As such, a multifunctional siNA construct of the invention can be used to down regulate or inhibit the expression of several proteins. For example, a multifunctional siNA molecule comprising a region in one strand having nucleotide sequence complementarity to a first target nucleic acid sequence derived from a gene encoding one protein (e.g., a cytokine, such as vascular endothelial growth factor or VEGF) and the second strand comprising a region with nucleotide sequence complementarity to a second target nucleic acid sequence present in target nucleic acid molecules derived from genes encoding two proteins (e.g., two differing receptors, such as VEGF receptor 1 and VEGF receptor 2, for a single cytokine, such as VEGF) can be used to down regulate, inhibit, or shut down a particular biologic pathway.by targeting, for example, a cytokine and receptors for the cytokine, or a ligand and receptors for the ligand.

[0462] In one embodiment the invention takes advantage of conserved nucleotide sequences present in different isoforms of cytokines or ligands and receptors for the cytokines or ligands. By designing multifunctional siNAs in a manner where one strand includes a sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence conserved among various isoforms of a cytokine and the other strand includes sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid sequence conserved among the receptors for the cytokine, it is possible to selectively and effectively modulate or inhibit a biological pathway or multiple genes in a biological pathway using a single multifunctional siNA.

[0463] In one embodiment, a multifunctional short interfering nucleic acid (multifunctional siNA) of the invention comprises a first region and a second region, wherein the first region comprises nucleotide sequence complementary to a first target RNA of a first target and the second region comprises nucleotide sequence complementary to a second target RNA of a second target. In one embodiment, the first and second regions can comprise nucleotide sequence complementary to shared or conserved RNA sequences of differing target sites within the same target sequence or shared amongst different target sequences.

[0464] In another nonlimiting example, a multifunctional siNA molecule comprising a region in one strand having a nucleotide sequence complementarity to a first target nucleic acid sequence present in target nucleic acid molecules encoding two proteins (e.g., two isoforms of a cytokine such as VEGF, inlcuding for example any of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D) and the second strand comprising a region with a nucleotide sequence complementarity to a second target nucleic acid sequence present in target nucleotide molecules encoding two additional proteins (e.g., two differing receptors for the cytokine, such as VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) can be used to down regulate, inhibit, or shut down a particular biologic pathway .by targeting different isoforms of a cytokine and receptors for such cytokines.

[0465] In one embodiment, a multifunctional short interfering nucleic acid (multifunctional siNA) of the invention comprises a region in each strand, wherein the region in one strand comprises nucleotide sequence complementary to a cytokine and the region in the second strand comprises nucleotide sequence complementary to a corresponding receptor for the cytokine. Non-limiting examples of cytokines include vascular endothelial growth factors (e.g., VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D) and/or interleukins (e.g., IL-4, IL-13) and non-limiting examples of cytokine receptors include VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 and/or IL-4 and IL- 13R. [0466] In one embodiment, a double stranded multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention comprises a structure having Formula MF-I:

5'-p-X Z X'-3'

3'-Y^f Z Y-p-5'

wherein each 5'-p-XZX'-3' and 5'-p-YZY'-3' are independently an oligonucleotide of length of about 20 nucleotides to about 300 nucleotides, preferably of about 20 to about 200 nucleotides, about 20 to about 100 nucleotides, about 20 to about 40 nucleotides, about 20 to about 40 nucleotides, about 24 to about 38 nucleotides, or about 26 to about 38 nucleotides; XZ comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence; YZ is an oligonucleotide comprising nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence; Z comprises nucleotide sequence of length about 1 to about 24 nucleotides (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 nucleotides) that is self complementary; X comprises nucleotide sequence of length about 1 to about 100 nucleotides, preferably about 1 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides) that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region Y'; Y comprises nucleotide sequence of length about 1 to about 100 nucleotides, preferably about 1 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides) that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region X'; each p comprises a terminal phosphate group that is independently present or absent; each XZ and YZ is independently of length sufficient to stably interact (i.e., base pair) with the first and second target nucleic acid sequence, respectively, or a portion thereof. For example, each sequence X and Y can independently comprise sequence from about 12 to about 21 or more nucleotides in length (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or more) that is complementary to a target nucleotide sequence in different target nucleic acid molecules, such as target RNAs or a portion thereof. In another non-limiting example, the length of the nucleotide sequence of X and Z together that is complementary to the first target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof is from about 12 to about 21 or more nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or more). In another non-limiting example, the length of the nucleotide sequence of Y and Z together, that is complementary to the second target nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof is from about 12 to about 21 or more nucleotides (e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or more). In one embodiment, the first 61797

target nucleic acid sequence and the second target nucleic acid sequence are present in the same target nucleic acid molecule {e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA). In another embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence and the second target nucleic acid sequence are present in different target nucleic acid molecules (e.g., VEGF, VEGFR, interleukin, and/or interleukin receptor RNA). In one embodiment, Z comprises a palindrome or a repeat sequence. In one embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' are identical. In another embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' are not identical. In one embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides Y and Y' arc identical. In another embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides Y and Y' are not identical. In one embodiment, the double stranded oligonucleotide construct of Formula I(a) includes one or more, specifically 1, 2, 3 or 4, mismatches, to the extent such mismatches do not significantly diminish the ability of the double stranded oligonucleotide to inhibit target gene expression.

[0467] In one embodiment, a multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention comprises a structure having Formula MF-II:

5^T-p-X X^f-3^f

3^f-Y^f Y-p-S'

wherein each 5'-p-XX'-3' and 5'-p-YY'-3' are independently an oligonucleotide of length of about 20 nucleotides to about 300 nucleotides, preferably about 20 to about 200 nucleotides, about 20 to about 100 nucleotides, about 20 to about 40 nucleotides, about 20 to about 40 nucleotides, about 24 to about 38 nucleotides, or about 26 to about 38 nucleotides; X comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence; Y is an oligonucleotide comprising nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence; X comprises a nucleotide sequence of length about 1 to about 100 nucleotides, preferably about 1 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 nucleotides) that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region Y'; Y comprises nucleotide sequence of length about 1 to about 100 nucleotides, preferably about 1 to about 21 nucleotides (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 nucleotides) that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region X'; each p comprises a terminal phosphate group that is independently present or absent; each X and Y independently is of length sufficient to stably interact (i.e., base pair) with the first and second target nucleic acid sequence, respectively, or a portion thereof. For example, each sequence X and Y can independently comprise sequence from about 12 to about 21 or more nucleotides in length {e.g., about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or more) that is complementary to a target nucleotide sequence in different target nucleic acid molecules, such as VEGF, VEGFR, interluekin and/or interleukin receptor target KNAs or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence and the second target nucleic acid sequence are present in the same target nucleic acid molecule (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA). In another embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence and the second target nucleic acid sequence arc present in different target nucleic acid molecules (e.g., VEGF, VEGFR, interleukin, and/or interleukin receptor RNA). In one embodiment, Z comprises a palindrome or a repeat sequence. In one embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' are identical. In another embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides X and X' are not identical. In one embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides Y and Y' are identical. In another embodiment, the lengths of oligonucleotides Y and Y' are not identical. Tn one embodiment, the double stranded oligonucleotide construct of Formula I(a) includes one or more, specifically 1, 2, 3 or 4, mismatches, to the extent such mismatches do not significantly diminish the ability of the double stranded oligonucleotide to inhibit target gene expression.

[0468] Tn one embodiment, a multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention comprises a structure having Formula MF-III:

X X'

Y'-W-Y

wherein each X, X', Y, and Y' is independently an oligonucleotide of length of about 15 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, preferably about 18 to about 40 nucleotides, or about 19 to about 23 nucleotides; X comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region Y'; X' comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region Y; each X and X' is independently of length sufficient to stably interact (i.e., base pair) with a first and a second target nucleic acid sequence, respectively, or a portion thereof; W represents a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker that connects sequences Y' and Y; and the multifunctional siNA directs cleavage of the first and second target sequence via RNA interference. In one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence and the second target nucleic acid sequence are present in the same target nucleic acid molecule (e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA). In another embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence and the second target nucleic acid sequence are present in different target nucleic acid molecules (e.g., VEGF, VEGFR, interleukin, and/or interleukin receptor RNA). In one embodiment, region W connects the 3 '-end of sequence Y' with the 3 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, region W connects the 3 '-end of sequence Y' with the 5'-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, region W connects the 5'-end of sequence Y' with the 5'-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, region W connects the 5'- end of sequence Y' with the 3 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence X. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence X'. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence Y'. In one embodiment, W connects sequences Y and Y' via a biodegradable linker. In one embodiment, W further comprises a conjugate, label, aptamer, ligand, lipid, or polymer.

[0469] In one embodiment, a multifunctional siNA molecule of title invention comprises a structure having Formula MF-IV:

X X'

Y'-W-Y

wherein each X, X', Y, and Y' is independently an oligonucleotide of length of about 15 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, preferably about 18 to about 40 nucleotides, or about 19 to about 23 nucleotides; X comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region Y'; X' comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region Y; each Y and Y' is independently of length sufficient to stably interact (i.e., base pair) with a first and a second target nucleic acid sequence, respectively, or a portion thereof; W represents a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker that connects sequences Y' and Y; and the multifunctional siNA directs cleavage of the first and second target sequence via RNA interference. In one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence and the second target nucleic acid sequence are present in the same target nucleic acid molecule (e.g. , VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA). In another embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence and the second target nucleic acid sequence are present in different target nucleic acid molecules (e.g., VEGF, VEGFR, interleukin, and/or interleukin receptor RNA). In one embodiment, region W connects the 3 '-end of sequence Y' with the 3'-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, region W connects the 3'-end of sequence Y' with the 5 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, region W connects the 5 '-end of sequence Y' with the 5 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, region W connects the 5'- end of sequence Y' with the 3 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence X. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence X'. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence Y'. In one embodiment, W connects sequences Y and Y' via a biodegradable linker. In one embodiment, W further comprises a conjugate, lable, aptamcr, ligand, lipid, or polymer.

[0470] In one embodiment, a multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention comprises a structure having Formula MF-V:

X X'

Y'-W-Y

wherein each X, X', Y, and Y' is independently an oligonucleotide of length of about 15 nucleotides to about 50 nucleotides, preferably about 18 to about 40 nucleotides, or about 19 to about 23 nucleotides; X comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region Y'; X' comprises nucleotide sequence that is complementary to nucleotide sequence present in region Y; each X, X', Y, or Y' is independently of length sufficient to stably interact (i.e., base pair) with a first, second, third, or fourth target nucleic acid sequence, respectively, or a portion thereof; W represents a nucleotide or non-nucleotide linker that connects sequences Y' and Y; and the multifunctional siNA directs cleavage of the first, second, third, and/or fourth target sequence via KNA interference. In one embodiment, the first, second, third and fourth target nucleic acid sequence are all present in the same target nucleic acid molecule {e.g., VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA). In another embodiment, the first, second, third and fourth target nucleic acid sequence are independently present in different target nucleic acid molecules (e.g., VEGF, VEGFR, interleukin, and/or interleukin receptor RNA). In one embodiment, region W connects the 3'-end of sequence Y' with the 3'-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, region W connects the 3 '-end of sequence Y' with the 5 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, region W connects the 5'-end of sequence Y' with the 5'-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, region W connects the 5 '-end of sequence Y' with the 3 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence X. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence X'. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence Y. In one embodiment, a terminal phosphate group is present at the 5 '-end of sequence Y'. In one embodiment, W connects sequences Y and Y' via a biodegradable linker. In one embodiment, W further comprises a conjugate, lable, aptamer, ligand, lipid, or polymer.

[0471] In one embodiment, regions X and Y of multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention (e.g., having any of Formula MF-I - MF-V), are complementary to different target nucleic acid sequences that are portions of the same target nucleic acid molecule. In one embodiment, such target nucleic acid sequences arc at different locations within the coding region of a RNA transcript. In one embodiment, such target nucleic acid sequences comprise coding and non-coding regions of the same RNA transcript. In one embodiment, such target nucleic acid sequences comprise regions of alternately spliced transcripts or precursors of such alternately spliced transcripts.

[0472] In one embodiment, a multifunctional siNA molecule having any of Formula MF-I - MF-V can comprise chemical modifications as described herein without limitation, such as, for example, nucleotides having any of Formulae I-VII described herein, stabilization chemistries as described in Table IV, or any other combination of modified nucleotides and non-nucleotides as described in the various embodiments herein.

[0473] In one embodiment, the palidrome or repeat sequence or modified nucleotide (e.g. , nucleotide with a modified base, such as 2-amino purine or a universal base) in Z of multifunctional siNA constructs having Formula MF-I or MF-II comprises chemically modified nucleotides that are able to interact with a portion of the target nucleic acid sequence (e.g., modified base analogs that can form Watson Crick base pairs or non- Watson Crick base pairs).

[0474] In one embodiment, a multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention, for example each strand of a multifunctional siNA having MF-T— MF-V, independently comprises about 15 to about 40 nucleotides (e.g., about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 nucleotides). In one embodiment, a multifunctional siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more chemical modifications. In a non-limiting example, the introduction of chemically modified nucleotides and/or non-nucleotides into nucleic acid molecules of the invention provides a powerful tool in overcoming potential limitations of in vivo stability and bioavailability inherent to unmodified RNA molecules that are delivered exogenously. For example, the use of chemically modified nucleic acid molecules can enable a lower dose of a particular nucleic acid molecule for a given therapeutic effect since chemically modified nucleic acid molecules tend to have a longer half-life in serum or in cells or tissues. Furthermore, certain chemical modifications can improve the bioavailability and/or potency of nucleic acid molecules by not only enhancing half-life but also facilitating the targeting of nucleic acid molecules to particular organs, cells or tissues and/or improving cellular uptake of the nucleic acid molecules. Therefore, even if the activity of a chemically modified nucleic acid molecule is reduced in vitro as compared to a native/unmodified nucleic acid molecule, for example when compared to an unmodified RNA molecule, the overall activity of the modified nucleic acid molecule can be greater than the native or unmodified nucleic acid molecule due to improved stability, potency, duration of effect, bioavailability and/or delivery of the molecule.

[0475] In another embodiment, the invention features multifunctional siNAs, wherein the multifunctional siNAs are assembled from two separate double-stranded siNAs, with one of the ends of each sense strand is tethered to the end of the sense strand of the other siNA molecule, such that the two antisense siNA strands are annealed to their corresponding sense strand that are tethered to each other at one end (see Figure 22). The tethers or linkers can be nucleotide-based linkers or non-nucleotide based linkers as generally known in the art and as described herein.

[0476] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional siNA, wherein the multifunctional siNA is assembled from two separate double-stranded siNAs, with the 5 '-end of one sense strand of the siNA is tethered to the 5'- end of the sense strand of the other siNA molecule, such that the 5 '-ends of the two antisense siNA strands, annealed to their corresponding sense strand that are tethered to each other at one end, point away (in the opposite direction) from each other (see Figure 22 (A)). The tethers or linkers can be nucleotide-based linkers or non-nucleotide based linkers as generally known in the art and as described herein.

[0477] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional siNA, wherein the multifunctional siNA is assembled from two separate double-stranded siNAs, with the 3 '-end of one sense strand of the siNA is tethered to the 3'- end of the sense strand of the other siNA molecule, such that the 5 '-ends of the two antisense siNA strands, annealed to their corresponding sense strand that are tethered to each other at one end, face each other (see Figure 22 (B)). The tethers or linkers can be nucleotide-based linkers or non-micleotide based linkers as generally known in the art and as described herein.

[0478] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional siNA, wherein the multifunctional siNA is assembled from two separate double-stranded siNAs, with the 5 '-end of one sense strand of the siNA is tethered to the 3'- end of the sense strand of the other siNA molecule, such that the 5 '-end of the one of the antisense siNA strands annealed to their corresponding sense strand that are tethered to each other at one end, faces the 3 '-end of the other antisense strand (sec Figure 22 (C-D)). The tethers or linkers can be nuclcotidc-bascd linkers or non-nucleotide based linkers as generally known in the art and as described herein.

[0479] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional siNA, wherein the multifunctional siNA is assembled from two separate double-stranded siNAs, with the 5 '-end of one antisense strand of the siNA is tethered to the 3'- end of the antisense strand of the other siNA molecule, such that the 5 '-end of the one of the sense siNA strands annealed to their corresponding antisense sense strand that are tethered to each other at one end, faces the 3 '-end of the other sense strand (see Figure 22 (G-H)). In one embodiment, the linkage between the 5 '-end of the first antisense strand and the 3 '-end of the second antisense strand is designed in such a way as to be readily cleavable (e.g., biodegradable linker) such that the 5 'end of each antisense strand of the multifunctional siNA has a free 5 '-end suitable to mediate RNA interefence-based cleavage of the target RNA. The tethers or linkers can be nucleotide-based linkers or non-nucleotide based linkers as generally known in the art and as described herein.

[0480] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional siNA, wherein the multifunctional siNA is assembled from two separate double-stranded siNAs, with the 5 '-end of one antisense strand of the siNA is tethered to the 5'- end of the antisense strand of the other siNA molecule, such that the 3 '-end of the one of the sense siNA strands annealed to their corresponding antisense sense strand that are tethered to each other at one end, faces the 3 '-end of the other sense strand (see Figure 22 (E)). In one embodiment, the linkage between the 5 '-end of the first antisense strand and the 5 '-end of the second antisense strand is designed in such a way as to be readily cleavable (e.g., biodegradable linker) such that the 5 'end of each antisense strand of the multifunctional siNA has a free 5 '-end suitable to mediate RNA interefence-based cleavage of the target RNA. The tethers or linkers can be nucleotide-based linkers or non-nucleotide based linkers as generally known in the art and as described herein.

[0481] In one embodiment, the invention features a multifunctional siNA, wherein the multifunctional siNA is assembled from two separate double-stranded siNAs, with the 3'-end of one antisense strand of the siNA is tethered to the 3'- end of the antisense strand of the other siNA molecule, such that the 5 '-end of the one of the sense siNA strands annealed to their corresponding antisense sense strand that are tethered to each other at one end, faces the 3 '-end of the other sense strand (sec Figure 22 (F)). In one embodiment, the linkage between the 5 '-end of the first antisense strand and the 5 '-end of the second antisense strand is designed in such a way as to be readily cleavable (e.g., biodegradable linker) such that the 5 'end of each antisense strand of the multifunctional siNA has a free 5 '-end suitable to mediate RNA interefence-based cleavage of the target RNA. The tethers or linkers can be nucleotide-based linkers or non-nucleotide based linkers as generally known in the art and as described herein.

[0482] In any of the above embodiments, a first target nucleic acid sequence or second target nucleic acid sequence can independently comprise VEGF, VEGFR, interleukin, and/or interleukin receptor RNA or a portion thereof. Tn one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGF (e.g., any of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D) RNA or a portion thereof and the second target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGFR (e.g., any of VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) RNA of a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGFR (e.g., any of VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) RNA or a portion thereof and the second target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGF (e.g., any of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D) RNA or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGF (e.g., any of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D) RNA or a portion thereof and the second target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGF (e.g., any of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D) RNA or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGFR (e.g., any of VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) RNA or a portion thereof and the second target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGFR (e.g., any of VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) RNA or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGF (e.g., any of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D) RNA or a portion thereof and the second target nucleic acid sequence is a interleukin (e.g., any of IL-I, IL-2, IL-3, IL- 4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-IO, IL-Il, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-24, IL-25, IL-26, and IL-27) RNA or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGFR (e.g., any of VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) RNA or a portion thereof and the second target nucleic acid sequence is a interleukin receptor (e.g., any of IL-IR, IL-2R, IL-3R, IL-4R, IL-5R, IL-6R, IL-7R, IL-8R, IL-9R, IL-10R, IL-I lR, IL-12R, IL-13R, IL-14R, IL-15R, IL-16R, IL-17R, IL-18R, IL-19R, IL-20R, IL-21R, IL-22R, IL-23R, IL-24R, IL-25R, IL-26R, and IL-27R) RNA or a portion thereof. In one embodiment, the first target nucleic acid sequence is a VEGF (e.g., any of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and/or VEGF-D) and VEGFR (e.g., any of VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) RNA or a portion thereof having sequence homology and the second target nucleic acid sequence is a interleukin receptor (e.g., any of IL-IR, IL- 2R, IL-3R, IL-4R, IL-5R, IL-6R, IL-7R, IL-8R, IL-9R, IL-10R, IL-I IR, IL-12R, IL-13R, IL- 14R, TL-15R, TL-16R, TL-17R, TL-18R, TL-19R, TL-20R, TL-21R, TL-22R, TL-23R, TL-24R, IL-25R, IL-26R, and IL-27R) RNA or a portion thereof.

Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Molecules

[0483] Synthesis of nucleic acids greater than 100 nucleotides in length is difficult using automated methods, and the therapeutic cost of such molecules is prohibitive. Tn this invention, small nucleic acid motifs ("small" refers to nucleic acid motifs no more than 100 nucleotides in length, preferably no more than 80 nucleotides in length, and most preferably no more than 50 nucleotides in length; e.g., individual siNA oligonucleotide sequences or siNA sequences synthesized in tandem) are preferably used for exogenous delivery. The simple structure of these molecules increases the ability of the nucleic acid to invade targeted regions of protein and/or RNA structure. Exemplary molecules of the instant invention are chemically synthesized, and others can similarly be synthesized.

[0484J Oligonucleotides (e.g., certain modified oligonucleotides or portions of oligonucleotides lacking ribonucleotides) are synthesized using protocols known in the art, for example as described in Caruthers et at, 1992, Methods in Enzymology 211, 3-19, Thompson et at, International PCT Publication No. WO 99/54459, Wincott et at, 1995, Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2677-2684, Wincott et at, 1997, Methods MoI. Bio., 74, 59, Brennan et at, 1998, Biotechnol Bioeng., 61, 33-45, and Brennan, U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,311. AU of these references are incorporated herein by reference. The synthesis of oligonucleotides makes use of common nucleic acid protecting and coupling groups, such as dimethoxytrityl at the 5'-end, and phosphoramidites at the 3'-end. In a non-limiting example, small scale syntheses are conducted on a 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer using a 0.2 μmol scale protocol with a 2.5 min coupling step for 2'-O-methylated nucleotides and a 45 second coupling step for 2'-deoxy nucleotides or 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides. Table V outlines the amounts and the contact times of the reagents used in the synthesis cycle. Alternatively, syntheses at the 0.2 μmol scale can be performed on a 96-well plate synthesizer, such as the instrument produced by Protogene (Palo Alto, CA) with minimal modification to the cycle. A 33-fold excess (60 μL of 0.11 M = 6.6 μmol) of 2'-O-mcthyl phosphoramiditc and a 105- fold excess of S-ethyl tetrazole (60 μL of 0.25 M = 15 μmol) can be used, in each coupling cycle of 2'-O-methyl residues relative to polymer-bound 5'-hydroxyl. A 22-fold excess (40 μL of 0.11 M = 4.4 μmol) of deoxy phosphoramidite and a 70-fold excess of S-ethyl tetrazole (40 μL of 0.25 M = IO μmol) can be used in each coupling cycle of deoxy residues relative to polymer-bound 5'-hydroxyl. Average coupling yields on the 394 Applied Biosystems, Tnc. synthesizer, determined by colorimetric quantitation of the trityl fractions, are typically 97.5- 99%. Other oligonucleotide synthesis reagents for the 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer include the following: detritylation solution is 3% TCA in methylene chloride (ABl); capping is performed with 16% TV-methyl imidazole in THF (ABl) and 10% acetic anhydride/10% 2,6-lutidine in THF (ABI); and oxidation solution is 16.9 mM I₂, 49 mM pyridine, 9% water in THF (PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc.). Burdick & Jackson Synthesis Grade acetonitrile is used directly from the reagent bottle. S-Ethyltetrazole solution (0.25 M in acetonitrile) is made up from the solid obtained from American International Chemical, Inc. Alternately, for the introduction of phosphorothioate linkages, Beaucage reagent (3H- l,2-Benzodithiol-3-one 1,1-dioxide, 0.05 M in acetonitrile) is used.

[0485] Deprotection of the DNA-based oligonucleotides is performed as follows: the polymer-bound trityl-on oligoribonucleotide is transferred to a 4 mL glass screw top vial and suspended in a solution of 40% aqueous methylamine (1 mL) at 65 ⁰C for 10 minutes. After cooling to -20 ⁰C, the supernatant is removed from the polymer support. The support is washed three times with 1.0 mL of EtOH:MeCN:H2O/3:l:l, vortexed and the supernatant is then added to the first supernatant. The combined supernatants, containing the oligoribonucleotide, are dried to a white powder. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention are synthesized, deprotected, and analyzed according to methods described in US 6,995,259, US 6,686,463, US 6,673,918, US 6,649,751, US 6,989,442, and USSN 10/190,359, all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. [0486] The method of synthesis used for RNA including certain siNA molecules of the invention follows the procedure as described in Usman et al., 1987, J. Am. Cheni. Soc, 109, 7845; Scaringe et al., 1990, Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 5433; and Wincott et al., 1995, Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2677-2684 Wincott et al., 1997, Methods MoI. Bio., 74, 59, and makes use of common nucleic acid protecting and coupling groups, such as dimethoxytrityl at the 5'-end, and phosphoramidites at the 3 '-end. In a non-limiting example, small scale syntheses are conducted on a 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer using a 0.2 μmol scale protocol with a 7.5 min coupling step for alkylsilyl protected nucleotides and a 2.5 min coupling step for 2'-O-methylated nucleotides. Table V outlines the amounts and the contact times of the reagents used in the synthesis cycle. Alternatively, syntheses at the 0.2 μmol scale can be done on a 96-well plate synthesizer, such as the instrument produced by Protogene (Palo Alto, CA) with minimal modification to the cycle. A 33-fold excess (60 μL of 0.11 M = 6.6 μmol) of 2'-O-methyl phosphoramidite and a 75-fold excess of S-ethyl tetrazole (60 μL of 0.25 M = 15 μmol) can be used in each coupling cycle of 2'-O -methyl residues relative to polymer-bound 5'-hydroxyl. A 66-fold excess (120 μL of 0.11 M = 13.2 μmol) of alkylsilyl (ribo) protected phosphoramidite and a 150-fold excess of S-ethyl tetrazole (120 μL of 0.25 M = 30 μmol) can be used in each coupling cycle of ribo residues relative to polymer-bound 5'-hydroxyl. Average coupling yields on the 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer, determined by colorimetric quantitation of the trityl fractions, are typically 97.5-99%. Other oligonucleotide synthesis reagents for the 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer include the following: detritylation solution is 3% TCA in methylene chloride (ABI); capping is performed with 16% N-methyl imidazole in THF (ABI) and 10% acetic anhydride/ 10% 2,6- lutidine in THF (ABI); oxidation solution is 16.9 mM I₂, 49 mM pyridine, 9% water in THF (PerSeptive Biosystems, Inc.). Burdick & Jackson Synthesis Grade acetonitrile is used directly from the reagent bottle. S-Ethyltetrazole solution (0.25 M in acetonitrile) is made up from the solid obtained from American International Chemical, Inc. Alternately, for the introduction of phosphorothioate linkages, Beaucage reagent (3H-l,2-Benzodithiol-3-one I,l-dioxide0.05 M in acetonitrile) is used.

[0487] Deprotection of the RNA is performed using either a two-pot or one-pot protocol. For the two-pot protocol, the polymer-bound trityl-on oligoribonucleotide is transferred to a 4 mL glass screw top vial and suspended in a solution of 40% aq. methylamine (1 mL) at 65 ⁰C for 10 min. After cooling to -20 °C, the supernatant is removed from the polymer support. The support is washed three times with 1.0 mL of EtOH:MeCN:H2O/3:l:l, vortexed and the supernatant is then added to the first supernatant. The combined supernatants, containing the oligoribonucleotide, are dried to a white powder. The base deprotected oligoribonucleotide is resuspended in anhydrous TEA/HF/NMP solution (300 μL of a solution of 1.5 mL N- methylpyrrolidinone, 750 μL TEA and 1 mL TEAβHF to provide a 1.4 M HF concentration) and heated to 65 ⁰C. After 1.5 h, the oligomer is quenched with 1.5 M NH₄HCO₃. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention are synthesized, deprotected, and analyzed according to methods described in US 6,995,259, US 6,686,463, US 6,673,918, US 6,649,751, US 6,989,442, and USSN 10/190,359, all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0488] Alternatively, for the one-pot protocol, the polymer-bound trityl-on oligoribonucleotide is transferred to a 4 mL glass screw top vial and suspended in a solution of 33% ethanolic methylamine/DMSO: 1/1 (0.8 mL) at 65 °C for 15 minutes. The vial is brought to room temperature TEA*3HF (0.1 mL) is added and the vial is heated at 65 °C for 15 minutes. The sample is cooled at -20 ⁰C and then quenched with 1.5 M NH₄HCO₃.

[0489] For purification of the trityl-on oligomers, the quenched NH₄HCO₃ solution is loaded onto a C- 18 containing cartridge that had been prewashed with acetonitrile followed by 50 mM TEAA. After washing the loaded cartridge with water, the RNA is detritylated with 0.5% TFA for 13 minutes. The cartridge is then washed again with water, salt exchanged with 1 M NaCl and washed with water again. The oligonucleotide is then eluted with 30% acetonitrile.

[0490] The average stepwise coupling yields are typically >98% (Wincott et al, 1995 Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2677-2684). Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the scale of synthesis can be adapted to be larger or smaller than the example described above including but not limited to 96-well format.

[0491] Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be synthesized separately and joined together post-synthetically, for example, by ligation (Moore et al, 1992, Science 256, 9923; Draper et al, International PCT publication No. WO 93/23569; Shabarova et al, 1991, Nucleic Acids Research 19, 4247; Bellon et al, 1997, Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 16, 951; Bellon et al, 1997, Bioconjugate Chem. 8, 204), or by hybridization following synthesis and/or deprotection. [0492] The siNA molecules of the invention can also be synthesized via a tandem synthesis methodology as described in Example 1 herein, wherein both siNA strands are synthesized as a single contiguous oligonucleotide fragment or strand separated by a cleavable linker which is subsequently cleaved to provide separate siNA fragments or strands that hybridize and permit purification of the siNA duplex. The linker can be a polynucleotide linker or a non-nucleotide linker. The tandem synthesis of siNA as described herein can be readily adapted to both multiwell/multiplate synthesis platforms such as 96 well or similarly larger multi-well platforms. The tandem synthesis of siNA as described herein can also be readily adapted to large scale synthesis platforms employing batch reactors, synthesis columns and the like.

[0493] A siNA molecule can also be assembled from two distinct nucleic acid strands or fragments wherein one fragment includes the sense region and the second fragment includes the antisense region of the RNA molecule.

[0494] The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be modified extensively to enhance stability by modification with nuclease resistant groups, for example, 2'-amino, 2'-C- allyl, 2'-fluoro, 2'-0-methyl, 2'-H (for a review see Usman and Cedergren, 1992, TIBS 17, 34; Usman et ah, 1994, Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 31 , 163). siNA constructs can be purified by gel electrophoresis using general methods or can be purified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC; see Wincott et al._r supra, the totality of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference) and re-suspended in water.

[0495] Tn another aspect of the invention, siNA molecules of the invention are expressed from transcription units inserted into DNA or RNA vectors. The recombinant vectors can be DNA plasmids or viral vectors. siNA expressing viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, or alphavirus. The recombinant vectors capable of expressing the siNA molecules can be delivered as described herein, and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of siNA molecules.

Optimizing Activity of the nucleic acid molecule of the invention.

[0496] Chemically synthesizing nucleic acid molecules with modifications (base, sugar and/or phosphate) can prevent their degradation by serum ribonucleases, which can increase their potency (see e.g., Eckstein et al., International Publication No. WO 92/07065; Perrault et al, 1990 Nature 344, 565; Pieken et al, 1991, Science 253, 314; Usman and Cedergren, 1992, Trends in Biochem. Sd. 17, 334; Usman et al, International Publication No. WO 93/15187; and Rossi et al, International Publication No. WO 91/03162; Sproat, U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,711; Gold et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,074; and Burgin et al, supra; all of which are incorporated by reference herein). All of the above references describe various chemical modifications that can be made to the base, phosphate and/or sugar moieties of the nucleic acid molecules described herein. Modifications that enhance their efficacy in cells, and removal of bases from nucleic acid molecules to shorten oligonucleotide synthesis times and reduce chemical requirements are desired.

[0497] There are several examples in the art describing sugar, base and phosphate modifications that can be introduced into nucleic acid molecules with significant enhancement in their nuclease stability and efficacy. For example, oligonucleotides are modified to enhance stability and/or enhance biological activity by modification with nuclease resistant groups, for example, 2'-amino, 2'-C-allyl, 2'-fluoro, 2'-C>-methyl, 2'-O-allyl, 2'-H, nucleotide base modifications (for a review see Usman and Cedergren, 1992, TIBS. 17, 34; Usman et al, 1994, Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 31, 163; Burgin et al, 1996, Biochemistry, 35, 14090). Sugar modification of nucleic acid molecules have been extensively described in the art (see Eckstein et al, International Publication PCT No. WO 92/07065; Perrault et al Nature, 1990, 344, 565-568; Pieken et al. Science, 1991, 253, 314-317; Usman and Cedergren, Trends in Biochem. Sci., 1992, 17, 334-339; Usman et al International Publication PCT No. WO 93/15187; Sproat, U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,711 and Beigelman et al, 1995, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 25702; Beigelman et al, International PCT publication No. WO 97/26270; Beigelman et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,824; Usman et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,053; Woolf et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 98/13526; Thompson et al, USSN 60/082,404 which was filed on April 20, 1998; Karpcisky et al, 1998, Tetrahedron Lett., 39, 1131; Earnshaw and Gait, 1998, Biopolytners (Nucleic Acid Sciences), 48, 39-55; Verma and Eckstein, 1998, Anna. Rev. Biochem., 67, 99-134; and Burlina et al, 1997, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 5, 1999-2010; all of the references are hereby incorporated in their totality by reference herein). Such publications describe general methods and strategies to determine the location of incorporation of sugar, base and/or phosphate modifications and. the like into nucleic acid molecules without modulating catalysis, and are incorporated by reference herein. In view of such teachings, similar modifications can be used as described herein to modify the siNA nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention so long as the ability of siNA to promote RNAi is cells is not significantly inhibited.

[0498] In one embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule of the invention is chemically modified as described in US 20050020521, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0499] While chemical modification of oligonucleotide internucleotide linkages with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, and/or 5'-methylphosphonate linkages improves stability, excessive modifications can cause some toxicity or decreased activity. Therefore, when designing nucleic acid molecules, the amount of these internucleotide linkages should be minimized. The reduction in the concentration of these linkages should lower toxicity, resulting in increased efficacy and higher specificity of these molecules.

[0500] Short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecules having chemical modifications that maintain or enhance activity are provided. Such a nucleic acid is also generally more resistant to nucleases than an unmodified nucleic acid. Accordingly, the in vitro and/or in vivo activity should not be significantly lowered. In cases in which modulation is the goal, therapeutic nucleic acid molecules delivered exogenously should optimally be stable within cells until translation of the target RNA has been modulated long enough to reduce the levels of the undesirable protein. This period of time varies between hours to days depending upon the disease state. Improvements in the chemical synthesis of RNA and DNA (Wincott et ah, 1995, Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2677; Caruthers et ah, 1992, Methods in Enzymology 211, 3-19 (incorporated by reference herein)) have expanded the ability to modify nucleic acid molecules by introducing nucleotide modifications to enhance their nuclease stability, as described above.

[0501] In one embodiment, nucleic acid molecules of the invention include one or more (e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) G-clamp nucleotides. A G-clamp nucleotide is a modified cytosine analog wherein the modifications confer the ability to hydrogen bond both Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen faces of a complementary guanine within a duplex, see for example Lin and Matteucci, 1998, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 120, 8531-8532. A single G-clamp analog substitution within an oligonucleotide can result in substantially enhanced helical thermal stability and mismatch discrimination when hybridized to complementary oligonucleotides. The inclusion of such nucleotides in nucleic acid molecules of the invention results in both enhanced affinity and specificity to nucleic acid targets, complementary sequences, or template strands. In another embodiment, nucleic acid molecules of the invention include one or more {e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) LNA "locked nucleic acid" nucleotides such as a 2\ 4'-C methylene bicyclo nucleotide (see for example Wengel et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/66604 and WO 99/14226).

[0502] In another embodiment, the invention features conjugates and/or complexes of siNA molecules of the invention. Such conjugates and/or complexes can be used to facilitate delivery of siNA molecules into a biological system, such as a cell. The conjugates and complexes provided by the instant invention can impart therapeutic activity by transferring therapeutic compounds across cellular membranes, altering the pharmacokinetics, and/or modulating the localization of nucleic acid molecules of the invention. The present invention encompasses the design and synthesis of novel conjugates and complexes for the delivery of molecules, including, but not limited to, small molecules, lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids, antibodies, toxins, negatively charged polymers and other polymers, for example proteins, peptides, hormones, carbohydrates, polyethylene glycols, or polyamines, across cellular membranes. In general, the transporters described are designed to be used either individually or as part of a multi-component system, with or without degradable linkers. These compounds are expected to improve delivery and/or localization of nucleic acid molecules of the invention into a number of cell types originating from different tissues, in the presence or absence of serum (see Sullenger and Cech, U.S. Pat. No. 5,854,038). Conjugates of the molecules described herein can be attached to biologically active molecules via linkers that are biodegradable, such as biodegradable nucleic acid linker molecules.

[0503] The term "biodegradable linker" as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid or non- nucleic acid linker molecule that is designed as a biodegradable linker to connect one molecule to another molecule, for example, a biologically active molecule to a siNA molecule of the invention or the sense and antisense strands of a siNA molecule of the invention. The biodegradable linker is designed such that its stability can be modulated for a particular purpose, such as delivery to a particular tissue or cell type. The stability of a nucleic acid-based biodegradable linker molecule can be modulated by using various chemistries, for example combinations of ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides, and chemically-modified nucleotides, such as 2'-O-methyl, 2'-fluoro, 2'-amino, 2'-O-amino, 2'-C- allyl, 2'-O-allyl, and other 2'-modifled or base modified nucleotides. The biodegradable nucleic acid linker molecule can be a dimer, trimer, tetramer or longer nucleic acid molecule, for example, an oligonucleotide of about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides in length, or can comprise a single nucleotide with a phosphorus- based linkage, for example, a phosphoramidate or phosphodiester linkage. The biodegradable nucleic acid linker molecule can also comprise nucleic acid backbone, nucleic acid sugar, or nucleic acid base modifications.

[0504] The term "biodegradable" as used herein, refers to degradation in a biological system, for example, enzymatic degradation or chemical degradation.

[0505] The term "biologically active molecule" as used herein refers to compounds or molecules that are capable of eliciting or modifying a biological response in a system. Non- limiting examples of biologically active siNA molecules cither alone or in combination with other molecules contemplated by the instant invention include therapeutically active molecules such as antibodies, cholesterol, hormones, antivirals, peptides, proteins, chemotherapeutics, small molecules, vitamins, co-factors, nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, enzymatic nucleic acids, antisense nucleic acids, triplex forming oligonucleotides, 2,5-A chimeras, siNA, dsRNA, allozymes, aptamers, decoys and analogs thereof. Biologically active molecules of the invention also include molecules capable of modulating the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of other biologically active molecules, for example, lipids and polymers such as polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycol and other poly ethers.

[0506] The term "phospholipid" as used herein, refers to a hydrophobic molecule comprising at least one phosphorus group. For example, a phospholipid can comprise a phosphorus-containing group and saturated or unsaturated alkyl group, optionally substituted with OH, COOH, oxo, amine, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups.

[0507] Therapeutic nucleic acid molecules (e.g., siNA molecules) delivered exogenously optimally are stable within cells until reverse transcription of the RNA has been modulated long enough to reduce the levels of the RNA transcript. The nucleic acid molecules are resistant to nucleases in order to function as effective intracellular therapeutic agents. Improvements in the chemical synthesis of nucleic acid molecules described in the instant invention and in the art have expanded the ability to modify nucleic acid molecules by introducing nucleotide modifications to enhance their nuclease stability as described above.

[0508] In yet another embodiment, siNA molecules having chemical modifications that maintain or enhance enzymatic activity of proteins involved in RNAi are provided. Such nucleic acids are also generally more resistant to nucleases than unmodified nucleic acids. Thus, in vitro and/or in vivo the activity should not be significantly lowered.

[0509] Use of the nucleic acid-based molecules of the invention will lead to better treatments by affording the possibility of combination therapies (e.g., multiple siNA molecules targeted to different genes; nucleic acid molecules coupled with known small molecule modulators; or intermittent treatment with combinations of molecules, including different motifs and/or other chemical or biological molecules). The treatment of subjects with siNA molecules can also include combinations of different types of nucleic acid molecules, such as enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (ribozymes), allozymes, antisense, 2,5- A oligoadenylate, decoys, and aptamers.

[0510] In another aspect a siNA molecule of the invention comprises one or more 5' and/or a 3'- cap structure, for example, on only the sense siNA strand, the antisense siNA strand, or both siNA strands.

[0511] By "cap structure" is meant chemical modifications, which have been incorporated at either terminus of the oligonucleotide (see, for example, Adamic et ah, U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,203, incorporated by reference herein). These terminal modifications protect the nucleic acid molecule from exonuclease degradation, and may help in delivery and/or localization within a cell. The cap may be present at the 5'-terminus (5'-cap) or at the 3'- terminal (3'-cap) or may be present on both termini. In non-limiting examples, the 5'-cap includes, but is not limited to, glyceryl, inverted deoxy abasic residue (moiety); 4',5'- methylene nucleotide; 1 -(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl) nucleotide, 4'-thio nucleotide; carbocyclic nucleotide; 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide; L-nucleotides; alpha-nucleotides; modified base nucleotide; phosphorodithioate linkage; t&reo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide; acyclic 3',4'-seco nucleotide; acyclic 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide; acyclic 3,5-dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 3 '-3 '-inverted nucleotide moiety; 3'-3'-inverted abasic moiety; 3'-2'-inverted nucleotide moiety; 3'-2'-inverted abasic moiety; 1,4-butanediol phosphate; 3'-phosphoramidate; hexylphosphate; aminohexyl phosphate; 3'-phosphate; 3'-phosphorothioate; phosphorodithioate; or bridging or non-bridging methylphosphonate moiety. Non-limiting examples of cap moieties are shown in Figure 10.

[0512] Non-limiting examples of the 3'-cap include, but are not limited to, glyceryl, inverted deoxy abasic residue (moiety), 4', 5'-methylene nucleotide; l-(beta-D- erythrofuranosyl) nucleotide; 4'-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide; 5'-amino~alkyl phosphate; 1, 3 -diamino-2 -propyl phosphate; 3-aminopropyl phosphate; 6-aminohexyl phosphate; 1,2-aminododecyl phosphate; hydroxypropyl phosphate; 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide; L-nuclcotidc; alpha-nuclcotidc; modified base nucleotide; phosphorodithioate; ^reo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide; acyclic 3',4'-seco nucleotide; 3, 4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide; 3,5-dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 5'-5'-inverted nucleotide moiety; 5 '-5 '-inverted abasic moiety; 5'-phosphoramidate; 5'-phosphorothioate; 1,4-butanediol phosphate; 5'-amino; bridging and/or non-bridging 5'-phosphoramidate, phosphorothioate and/or phosphorodithioate, bridging or non bridging methylphosphonate and 5'-mercapto moieties (for more details see Beaucage and Iyer, 1993, Tetrahedron 49, 1925; incorporated by reference herein).

[0513] By the term "non-nucleotide" is meant any group or compound which can be incorporated into a nucleic acid chain in the place of one or more nucleotide units, including either sugar and/or phosphate substitutions, and allows the remaining bases to exhibit their enzymatic activity. The group or compound is abasic in that it does not contain a commonly recognized nucleotide base, such as adenosine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine and therefore lacks a base at the 1 '-position.

[0514] An "alkyl" group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, including straight- chain, branched-chain, and cyclic alkyl groups. Preferably, the alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbons. More preferably, it is a lower alkyl of from 1 to 7 carbons, more preferably 1 to 4 carbons. The alkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted the substituted group(s) is preferably, hydroxyl, cyano, alkoxy, =O, =S₅ NO2 or N(CH3)2, amino, or SH. The term also includes alkenyl groups that are unsaturated hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, including straight-chain, branched-chain, and cyclic groups. Preferably, the alkenyl group has 1 to 12 carbons. More preferably, it is a lower alkenyl of from 1 to 7 carbons, more preferably 1 to 4 carbons. The alkenyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted the substituted group(s) is preferably, hydroxyl, cyano, alkoxy, =O, =S, NO2, halogen, N(CH3)2, amino, or SH. The term "alkyl" also includes alkynyl groups that have an unsaturated hydrocarbon group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, including straight-chain, branched-chain, and cyclic groups. Preferably, the alkynyl group has 1 to 12 carbons. More preferably, it is a lower alkynyl of from 1 to 7 carbons, more preferably 1 to 4 carbons. The alkynyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted the substituted group(s) is preferably, hydroxyl, cyano, alkoxy, =O, =S, NO2 orN(CH3)2, amino or SH.

[0515] Such alkyl groups can also include aryl, alkylaryl, carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl, amide and ester groups. An "aryl" group refers to an aromatic group that has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes carbocyclic aryl, heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups, all of which may be optionally substituted. The preferred substituent(s) of aryl groups are halogen, trihalomethyl, hydroxyl, SH, OH, cyano, alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and amino groups. An "alkylaryl" group refers to an alkyl group (as described above) covalently joined to an aryl group (as described above). Carbocyclic aryl groups are groups wherein the ring atoms on the aromatic ring are all carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are optionally substituted. Heterocyclic aryl groups are groups having from 1 to 3 heteroatoms as ring atoms in the aromatic ring and the remainder of the ring atoms are carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms include oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, and include furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, N-lower alkyl pyrrolo, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl and the like, all optionally substituted. An "amide" refers to an -C(O)-NH-R, where R is either alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or hydrogen. An "ester" refers to an -C(O)-OR', where R is either alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or hydrogen.

[0516] By "nucleotide" as used herein is as recognized in the art to include natural bases (standard), and modified bases well known in the art. Such bases are generally located at the I' position of a nucleotide sugar moiety. Nucleotides generally comprise a base, sugar and a phosphate group. The nucleotides can be unmodified or modified at the sugar, phosphate and/or base moiety, (also referred to interchangeably as nucleotide analogs, modified nucleotides, non-natural nucleotides, non-standard nucleotides and other; see, for example, Usman and McSwiggen, supra; Eckstein et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 92/07065; Usman et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 93/15187; Uhknan & Peyman, supra, all are hereby incorporated by reference herein). There are several examples of modified nucleic acid bases known in the art as summarized by Limbach et al., 1994, Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 2183. Some of the non-limiting examples of base modifications that can be introduced into nucleic acid molecules include, inosine, purine, pyridin-4-one, pyridin-2-one, phenyl, pseudouracil, 2, 4, 6-trimethoxy benzene, 3-methyl uracil, dihydrouridine, naphthyl, aminophenyl, 5-alkylcytidines (e.g., 5-methylcytidine), 5-alkyruridines (e.g., ribothymidine), 5-halouridine (e.g., 5-bromouridine) or 6-azapyrimidines or 6-alkylpyrimidines (e.g. 6-methyluridine), propyne, and others (Burgin et ah, 1996, Biochemistry, 35, 14090; Uhlman & Peyman, supra). By "modified bases" in this aspect is meant nucleotide bases other than adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil at 1' position or their equivalents.

[0517] In one embodiment, the invention features modified sϊNA molecules, with phosphate backbone modifications comprising one or more phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, methylphosphonate, phosphotriester, morpholino, amidate carbamate, carboxymethyl, acetamidate, polyamide, sulfonate, sulfonamide, sulfamate, formacetal, thioformacetal, and/or alkylsilyl, substitutions. For a review of oligonucleotide backbone modifications, see Hunziker and Leumann, 1995, Nucleic Acid Analogues: Synthesis and Properties, in Modern Synthetic Methods, VCH, 331-417, and Mesmaeker et ah, 1994, Novel Backbone Replacements for Oligonucleotides, in Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research, ACS, 24-39.

[0518] By "abasic" is meant sugar moieties lacking a nucleobase or having a hydrogen atom (H) or other other non-nucleobase chemical groups in place of a nucleobase at the 1' position of the sugar moiety, see for example Adamic et ah, U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,203. In one embodiment, an abasic moiety of the invention is a ribose, deoxyribose, or dideoxyribose sugar. .

[05191 By "unmodified nucleoside" is meant one of the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil joined to the 1' carbon of β-D-ribo-furanose.

[0520] By "modified nucleoside" is meant any nucleotide base which contains a modification in the chemical structure of an unmodified nucleotide base, sugar and/or phosphate. Non-limiting examples of modified nucleotides are shown by Formulae I-VII and/or other modifications described herein.

[0521] In connection with 2'-modified nucleotides as described for the present invention, by "amino" is meant 2'-NH₂ or T-O- NH₂, which can be modified or unmodified. Such modified groups are described, for example, in Eckstein et ah, U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,695 and MatulioAdamic et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,878, which are both incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0522] Various modifications to nucleic acid siNA structure can be made to enhance the utility of these molecules. Such modifications will enhance shelf-life, half-life in vitro, stability, and ease of introduction of such oligonucleotides to the target site, e.g., to enhance penetration of cellular membranes, and confer the ability to recognize and bind to targeted cells.

Administration of Nucleic Acid Molecules

[0523] A siNA molecule of the invention can be adapted for use to treat, prevent, inhibit, or reduce cancer, ocular, proliferative, respiratory, autoimmune, neurologic, allergic, or angiogenesis/neovascularization related diseases, conditions, or disorders, and/or any other trait, disease or condition that is related to or will respond to the levels of VEGF, VEGFR, inter leukin, and/or interleukin receptor in a cell or tissue, alone or in combination with other therapies.

[0524] In one embodiment, a siNA composition of the invention can comprise a delivery vehicle, including liposomes, for administration to a subject, carriers and diluents and their salts, and/or can be present in pharmaceutically acceptable formulations. Methods for the delivery of nucleic acid molecules are described in Akhtar et al, 1992, Trends Cell Bio., 2, 139; Delivery Strategies for Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapeutics, ed. Akhtar, 1995, Maurer et al, 1999, MoL Membr. Biol., 16, 129-140; Hofland and Huang, 1999, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol, 137, 165-192; and Lee et al, 2000, ACS Symp. Ser., 752, 184-192, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Beigelman et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,713 and Sullivan et al, PCT WO 94/02595 further describe the general methods for delivery of nucleic acid molecules. These protocols can be utilized for the delivery of virtually any nucleic acid molecule. Nucleic acid molecules can be administered to cells by a variety of methods known to those of skill in the art, including, but not restricted to, encapsulation in liposomes, by iontophoresis, or by incorporation into other vehicles, such as biodegradable polymers, hydrogels, cyclodextrins (see for example Gonzalez et al, 1999, Bioconjugate Chem., 10, 1068-1074; Wang et al, International PCT publication Nos. WO 03/47518 and WO 03/46185), poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) and PLCA microspheres (see for example US Patent 6,447,796 and US Patent Application Publication No. US 2002130430), biodegradable nanocapsules, and bioadhesive microspheres, or by proteinaceous vectors (O'Hare and Normand, International PCT Publication No. WO 00/53722). In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention can also be formulated or complexed with polyethyleneimine and derivatives thereof, such as polyethyleneimine- polyethyleneglycol-N-acetylgalactosamine (PEI-PEG-GAL) or polyethyleneimine- polyethyleneglycol-tri-N-acetylgalactosamine (PEI-PEG-triGAL) derivatives. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention are formulated as described in United States Patent Application Publication No. 20030077829, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0525] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is formulated as a composition described in U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/678,531 and in related U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/703,946, filed July 29, 2005, U.S. Provisional patent application No. 60/737,024, filed November 15, 2005, and USSN 11/353,630, filed February 14, 2006 (Vargeese et a!.), all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Such siNA formuations are generally referred to as "lipid nucleic acid particles" (LNP). In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is formulated with one or more LNP compositions described herein in Table VT (see also USSN 1 1/353,630 and 11/586,102 incorporated by reference herein).

[0526] In one embodiment, the siNA molecules of the invention and formulations or compositions thereof are administered to lung tissues and cells as is described in US 2006/0062758; US 2006/0014289;' and US 2004/0077540.

[0527] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is complexed with membrane disruptive agents such as those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20010007666, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety including the drawings. In another embodiment, the membrane disruptive agent or agents and the siNA molecule are also complexed with a cationic lipid or helper lipid molecule, such as those lipids described in U.S. Patent No. 6,235,310, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety including the drawings.

[0528] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is complexed with delivery systems as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003077829 and International PCT Publication Nos. WO 00/03683 and WO 02/087541, all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety including the drawings.

[0529] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is complexed with delivery systems as is generally described in U.S. Patent Armiication Publication Nos. US- 20050287551; US-20050164220; US-20050191627; US-20050118594; US-20050153919; US-20050085486; and US-20030158133; all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety including the drawings.

[0530] In one embodiment, a compound, molecule, or composition for the treatment of ocular conditions (e.g., macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy etc.) is administered to a subject intraocularly or by intraocular means. In another embodiment, a compound, molecule, or composition for the treatment of ocular conditions (e.g., macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy etc.) is administered to a subject pcriocularly or by periocular means (sec for example Ahlheim et al., International PCT publication No. WO 03/24420). In one embodiment, a siNA molecule and/or formulation or composition thereof is administered to a subject intraocularly or by intraocular means. In another embodiment, a siNA molecule and/or formualtion or composition thereof is administered to a subject periocularly or by periocular means. Periocular administration generally provides a less invasive approach to administering siNA molecules and formualtion or composition thereof to a subject (see for example Ahlheim et al, International PCT publication No. WO 03/24420). The use of periocular administraction also minimizes the risk of retinal detachment, allows for more frequent dosing or administraction, provides a clinically relevant route of administraction for macular degeneration and other optic conditions, and also provides the possibility of using resevoirs (e.g., implants, pumps or other devices) for drug delivery. In one embodiment, siNA compounds and compositions of the invention are administered locally, e.g., via intraocular or periocular means, such as injection, iontophoresis (see, for example, WO 03/043689 and WO 03/030989), or implant, about every 1-50 weeks (e.g., about every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 weeks), alone or in combination with other comounds and/or thcrapcis herein. In one embodiment, siNA compounds and. compositions of the invention are administered systemically (e.g., via intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, infusion, pump, implant etc.) about every 1-50 weeks (e.g., about every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 weeks), alone or in combination with other comounds and/or therapies described herein and/or otherwise known in the art.

[053 IJ In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention are administered to skeletal tissues (e.g., bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament) or bone metastatic tumors via atelocollagen complexation or conjugation (see for example Takeshita et al., 2005, PNAS, 102, 12177-12182). Therefore, in one embodiment, the instant invention features one or more dsiNA molecules as a composition complcxcd with atelocollagen. In another embodiment, the instant invention features one or more siNA molecules conjugated to atelocollagen via a linker as described herein or otherwise known in the art.

[0532] In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules of the invention and formulations thereof (e.g., LNP formulations of double stranded nucleic acid molecules of the invention) are administered via pulmonary delivery, such as by inhalation of an aerosol or spray dried formulation administered by an inhalation device or nebulizer, providing rapid local uptake of the nucleic acid molecules into relevant pulmonary tissues. Solid particulate compositions containing respirable dry particles of micronized nucleic acid compositions can be prepared by grinding dried or lyophilized nucleic acid compositions, and then passing the micronized composition through, for example, a 400 mesh screen to break up or separate out large agglomerates. A solid particulate composition comprising the nucleic acid compositions of the invention can optionally contain a dispersant which serves to facilitate the formation of an aerosol as well as other therapeutic compounds. A suitable dispersant is lactose, which can be blended with the nucleic acid compound in any suitable ratio, such as a 1 to 1 ratio by weight.

[0533] Aerosols of liquid particles comprising a nucleic acid composition of the invention can be produced by any suitable means, such as with a nebulizer (see for example US 4,501,729). Nebulizers are commercially available devices which transform solutions or suspensions of an active ingredient into a therapeutic aerosol mist either by means of acceleration of a compressed gas, typically air or oxygen, through a narrow venruri orifice or by means of ultrasonic agitation. Suitable formulations for use in nebulizers comprise the active ingredient in a liquid carrier in an amount of up to 40% w/w preferably less than 20% w/w of the formulation. The carrier is typically water or a dilute aqueous alcoholic solution, preferably made isotonic with body fluids by the addition of, for example, sodium chloride or other suitable salts. Optional additives include preservatives if the formulation is not prepared sterile, for example, methyl hydroxybenzoate, anti-oxidants, flavorings, volatile oils, buffering agents and emulsifiers and other formulation surfactants. The aerosols of solid particles comprising the active composition and surfactant can likewise be produced with any solid particulate aerosol generator. Aerosol generators for administering solid particulate therapeutics to a subject produce particles which are respirable, as explained above, and generate a volume of aerosol containing a predetermined metered dose of a therapeutic composition at a rate suitable for human administration.

[0534] In one embodiment, a solid particulate aerosol generator of the invention is an insufflator. Suitable formulations for administration by insufflation include finely comminuted powders which can be delivered by means of an insufflator. In the insufflator, the powder, e.g. , a metered dose thereof effective to carry out the treatments described herein, is contained in capsules or cartridges, typically made of gelatin or plastic, which are either pierced or opened in situ and the powder delivered by air drawn through the device upon inhalation or by means of a manually-operated pump. The powder employed in the insufflator consists either solely of the active ingredient or of a powder blend comprising the active ingredient, a suitable powder diluent, such as lactose, and an optional surfactant. The active ingredient typically comprises from 0.1 to 100 w/w of the formulation. A second type of illustrative aerosol generator comprises a metered dose inhaler. Metered dose inhalers are pressurized aerosol dispensers, typically containing a suspension or solution formulation of the active ingredient in a liquified propellant. During use these devices discharge the formulation through a valve adapted to deliver a metered volume to produce a fine particle spray containing the active ingredient. Suitable propellants include certain chlorofluorocarbon compounds, for example, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromcthanc, dichlorotctrafluorocthanc and mixtures thereof. The formulation can additionally contain one or more co-solvents, for example, ethanol, emulsifiers and other formulation surfactants, such as oleic acid or sorbitan trioleate, anti-oxidants and suitable flavoring agents. Other methods for pulmonary delivery are described in, for example US Patent Application No. 20040037780, and US Patent Nos. 6,592,904; 6,582,728; 6,565,885, all incorporated by reference herein.

[0535] In one embodiment, the siNA and LNP compositions and formulations provided herein for use in pulmonary delivery further comprise one or more surfactants. Suitable surfactants or surfactant components for enhancing the uptake of the compositions of the invention include synthetic and natural as well as full and truncated forms of surfactant protein A, surfactant protein B, surfactant protein C, surfactant protein D and surfactant Protein E, di-saturated phosphatidylcholine (other than dipalmitoyl), dipalmitoylphosphatidylchol- ine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine; phosphatidic acid, ubiquinones, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, palmitoyl- lysophosphaτidylcholinc, dchydrocpiandrostcronc, dolichols, sulfatidic acid, glyccrol-3- phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glycerol, glycero-3-phosphocholine, dihydroxyacetone, palmitate, cytidine diphosphate (CDP) diacylglycerol, CDP choline, choline, choline phosphate; as well as natural and artificial lamelar bodies which are the natural carrier vehicles for the components of surfactant, omega-3 fatty acids, polyenic acid, polyenoic acid, lecithin, palmitinic acid, non-ionic block copolymers of ethylene or propylene oxides, polyoxypropylene, monomeric and polymeric, polyoxyethylene, monomeric and polymeric, poly (vinyl amine) with dextran and/or alkanoyl side chains, Brij 35, Triton X-100 and synthetic surfactants ALEC, Exosurf, Survan and Atovaquone, among others. These surfactants may be useed either as single or part of a multiple component surfactant in a formulation, or as covalently bound additions to the 5' and/or 3' ends of the nucleic acid component of a pharmaceutical composition herein.

[0536] The composition of the present invention may be administered into the respiratory system as a formulation including particles of respirable size, e.g. particles of a size sufficiently small to pass through the nose, mouth and larynx upon inhalation and through the bronchi and alveoli of the lungs. In general, respirable particles range from about 0.5 to 10 microns in size. Particles of non-respirable size which are included in the aerosol tend to deposit in the throat and be swallowed, and the quantity of non-rcspirablc particles in the aerosol is thus minimized. For nasal administration, a particle size in the range of 10-500 urn is preferred to ensure retention in the nasal cavity.

[0537] In one embodiment, the siNA molecules of the invention and formulations or compositions thereof arc administered to the liver as is generally known in the art (sec for example Wen et al, 2004, World J Gastroenterol, 10, 244-9; Murao et al, 2002, Pharm Res., 19, 1808-14; Liu et al, 2003, gene Ther., 10, 180-7; Hong et al, 2003, J Pharm Pharmacol, 54, 51-8; Herrmann et al, 2004, Arch Virol., 149, 1611-7; and Matsuno et ah, 2003, gene Ther., 10, 1559-66).

[0538] In one embodiment, the invention features the use of methods to deliver the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention to the central nervous system and/or peripheral nervous system. Experiments have demonstrated the efficient in vivo uptake of nucleic acids by neurons. As an example of local administration of nucleic acids to nerve cells, Sommer et al, 1998, Antisense Nuc. Acid Drug Dev., 8, 75, describe a study in which a 15mer phosphorothioatc antisense nucleic acid molecule to c-fos is administered to rats via microinjection into the brain. Antisense molecules labeled with tetramethylrhodamine- isothiocyanate (TRITC) or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were taken up by exclusively by neurons thirty minutes post-injection. A diffuse cytoplasmic staining and nuclear staining was observed in these cells. As an example of systemic administration of nucleic acid to nerve cells, Epa et al., 2000, Antisense Nuc. Acid Drug Dev., 10, 469, describe an in vivo mouse study in which beta-cyclodextrin-adamantane-oligonucleotide conjugates were used to target the p75 neurotrophin receptor in neuronally differentiated PC 12 cells. Following a two week course of IP administration, pronounced uptake of p75 neurotrophin receptor antisense was observed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. Tn addition, a marked and consistent down-regulation of p75 was observed in DRG neurons. Additional approaches to the targeting of nucleic acid to neurons are described in Broaddus et al., 1998, J. Neurosurg., 88(4), 734; Karle et al, 1997, Eur. J. Pharmacol, 340(2/3). 153; Bannai et al, 1998, Brain Research, 784(1,2), 304; Rajakumar et al, 1997, Synapse, 26(3), 199; Wu-pong et al, 1999, BioPharm, 12(1), 32; Bannai et al, 1998, Brain Res. Protoc, 3(1), 83; Simantov et al, 1996, Neuroscience, 74(1), 39. Nucleic acid molecules of the invention are therefore amenable to delivery to and uptake by cells that express repeat expansion allelic variants for modulation of RE gene expression. The delivery of nucleic acid molecules of the invention, targeting RE is provided by a variety of different strategies. Traditional approaches to CNS delivery that can be used include, but are not limited to, intrathecal and intracerebroventricular administration, implantation of catheters and pumps, direct injection or perfusion at the site of injury or lesion, injection into the brain arterial system, or by chemical or osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier. Other approaches can include the use of various transport and carrier systems, for example though the use of conjugates and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, gene therapy approaches, for example as described in Kaplitt et al, US 6,180,613 and Davidson, WO 04/013280, can be used to express nucleic acid molecules in the CNS.

[0539] The delivery of nucleic acid molecules of the invention to the CNS is provided by a variety of different strategies. Traditional approaches to CNS delivery that can be used include, but are not limited to, intrathecal and intracerebroventricular administration, implantation of catheters and pumps, direct injection or perfusion at the site of injury or lesion, injection into the brain arterial system, or by chemical or osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier. Other approaches can include the use of various transport and carrier systems, for example though the use of conjugates and biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, gene therapy approaches, for example as described in Kaplitt et al., US 6,180,613 and Davidson, WO 04/013280, can be used to express nucleic acid molecules in the CNS.

[0540] In one embodiment, a compound, molecule, or composition for the treatment of ocular conditions (e.g., macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy etc.) is administered to a subject intraocularly or by intraocular means. In another embodiment, a compound, molecule, or composition for the treatment of ocular conditions (e.g., macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy etc.) is administered to a subject periocularly or by periocular means (see for example Ahlheim et al, International PCT publication No. WO 03/24420). In one embodiment, a siNA molecule and/or formulation or composition thereof is administered to a subject intraocularly or by intraocular means. In another embodiment, a siNA molecule and/or formualtion or composition thereof is administered to a subject periocularly or by periocular means. Periocular administration generally provides a less invasive approach to administering siNA molecules and formualtion or composition thereof to a subject (see for example Ahlheim et al., International PCT publication No. WO 03/24420). The use of periocular administraction also minimizes the risk of retinal detachment, allows for more frequent dosing or administraction, provides a clinically relevant route of administraction for macular degeneration and other optic conditions, and also provides the possibility of using resevoirs (e.g., implants, pumps or other devices) for drug delivery. In one embodiment, siNA compounds and compositions of the invention arc administered locally, e.g., via intraocular or periocular means, such as injection, iontophoresis (see, for example, WO 03/043689 and WO 03/030989), or implant, about every 1-50 weeks (e.g., about every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 weeks), alone or in combination with other comounds and/or therapeis herein. In one embodiment, siNA compounds and compositions of the invention are administered systemically (e.g., via intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, infusion, pump, implant etc.) about every 1-50 weeks (e.g., about every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 weeks), alone or in combination with other comounds and/or therapies described herein and/or otherwise known in the art.

[0541] In one embodiment, the invention features the use of methods to deliver the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention to hematopoietic cells, including monocytes and lymphocytes. These methods are described in detail by Hartmann et al, 1998, J. Phamacol. Exp. Ther., 285(2), 920-928; Kronenwett et al, 1998, Blood, 91(3), 852-862; Filion and Phillips, 1997, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1329(2), 345-356; Ma and Wei, 1996, Leuk. Res., 20(11/12), 925-930; and Bongartz et al, 1994, Nucleic Acids Research, 22(22), 4681-8. Such methods, as described above, include the use of free oligonucleitide, cationic lipid formulations, liposome formulations including pH sensitive liposomes and ϊmrnunoliposornes, and bioconjugates including oligonucleotides conjugated to fusogenic peptides, for the transfection of hematopoietic cells with oligonucleotides.

[0542] In one embodiment, the siNA molecules and compositions of the invention are administered to the inner ear by contacting the siNA with inner ear cells, tissues, or structures such as the cochlea, under conditions suitable for the administration. In one embodiment, the administration comprises methods and devices as described in US Patent Nos. 5,421,818, 5,476,446, 5,474,529, 6,045,528, 6,440,102, 6,685,697, 6,120,484; and 5,572,594; all incorporated by reference herein and the teachings of Silverstein, 1999, Ear Nose Throat J., 78, 595-8, 600; and Jackson and Silverstein, 2002, Otolaryngol Clin North Am. , 35, 639-53, and adapted for use the siNA molecules of the invention.

[0543] . In one embodiment, the siNA molecules of the invention and formulations or compositions thereof are administered directly or topically (e.g., locally) to the dermis or follicles as is generally known in the art (see for example Brand, 2001, Curr. Opin. MoI. Ther., 3, 244-8; Regnier et al, 1998, J. Drug Target, 5, 275-89; Kanikkannan, 2002, BioDrugs, 16, 339-47; Wraight et al, 2001, Pharmacol. Ther., 90, 89-104; and Preat and Dujardm, 2001, STP PharmaSciences, 11, 57-68). In one embodiment, the siNA molecules of the invention and formulations or compositions thereof are administered directly or topically using a hydroalcoholic gel formulation comprising an alcohol (e.g., ethanol or isopropanol), water, and optionally including additional agents such isopropyl myristate and carbomer 980.

[0544] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention is administered iontophoretically, for example to a particular organ or compartment (e.g., the eye, back of the eye, heart, liver, kidney, bladder, prostate, tumor, CNS etc.). Non-limiting examples of iontophorctic delivery arc described in, for example, WO 03/043689 and WO 03/030989, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.

[0545] In one embodiment, siNA compounds and compositions of the invention are administered either systemically or locally about every 1-50 weeks (e.g., about every I₅ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 weeks), alone or in combination with other comounds and/or therapeis herein. In one embodiment, siNA compounds and compositions of the invention are administered systemically (e.g., via intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, infusion, pump, implant etc.) about every 1-50 weeks (e.g., about every 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 weeks), alone or in combination with other comounds and/or therapies described herein and/or otherwise known in the art.

[0546] Tn one embodiment, delivery systems of the invention include, for example, aqueous and nonaqueous gels, creams, multiple emulsions, microemulsions, liposomes, ointments, aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, lotions, aerosols, hydrocarbon bases and powders, and can contain excipients such as solubilizers, permeation enhancers (e.g., fatty acids, fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols and amino acids), and hydrophilic polymers (e.g., polycarbophil and polyvinylpyrolidone). In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liposome or a transdermal enhancer. Examples of liposomes which can be used in this invention include the following: (1) CellFectin, 1 :1.5 (M/M) liposome formulation of the cationic lipid N,TSfI,NII,NIII-tetramethyl-N,NI,NII,NIII-tetrapalmit-y-spermme and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) (GIBCO BRL); (2) Cytofectin GSV, 2:1 (M/M) liposome formulation of a cationic lipid and DOPE (Glen Research); (3) DOTAP (N-[I -(2,3- dioleoyloxy)-N,N,N-tri-methyl-arnmoniummethylsulfate) (Boehringer Manheim); and (4) Lipofectamine, 3:1 (M/M) liposome formulation of the polycationic lipid DOSPA and the neutral lipid DOPE (GIBCO BRL).

[0547] In one embodiment, delivery systems of the invention include patches, tablets, suppositories, pessaries, gels and creams, and can contain excipients such as solubilizers and enhancers {e.g., propylene glycol, bile salts and amino acids), and other vehicles (e.g., polyethylene glycol, fatty acid esters and derivatives, and hydrophilic polymers such as hydroxypropylrnethylcellulose and hyaluronic acid).

[0548] In one embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention are formulated or complexed with polyethylenimine (e.g., linear or branched PEI) and/or polyethylenimine derivatives, including for example grafted PEIs such as galactose PEI, cholesterol PEI, antibody derivatized PEI, and polyethylene glycol PEI (PEG-PEI) derivatives thereof (see for example Ogris et al, 2001, AAPA PharmSci, 3, 1-11; Furgcson et al., 2003, Bioconjugatc Chcm., 14, 840-847; Kunath et al, 2002, Pharmaceutical Research, 19, 810-817; Choi et al., 2001, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc, 22, 46-52; Bettinger et al, 1999, Bioconjugate Chem., 10, 558-561; Peterson et al., 2002, Bioconjugate Chem., 13, 845-854; Erbacher et al, 1999, Journal of gene Medicine Preprint, 1, 1-18; Godbey et al, 1999., PNAS USA, 96, 5177-5181; Godbey et al, 1999, Journal of Controlled Release, 60, 149-160; Diebold et al., 1999, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 19087-19094; Thomas and Klibanov, 2002, PNAS USA, 99, 14640-14645; and Sagara, US 6,586,524, incorporated by reference herein.

[0549] In one embodiment, a siNA molecule of the invention comprises a bioconjugate, for example a nucleic acid conjugate as described in Vargeese et al., USSN 10/427,160, filed April 30, 2003; US 6,528,631; US 6,335,434; US 6, 235,886; US 6,153,737; US 5,214,136; US 5,138,045, all incorporated by reference herein.

[0550] Thus, the invention features a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more nucleic acid(s) of the invention in an acceptable carrier, such as a stabilizer, buffer, and the like. The polynucleotides of the invention can be administered (e.g., RNA, DNA or protein) and introduced to a subject by any standard means, with or without stabilizers, buffers, and the like, to form a pharmaceutical composition. When it is desired to use a liposome delivery mechanism, standard protocols for formation of liposomes can be followed. The compositions of the present invention can also be formulated and used as creams, gels, sprays, oils and other suitable compositions for topical, dermal, or transdermal administration as is known in the art.

[0551] The present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable formulations of the compounds described. These formulations include salts of the above compounds, e.g., acid addition salts, for example, salts of hydrochloric, hydrobromic, acetic acid, and benzene sulfonic acid.

[0552] A pharmacological composition or formulation refers to a composition or formulation in a form suitable for administration, e.g., systemic or local administration, into a cell or subject, including for example a human. Suitable forms, in part, depend upon the use or the route of entry, for example oral, transdermal, or by injection. Such forms should not prevent the composition or formulation from reaching a target cell (i.e., a cell to which the negatively charged nucleic acid is desirable for delivery). For example, pharmacological compositions injected into the blood stream should be soluble. Other factors are known in the art, and include considerations such as toxicity and forms that prevent the composition or formulation from exerting its effect.

[0553] In one embodiment, siN A molecules of the invention arc administered to a subject by systemic administration in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition or formulation. By "systemic administration" is meant in vivυ systemic absorption or accumulation of drugs in the blood stream followed by distribution throughout the entire body. Administration routes that lead to systemic absorption include, without limitation: intravenous, subcutaneous, portal vein, intraperitoneal, inhalation, oral, intrapulmonary and intramuscular. Each of these administration routes exposes the siNA molecules of the invention to an accessible diseased tissue. The rate of entry of a drug into the circulation has been shown to be a function of molecular weight or size. The use of a liposome or other drug carrier comprising the compounds of the instant invention can potentially localize the drug, for example, in certain tissue types, such as the tissues of the reticular endothelial system (RES). A liposome formulation that can facilitate the association of drug with the surface of cells, such as, lymphocytes and macrophages is also useful. This approach can provide enhanced delivery of the drug to target cells by taking advantage of the specificity of macrophage and lymphocyte immune recognition of abnormal cells. [0554] By "pharmaceutically acceptable formulation" or "pharmaceutically acceptable composition" is meant, a composition or formulation that allows for the effective distribution of the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention in the physical location most suitable for their desired activity. Non-limiting examples of agents suitable for formulation with the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention include: P-glycoprotein inhibitors (such as Pluronic P85),; biodegradable polymers, such as poly (DL-lactide-coglycolide) microspheres for sustained release delivery (Emerich, DF et al, 1999, Cell Transplant, 8, 47-58); and loaded nanoparticlcs, such as those made of polybuty Icy anoacry late. Other non-limiting examples of delivery strategies for the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention include material described in Boado et al, 1998, J. Pharm. Sd., 87, 1308-1315; Tyler et al, 1999, FEBS Lett., 421, 280-284; Pardridge et al, 1995, PNAS USA., 92, 5592-5596; Boado, 1995, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 15, 73-107; Aldrian-Herrada et al, 1998, Nucleic Acids Res., 26, 4910-4916; and Tyler et al, 1999, PNAS USA., 96, 7053-7058.

[0555] The invention also features the use of a composition comprising surface-modified liposomes containing poly (ethylene glycol) lipids (PEG-modified, or long-circulating liposomes or stealth liposomes) and nucleic acid molecules of the invention. These formulations offer a method for increasing the accumulation of drugs {e.g., siNA) in target tissues. This class of drug carriers resists opsonization and elimination by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS or RES), thereby enabling longer blood circulation times and enhanced tissue exposure for the encapsulated drug (Lasic et al Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2601- 2627; Ishiwata et al, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 43, 1005-1011). Such liposomes have been shown to accumulate selectively in tumors, presumably by extravasation and capture in the neovascularized target tissues (Lasic et al, Science 1995, 267, 1275-1276; Oku et al, 1995, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1238, 86-90). The long-circulating liposomes enhance the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DNA and RNA, particularly compared to conventional cationic liposomes which are known to accumulate in tissues of the MPS (Liu et al, J. Biol Chem. 1995, 42, 24864-24870; Choi et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10391; Ansell et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10390; Holland et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 96/10392). Long- circulating liposomes are also likely to protect drugs from nuclease degradation to a greater extent compared to cationic liposomes, based on their ability to avoid accumulation in metabolically aggressive MPS tissues such as the liver and spleen. [0556] In one embodiment, a liposomal formulation of the invention comprises a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention (e.g, siNA) formulated or complexed with compounds and compositions described in US 6,858,224; 6,534,484; 6,287,591; 6,835,395; 6,586,410; 6,858,225; 6,815,432; US 6,586,001; 6,120,798; US 6,977,223; US 6,998,115; 5,981,501; 5,976,567; 5,705,385; US 2006/0019912; US 2006/0019258; US 2006/0008909; US 2005/0255153; US 2005/0079212; US 2005/0008689; US 2003/0077829, US 2005/0064595, US 2005/0175682, US 2005/0118253; US 2004/0071654; US 2005/0244504; US 2005/0265961 and US 2003/0077829, all of which arc incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0557] The present invention also includes compositions prepared for storage or administration that include a pharmaceutically effective amount of the desired compounds in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Acceptable carriers or diluents for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (A.R. Gennaro edit. 1985), hereby incorporated by reference herein. For example, preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and flavoring agents can be provided. These include sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. In addition, antioxidants and suspending agents can be used.

[0558] A pharmaceutically effective dose is that dose required to prevent, inhibit the occurrence, or treat (alleviate a symptom to some extent, preferably all of the symptoms) of a disease state. The pharmaceutically effective dose depends on the type of disease, the composition used, the route of administration, the type of mammal being treated, the physical characteristics of the specific mammal under consideration, concurrent medication, and other factors that those skilled in the medical arts will recognize. Generally, an amount between 0.1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight/day of active ingredients is administered dependent upon potency of the negatively charged polymer.

[0559] The nucleic acid molecules of the invention and formulations thereof can be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray, or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and/or vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular {e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, or intrathecal injection or infusion techniques and the like. In addition, there is provided a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. One or more nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants, and if desired other active ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions containing nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.

[0560] Compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions can contain one or more such sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents or preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients can be, for example, inert diluents; such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques. Tn some cases such coatings can be prepared by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monosterate or glyceryl distearate can be employed.

[0561] Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

10562] Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in a mixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropyl-methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents can be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions can also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p- hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.

[0563] Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions can contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents and flavoring agents can be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions can be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid

[0564] Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents or suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, can also be present.

[0565] Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions. The oily phase can be a vegetable oil or a mineral oil or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions can also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.

[0566] Syrups and elixirs can be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, glucose or sucrose. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents. The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents that have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1 ,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono-or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injcctablcs.

[0567] The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can also be administered in the form of suppositories, e.g., for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.

[0568] Nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be administered parenterally in a sterile medium. The drug, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. Advantageously, adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.

[0569] Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per subject per day). The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form varies depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient.

[0570] It is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject depends upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.

[0571] For administration to non-human animals, the composition can also be added to the animal feed or drinking water. It can be convenient to formulate the animal feed and drinking water compositions so that the animal takes in a therapeutically appropriate quantity of the composition along with its diet. It can also be convenient to present the composition as a premix for addition to the feed or drinking water.

[0572] The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can also be administered to a subject in combination with other therapeutic compounds to increase the overall therapeutic effect. The use of multiple compounds to treat an indication can increase the beneficial effects while reducing the presence of side effects.

[0573] In one embodiment, the invention comprises compositions suitable for administering nucleic acid molecules of the invention to specific cell types. For example, the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr) (Wu and Wu₅ 1987, J. Biol Chem. 262, 4429-4432) is unique to hepatocytes and binds branched galactose-terminal glycoproteins, such as asialoorosomucoid (ASOR). In another example, the folate receptor is overexpressed in many cancer cells. Binding of such glycoproteins, synthetic glycoconjugatcs, or folates to the receptor takes place with an affinity that strongly depends on the degree of branching of the oligosaccharide chain, for example, triatennary structures are bound with greater affinity than biatenarry or monoatennary chains (Baenziger and Fiete, 1980, Cell, 22, 611-620; Connolly et al, 1982, J. Biol. Chem., 257, 939-945). Lee and Lee, 1987, Glycoconjugate J., 4, 317- 328, obtained this high specificity through the use of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as the carbohydrate moiety, which has higher affinity for the receptor, compared to galactose. This "clustering effect" has also been described for the binding and uptake of mannosyl- terminating glycoproteins or glycoconjugates (Ponpipom et al, 1981, J. Med. Chem., 24, 1388-1395). The use of galactose, galactosamine, or folate based conjugates to transport exogenous compounds across cell membranes can provide a targeted delivery approach to, for example, the treatment of liver disease, cancers of the liver, or other cancers. The use of bioconjugates can also provide a reduction in the required dose of therapeutic compounds required for treatment. Furthermore, therapeutic bioavailability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetic parameters can be modulated through the use of nucleic acid bioconjugates of the invention. Non-limiting examples of such bioconjugates are described in Vargeese et al, USSN 10/201,394, filed August 13, 2001; and Matulic-Adamic et al, USSN 60/362,016, filed March 6, 2002.

[0574] Alternatively, certain siNA molecules of the instant invention can be expressed within cells from eukaryotic promoters {e.g., Izant and Weintraub, 1985, Science, 229, 345; McGarry and Lindquist, 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL, USA 83, 399; Scanlon et al, 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. USA, 88, 10591-5; Kashani-Sabet et al, 1992, Antisense Res. Dev., 2, 3-15; Dropulic et al, 1992, J. Virol, 66, 1432-41; Weerasinghe et al, 1991, J. Virol, 65, 5531-4; Ojwang et al, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA, 89, 10802-6; Chen et al, 1992, Nucleic Acids Res., 20, 4581-9; Sarver et al, 1990 Science, 247, 1222-1225; Thompson et al, 1995, Nucleic Acids Res., 23, 2259; Good et al, 1997, Gene Therapy, 4, 45. Those skilled in the art realize that any nucleic acid can be expressed in eukaryotic cells from the appropriate DNA/RNA vector. The activity of such nucleic acids can be augmented by their release from the primary transcript by a enzymatic nucleic acid (Draper et al, PCT WO 93/23569, and Sullivan et al, PCT WO 94/02595; Ohkawa et al, 1992, Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser., 27, 15-6; Taira et al, 1991, Nucleic Acids Res., 19, 5125-30; Ventura et al, 1993, Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 3249-55; Chowrira et al, 1994, J. Biol Chem., 269, 25856.

[0575] In another aspect of the invention, RNA molecules of the present invention can be expressed from transcription units (see for example Couture et al, 1996, TIG., 12, 510) inserted into DNA or RNA vectors. The recombinant vectors can be DNA plasmids or viral vectors. siNA expressing viral vectors can be constructed based on, but not limited to, adeno- associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus, or alphavirus. In another embodiment, pol III based constructs are used to express nucleic acid molecules of the invention (see for example Thompson, U.S. Pats. Nos. 5,902,880 and 6,146,886). The recombinant vectors capable of expressing the siNA molecules can be delivered as described above, and persist in target cells. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used that provide for transient expression of nucleic acid molecules. Such vectors can be repeatedly administered as necessary. Once expressed, the siNA molecule interacts with the target mRNA and generates an RNAi response. Delivery of siNA molecule expressing vectors can be systemic, such as by intravenous or intra-muscular administration, by administration to target cells ex-planted from a subject followed by rcintroduction into the subject, or by any other means that would allow for introduction into the desired target cell (for a review see Couture et al, 1996, TIG., 12, 510).

[0576] In one aspect the invention features an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one siNA molecule of the instant invention. The expression vector can encode one or both strands of a siNA duplex, or a single sclf-complcmcntary strand that self hybridizes into a siNA duplex. The nucleic acid sequences encoding the siNA molecules of the instant invention can be operably linked in a manner that allows expression of the siNA molecule (see for example Paul et al, 2002, Nature Biotechnology, 19, 505; Miyagishi and Taira, 2002, Nature Biotechnology, 19, 497; Lee et al, 2002, Nature Biotechnology, 19, 500; and Novina et al., 2002, Nature Medicine, advance online publication doi:10.1038/nm725).

[0577J In another aspect, the invention features an expression vector comprising: a) a transcription initiation region (e.g., eukaryotic pol I, II or III initiation region); b) a transcription termination region {e.g., eukaryotic pol I, II or III termination region); and c) a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one of the siNA molecules of the instant invention, wherein said sequence is opcrably linked to said initiation region and said termination region in a manner that allows expression and/or delivery of the siNA molecule. The vector can optionally include an open reading frame (ORF) for a protein operably linked on the 5' side or the 3 '-side of the sequence encoding the siNA of the invention; and/or an intron (intervening sequences).

[0578] Transcription of the siNA molecule sequences can be driven from a promoter for eukaryotic RNA polymerase I (pol I), RNA polymerase II (pol II), or RNA polymerase III (pol III). Transcripts from pol II or pol III promoters are expressed at high levels in all cells; the levels of a given pol II promoter in a given cell type depends on the nature of the gene regulatory sequences (enhancers, silencers, etc.) present nearby. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase promoters are also used, providing that the prokaryotic RNA polymerase enzyme is expressed in the appropriate cells (Elroy-Stein and Moss, 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. US A, 87, 6743-7; Gao and Huang 1993, Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 2867-72; Lieber et al, 1993, Methods EnzymoL, 217, 47-66; Zhou et al., 1990, MoL Cell. Biol., 10, 4529-37). Several investigators have demonstrated that nucleic acid molecules expressed from such promoters can function in mammalian cells (e.g. Kashani-Sabet et ah, 1992, Antisense Res. Dev., 2, 3- 15; Ojwang et al, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. U S A, 89, 10802-6; Chen et al, 1992, Nucleic Acids Res., 20, 4581-9; Yu et al, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. USA, 90, 6340-4; L'Huillier et al, 1992, EMBO J., 11, 4411-8; Lisziewicz et al, 1993, Proc. Natl Acad. Sd. U. S. A, 90, 8000-4; Thompson et al, 1995, Nucleic Adds Res., 23, 2259; Sullenger & Cech, 1993, Science, 262, 1566). More specifically, transcription units such as the ones derived from genes encoding U6 small nuclear (snRNA), transfer RNA (tRJSfA) and adenovirus VA RNA are useful in generating high concentrations of desired RNA molecules such as siNA in cells (Thompson et al, supra; Couture and Stinchcomb, 1996, supra; Noonberg et al, 1994, Nucleic Acid Res., 22, 2830; Noonberg et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,803; Good et al, 1997, Gene Ther., 4, 45; Beigelman et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 96/18736. The above siNA transcription units can be incorporated into a variety of vectors for introduction into mammalian cells, including but not restricted to, plasmid DNA vectors, viral DNA vectors (such as adenovirus or adeno-associated virus vectors), or viral RNA vectors (such as retroviral or alphavirus vectors) (for a review see Couture and Stinchcomb, 1996, supra).

[0579] In another aspect the invention features an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one of the siNA molecules of the invention in a manner that allows expression of that siNA molecule. The expression vector comprises in one embodiment; a) a transcription initiation region; b) a transcription termination region; and c) a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one strand of the siNA molecule, wherein the sequence is operably linked to the initiation region and the termination region in a manner that allows expression and/or delivery of the siNA molecule.

[0580] In another embodiment the expression vector comprises: a) a transcription initiation region; b) a transcription termination region; c) an open reading frame; and d) a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one strand of a siNA molecule, wherein the sequence is operably linked to the 3 '-end of the open reading frame and wherein the sequence is operably linked to the initiation .region, the open reading frame and the termination region in a manner that allows expression and/or delivery of the siNA molecule. In yet another embodiment, the expression vector comprises: a) a transcription initiation region; b) a transcription termination region; c) an intron; and d) a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one siNA molecule, wherein the sequence is operably linked to the initiation region, the intron and the termination region in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of the nucleic acid molecule.

[0581] In another embodiment, the expression vector comprises: a) a transcription initiation region; b) a transcription termination region; c) an intron; d) an open reading frame; and e) a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one strand of a siNA molecule, wherein the sequence is operably linked to the 3'-end of the open reading frame and wherein the sequence is operably linked to the initiation region, the intron, the open reading frame and the termination region in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of the siNA molecule.

VEGF and/or VEGFR bioloav and biochemistry [0582] The following discussion is adapted from R&D Systems, Cytokine Mini Reviews, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Copyright ©2002 R&D Systems. Angiogenesis is a process of new blood vessel development from pre-existing vasculature. It plays an essential role in embryonic development, normal growth of tissues, wound healing, the female reproductive cycle (i.e., ovulation, menstruation and placental development), as well as a major role in many diseases. Particular interest has focused on cancer, since tumors cannot grow beyond a few millimeters in size without developing a new blood supply. Angiogenesis is also necessary for the spread and growth of tumor cell metastases.

[0583] One of the most important growth and survival factors for endothelium is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF induces angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation and plays an important role in regulating vasculogenesis. VEGF is a heparin- binding glycoprotein that is secreted as a homodimer of 45 kDa. Most types of cells, but usually not endothelial cells themselves, secrete VEGF. Since the initially discovered VEGF, VEGF-A, increases vascular permeability, it was known as vascular permeability factor. In addition, VEGF causes vasodilatation, partly through stimulation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. VEGF can also stimulate cell migration and inhibit apoptosis.

[0584] There are several splice variants of VEGF-A. The major ones include: 121 , 165, 189 and 206 amino acids (aa), each one comprising a specific exon addition. VEGF165 is the most predominant protein, but transcripts of VEGF 121 may be more abundant. VEGF206 is rarely expressed and has been detected only in fetal liver. Recently, other splice variants of 145 and 183 aa have also been described. The 165, 189 and 206 aa splice variants have heparin-binding domains, which help anchor them in extracellular matrix and are involved in binding to heparin sulfate and presentation to VEGF receptors. Such presentation is a key factor for VEGF potency (i.e., the heparin-binding forms are more active). Several other members of the VEGF family have been cloned including VEGF-B, -C, and -D. Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is also closely related to VEGF-A. VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, and PlGF are all distantly related to platelet-derived growth factors- A and -B. Less is known about the function and regulation of VEGF-B₅ -C₅ and -D, but they do not seem to be regulated by the major pathways that regulate VEGF-A.

[0585] VEGF-A transcription is potentiated in response to hypoxia and by activated oncogenes. The transcription factors, hypoxia inducible factor- Ia (hif-la) and -2a, are degraded by proteosomes in normoxia and stabilized in hypoxia. This pathway is dependent on. the Von Hippel-Lindau gene product. Hif-la and hif-2 a heterodimerize with the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator in the nucleus and bind the VEGF promoter/enhancer. This is a key pathway expressed in most types of cells. Hypoxia inducibility, in particular, characterizes VEGF-A versus other members of the VEGF family and other angiogenic factors. VEGF transcription in normoxia is activated by many oncogenes, including H-ras and several transmembrane tyrosine kinases, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor and erbB2. These pathways together account for a marked upregulation of VEGF-A in tumors compared to normal tissues and arc often of prognostic importance.

[0586] There are three receptors in the VEGF receptor family. They have the common properties of multiple IgG-like extracellular domains and tyrosine kinase activity. The enzyme domains of VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFRl, also known as FIt-I), VEGFR2 (also known as KDR or FUc-I), and VEGFR3 (also known as Flt-4) are divided by an inserted sequence. Endothelial cells also express additional VEGF receptors, Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2. VEGF-A binds to VEGFRl and VEGFR2 and to Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2. PlGF and VEGF-B bind VEGFRl and Neuropilin-1. VEGF-C and -D bind VEGFR3 and VEGFR2.

[0587] The VEGF-C/VEGFR3 pathway is important for lymphatic proliferation. VEGFR3 is specifically expressed on lymphatic endothelium. A soluble form of FIt-I can be detected in peripheral blood and is a high affinity ligand for VEGF. Soluble FIt-I can be used to antagonize VEGF function. VEGFRl and VEGFR2 are upregulated in tumor and proliferating endothelium, partly by hypoxia and also in response to VEGF-A itself. VEGFRl and VEGFR2 can interact with multiple downstream signaling pathways via proteins such as PLC-g, Ras, She, Nek, PKC and PI3-kinase. VEGFRl is of higher affinity than VEGFR2 and mediates motility and vascular permeability. VEGFR2 is necessary for proliferation.

[0588] VEGF can be detected in both plasma and serum samples of patients, with much higher levels in serum. Platelets release VEGF upon aggregation and may be a major source of VEGF delivery to tumors. Several studies have shown that association of high serum levels of VEGF with poor prognosis in cancer patients may be correlated with an elevated platelet count. Many tumors release cytokines that can stimulate the production of megakaryocytes in the marrow and elevate the platelet count. This can result in an indirect increase of VEGF delivery to tumors. [0589] VEGF is implicated in several other pathological conditions associated with enhanced angiogenesis. For example, VEGF plays a role in both psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with high intraocular levels of VEGF. Inhibition of VEGF function may result in infertility by blockade of corpus luteum function. Direct demonstration of the importance of VEGF in tumor growth has been achieved using dominant negative VEGF receptors to block in vivo proliferation, as well as blocking antibodies to VEGF39 or to VEGFR2.

[0590] Targeting of VEGFRl can be useful in disrupting VEGF signalling pathways by mediating inhibition of VEGFRl and VEGFR2 expression. Kou et ah, 2005, Biochemistry, 44: 15064-15073 report that inhibition of VEGFRl using siRNA significantly inhibited VEGFR2 promoter activity as well as VEGFRl expression.

[0591] The use of small interfering nucleic acid molecules targeting VEGF and corresponding receptors and ligands therefore provides a class of novel therapeutic agents that can be used in the diagnosis of and the treatment of inflammatory diseases and conditions, respiratory diseases and conditions, allergic diseases and conditions, autoimmune diseases and conditions, neurologic diseases and conditions, ocular diseases and conditions, and cancer and other proliferative diseases and conditions, or any other disease or condition that responds to modulation of VEGF and/or VEGFR genes or other genes involved in VEGF and/or VEGFR biologic pathways, such as interleukins and interleukin receptors.

Examples:

[0592] The following are non-limiting examples showing the selection, isolation, synthesis and activity of nucleic acids of the instant invention.

Example 1 : Tandem synthesis of siNA constructs

[0593] Exemplary siNA molecules of the invention arc synthesized in tandem using a cleavable linker, for example, a succinyl-based linker. Tandem synthesis as described herein is followed by a one-step purification process that provides RNAi molecules in high yield. This approach is highly amenable to siNA synthesis in support of high throughput RNAi screening, and can be readily adapted to multi-column or multi-well synthesis platforms. [0594] After completing a tandem synthesis of a siNA oligo and its complement in which the 5'-terminal dimethoxytrityl (5'-O-DMT) group remains intact (trilyl on synthesis), the oligonucleotides are deprotected as described above. Following deprotection, the siNA sequence strands are allowed to spontaneously hybridize. This hybridization yields a duplex in which one strand has retained the 5'-O-DMT group while the complementary strand comprises a terminal 5'-hydroxyl. The newly formed duplex behaves as a single molecule during routine solid-phase extraction purification (Trityl-On purification) even though only one molecule has a dimethoxytrityl group. Because the strands form a stable duplex, this dimethoxytrityl group (or an equivalent group, such as other triryl groups or other hydrophobic moieties) is all that is required to purify the pair of oligos, for example, by using a Cl 8 cartridge.

[0595] Standard phosphoramidite synthesis chemistry is used up to the point of introducing a tandem linker, such as an inverted deoxy abasic succinate or glyceryl succinate linker (see Figure 1) or an equivalent cleavable linker. A non-limiting example of linker coupling conditions that can be used includes a hindered base such as diisopropylethylamine (DIPA) and/or DMAP in the presence of an activator reagent such as Bromotripyrrolidinophosphoniumhexaflurorophosphate (PyBrOP). After the linker is coupled, standard synthesis chemistry is utilized to complete synthesis of the second sequence leaving the terminal the 5'-0-DMT intact. Following synthesis, the resulting oligonucleotide is deprotected according to the procedures described herein and quenched with a suitable buffer, for example with 5OmM NaOAc or 1.5M NH4H2CO3.

10596] Purification of the siNA duplex can be readily accomplished using solid phase extraction, for example, using a Waters Cl 8 SepPak Ig cartridge conditioned with 1 column volume (CV) of acetonitrile, 2 CV H2O, and 2 CV 5OmM NaOAc. The sample is loaded and then washed with 1 CV H2O or 5OmM NaOAc. Failure sequences are eluted with 1 CV 14% ACN (Aqueous with 5OmM NaOAc and 5OmM NaCl). The column is then washed, for example with 1 CV H2O followed by on-column detritylation, for example by passing 1 CV of 1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) over the column, then adding a second CV of 1% aqueous TFA to the column and allowing to stand for approximately 10 minutes. The remaining TFA solution is removed and the column washed with H20 followed by 1 CV IM NaCl and additional H2O. The siNA duplex product is then eluted, for example, using 1 CV 20% aqueous CAN. [0597] Figure 2 provides an example of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of a purified siNA construct in which each peak corresponds to the calculated mass of an individual siNA strand of the siNA duplex. The same purified siNA provides three peaks when analyzed by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), one peak presumably corresponding to the duplex siNA, and two peaks presumably corresponding to the separate siNA sequence strands. Ion exchange HPLC analysis of the same siNA contract only shows a single peak. Testing of the purified siNA construct using a luciferase reporter assay described below demonstrated the same RNAi activity compared to siNA constructs generated from separately synthesized oligonucleotide sequence strands.

Example 2: Identification of potential siNA target sites in any RNA sequence

[0598] The sequence of an RNA target of interest, such as a viral or human mRNA transcript, is screened for target sites, for example by using a computer folding algorithm. In a non-limiting example, the sequence of a gene or RNA gene transcript derived from a database, such as Genbank, is used to generate siNA targets having complementarity to the target. Such sequences can be obtained from a database, or can be determined experimentally as known in the art. Target sites that are known, for example, those target sites determined to be effective target sites based on studies with other nucleic acid molecules, for example ribozymes or antisense, or those targets known to be associated with a disease, trait, or condition such as those sites containing mutations or deletions, can be used to design siNA molecules targeting those sites. Various parameters can be used to determine which sites are the most suitable target sites within the target RNA sequence. These parameters include but are not limited to secondary or tertiary RNA structure, the nucleotide base composition of the target sequence, the degree of homology between various regions of the target sequence, or the relative position of the target sequence within the RNA transcript. Based on these determinations, any number of target sites within the RNA transcript can be chosen to screen siNA molecules for efficacy, for example by using in vitro RNA cleavage assays, cell culture, or animal models. In a non-limiting example, anywhere from 1 to 1000 target sites are chosen within the transcript based on the size of the siNA construct to be used. High throughput screening assays can be developed for screening siNA molecules using methods known in the art, such as with multi-well or multi-plate assays to determine efficient reduction in target gene expression. Example 3 : Selection of siNA molecule target sites in a RNA

[0599J The following non-limiting steps can be used to carry out the selection of siNAs targeting a given gene sequence or transcript.

[0600] 1. The target sequence is parsed in silico into a list of all fragments or subsequences of a particular length, for example 23 nucleotide fragments, contained within the target sequence. This step is typically carried out using a custom Perl script, but commercial sequence analysis programs such as Oligo, Mac Vector, or the GCG Wisconsin Package can be employed as well.

[0601] 2. In some instances the siNAs correspond to more than one target sequence; such would be the case for example in targeting different transcripts of the same gene, targeting different transcripts of more than one gene, or for targeting both the human gene and an animal homolog. In this case, a subsequence list of a particular length is generated for each of the targets, and then the lists are compared to find matching sequences in each list. The subsequences arc then ranked according to the number of target sequences that contain the given subsequence; the goal is to find subsequences that are present in most or all of the target sequences. Alternately, the ranking can identify subsequences that are unique to a target sequence, such as a mutant target sequence. Such an approach would enable the use of siNA to target specifically the mutant sequence and not effect the expression of the normal sequence.

[0602] 3. In some instances the siNA subsequences are absent in one or more sequences while present in the desired target sequence; such would be the case if the siNA targets a gene with a paralogous family member that is to remain untargeted. As in case 2 above, a subsequence list of a particular length is generated for each of the targets, and then the lists are compared to find sequences that are present in the target gene but are absent in the untargeted paralog.

[0603] 4. The ranked siNA subsequences can be further analyzed and ranked according to GC content. A preference can be given to sites containing 30-70% GC, with a further preference to sites containing 40-60% GC. [0604] 5. The ranked siNA subsequences can be further analyzed and ranked according to self-folding and internal hairpins. Weaker internal folds are preferred; strong hairpin structures are to be avoided.

L0605J 6. The ranked siNA subsequences can be further analyzed and ranked according to whether they have runs of GGG or CCC in the sequence. GGG (or even more Gs) in either strand can make oligonucleotide synthesis problematic and can potentially interfere with RNAi activity, so it is avoided whenever better sequences are available. CCC is searched in the target strand because that will place GGG in the antiscnsc strand.

[0606] 7. The ranked siNA subsequences can be further analyzed and ranked according to whether they have the dinucleotide UU (uridine dinucleotide) on the 3 '-end of the sequence, and/or AA on the 5'-end of the sequence (to yield 3' UU on the antisense sequence). These sequences allow one to design siNA molecules with terminal TT thymidine dinuclcotidcs.

[0607] 8. Four or five target sites are chosen from the ranked list of subsequences as described above. For example, in subsequences having 23 nucleotides, the right 21 nucleotides of each chosen 23-mer subsequence are then designed and synthesized for the upper (sense) strand of the siNA duplex, while the reverse complement of the left 21 nucleotides of each chosen 23-mer subsequence are then designed and synthesized for the lower (antisense) strand of the siNA duplex (see Table II). If terminal TT residues are desired for the sequence (as described in paragraph 7), then the two 3' terminal nucleotides of both the sense and antisense strands are replaced by TT prior to synthesizing the oligos.

[0608] 9. The siNA molecules are screened in an in vitro, cell culture or animal model system to identify the most active siNA molecule or the most preferred target site within the target RNA sequence.

[0609] 10. Other design considerations can be used when selecting target nucleic acid sequences, see, for example, Reynolds et al., 2004, Nature Biotechnology Advanced Online Publication, 1 February 2004, doi:10.1038/nbt936 and Ui-Tei et al, 2004, Nucleic Acids Research, 32, doi:10.1093/nar/gkh247.

[0610] In an alternate approach, a pool of siNA constructs specific to a target sequence is used to screen for target sites in cells expressing target RNA, such as cultured Jurkat, HeLa, A549 or 293T cells. The general strategy used in this approach is shown in Figure 9. Cells expressing the target RNA are transfected with the pool of siNA constructs and cells that demonstrate a phenotype associated with target inhibition are sorted. The pool of siNA constructs can be expressed from transcription cassettes inserted into appropriate vectors (see for example Figure 7 and Figure 8). The siNA from cells demonstrating a positive phenotypic change (e.g., decreased proliferation, decreased target mRNA levels or decreased target protein expression), are sequenced to determine the most suitable target site(s) within the target target RNA sequence.

[0611] In one embodiment, siNA molecules of the invention arc selected using the following methodology. The following guidelines were compiled to predict hyper-active siNAs that contain chemical modifications described herein. These rules emerged from a comparative analysis of hyper-active (>75% knockdown of target mRNA levels) and inactive (<75% knockdown of target mRNA levels) siNAs against several different targets. A total of 242 siNA sequences were analyzed. Thirty-five siNAs out of 242 siNAs were grouped into hyper-active and the remaining siNAs were grouped into inactive groups. The hyper-active siNAs clearly showed a preference for certain bases at particular nucleotide positions within the siNA sequence. For example, A or U nucleobase was overwhelmingly present at position 19 of the sense strand in hyper-active siNAs and opposite was true for inactive siNAs. There was also a pattern of a A/U rich (3 out of 5 bases as A or U) region between positions 15-19 and G/C rich region between positions 1-5 (3 out of 5 bases as G or C) of the sense strand in hyperactive siNAs. As shown in Table VII, 12 such patterns were identified that were characteristics of hyper-active siNAs. It is to be noted that not every pattern was present in each hyper-active siNA. Thus, to design an algorithm for predicting hyper-active siNAs, a different score was assigned for each pattern. Depending on how frequently such patterns occur in hyper-active siNAs versus inactive siNAs, the design parameters were assigned a score with the highest being 10. If a certain nucleobase is not preferred at a position, then a negative score was assigned. For example, at positions 9 and 13 of the sense strand, a G nucleotide was not preferred in hyper-active siNAs and therefore they were given score of - 3(minus 3). The differential score for each pattern is given in Table VII. The pattern # 4 was given a maximum score of -100. This is mainly to weed out any sequence that contains string of 4Gs or 4Cs as they can be highly incompatible for synthesis and can allow sequences to self-aggregate, thus rendering the siNA inactive. Using this algorithm, the highest score possible for any siNA is 66. As there are numerous siNA sequences possible against any given target of reasonable size (~1000 nucleotides), this algorithm is useful to generate hyper-active siNAs.

[0612] In one embodiment, rules ,1-11 shown in Table VII are used to generate active siNA molecules of the invention. In another embodiment, rules 1-12 shown in Table VlI are used to generate active siNA molecules of the invention.

Example 4: siNA design

[0613] siNA target sites were chosen by analyzing sequences of the VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target and optionally prioritizing the target sites on the basis of the rules presented in Example 3 above, and alternately on the basis of folding (structure of any given sequence analyzed to determine siNA accessibility to the target), or by using a library of siNA molecules as described in Example 3, or alternately by using an in vitro siNA system as described in Example 6 herein. siNA molecules were designed that could bind each target and are selected using the algorithm above and are optionally individually analyzed by computer folding to assess whether the siNA molecule can interact with the target sequence. Varying the length of the siNA molecules can be chosen to optimize activity. Generally, a sufficient number of complementary nucleotide bases are chosen to bind to, or otherwise interact with, the target RNA, but the degree of complementarity can be modulated to accommodate siNA duplexes or varying length or base composition. By using such methodologies, siNA molecules can be designed to target sites within any known RNA sequence, for example those RNA sequences corresponding to the any gene transcript.

[0614] Target sequences are analysed to generate targets from which double stranded siNA are designed (Table II). To generate synthetic siNA constructs, the algorithm described in Example 3 is utilized to pick active double stranded constructs and chemically modified versions thereof. For example, in Table II, the target sequence is shown, along with the upper (sense strand) and lower (antisense strand) of the siNA duplex. Multifunctional siNAs are designed by searching for homologous sites between different target sequences (e.g., from about 5 to about 15 nucleotide regions of shared homology) and allowing for non-canonical base pairs (e.g. G:U wobble base pairing) or mismatched base pairs.

[0615] Chemically modified siNA constructs were designed as described herein (see for example Table 111) to provide nuclease stability for systemic administration in vivo and/or improved pharmacokinetic, localization, and delivery properties while preserving the ability to mediate RNAi activity. Chemical modifications as described herein are introduced synthetically using synthetic methods described herein and those generally known in the art. The synthetic siNA constructs are then assayed for nuclease stability in serum and/or cellular/tissue extracts (e.g. liver extracts). The synthetic siNA constructs are also tested in parallel for RNAi activity using an appropriate assay, such as a luciferase reporter assay as described herein or another suitable assay that can quantity RNAi activity. Synthetic siNA constructs that possess both nuclease stability and RNAi activity can be further modified and re-evaluated in stability and activity assays. The chemical modifications of the stabilized active siNA constructs can then be applied to any siNA sequence targeting any chosen RNA and used, for example, in target screening assays to pick lead siNA compounds for therapeutic development (see for example Figure 11).

Example 5 : Chemical Synthesis. Purification, and Analysis of siNA

[0616] siNA molecules can be designed to interact with various sites in the RNA message, for example, target sequences within the RNA sequences described herein. The sequence of one strand of the siNA molecule(s) is complementary to the target site sequences described above. The siNA molecules can be chemically synthesized using methods described herein. Inactive siNA molecules that are used as control sequences can be synthesized by scrambling the sequence of the siNA molecules such that it is not complementary to the target sequence. Generally, siNA constructs can by synthesized using solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis methods as described herein (see for example Usman et al., US Patent Nos. 5,804,683; 5,831,071; 5,998,203; 6,117,657; 6,353,098; 6,362,323; 6,437,117; 6,469,158; Scaringe et al., US Patent Nos. 6,111,086; 6,008,400; 6,111,086 all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety).

[0617] In a non-limiting example, RNA oligonucleotides are synthesized in a stepwise fashion using the phosphoramidite chemistry as is known in the art. Standard phosphoramidite chemistry involves the use of nucleosides comprising any of 5'-O- dimethoxytrityl, 2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl, 3'-O-2-Cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylphos- phoroamidite groups, and exocyclic amine protecting groups (e.g. N6-benzoyl adenosine, N4 acetyl cytidine, and N2-isobutyryl guanosine). Alternately, 2'-O-Silyl Ethers can be used in conjunction with acid-labile 2^'-O-orthocstcr protecting groups in the synthesis of RNA as described by Scaringe supra. Differing 2' chemistries can require different protecting groups, for example 2'-deoxy-2'-amino nucleosides can utilize N-phthaloyl protection as described by Usman et ah, US Patent 5,631,360, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

[0618 J During solid phase synthesis, each nucleotide is , added sequentially (3'- to 5'- direction) to the solid support-bound oligonucleotide. The first nucleoside at the 3 '-end of the chain is covalently attached to a solid support (e.g., controlled pore glass or polystyrene) using various linkers. The nucleotide precursor, a ribonucleoside phosphoramidite, and activator arc combined resulting in the coupling of the second nucleoside phosphoramidite onto the 5 '-end. of the first nucleoside. The support is then washed and any unreacted 5'- hydroxyl groups are capped with a capping reagent such as acetic anhydride to yield inactive 5 '-acetyl moieties. The trivalent phosphorus linkage is then oxidized to a more stable phosphate linkage. At the end of the nucleotide addition cycle, the 5 '-O-protecting group is cleaved under suitable conditions (e.g., acidic conditions for trityl-based groups and fluoride for silyl-based groups). The cycle is repeated for each subsequent nucleotide.

[0619] Modification of synthesis conditions can be used to optimize coupling efficiency, for example by using differing coupling times, differing reagent/phosphoramidite concentrations, differing contact times, differing solid supports and solid support linker chemistries depending on the particular chemical composition of the siNA to be synthesized. Deprotection and purification of the siNA can be performed as is generally described in Usman et ah, US 5,831,071, US 6,353,098, US 6,437,117, and Bellon et ah, US 6,054,576, US 6,162,909, US 6,303,773, or Scaringe supra, incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Additionally, deprotection conditions can be modified to provide the best possible yield and purity of siNA constructs. For example, applicant has observed that oligonucleotides comprising 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro nucleotides can degrade under inappropriate deprotection conditions. Such oligonucleotides are deprotected using aqueous methylamine at about 35°C for 30 minutes. If the 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro containing oligonucleotide also comprises ribonucleotides, after deprotection with aqueous methylamine at about 35⁰C for 30 minutes, TEA-HF is added and the reaction maintained at about 65⁰C for an additional 15 minutes. The deprotected single strands of siNA arc purified by anion exchange to achieve a high purity while maintaining high yields. To form the siNA duplex molecule the single strands are combined in equal molar ratios in a saline solution to form the duplex. The duplex siNA is concentrated and desalted by tangential filtration prior to lyophilization. Manufacture ofsiNA compositions

[0620] In a non-limiting example, for each siMA composition, the two individual, complementary strands of the siNA are synthesized separately using solid phase synthesis, then purified separately by ion exchange chromatography. The complementary strands are annealed to form the double strand (duplex). The duplex is then ultrafiltered and lyophilized to form the solid siNA composition (e.g., pharmaceutical composition). A non-limiting example of the manufacturing process is shown in the flow diagram in Table VIII.

Solid Phase Synthesis

[0621] The single strand oligonucleotides are synthesized using phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated solid-phase synthesizer, such as an Amersham Pharmacia AKTA Oligopilot (e.g., Oligopilot or Oligopilot 100 plus). An adjustable synthesis column is packed with solid support dcrivatizcd with the first nucleoside residue. Synthesis is initiated by derritylation of the acid labile 5'-O-dimethoxytrityl group to release the 5'-hydroxyl. Phosphoramidite and a suitable activator in acetonitrile are delivered simultaneously to the synthesis column resulting in coupling of the amidite to the 5'-hydroxyl. The column is then washed with acetonitrile. Iodine is pumped through the column to oxidize the phosphite triester linkage P(TlT) to its phosphotriester P(V) analog. Unreacted 5'-hydroxyl groups are capped using reagents such as acetic anhydride in the presence of 2,6-lutidine and N- methylimidazole. The elongation cycle resumes with the derritylation step for the next phosphoramidite incorporation. This process is repeated until the desired sequence has been synthesized. The synthesis concludes with the removal of the terminal dimethoxytrityl group.

Cleavage and Deprotection

[0622] On completion of the synthesis, the solid-support and associated oligonucleotide are transferred to a filter funnel, dried under vacuum, and transferred to a reaction vessel. Aqueous base is added and the mixture is heated to effect cleavage of the succinyl linkage, removal of the cyanoethyl phosphate protecting group, and deprotection of the exocyclic amine protection.

[0623] The following process is performed on single strands that do not contain ribonucleotides: After treating the solid support with the aqueous base, the mixture is filtered under vacuum to separate the solid support from the deprotected crude synthesis material. The solid support is then rinsed with water which is combined with the filtrate. The resultant basic solution is neutralized with acid to provide a solution of the crude single strand.

[0624] The following process is performed on single strands that contain ribonucleotides: After treating the solid support with the aqueous base, the mixture is filtered under vacuum to separate the solid support from the deprotected crude synthesis material. The solid support is then rinsed with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) which is combined with the filtrate. The mixture is cooled, fluoride reagent such as triethylamine trihydrofluori.de is added, and the solution is heated. The reaction is quenched with suitable buffer to provide a solution of crude single strand.

Anion Exchange Purification

[0625] The solution of each crude single strand is purified using chromatographic purification. The product is eluted using a suitable buffer gradient. Fractions are collected in closed sanitized containers, analyzed by HPLC, and the appropriate fractions are combined to provide a pool of product which is analyzed for purity (HPLC), identity (HPLC), and concentration (UV A260).

Annealing

[0626] Based on the analysis of the pools of product, equal molar amounts (calculated using the theoretical extinction coefficient) of the sense and antiscnsc oligonucleotide strands are transferred to a reaction vessel. The solution is mixed and analyzed for purity of duplex by chromatographic methods. If the analysis indicates an excess of either strand, then additional non-excess strand is titrated until duplexing is complete. When analysis indicates that the target product purity has been achieved, the material is transferred to the tangential flow filtration (TFF) system for concentration and desalting.

Ultrafiltration

[0627] The annealed product solution is concentrated using a TFF system containing an appropriate molecular weight cut-off membrane. Following concentration, the product solution is desalted via diafiltration using WFI quality water until the conductivity of the filtrate is that of water.

Lyophilization [0628] The concentrated solution is transferred to sanitized trays in a shelf lyophilizer. The product is then freeze-dried to a powder. The trays are removed from the lyophilizer and transferred to a class 100 Laminar Air Flow (LAF) hood for packaging.

Packaging Di~ug Substance

[0629] The lyophilizer trays containing the freeze-dried product are opened in a class 100 LAF hood. The product is transferred to sanitized containers of appropriate size, which are then sealed and labeled.

Drug Substance Container Closure System

[0630] Lyophilized drug substance is bulk packaged in sanitized Nalgene containers with- sanitized caps. The bottle size used is dependent upon the quantity of material to be placed within it. After filling, each bottle is additionally sealed at the closure with polyethylene tape.

Analytical Methods and Specifications Raw Material and In-Process Methods

[0631] Raw materials are tested for identity prior to introduction into the drug substance manufacturing process. Critical raw materials, those incorporated into the drug substance molecule, are tested additionally using a purity test or an assay test as appropriate. In-process samples are tested at key control points in the manufacturing process to monitor and assure the quality of the final drug substance.

Drug Substance Analytical Methods and Specifications

[0632] Controls incorporating analytical methods and acceptance criteria for oligonucleotides are established prior to clinical testing of bulk siNA compositions. The following test methods and acceptance criteria reflect examples of these controls. Table IX summarizes examples of material specifications for siM A pharmaceutical compositions.

Summary of Analytical Methods Identification (ID) Tests [0633] ID Oligonucleotide Main Peak: The identity of the drug substance is established using a chromatographic method. The data used for this determination is generated by one of the HPLC test methods (see Purity Tests). The peak retention times of the drug substance sample and the standard injections are compared. Drug substance identity is supported by a favorable comparison of the main peak retention times.

[0634] Molecular Weight: The identity of the drug substance is established using a spectroscopic method. A sample of drug substance is prepared for analysis by precipitation with aqueous ammonium acetate. The molecular weight of the drug substance is determined by mass spectrometry. The test is controlled to within a set number of atomic mass units from the theoretical molecular weight.

[0635] Melting Temperature: This method supports the identity of the drug substance by measurement of the melting temperature (Tm) of the double stranded drug substance. A sample in solution is heated while monitoring the ultraviolet (UV) absorbance of the solution. The Tm is marked by the inflection point of the absorbance curve as the absorbance increases due to the dissociation of the duplex into single strands.

Assay Tests

[0636] Oligonucleotide Content: This assay determines the total oligonucleotide content in the drug substance. The oligonucleotide absorbs UV light with a local maximum at 260 nm. The oligonucleotide species present consist of the double stranded siRNA product and other minor related oligonucleotide substances from the manufacturing process, including residual single strands. A sample of the drug substance is accurately weighed, dissolved, and diluted volumetrically in water. The absorbance is measured in a quartz cell using a UV spectrophotometer. The total oligonucleotide assay value is calculated using the experimentally determined molar absorptivity of the working standard and reported in micrograms of sodium oligonucleotide per milligram of solid drug substance.

[0637] Purity Tests: Purity will be measured using one or more chromatographic methods. Depending on the separation and the number of nucleic acid analogs of the drug substance present, orthogonal separation methods may be employed to monitor purity of the API. Separation may be achieved by the following means: [0638] SAX-HPLC: an ion exchange interaction between the oligonucleotide phosphodiesters and a strong anion exchange HPLC column using a buffered salt gradient to perform the separation.

[0639] RP-HPLC: a partitioning interaction between the oligonucleotide and a hydrophobic reversed-phase HPLC column using an aqueous buffer versus organic solvent gradient to perform the separation.

[0640] Capillary Gel Electrophoresis TCGE): an electrophoretic separation by molecular sieving in a buffer solution within a gel filled capillary. Separation occurs as an electrical field is applied, causing anionic oligonucleotides to separate by molecular size as they migrate through the gel matrix. In all separation methods, peaks elute generally in order of oligonucleotide length and are detected by UV at 260 nm.

Other Tests

[0641] Physical Appearance: The drug substance sample is visually examined. This test determines that the material has the character of a lyophilized solid, identifies the color of the solid, and determines whether any visible contaminants are present.

[0642] Bacterial Endotoxins Test: Bacterial endotoxin testing is performed by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay using the kinetic turbidimetric method in a 96-well plate. Endotoxin limits for the drug substance will be set appropriately such that when combined with the excipients, daily allowable limits for endotoxin in the administered drug product arc not exceeded.

[0643] Aerobic Bioburden: Aerobic bioburden is performed by a contract laboratory using a method based on USP chapter <61>.

[0644] Acetonitrile content: Residual acetonitrile analysis is performed by a contract laboratory using gas chromatography (GC). Acetonitrile is the major organic solvent used in the upstream synthesis step although several other organic reagents are employed in synthesis. Subsequent purification process steps typically remove solvents in the drug substances. Other solvents may be monitored depending on the outcome of process development work. Solvents will be limited within ICH limits. [0645] Water content: Water content is determined by volumetric Karl Fischer (KP) titration using a solid evaporator unit (oven). Water is typically present in nucleic acid drug substances as several percent of the composition by weight, and therefore, will be monitored.

10646] rxH: The pH of reconstituted drug substance will be monitored to ensure suitability for human injection.

[0647] Ion Content: Testing for sodium, chloride, and phosphate will be performed by a contract laboratory using standard atomic absorption and ion chromatographic methods. General monitoring of ions will be performed to ensure that the osmolality of the drug product incorporating the drug substances will be within an acceptable physiological range.

[0648] Metals Content: Testing for pertinent metals is performed by a contract laboratory using a standard method of analysis, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectroscopy.

Example 6: RNAi in vitro assay to assess siNA activity

[0649] An in vitro assay that recapitulates PJSTAi in a cell-free system is used to evaluate siNA constructs targeting VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA targets. The assay comprises the system described by Tuschl et ah, 1999, Genes and Development, 13, 3191-3197 and Zamore et al, 2000, Cell, 101, 25-33 adapted for use with a target RNA. A Drosophila extract derived from syncytial blastoderm is used to reconstitute RNAi activity in vitro. Target RNA is generated via in vitro transcription from an appropriate target expressing plasmid using T7 RNA polymerase or via chemical synthesis as described herein. Sense and antisense siNA strands (for example 20 uM each) are annealed by incubation in buffer (such as 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH, pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate) for 1 minute at 9O⁰C followed by 1 hour at 37⁰C , then diluted in lysis buffer (for example 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH at pH 7.4, 2mM magnesium acetate). Annealing can be monitored by gel electrophoresis on an agarose gel in TBE buffer and stained with ethidium bromide. The Drosophila lysate is prepared using zero to two-hour-old embryos from Oregon R flies collected on yeasted molasses agar that are dechorionated and lysed. The lysate is centrifuged and the supernatant isolated. The assay comprises a reaction mixture containing 50% lysate [vol/vol], RNA (10-50 pM final concentration), and 10% [vol/vol] lysis buffer containing siNA (10 nM final concentration). The reaction mixture also contains 10 mM creatine phosphate, 10 ug/ml creatine phosphokinase, 100 um GTP, 100 uM UTP, 100 uM CTP, 500 uM ATP, 5 mM DTT, 0.1 U/uL RNasin (Promega), and 100 uM of each amino acid. The final concentration of potassium acetate is adjusted to 100 mM. The reactions are pre-assembled on ice and preincubated at 25° C for 10 minutes before adding RNA, then incubated at 25° C for an additional 60 minutes. Reactions are quenched with 4 volumes of 1.25 x Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega). Target RNA cleavage is assayed by RT- PCR analysis or other methods known in the art and are compared to control reactions in which siNA is omitted from the reaction.

[0650] Alternately, internally-labeled target RJSTA for the assay is prepared by in vitro transcription in the presence of [alpha-³²p] CTP, passed over a G50 Sephadex column by spin chromatography and used as target RNA without further purification. Optionally, target

3₂

RNA is 5'- P-end labeled using T4 polynucleotide kinase enzyme. Assays are performed as described above and target RNA and the specific RNA cleavage products generated by RNAi are visualized on an autoradiograph of a gel. The percentage of cleavage is determined by

PHOSPHOR IMAGER® (autoradiography) quantitation of bands representing intact control RNA or RNA from control reactions without siNA and the cleavage products generated by the assay.

[0651] In one embodiment, this assay is used to determine target sites in the VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target for siNA mediated RNAi cleavage, wherein a plurality of siNA constructs are screened for RNAi mediated cleavage of the VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA target, for example, by analyzing the assay reaction by electrophoresis of labeled target RNA, or by northern blotting, as well as by other methodology well known in the art.

Example 7: Nucleic acid inhibition of VEGF and/or VEGFR target RNA in vivo

[0652] siNA molecules targeted to the human VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA are designed and synthesized as described above. These nucleic acid molecules can be tested for cleavage activity in vivo, for example, using the following procedure. The target sequences and the nucleotide location within the VEGF and/or VEGFR RNA arc given in Table II and III.

[0653] Two formats are used to test the efficacy of siNAs targeting VEGF and/or VEGFR. First, the reagents are tested in cell culture using, for example, HUVEC, HMVEC, or A375 cells to determine the extent of RNA and protein inhibition. siNA reagents (e.g.; see Tables II and III) arc selected against the VEGF and/or VEGFR target as described herein. RNA inhibition is measured after delivery of these reagents by a suitable transfection agent to, for example, HUVEC, HMVEC, or A375 cells. Relative amounts of target RNA are measured versus actin using real-time PCR monitoring of amplification (eg., ABI 7700 TAQMAN®). A comparison is made to a mixture of oligonucleotide sequences made to unrelated targets or to a randomized siNA control with the same overall length and chemistry, but randomly substituted at each position. Primary and secondary lead reagents are chosen for the target and optimization performed. After an optimal transfection agent concentration is chosen, a RNA time-course of inhibition is performed with the lead siNA molecule. In addition, a cell- plating format can be used to determine RNA inhibition.

Delivery of siNA to Cells

[0654] Cells (e.g., HUVEC, HMVEC, or A375 cells) are seeded, for example, at 1x105 cells per well of a six-well dish in EGM-2 (BioWhittaker) the day before transfection. siNA (final concentration, for example 2OnM) and cationic lipid (e.g., final concentration 2Dg/ml) are complexed in EGM basal media (Biowhittaker) at 37oC for 30 minutes in polystyrene tubes. Following vortexing, the complexed siNA is added to each well and incubated for the times indicated. For initial optimization experiments, cells arc seeded, for example, at 1x103 in 96 well plates and siNA complex added as described. Efficiency of delivery of siNA to cells is determined using a fluorescent siNA complexed with lipid. Cells in 6-well dishes are incubated with siNA for 24 hours, rinsed with PBS and fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes at room temperature. Uptake of siNA is visualized using a fluorescent microscope.

TAQMAN® f real-time PCR monitoring of amplification) and Lightcycler quantification of mRNA

[0655] Total RNA is prepared from cells following siNA delivery, for example, using Qiagcn RNA purification kits for 6-wcll or Rncasy extraction kits for 96-wcll assays. For TAQMAN® analysis (real-time PCR monitoring of amplification), dual-labeled probes are synthesized with the reporter dye, FAM or JOE, covalently linked at the 5'-end and the quencher dye TAMRA conjugated to the 3 '-end. One-step RT-PCR amplifications are performed on, for example, an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detector using 50 μl reactions consisting of 10 μl total RNA, 100 nM forward primer, 900 nM reverse primer, 100 nM probe, IX TaqMan PCR reaction buffer (PE-Applied Biosystems), 5.5 mM MgC12, 300 μM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP, 1OU RNase Inhibitor (Promega), 1.25U AMPLITAQ GOLD® (DNA polymerase) (PE-Applied Biosystems) and 1OU M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase (Promega). The thermal cycling conditions can consist of 30 minutes at 48°C, 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 15 seconds at 95°C and 1 minute at 60⁰C. Quantitation of mRNA levels is determined relative to standards generated from serially diluted total cellular RNA (300, 100, 33, 11 ng/reaction) and normalizing to β-actin or GAPDH mRNA in parallel TAQMAN® reactions (real-time PCR monitoring of amplification). For each gene of interest an upper and lower primer and a fluorescently labeled probe are designed. Real time incorporation of SYBR Green I dye into a specific PCR product can be measured in glass capillary tubes using a lightcylcr. A standard curve is generated for each primer pair using control cRNA. Values are represented as relative expression to GAPDH in each sample.

Western blotting

[0656] Nuclear extracts can be prepared using a standard micro preparation technique (sec for example Andrews and Faller, 1991, Nucleic Acids Research, 19, 2499). Protein extracts from supernatants are prepared, for example using TCA precipitation. An equal volume of 20% TCA is added to the cell supernatant, incubated on ice for 1 hour and pelleted by centrifugation for 5 minutes. Pellets are washed in acetone, dried and resuspended in water. Cellular protein extracts are run on a 10% Bis-Tris NuPage (nuclear extracts) or 4-12% Tris- Glycine (supernatant extracts) polyacrylamide gel and transferred onto nitro-cellulose membranes. Non-specific binding can be blocked by incubation, for example, with 5% nonfat milk for 1 hour followed by primary antibody for 16 hour at 4oC. Following washes, the secondary antibody is applied, for example (1 :10,000 dilution) for 1 hour at room temperature and the signal detected with SuperSignal reagent (Pierce).

Example 8: Animal Models useful to evaluate the down-regulation of VEGF and/or VEGFR gene expression

[0657] There are several animal models in which the anti-angiogenesis effect of nucleic acids of the present invention, such as siRNA, directed against VEGF, VEGFRl, VEGFR2 and/or VEGFR3 mRNAs can be tested. Typically a corneal model has been used to study angiogenesis in rat and rabbit since recruitment of vessels can easily be followed in this normally avascular tissue (Pandey et al., 1995 Science 268: 567-569). In these models, a small Teflon or Hydron disk pretreated with an angiogenesis factor (e.g. bFGF or VEGF) is inserted into a pocket surgically created in the cornea. Angiogenesis is monitored 3 to 5 days later. siRNA directed against VEGF, VEGFRl, VEGFR2 and/or VEGFR3 mRNAs are delivered in the disk as well, or dropwise to the eye over the time course of the experiment. In another eye model, hypoxia has been shown to cause both increased expression of VEGF and neovascularization in the retina (Pierce et al, 1995 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 905- 909; Shweiki et al., 1992 J. Clin. Invest. 91: 2235-2243).

[0658] In human glioblastomas, it has been shown that VEGF is at least partially responsible for tumor angiogenesis (Plate et al., 1992 Nature 359, 845). Animal models have been developed in which glioblastoma cells arc implanted subcutancously into nude mice and the progress of tumor growth and angiogenesism is studied (Kim et al., 1993 supra; Millauer et al., 1994 supra).

[0659] Another animal model that addresses neovascularization involves Matrigel, an extract of basement membrane that becomes a solid gel when injected subcutancously (Passaniti et al., 1992 Lab. Invest. 67: 519-528). When the Matrigel is supplemented with angiogenesis factors such as VEGF, vessels grow into the Matrigel over a period of 3 to 5 days and angiogenesis can be assessed. Again, nucleic acids directed against VEGFR mRNAs are delivered in the Matrigel.

[0660] Several animal models exist for screening of anti- angiogenic agents. These include corneal vessel formation following corneal injury (Burger et al., 1985 Cornea 4: 35- 41; Lepri, et al., 1994 J. Ocular Pharmacol. 10: 273-280; Ormerod et al., 1990 Am. J. Pathol. 137: 1243-1252) or intracorneal growth factor implant (Grant et al., 1993 Diabetologia 36: 282-291 ; Pandey et al. 1995 supra; Zieche et al., 1992 Lab. Tnvest. 67: 711-715), vessel growth into Matrigel matrix containing growth factors (Passaniti et al., 1992 supra), female reproductive organ neovascularization following hormonal manipulation (Shweiki et al., 1993 Clin. Invest. 91: 2235-2243), several models involving inhibition of tumor growth in highly vascularized solid tumors (O'Reilly et al., 1994 Cell 79: 315-328; Senger et al., 1993 Cancer and Metas. Rev. 12: 303-324; Takahasi et al., 1994 Cancer Res. 54: 4233-4237; Kim et al., 1993 supra), and transient hypoxia-induced neovascularization in the mouse retina (Pierce et al., 1995 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 905-909). Other model systems to study tumor angiogenesis are reviewed by Folkman, 1985 Adv. Cancer. Res.. 43, 175.

Ocular Models of Angiogenesis [0661] The cornea model, described in Pandey et al. supra, is the most common and well characterized model for screening anti-angiogenic agent efficacy. This model involves an avascular tissue into which vessels are recruited by a stimulating agent (growth factor, thermal or alkalai burn, endotoxin). The corneal model utilizes the intrastromal corneal implantation of a Teflon pellet soaked in a VEGF-Hydron solution to recruit blood vessels toward the pellet, which can be quantitated using standard microscopic and image analysis techniques. To evaluate their anti-angiogenic efficacy, nucleic acids are applied topically to the eye or bound within Hydron on the Teflon pellet itself. This avascular cornea as well as the Matrigel (see below) provide for low background assays. While the corneal model has been performed extensively in the rabbit, studies in the rat have also been conducted.

[0662] The mouse model (Passaniti et al., supra) is a non-tissue model that utilizes Matrigel, an extract of basement membrane (TGeinman et al., 1986) or Millipore® filter disk, which can be impregnated with growth factors and anti-angiogenic agents in a liquid form prior to injection. Upon subcutaneous administration at body temperature, the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk forms a solid implant. VEGF embedded in the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk is used to recruit vessels within the matrix of the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk which can be processed histologically for endothelial cell specific vWF (factor VTTT antigen) immunohistochemistry, Trichrome-Masson stain, or hemoglobin content. Like the cornea, the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk is avascular; however, it is not tissue. In the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk model, nucleic acids are administered within the matrix of the Matrigel or Millipore® filter disk to test their anti-angiogenic efficacy. Thus, delivery issues in this model, as with delivery of nucleic acids by Hydron- coated Teflon pellets in the rat cornea model, may be less problematic due to the homogeneous presence of the nucleic acid within the respective matrix.

[0663] Additionally, siNA molecules of the invention targeting VEGF and/or VEGFR (e.g. VEGFRl, VEGFR2, and/or VEGFR3) can be assesed for activity transgenic mice to determine whether modulation of VEGF and/or VEGFR can inhibit optic neovasculariation. Animal models of choroidal neovascularization are described in, for exmaple, Mori et al., 2001, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 188, 253; Mori ct al., 2001, American Journal of Pathology, 159, 313; Ohno-Matsui et al., 2002, American Journal of Pathology, 160, 711; and Kwak et al., 2000, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 41, 3158. VEGF plays a central role in causing retinal neovascularization. Increased expression of VEGFR2 in retinal photoreceptors of transgenic mice stimulates neovascularization within the retina, and a blockade of VEGFR2 signaling has been shown to inhibit retinal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) (Mori et al.,2001, J. Cell. Physiol., 188, 253).

10664] CNV is laser induced in, for example, adult C57BL/6 mice. The mice are also given an intravitreous, periocular or a subretinal injection of VEGF and/or VEGFR (e.g., VEGFR2) siNA in each eye. Intravitreous injections are made using a Harvard pump microinjection apparatus and pulled glass micropipets. Then a micropipette is passed through the sclera just behind the limbus into the vitreous cavity. The subretinal injections arc made using a condensing lens system on a dissecting microscope. The pipet tip is then passed through the sclera posterior to the limbus and positioned above the retina. Five days after the injection of the vector the mice are anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg body weight), 1% tropicamide is also used to dilate the pupil, and a diode laser photocoagulation is used to rupture Bruch's membrane at three locations in each eye. A slit lamp delivery system and a hand-held cover slide are used for laser photocoagulation. Burns are made in the 9, 12, and 3 o'clock positions 2-3 disc diameters from the optic nerve (Mori et al., supra).

[0665] The mice typically develop subretinal neovasculariation due to the expression of VEGF in photoreceptors beginning at prenatal day 7. At prenatal day 21, the mice are anesthetized and perfused with 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline containing 50 mg/ml of fluorescein-labeled dextran. Then the eyes are removed and placed for 1 hour in a 10% phosphate-buffered formalin. The retinas are removed and examined by fluorescence microscopy (Mori et al., supra).

[0666] Fourteen days after the laser induced rupture of Bruch's membrane, the eyes that received intravitreous and subretinal injection of siNA are evaluated for smaller appearing areas of CNV, while control eyes are evaluated for large areas of CNV. The eyes that receive intravitreous injections or a subretinal injection of siNA are also evaluated for fewer areas of neovasculariation on the outer surface of the retina and potenial abortive sprouts from deep retinal capillaries that do not reach the retinal surface compared to eyes that did not receive an injection of siNA.

Tumor Models ofAngiogenesis Use of murine models

[0667] For a typical systemic study involving 10 mice (20 g each) per dose group, 5 doses (1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg daily over 14 days continuous administration), approximately 400 mg of siRNA, formulated in saline is used. A similar study in young adult rats (200 g) requires over 4 g. Parallel pharmacokinetic studies involve the use of similar quantities of siRNA further justifying the use of murine models.

Lewis lung carcinoma and B- 16 melanoma murine models

[0668] Identifying a common animal model for systemic efficacy testing of nucleic acids is an efficient way of screening siNA for systemic efficacy.

[0669] The Lewis lung carcinoma and B- 16 murine melanoma models are well accepted models of primary and metastatic cancer and are used for initial screening of anti-cancer agents. These murine models are not dependent upon the use of immunodeficient mice, are relatively inexpensive, and minimize housing concerns. Both the Lewis lung and B- 16 melanoma models involve subcutaneous implantation of approximately 106 tumor cells from metastatically aggressive tumor cell lines (Lewis lung lines 3LL or D 122, LLc-LN7; B-16- BL6 melanoma) in C57BL/6J mice. Alternatively, the Lewis lung model can be produced by the surgical implantation of tumor spheres (approximately 0.8 mm in diameter). Metastasis also can be modeled by injecting the tumor cells directly intravenously. In the Lewis lung model, microscopic metastases can be observed approximately 14 days following implantation with quantifiable macroscopic metastatic tumors developing within 21-25 days. The B- 16 melanoma exhibits a similar time course with tumor neovascularization beginning 4 days following implantation. Since both primary and metastatic tumors exist in these models after 21-25 days in the same animal, multiple measurements can be taken as indices of efficacy. Primary tumor volume and growth latency as well as the number of micro- and macroscopic metastatic lung foci or number of animals exhibiting metastases can be quantitated. The percent increase in lifespan can also be measured. Thus, these models provide suitable primary efficacy assays for screening systemically administered siRNA nucleic acids and siRNA nucleic acid formulations.

[0670] In the Lewis lung and B- 16 melanoma models, systemic pharmacotherapy with a wide variety of agents usually begins 1-7 days following tumor implantation/inoculation with either continuous or multiple administration regimens. Concurrent pharmacokinetic studies can be performed to determine whether sufficient tissue levels of siRNA can be achieved for pharmacodynamic effect to be expected. Furthermore, primary tumors and secondary lung metastases can be removed and subjected to a variety of in vitro studies (i.e. target RNA reduction).

Renal Disease Models

[0671] In addition, animal models are useful in screening compounds, eg. siNA molecules, for efficacy in treating renal failure, such as a result of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The Han:SPRD rat model, mice with a targeted mutation in the Pkd2 gene and congenital polycystic kidney (cpk) mice, closely resemble human ADPKD and provide animal models to evaluate the therapeutic effect of siRNA constructs that have the potential to interfere with one or more of the pathogenic elements of ADPKD mediated renal failure, such as angiogenesis. Angiogenesis may be necessary in the progression of ADPKD for growth of cyst cells as well as increased vascular permeability promoting fluid secretion into cysts. Proliferation of cystic epithelium is also a feature of ADPKD because cyst cells in culture produce soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGFRl has also been detected in epithelial cells of cystic tubules but not in endothelial cells in the vasculature of cystic kidneys or normal kidneys. VEGFR2 expression is increased in endothelial cells of cyst vessels and in endothelial cells during renal ischemia- reperfusion. It is proposed that inhibition of VEGF receptors with anti- VEGFRl and anti- VEGFR2 siRNA molecules would attenuate cyst formation, renal failure and mortality in ADPKD. Anti-VEGFR2 siRNA molecules would therefore be designed to inhibit angiogenesis involved in cyst formation. As VEGFRl is present in cystic epithelium and not in vascular endothelium of cysts, it is proposed that anti- VEGFRl siRNA molecules would attenuate cystic epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis which would in turn lead to less cyst formation. Further, it is proposed that VEGF produced by cystic epithelial cells is one of the stimuli for angiogenesis as well as epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. The use of Han:SPRD rats (see for eaxmple Kaspareit-Rittinghausen et al, 1991, Am. J.Pathol. 139, 693- 696), mice with a targeted mutation in the Pkd2 gene (Pkd2-/- mice, sec for example Wu ct al., 2000, NatGenet. 24, 75-78) and cpk mice (see for example Woo et al., 1994, Nature, 368, 750-753) all provide animal models to study the efficacy of siRNA molecles of the invention against VEGFRl and VEGFR2 mediated renal failure. [0672] VEGF, VEGFRl VGFR2 and/or VEGFR3 protein levels can be measured clinically or experimentally by FACS analysis. VEGF, VEGFRl VGFR2 and/or VEGFR3 encoded mRNA levels are assessed by Northern analysis, RNase-protection, primer extension analysis and/or quantitative RT-PCR. siRNA nucleic acids that block VEGF₅ VEGFRl VGFR2 and/or VEGFR3 protein encoding mRNAs and therefore result in decreased levels of VEGF, VEGFRl VGFR2 and/or VEGFR3 activity by more than 20% in vitro can be identified.

Respiratory Disease Models

[0673] Exaggerated levels of VEGF are present in subjects with asthma, but the role of VEGF in normal and asthmatic lungs has not been well defined. Lee et al., 2004, Nature Medicine, 10, 1095-1103, generated lung-targeted VEGF 165 transgenic mice and evaluated the role of VEGF in T-hclpcr type 2 cell (TH2)-mcdiatcd inflammation in the lungs of these animals. In these mice, VEGF induced, through IL-13— dependent and independent pathways, an asthma-like phenotype characterized by inflammation, parenchymal and vascular remodeling, edema, mucus metaplasia, myocyte hyperplasia and airway hyper- responsiveness. VEGF was also found to enhance respiratory antigen sensitization and TH2 inflammation and increased the number of activated DC2 dendritic cells in the mice. Tn antigen-induced inflammation, VEGF was produced predominantly by epithelial cells and preferentially by TH2 as opposed to THl cells. In this setting, VEGF demonstrated a critical role in TH2 inflammation, cytokine production and physiologic dysregulation. Thus, VEGF is a mediator of vascular and extravascular remodeling, inflammation, and vascular permeability/edema that enhances antigen sensitization and is crucial in adaptive TH2 inflammation. Disruption of VEGF is therefore expected to be of therapeutic significance in the treatment of asthma and other TH2 disorders. The transgenic mice described by Lee et al., 2004, Nature Medicine, 10, 1095-1103 can be used in preclinical models of asthma and other respiratory diseases that ulitize treatment of such mice with siNA molecules of the invention, for example via pulmonary delivery approaches as a known in the art to evaluate the efficacy of siNA molecules in the treatment of repiratory disease. Such studies would be useful in the prc-clinical setting to establish parameters of use in treating human subjects.

[0674] Other animal models are useful in evaluating siNA molecules of the invention in the treatment of respiratory disease. For example, Kuperman et al., 2002, Nature Medicine, 8, 885-9, describe an animal model of IL-13 mediated asthma response animal models of allergic asthma in which blockade of IL-13 markedly inhibits allergen-induced asthma. Venkayya et al., 2002, Am J Respir Cell MoI Biol, 26, 202-8 and Yang et al., 2001, Am J Respir Cell MoI Biol., 25, 522-30 describe animal models of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in which IL-4/IL-4R and IL-13 mediate asthma. These models can be used to evaluate the efficacy of siNA molecules of the invention targeting, for example, IL-4, IL-4R, IL-13, and/or IL-13R for use is treating asthma.

Example 9: A Phase I, open-label, dose escalation trial of a single intravitreal injection of Siτna-027™ in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV") secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

[0675] A Phase I study was conducted to demonstrate the safety and tolerability of single ascending doses via intravitreal injection of Sirna-027, (Compound No. 31270/31273, Table III) and as proof of principle of biological activity of Sirna-027 in patients with CNV secondary to AMD. Preclinical findings suggest that blocking the VEGF pathway may result in meaningful responses in animal models of CNV. It is believed that the direct delivery of Sirna-027 into the vitreous humor to block the VEGF pathway may also result in clinical responses.

[0676] Sirna-027 was studied as a single agent in patients with CNV. The rationale for the doses in this Phase I trial was supported by the preclinical toxicology program, particularly from data obtained in monkeys. Sirna-027 had no significant adverse effects at doses up to 750 μg/eye. The benign preclinical safety profile, combined with the efficacy suggested by multiple rodent studies, justifies the conduct of a Phase 1 study in AMD patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVES

[0677] The study objectives include:

•■ To assess the safety, tolerability, and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of a single dose of

Sirna-027 when administered by intravitreal injection

• To assess the plasma concentrations of Sirna-027 following a single administration by intravitreal injection

• To determine the range of doses appropriate for use in Phase II trials of Sirna-027

• To assess anatomical changes in exudation, retinal thickening and size of CNV • To assess changes in visual acuity

INCLUSION CRITERIA

[0678] The following inclusion criteria are required for study entry:

1. Patients presenting with subfoveal CNV secondary to wet AMD as confirmed by fundus microscopy and fluorescein angiography

2. >50 years and in general good health. Women must be post-menopausal or otherwise not of childbearing potential.

3. Best corrected visual acuity in the study eye of equal to or worse than 20/100 but not worse than 20/800 on the ETDRS chart at 4 meters

4. Uncorrected visual acuity in fellow eye not worse than 20/800

5. Clear ocular media and adequate pupillary dilatation to permit good quality

stereoscopic fundus photography

6. Subfoveal CNV (classic and/or occult CNV)

7. CNV lesion thickness >250 μm by OCT assessment

8. Intraocular pressure of 25 mmHg or less

9. Patients with concomitant eye disease such as controlled glaucoma (25 mmHg or less on treatment) may be enrolled

10. Patients not eligible for or who refuse standard treatment

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

[0679] The following will exclude a patient from entry onto the study:

1. Women of childbearing potential

2. Significant media opacities including cataract, which might interfere with visual acuity, assessment of toxicity, or fundus photography

3. Presence of other causes of CNV including pathologic myopia (spherical equivalent of—8 diopters or more), the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, angioid streaks, choroidal rupture, and multifocal choroiditis

4. Any intraocular surgery or treatment of AMD with Visudyne, or other standard or experimental treatments, within 3 months of study entry

5. Blood occupying >50% of the lesion

6. Presence of subfoveal scarring >50% of lesion

7. CNV lesion >12 MPS disc area

8. Previous or concomitant therapy with another investigational agent to treat AMD (except multivitamins and trace minerals) within the last 90 days 9. Any of the following underlying systemic diseases, including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or presence of diabetic retinopathy, cardiac disease including myocardial infarction within 12 months before study entry, coronary disease associated with clinical symptoms, stroke (within 12 months of study entry), active bleeding disorders, any major surgical procedure within 1 month of study entry, active peptic ulcer disease with bleeding within 6 months of study entry, and concomitant systemic therapy with corticosteroids (e.g. oral prednisone) or other antiangiogenic drugs (e.g. thalidomide).

10. Patients on anti-coagulant therapy. However, if the anti-coagulant can be withheld for 3-7 days prior to injection of Sirna-027, patient may be enrolled. Patient eligibility and length of time that anti-coagulant therapy is withheld must be obtained in consultation with the treating physician.

TREATMENTS

Administration and Criteria for Dose Escalation

[0680] Cohorts of 3 patients were treated at each dose level (see below). Cohort 1 received a single intravitreal injection of Sirna-027 of 100 μg. The dose was increased for patients in subsequent cohorts according to the series of preplanned steps described below. Dose escalation for subsequent patients occurred only after sufficient time had passed to observe any acute toxic effects for patients treated at lower doses. Patients in subsequent cohorts received a single intravitreal injection of Sirna-027 at the next planned higher dose only after review of patient data through Study Day 14 of the cohort.

[0681] If no DLT was seen at a dose level then the dose can be escalated for the next cohort, or at the Investigator's option and by agreement with the Sponsor, additional patients may be treated at the current dose

[0682] If a DLT was seen in one patient in the 3-patient dose cohort, then three more patients would be treated at the same dose level. If no further cases of DLT are seen in these additional patients, then the dose level would escalated for the next cohort. Otherwise dose escalation was stopped.

[0683] If 2 or more patients in the 3-patient dose cohort have a DLT, then dose escalation will stop

[0684] If DLTs are seen, at the Investigators' option and by agreement with the Sponsor, additional patients maybe treated at current, lower, or intermediate doses Planned and potential dose levels

Safety margin for clinical doses based on the NOAEL in monkey

750 μg in 3.2 mi vitreous volume (monkey) = 234 μg/mL

2Human vitreous volume of 4.0 mL was used

3Reported as 9.2 in Error! Reference source not found, and in the IDB as a result of rounding differences when mg vs μg are used

List of Potential DLT(s) Observed at Day 14 Visit

[0685] An ophthalmic DLT is defined as any toxicity (AE or SAE) determined by the Investigator to be related to the study drug and of such intensity or severity to preclude dose escalation.

By Clinical Examination:

Formation of cataract as judged by Investigator to be secondary to the injection of study drug.

Severe clinically significant inflammation that obscures visualization of the retinal vasculature and/or threatens the patient's vision.

Other ocular abnormalities not usually seen in patients with AMD, such as retinal, arterial, or venous occlusion, acute retinal detachment, and diffuse retinal hemorrhage. Visual acuity: doubling or worsening of the visual angle (loss of >15 letters), unless the loss of vision is due to a vitreous hemorrhage related to the injection procedure.

Tonometry: increase from baseline of intraocular pressure by >25 mmHg on two separate examinations at least 1 day apart or a sustained pressure of 30 mmHg for more than a week despite pharmacologic intervention.

By Fluorescein Angiogram:

• Significant retinal or choroidal vascular abnormalities not seen at baseline, such as:

Choroidal non-perfusion (affecting one or more quadrants)

Delay in arteriovenous transit times (>15 seconds)

Retinal arterial or venous occlusion (any deviation from baseline)

Diffuse retinal permeability alteration affecting retinal circulation in the absence of intraocular inflammation

• Systemic DLT(s) to include Grade III (severe) or IV (life-threatening) toxicities or any significant severe toxicity deemed related to study drug by the Investigator.

Identity of Investigational Product

[0686] Sirna-027 was manufactured by Sirna Therapeutics. The drug product was supplied in 5 mL glass vials that were stored frozen, -25 to -15 ⁰C (—13 to +5 ⁰F). The drug storage area was secure and have limited access. Labeled drug was shipped to the site by the Sponsor or an approved vendor once the necessary regulatory documents were received from the site.

[0687] Stability studies to support drug storage under these conditions were conducted by the Sponsor. The Sponsor will continue to monitor the stability and alert the site if a lot needs to be replaced for stability reasons. A Material Safety Data Sheet was provided for Sirna-027.

[0688] Sample label text for the drug product is shown below.

Sirna-027™ 5 mg Lyophilized Powder

Lot# xxxxxx Single use vial

Store frozen, -25 to -15 ⁰C (-13 to +5 ⁰F) CAUTION: New Drug— Limited by Federal law to investigational use.

Sirna Therapeutics, Inc., Boulder, CO USA

Reconstitution For Dosing

[0689] Sirna-027 was supplied as a 5 mg lyophilized powder in a 5 mL vial. A phosphate buffered saline solution supplied by Sirna was added to each vial to reconstitute to the appropriate concentration for each dose level. Injection volume was 100 μL for all doses.

Reconstitution schema

Method for Assigning Patients to the Treatment Group

[0690] Patient numbers were assigned sequentially by site. The first two numbers of the five-digit patient number identify the site and the last three numbers were assigned sequentially to the patients being placed on the study.

Selection of Doses in the Study

[0691] The starting dose was chosen to be approximately one-tenth of the NOAEL seen in the single dose monkey toxicity study. Dose escalation was based on a doubling of the planned doses up to 800 μg, and 50% incremental increase if additional patients receive doses above 800 μg. Planned dosing was in 4 cohorts of 3 patients each. Impact of possible DLT on dose selection is given above.

Administration ofSirna-027 [0692] Procedures were implemented to minimize the risk of potential adverse events associated with intraocular injection (e.g., retinal detachment and endophthalmitis). Aseptic technique was observed by clinic staff involved in the injection tray assembly, anesthetic preparation and administration, and study drug preparation and administration. In addition to the procedures outlined in the protocol, added safety measures in adherence to specific institutional policies associated with intraocular injections were observed, including a complete ophthalmic surgical prep and drape.

[0693] Sirna-027 was administered in the study eye only. Following the slit-lamp examination, intravitreal injection of Sirna-027 was be performed by a qualified ophthalmologist in either a surgical suite or an appropriately equipped procedure room. The patient was placed in a supine position on a surgical bed or examination chair. After thorough cleansing of the lid, lashes, and periorbital area with an antiseptic, a lid speculum was inserted. Local anesthesia and topical antimicrobials were administered prior to study drug injection.

[0694] A 30-gauge, V2-inch needle, attached to a low-volume (e.g., tuberculin) syringe containing 100 μL of various concentrations of Sirna-027 was inserted through the pre- anesthetized conjunctiva and sclera, approximately 3.5-4.0 mm posterior to the limbus, avoiding the horizontal meridian and aiming toward the center of the globe. The injection volume was delivered slowly. The needle was then be removed slowly to ensure that all drug solution remained in the eye.

[0695] Following the intraocular injection, the patients remained at the study site for at least 4 hours. Indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed to determine status of optic nerve perfusion and presence of any retinal pathology such as hemorrhage or tear. Intraocular pressure was measured before and 30 minutes after the Sirna-027 injection. Any patient who developed significantly raised intraocular pressure (>28 mmHg) at any time during the study was monitored and managed (i.e. paracentesis) according to the physician's clinical judgment and could undergo additional measurements of intraocular pressure beyond those specified in the protocol. If there were no safety concerns in the 4 hours following the injection, the patient could leave the clinic. If any concern or immediate toxicity is noted, the patient would remain at the clinic and would be treated according to the physician's clinical judgment. Patients returned the day after the injection to be evaluated for change in vision, measurement of intraocular pressure, and assessment of eye pain, unusual redness, or any other new ocular symptoms. At any time during the study, if it was determined necessary by the evaluating physician, the patient was asked to return to the clinic as soon as possible for an unscheduled study visit and was evaluated by the ophthalmologist. Patients were instructed to contact their physician at any time should they have health-related concerns.

[0696] In addition, antimicrobial drops for the eye (i.e. ofloxacin) were administered immediately after the intravitreal injection, and the patient was instructed to self-administer antimicrobial drops four times daily for 3 days following the intraocular injection of Sirna-027.

Concomitant Medications

[0697] Patients already taking multivitamins and trace minerals for AMD could continue these treatments. Patients could not begin these therapies during the first 84 days of this trial. Patients were allowed to continue topical medications for other existing conditions (i.e. glaucoma drops). Subsequent to the injection of Sirna-027, patients were instructed to use topical antibiotics eye drops for three days.

Treatment Compliance

[0698] This was a single injection administered by the Investigators at the study sites. STUDY PROCEDURES

[0699] The various assessments that were conducted during this study are described in this section in narrative form, listed by study visit, and in tabular form (see below).

[0700] A complete ophthalmic evaluation with fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, OCT, and Visual Acuity Test was performed prior to study start and at the Study Day 7, 14, 28, and 84. An eye exam including visual acuity, tonometry, slit lamp biomicroscopy and OCT was performed at Study Day 56. A streamlined physical examination (heart, lungs, abdomen, neurology) was performed prior to study start was repeated at Study Day 84 or in case of premature termination from the study. [0701] Patients were monitored for adverse events (AEs) through Study Day 84. Adverse events beginning within this evaluation period (84 days) of this study were followed to resolution. Patients are monitored for serious adverse events (SAEs) through month 24.

[0702J Patient safety follow-up consists of routine eye examinations at 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months following injection. At these visits patient will be queried regarding any untoward events related to their eye health.

[0703] It was anticipated that patients would not need additional medical treatment for AMD during the 84 days of the study evaluation period. During the safety follow-up period (months 3 to 24), patients are allowed to receive medically-indicated treatment (i.e. PDT, laser photocoagulation) as deemed necessary by the evolution of the disease and by the judgment of the treating physician.

SCREENING EVALUATIONS

Within Two Weeks of the Day 1 Visit

• Signed informed consent (informed consent must be obtained prior to

performance of any study specific tests or evaluations)

• Complete ophthalmic examination (to include visual acuity assessment, slit lamp biomicroscopy - evaluation of lashes, lids, conjunctivae, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, vitreous, and the performance of tonometry, fundus photography, FA and OCT)

• Assess eligibility— confirmation of eligibility to be determined by review of

fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and OCT by the Wilmer Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center

• Demographics

• Streamlined physical exam (heart, lungs, abdomen, neurology)

• Vital signs

• Medical history

• Clinical labs

EVALUATIONS

Baseline / Day 1

• Medical History Update (prior to injection)

• Vital signs (prior to injection)

• Visual acuity test (prior to injection)

• Tonometry (prior to injection) • Adverse events (including injection to 4 hours post-injection)

• PK blood draws will be done prior to the intravitreal injection of Sirna-027 and at hours 1 and 4 following the injection

• Administer Sirna-027 intravitreal injection, observe patient for 4 hours after

injection. (Patient's study eye will be examined at 30 minutes post injection to ensure adequate ocular perfusion and normal intraocular pressure. If pressure exceeds 28 mmHg, the physician may choose to perform a post-injection paracentesis.)

Day 2

• Vital signs, adverse event and concomitant medication assessment

• Eye examination to include visual acuity, tonometry, slit lamp biomicroscopy, and assessment of eye pain, unusual redness, or other new ocular symptoms

• PK blood draw (24 hours post administration)

Day 7

• Vital signs, adverse event and concomitant medication assessment

• PK blood draw

• Complete ophthalmic examination

Day 14

• Vital signs, adverse event and concomitant medication assessment

• Complete ophthalmic examination

Day 28

• Vital signs, adverse events and concomitant medication assessment

• Complete ophthalmic examination

Day 56

• Vital signs, adverse events and concomitant medication assessment

• Eye examination to include visual acuity, tonometry, slit lamp biomicroscopy and OCT

Day 84 / Early Termination Visit (prior to Day 84)

• Streamlined physical exam (heart, lungs, abdomen, neurology)

• Vital signs, adverse events and concomitant medication assessment

• Clinical labs

• Complete ophthalmic examination

Follow-up Visit - Month 6

• Routine eye exam (to include visual acuity assessment, slit lamp biomicroscopy - evaluation of lashes, lids, conjunctivae, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, vitreous, applanation tonometry and dilated fundus examination) and fundus photography. Follow-up Visit— Month 9

• Routine eye exam

Follow-up Visit— Month 12

• Routine eye exam and fundus photography

Follow-up Visit - Month 18

• Routine eye exam and fundus photography

Follow-up Visit - Month 24

• Routine eye exam and fundus photography

Schedule of procedures/assessments

3³iIncludes visual acuity assessment, slit lamp biomicroscopy (evaluation of lashes, lids, conjunctivae, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, vitreous), and the performance of tonometry, fundus photography, FA and OCT. ⁴Includes visual acuity assessment, slit lamp biomicroscopy (evaluation of lashes, lids, conjunctivae, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, vitreous), applanation tonometry and dilated fundus examination.

⁵PIuS fundus photography

⁶Pre-injection, 1 and 4 hours post-injection

724 hours post-injection

SAFETY ASSESSMENTS

Adverse Events (AEs)

[0704] It is the responsibility of the Investigator to document all AEs that occur after the patient receives their single dose of Sirna-027. An AE includes any noxious, pathological, or unintended change in anatomical, physiological, or metabolic functions as indicated by physical signs, symptoms, and/or laboratory changes occurring in any phase of the clinical study after the single administration of study drug whether associated with the study drug and whether or not considered drug related. This includes an exacerbation of pre-existing medical conditions or events, intercurrent illnesses, nonallergic reactions, drug interactions, or the significant worsening of the disease under investigation (AMD). Anticipated day-today fluctuations of pre-existing conditions that do not represent a clinically significant exacerbation or worsening need not be considered AEs.

[0705] An AE is considered to be associated with the use of the study drug if the relationship between the AE and the drug is classified by the Investigator as "possibly related" or "probably related." An unexpected AE is any adverse drug experience that is not consistent with the specificity or severity as stated in the current Investigational Drug Brochure.

Assessment of Severity

[0706] Intensity should be assigned using severity grades as outlined in the Case Report Form Booklets (to be provided separately).

Assessment of Causality

[0707] The degree of certainty with which an AE is attributed to drug treatment (or alternative causes, e.g., natural history of the underlying diseases, concomitant therapy, etc.) will be determined by how well the event can be understood in terms of one or more of the following:

• Known pharmacology of the investigational drug

• Reaction of similar nature being previously observed with the investigational drug or the class of drug

• The event having been often reported in literature for a similar drug as drug

related (e.g., skin rashes, and blood dyscrasia)

• The event being temporally related to study drug exposure, including termination of the event after study drug withdrawal (dechallenge) or recurrence on rechallenge with study drug

• Every effort should be made by the Investigator to explain each AE and assess its relationship, if any, to study drug treatment. Due to the nature of the intravitreal injection, an AE or SAE may be related to the procedure, but not to the study drug. Judgment of relatedness to procedure or study drug will be at the discretion of the Investigator. Causality should be assessed using the following categories: not related, possibly related, probably related, and related. The definitions of these categories are:

Not Related:

[0708] If there is no exposure to investigational drug, then, the AE is not related; OR, the occurrence of the AE is not reasonably related in time, and may be due to other factors such as an intercurrent illness, concomitant medication, or underlying disease state

Possibly Related:

[0709] The administration of the investigational drug and AE are considered reasonably related in time AND the AE could be explained by causes other than exposure to the investigational drug

Probably Related:

[0710] Exposure to the investigational drug and AE are reasonably related in time AND the investigational drug is more likely than other causes to be responsible for the AE, OR is the most likely cause of the AE

Related: [0711] A reaction from administration of the investigational drug that follows a known response pattern to the suspected investigational drug and can be confirmed with a positive re-challenge test or supporting laboratory data

Follow up of Adverse Events

[0712] Investigators should follow up patients with AEs until one of the following:

• The event has subsided or disappeared

• The condition has stabilized

• The event is otherwise resolved

• The patient is lost to follow-up

• The study ends

[0713] AEs not resolved at Study Day 84 will be followed to resolution. After Study Day 84, only AEs qualifying as serious (SAEs) will be captured and followed. Beyond Study Day 84, patient safety follow-up will consist of the routine ophthalmic evaluation at Months 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24. If, during the follow-up period, a patient requires medically-indicated ocular treatment, e.g. PDT or laser coagulation, then the patient will be considered to have completed his/her participation in this study and no further follow-up will be done.

Pregnancies

[0714] Pregnancies are not considered to be AEs or SAEs; however, pregnancies will be followed through outcome. In pregnancies that progress to term, any congenital abnormalities in the offspring of a patient who received study drug should be reported as an SAE.

Serious Adverse Events

[0715] Definition of a Serious Adverse Events:

[0716] A serious adverse event is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose: • Results in death

• Is life threatening (i.e., the patient was, in the opinion of the Investigator, at

immediate risk of death from the event as it occurred)

• Requires or prolongs inpatient hospitalization

• Results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, (i.e., the event causes a substantial disruption of a person's ability to conduct normal life functions)

• Is a congenital anomaly/birth defect

• Is an important and significant medical event that, based upon appropriate medical judgment, may jeopardize the patient or may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the other outcomes defining serious

Reporting Serious Adverse Experiences

[0717] The Investigator must report any SAEs that occur from study entry through end of study follow-up (Month 24), whether or not considered related to the study drug, to Sponsor by fax within 24 hours. Tf, during the follow-up period, a patient requires medically indicated ocular treatment, e.g. PDT or laser coagulation, then the patient will be considered to have completed his/her participation in this study and no further reporting of SAEs is required. Specific reporting information and forms are found in the Clinical Study Binder.

10718] Investigators should not wait to receive additional information to fully document the event before notifying Sirna Therapeutics of an SAE. A full written summary detailing relevant aspects of the SAEs should follow the fax report in question. Where applicable, information from relevant hospital case records and autopsy reports should be obtained. The SAE should be recorded on the AE page of the patient's case report form (CRF).

[0719] Any deaths that occur between the date of the administration of Sirna-027 through the Month 24 visit are to be reported as SAEs.

[0720] The Investigator is responsible for informing his/her Institutional Review Board/Institutional Ethics Committee (IRB/IEC) as soon as possible, but in no event later than 15 working days after the discovery of death from any cause, or SAEs, or problems of medical significance that may reasonably be regarded as caused by or associated with the study drug. STUDY OUTCOME

[0721] Twenty-three patients have been enrolled and dosed in Cohorts 1 through 6 (100 μg— 1600 μg). Patient demographics are shown below. Seven of the patients were enrolled at the Cole Eye Institute and the other sixteen were enrolled at the Wilmer Eye Institute.

SAFETY

[0722] There have been no dose limiting toxicities or safety issues to date with any of the 23 patients. Of the adverse events recorded, all but one (a moderate case of diarrhea not related to the study drug) have been considered mild. They were all reversible and none have been definitively attributed to the drug.

EFFECT ON VISUAL ACUITY (VA)

[0723] Preliminary review of data on the effect of Sirna-027 on VA for 22 patients was conducted which demonstrated stabilization of VA in all patients, a variable mean increase of number of letters read for each dose group, and a duration of effect sustained over 8 weeks post-injection (Figure 30). At the same assessment point of 8 weeks, VA (number of lines read) was stable or improved in 100% of the patients, while a clinically significant improvement (equal to or more than 3 lines) was observed in 23% of patients (Figure 31).

OCTRESULTS

[0724] Preliminary data on central foveal thickness for the first four dose groups (100, 200, 400 and 800 μg) showed a decrease of the lesion thickness for the 100, 200 and 800 μg doses, with maximum effect by 14 days post-injection (Figure 32).

Example 10: A Phase Ha, multi-center, randomized, masked, sham- or positive controlled, dose finding trial of multiple intravitreal injections of Sixna-027™ in patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

[0725] This study is a Phase Ha multicenter study consisting of 112-day investigational period following 3 injections of Sirna-027 with a follow-up for a total of 24 months. The primary objectives of the study are:

• To assess the safety, tolerability, and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of multiple doses of Sirna-027 when administered by multiple intravitreal injections.

• To determine dose appropriate for use in confirmatory Phase Ilb/III trials of Sirna- 027 based on changes in visual acuity, and anatomical changes in exudation, retinal thickening and size of CNV in a sub-population of patients.

• To assess the plasma concentrations of Sirna-027 following administration of multiple intravitreal injections.

[0726] The methodolgy of the study consists of:

• Masked, sham-controlled, (or positive-control) randomized, dose-finding trial.

• AU patients will receive 3 intravitreal injection of Sirna-027 or 3 sham procedures (or positive control) at 4, 6, or 8-week intervals.

• Patients will be enrolled in 4 dose-cohorts of 30 evaluable patients each (120

patients total). Treatment in each dose cohort will consist of either 3 sham- procedures (or 3 injection of positive control), or 3 injections of Sirna-027 (both masked to the patient). Enrollment into these 4 dose-cohorts will be by a centralized randomization. The 3 dose levels of Sirna-027 will be the MTD established in Phase I and two lower doses.

• Patient's blood will be assayed for Sirna-027 at Baseline/Study Day 1 (prior to injection, hours 1 and 4 following injection), Study Day 2 (24 hours following injection). Study Day 7, and Study Day 56 following the 3rd injection. Patient's visual acuity will be measured beginning at a distance of 4 meters using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart at every study visit.

Patient's study eye will be examined (fundus and tonometry) at 30 minutes post injection to ensure adequate ocular perfusion and normal intraocular pressure. If pressure exceeds 28 rnmHg, the patient will be re-examined at 60 minutes. If the pressure still exceeds 28 rnmHg, the physician may choose to perform a post- injection paracentesis. Patients will be observed for 4 hours following the first injection. Remaining injections 2 and 3 require the 30 and 60 minute post injections examination, but will not require the extended 4 hour observation period.

Patients will receive an eye exam including visual acuity, tonometry, slit lamp biomicroscopy and a complete ophthalmic evaluation, and fundus photography, at screening/baseline and at Study Days 7, 14, 28, 56, 84, and 112 Patients will receive a routine eye exam at the safety follow-up visits at months 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24.

Fundus photography, OCT, and fluorescein angiography evaluations will be done by an independent reading center on a sub-population of patients.

[0727 J Opthalmic Inclusion Criteria for the Study Include:

• Subfoveal CNV (classic and/or occult), secondary to AMD as confirmed by

fundus microscopy and fluorescein angiography, with a total lesion size (including blood, scar/atrophy and neovascularization) of <12 MPS disc areas, of which at least 50% has to be active CNV.

• BCVA in the study eye between 20/80 and 20/400, and better than or equal to 20/800 in the fellow eye.

• Clear ocular media and adequate papillary dilatation to permit good quality

stereoscopic fundus photography.

• Subretinal hemorrhage less than 50% of total lesion size.

• CNV lesion thickness >250 μm by OCT assessment.

• Intraocular pressure of 25 mmHg or less

• Patients with concomitant eye disease such as controlled glaucoma (25 mmHg or less on treatment) may be enrolled.

• Patients not eligible for or who refuse standard treatment.

[0728 J General Inclusion Criteria for the Study Include:

• >50 years and in general good health. Women must be post-menopausal or

otherwise not of childbearing potential.

• Written informed consent. • The ability to return for all study visits.

[0729] Exclusion Criteria for the Study Include:

• Women of childbearing potential

• Significant media opacities including cataract, which might interfere with visual acuity, assessment of toxicity, or fundus photography

• Presence of other causes of CNV including pathologic myopia (spherical

equivalent of -8 diopters or more), the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, angioid streaks, choroidal rupture, and multifocal choroiditis

• Any intraocular surgery or treatment of AMD with Visudyne, Macugen, or other standard or experimental treatments, within 3 months of study entry

• Blood occupying >50% of the lesion

• Presence of subfoveal scarring >50% of lesion

• CNV lesion >12 MPS disc area

• Previous or concomitant therapy with another investigational agent to treat AMD (except multivitamins and trace minerals) within the last 90 days

• Any of the following underlying systemic diseases:

o Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

o Diabetic retinopathy

o Cardiac disease including myocardial infarction within 12 months before study entry

o Coronary disease associated with clinical symptoms

o Stroke (within 12 months of study entry)

o Active bleeding disorders

o Any major surgical procedure within 1 month of study entry o Active peptic ulcer disease with bleeding within 6 months of study entry o Concomitant systemic therapy with corticosteroids (e.g. oral prednisone) or other antiangiogenic drugs (e.g. thalidomide).

• If patient is on anti-coagulant therapy, the anti-coagulant may be withheld for 3-7 days prior to each injection of Sirna-027. Patient eligibility and length of time that anti-coagulant therapy is withheld must be obtained in consultation with the treating physician.

[0730J Test Product: Sirna-027 will be supplied as a lyophilized powder in a vial. A phosphate buffered solution will be added to each vial to reconstitute to the appropriate concentration for each dose level. Injection volume will be 100 μL [0731] Duration of Treatment: Treatment with Sirna-027 is 3 intravitreal injections at 4, 6, or 8-week intervals. Patients will be followed for 24 months from the date of the first injection.

[0732] Criteria for Evaluation: For safety evaluation, the incidence of serious and other adverse events will be determined along with pharmacokinetic analysis to test for the accumulation of drug after 3 injections. For determination of efficacy and dose selection, changes in visual acuity as measured by performance on the ETDRS chart beginning at 4 meters will be determined as well as changes in CNV size, exudation, retinal thickness/elevation at any time following administration of Sirna-027 as measured by fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and OCT in a sub-population of patients.

[0733] Statistical Methods: Serious and other adverse events will be reported as the number of patients experiencing an event (incidence) and by probable rclatcdncss to the drug and/or the injection procedure. These events will be classified according to the MedDRA medical dictionary and presented by dose cohort. Results from the fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and OCT will be analyzed by masked readers in a central reading center. Individual and average changes in CNV size, exudation, and retinal thickness/elevation will be displayed by dose cohort. Changes in visual acuity scores (ETDRS) post administration of multiple injections of Sirna-027 will be presented by dose. Appropriate algorithms will be used to select the dose for study in Phase III. Lastly, any association of changes in visual acuity and changes in exudation, CNV size, and/or retinal thickness will be described.

Example 11: Indications

[0734] The present body of knowledge in VEGF and/or VEGFR research indicates the need for methods to assay VEGF and/or VEGFR activity and for compounds that can regulate VEGF and/or VEGFR expression for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic use. As described herein, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be used in assays to diagnose disease state related of VEGF and/or VEGFR levels. In addition, the nucleic acid molecules can be used to treat disease state related to VEGF and/or VEGFR levels. [0735] Particular conditions and disease states that can be associated with VEGF and/or VEGFR expression modulation include, but are not limited to:

1) Tumor aneiogenesis: Angiogenesis has been shown to be necessary for tumors to grow into pathological size (Folkman, 1971, PNAS 76, 5217-5221; Wellstein & Czubayko, 1996, Breast Cancer Res and Treatment 38, 109-119). In addition, it allows tumor cells to travel through the circulatory system during metastasis. Increased levels of gene expression of a number of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been reported in vascularized and cdcma-associatcd brain tumors (Bcrkman et al., 1993 J. Clini. Invest. 91, 153). A more direct demostration of the role of VEGF in tumor angiogenesis was demonstrated by Jim Kim et al., 1993 Nature 362,841 wherein, monoclonal antibodies against VEGF were successfully used to inhibit the growth of rhabdomyosarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme cells in nude mice. Similarly, expression of a dominant negative mutated form of the flt-1 VEGF receptor inhibits vascularization induced by human glioblastoma cells in nude mice (Millauer et al., 1994, Nature 367, 576). Specific tumor/cancer types that can be targeted using the nucleic acid molecules of the invention include but are not limited to the tumor/cancer types described herein.

2) Ocular diseases: Neovascularization has been shown to cause or exacerbate ocular diseases including, but not limited to, macular degeneration, including age related macular degeneration (AMD), dry AMD, wet AMD, predominantly classic AMD (PD AMD), minimally classic AMD (MC AMD), and occult AMD; neovascular glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, including diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy; myopic degeneration, uveitis, and trachoma (Norrby, 1997, APMIS 105, 417-437). Aiello et al., 1994 New Engl. J. Med. 331, 1480, showed that the ocular fluid of a majority of patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders contains a high concentration of VEGF. Miller et al., 1994 Am. J. Pathol. 145, 574, reported elevated levels of VEGF mRNA in patients suffering from retinal ischemia. These observations support a direct role for VEGF in ocular diseases. Other factors, including those that stimulate VEGF synthesis, may also contribute to these indications.

3) Dermatological Disorders: Many indications have been identified which may beangiogenesis dependent, including but not limited to, psoriasis, verruca vulgaris, angiofibroma of tuberous sclerosis, pot-wine stains, Sturge Weber syndrome, Kippel- Trenaunay- Weber syndrome, and Osier- Weber-Rendu syndrome (Norrby, supra). Intradermal injection of the angiogenic factor b-FGF demonstrated angiogenesis in nude mice (Weckbecker et al., 1992, Angiogenesis: Key principles-Science-Technology-Medicine, ed R. Steiner). Detmar et al, 1994 J. Exp. Med. 180, 1141 reported that VEGF and its receptors were over-expressed in psoriatic skin and psoriatic dermal microvessels, suggesting that VEGF plays a significant role in psoriasis.

4) Rheumatoid arthritis: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies on tissues from the joints of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis show an increased level of VEGF and its receptors (Fava et al, 1994 J. Exp. Med. 180, 341). Additionally, Koch et al, 1994 J. Immunol. 152, 4149, found that VEGF-specific antibodies were able to significantly reduce the mitogenic activity of synovial tissues from patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. These observations support a direct role for VEGF in rheumatoid arthritis. Other angiogenic factors including those of the present invention may also be involved in arthritis.

5) Endometriosis: Various studies indicate that VEGF is directly implicated in endometriosis. In one study, VEGF concentrations measured by ELISA in peritoneal fluid were found to be significantly higher in women with endometriosis than in women without endometriosis (24.1 ± 15 ng/ml vs 13.3 + 7.2 ng/ml in normals). In patients with endometriosis, higher concentrations of VEGF were detected in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle (33 ± 13 ng/ml) compared to the secretory phase (10.7 ± 5 ng/ml). The cyclic variation was not noted in fluid from normal patients (McLaren et al, 1996, Human Reprod. 11, 220-223). In another study, women with moderate to severe endometriosis had significantly higher concentrations of peritoneal fluid VEGF than women without endometriosis. There was a positive correlation between the severity of endometriosis and the concentration of VEGF in peritoneal fluid. In human endometrial biopsies, VEGF expression increased relative to the early proliferative phase approximately 1.6-, 2-, and 3.6-fold in midproliferative, late proliferative, and secretory endometrium (Shifren et al, 1996, J. CHn. Endocrinol Metab. 81, 3112-3118). In a third study, VEGF-positive staining of human ectopic endometrium was shown to be localized to macrophages (double immunofluorescent staining with CD 14 marker). Peritoneal fluid macrophages demonstrated VEGF staining in women with and without endometriosis. However, increased activation of macrophages (acid phosphatatse activity) was demonstrated in fluid from women with endometriosis compared with controls. Peritoneal fluid macrophage conditioned media from patients with endometriosis resulted in significantly increased cell proliferation ([³H] thymidine incorporation) in HUVEC cells compared to controls. The percentage of peritoneal fluid macrophages with VEGFR2 mRNA was higher during the secretory phase, and significantly higher in fluid from women with endometriosis (80 ± 15%) compared with controls (32 ± 20%). Flt-mRNA was detected in peritoneal fluid macrophages from women with and without endometriosis, but there was no difference between the groups or any evidence of cyclic dependence (McLaren et al., 1996, ./. Clin. Invest. 98, 482-489). In the early proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, VEGF has been found to be expressed in secretory columnar epithelium (estrogen-responsive) lining both the oviducts and the uterus in female mice. During the secretory phase, VEGF expression was shown to have shifted to the underlying stroma composing the functional endometrium. In addition to examining the endometium, neovascularization of ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum, as well as angiogenesis in embryonic implantation sites have been analyzed. For these processes, VEGF was expressed in spatial and temporal proximity to forming vasculature (ShweiM et al., 1993, J. Clin. Invest. 91, 2235-2243).

6) Kidney disease: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common life threatening hereditary disease in the USA. It affects about 1:400 to 1 : 1000 people and approximately 50% of people with ADPKD develop renal failure. ADPKD accounts for about 5-10% of end-stage renal failure in the USA, requiring dialysis and renal transplantation. Angiogenesis is implicated in the progression of ADPKD for growth of cyst cells, as well as increased vascular permeability promoting fluid secretion into cysts. Proliferation of cystic epithelium Is a feature of ADPKD because cyst cells in culture produce soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGFRl has been detected in epithelial cells of cystic tubules but not in endothelial cells in the vasculature of cystic kidneys or normal kidneys. VEGFR2 expression is increased in endothelial cells of cyst vessels and in endothelial cells during renal ischemia-reperfusion.

7) Respiratory/Inflammatory Disease: Exaggerated levels of VEGF are present in subjects with asthma, but the role of VEGF in normal and asthmatic lungs has not been well defined. Lcc et al., 2004, Nature Medicine, 10, 1095-1103, generated lung-targctcd VEGF 165 transgenic mice and evaluated the role of VEGF in T-helper type 2 cell (TH2)- mediated inflammation in the lungs of these animals. In these mice, VEGF induced, through IL-13-dependent and independent pathways, an asthma-like phenotype characterized by inflammation, parenchymal and vascular remodeling, edema, mucus metaplasia, myocyte hyperplasia and airway hyper-responsiveness. VEGF was also found to enhance respiratory antigen sensitization and TH2 inflammation and increased the number of activated DC2 dendritic cells in the mice. In antigen-induced inflammation, VEGF was produced predominantly by epithelial cells and preferentially by TH2 as opposed to THl cells. In this setting, VEGF demonstrated a critical role in TH2 inflammation, cytokine production and physiologic dysregulation. Thus, VEGF is a mediator of vascular and extravascular remodeling, inflammation, and vascular pcrmcability/cdcma that enhances antigen sensitization and is crucial in adaptive TH2 inflammation. Disruption of VEGF is therefore expected to be of therapeutic significance in the treatment of asthma and other TH2 disorders including allergic rhinitis, COPD, and airway sensitization/inflammation.

[0736] The use of radiation treatments and chemotherapeutics, such as Gemcytabine and cyclophosphamide, are non-limiting examples of chemotherapeutic agents that can be combined with or used in conjunction with the nucleic acid molecules (e.g. siNA molecules) of the instant invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other anti-cancer compounds and therapies can similarly be readily combined with the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention (e.g. siNA molecules) and are hence within the scope of the instant invention. Such compounds and therapies are well known in the art (see for example Cancer: Principles and Pranctice of Oncology, Volumes 1 and 2, eds Devita, V.T., Hellman, S., and Rosenberg, S.A., J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, USA; incorporated herein by reference) and include, without limitation, folates, antifolates, pyrimidine analogs, fiuoropyrimidines, purine analogs, adenosine analogs, topoisomerase I inhibitors, anthrapyrazoles, retinoids, antibiotics, anthacyclins, platinum analogs, alkylating agents, nitrosoureas, plant derived compounds such as vinca alkaloids, epipodophyllotoxins, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, taxols, radiation therapy, surgery, nutritional supplements, gene therapy, radiotherapy, for example 3D-CRT, immunotoxin therapy, for example ricin, and monoclonal antibodies. Specific examples of chemotherapeutic compounds that can be combined with or used in conjuction with the nucleic acid molecules of the invention include, but are not limited to, Paclitaxel; Docetaxel; Methotrexate; Doxorubin; Edatrexate; Vinorelbine; Tomaxifen; Leucovorin; 5-fluoro uridine (5-FU); Ionotecan; Cisplatin; Carboplatin; Amsacrine; Cytarabine; Bleomycin; Mitomycin C; Dactinomycin; Mithramycin; Hexamethylmelamine; Dacarbazine; L-asperginase; Nitrogen mustard; Melphalan, Chlorambucil; Busulfan; Ifosfamide; 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide; Thiotepa; Irinotecan (CAMPTOSAR®, CPT-I l, Camptothecin-11, Campto) Tamoxifen; Herceptin; IMC C225; ABX-EGF; and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of therapies and compounds that can be used in combination with siNA molecules of the invention for ocular based diseases and conditions include submacular surgery, focal laser retinal photocoagulation, limited macular translocation surgery, retina and retinal pigment epithelial transplantation, retinal microchip prosthesis, feeder vessel CNVM laser photocoagulation, interferon alpha treatment, intravitreal steroid therapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, membrane differential filtration therapy, aptamcrs targeting VEGF (e.g., Macugcn™) and/or VEGF receptors, antibodies targeting VEGF (e.g., Lucentis™) and/or VEGF receptors, Visudyne™ (e.g. use in photodynamic therapy, PDT), anti-imflammatory compounds such as Celebrex™ or anecortave acetate (e.g., Retaane™), angiostatic steroids such as glucocorticoids, intravitreal implants such as Posurdex™, FGF2 modulators, antiangiogenic compounds such as squalamine, and/or VEGF traps and other cytokine traps (see for example Economides et al., 2003, Nature Medicine, 9, 47-52).

[07371 The use of anticholinergic agents, antiinflammatories, bronchodilators, adenosine inhibitors, adenosine Al receptor inhibitors, non-selective M3 receptor antagonists such as atropine, ipratropium brominde and selective M3 receptor antagonists such as darifenacin and revatropate are all non-limiting examples of agents that can be combined with or used in conjunction with the nucleic acid molecules (e.g. siNA molecules) of the instant invention in treating inflammatory, allergic, or respiratory diseases and conditions.

[0738J The above list of compounds are non-limiting examples of compounds and/or methods that can be combined with or used in conjunction with the nucleic acid molecules (e.g. siNA) of the instant invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other drug compounds and therapies can similarly be readily combined with the nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention (e.g., siNA molecules) are hence within the scope of the instant invention.

Example 12: Multifunctional siNA Inhibition of target RNA expression Multifunctional siNA design

[0739] Once target sites have been identified for multifunctional siNA constructs, each strand of the siNA is designed with a complementary region of length, for example, of about 18 to about 28 nucleotides, that is complementary to a different target nucleic acid sequence. Each complementary region is designed with an adjacent flanking region of about 4 to about 22 nucleotides that is not complementary to the target sequence, but which comprises complementarity to the complementary region of the other sequence (see for example Figure 16). Hairpin constructs can likewise be designed (see for example Figure 17). Identification of complementary, palindrome or repeat sequences that are shared between the different target nucleic acid sequences can be used to shorten the overall length of the multifunctional siNA constructs (see for example Figures 18 and 19).

[0740] In a non-limiting example, three additional categories of additional multifunctional siNA designs are presented that allow a single siNA molecule to silence multiple targets. The first method utilizes linkers to join siNAs (or multiunctional siNAs) in a direct manner. This can allow the most potent siNAs to be joined without creating a long, continuous stretch of RNA that has potential to trigger an interferon response. The second method is a dendrimeric extension of the overlapping or the linked multifunctional design; or alternatively the organization of siNA in a supramolecular format. The third method uses helix lengths greater than 30 base pairs. Processing of these siNAs by Dicer will reveal new, active 5' antisense ends. Therefore, the long siNAs can target the sites defined by the original 5' ends and those defined by the new ends that are created by Dicer processing. When used in combination with traditional multifunctional siNAs (where the sense and antisense strands each define a target) the approach can be used for example to target 4 or more sites.

/. Tethered Bifunctional siNAs

L0741J The basic idea is a novel approach to the design of multifunctional siNAs in which two antisense siNA strands are annealed to a single sense strand. The sense strand oligonucleotide contains a linker {e.g., non-nulcoetide linker as described herein) and two segments that anneal to the antisense siNA strands (see Figure 22). The linkers can also optionally comprise nuclcotidc-bascd linkers. Several potential advantages and variations to this approach include, but are not limited to:

1. The two antisense siNAs are independent. Therefore, the choice of target sites is not constrained by a requirement for sequence conservation between two sites. Any two highly active siNAs can be combined to form a multifunctional siNA.

2. When used in combination with target sites having homology, siNAs that target a sequence present in two genes {e.g., different isoforms), the design can be used to target more than two sites. A single multifunctional siNA can be for example, used to target RNA of two different target RNAs.

3. Multifunctional siNAs that use both the sense and antisense strands to target a gene can also be incorporated into a tethered multifuctional design. This leaves open the possibility of targeting 6 or more sites with a single complex.

4. It can be possible to anneal more than two antisense strand siNAs to a single tethered sense strand.

5. The design avoids long continuous stretches of dsRNA. Therefore, it is less likely to initiate an interferon response.

6. The linker (or modifications attached to it, such as conjugates described herein) can improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the complex or improve its incorporation into liposomes. Modifications introduced to the linker should not impact siNA activity to the same extent that they would if directly attached to the siNA (see for example Figures 27 and 28).

7. The sense strand can extend beyond the annealed antisense strands to provide additional sites for the attachment of conjugates.

8. The polarity of the complex can be switched such that both of the antisense 3' ends are adjacent to the linker and the 5' ends are distal to the linker or combination thereof .

Dendrimer and supramolecular siNAs

[0742] In the dendrimer siNA approach, the synthesis of siNA is initiated by first synthesizing the dendrimer template followed by attaching various functional siNAs. Various constructs are depicted in Figure 23. The number of functional siNAs that can be attached is only limited by the dimensions of the dendrimer used.

Supramolecular approach to multifunctional siNA

[0743] The supramolecular format simplifies the challenges of dendrimer synthesis. In this format, the siNA strands are synthesized by standard RNA chemistry, followed by annealing of various complementary strands. The individual strand synthesis contains an antisense sense sequence of one siNA at the 5 '-end followed by a nucleic acid or synthetic linker, such as hexaethyleneglyol, which in turn is followed by sense strand of another siNA in 5' to 3' direction. Thus, the synthesis of siNA strands can be carried out in a standard 3' to 5 ' direction. Representative examples of trifunctional and tetrafunctional siNAs are depicted in Figure 24. Based on a similar principle, higher functionality siNA constucts can be designed as long as efficient annealing of various strands is achieved.

Dicer enabled multifunctional siNA

[0744] Using bioinformatic analysis of multiple targets, stretches of identical sequences shared between differeing target sequences can be identified ranging from about two to about fourteen nucleotides in length. These identical regions can be designed into extended siNA helixes {e.g., >30 base pairs) such that the processing by Dicer reveals a secondary functional 5 '-antisense site (see for example Figure 25). For example, when the first 17 nucleotides of a siNA antisense strand {e.g., 21 nucleotide strands in a duplex with 3'-TT overhangs) are complementary to a target RNA, robust silencing was observed at 25 nM. 80% silencing was observed with only 16 nucleotide complementarity in the same format.

[0745] Incorporation of this property into the designs of siNAs of about 30 to 40 or more base pairs results in additional multifunctional siNA constructs. The example in Figure 25 illustrates how a 30 base-pair duplex can target three distinct sequences after processing by Dicer-RNaselll; these sequences can be on the same mRNA or separate RNAs, such as viral and host factor messages, or multiple points along a given pathway (e.g., inflammatory cascades). Furthermore, a 40 base-pair duplex can combine a bifunctional design in tandem, to provide a single duplex targeting four target sequences. An even more extensive approach can include use of homologous sequences to enable five or six targets silenced for one multifunctional duplex. The example in Figure 25 demonstrates how this can be achieved. A 30 base pair duplex is cleaved by Dicer into 22 and 8 base pair products from either end (8 b.p. fragments not shown). For ease of presentation the overhangs generated by dicer are not shown - but can be compensated for. Three targeting sequences are shown. The required sequence identity overlapped is indicated by grey boxes. The N's of the parent 30 b.p. siNA are suggested sites of 2'-OH positions to enable Dicer cleavage if this is tested in stabilized chemistries. Note that processing of a 30mer duplex by Dicer RNase III does not give a precise 22+8 cleavage, but rather produces a series of closely related products (with 22+8 being the primary site). Therefore, processing by Dicer will yield a series of active siNAs. Another non-limiting example is shown in Figure 26. A 40 base pair duplex is cleaved by Dicer into 20 base pair products from either end. For ease of presentation the overhangs generated by dicer arc not shown - but can be compensated for. Four targeting sequences arc shown in four colors, blue, light-blue and red and orange. The required sequence identity overlapped is indicated by grey boxes. This design format can be extended to larger RNAs. If chemically stabilized siNAs are bound by Dicer, then strategically located ribonucleotide linkages can enable designer cleavage products that permit our more extensive repertoire of multiifunctional designs. For example cleavage products not limited to the Dicer standard of approximately 22 -nucleotides can allow multifunctional siNA constructs with a target sequence identity overlap ranging from, for example, about 3 to about 15 nucleotides.

Example 13: Diagnostic uses

[0746] The siNA molecules of the invention can be used in a variety of diagnostic applications, such as in the identification of molecular targets (e.g. , RNA) in a variety of applications, for example, in clinical, industrial, environmental, agricultural and/or research settings. Such diagnostic use of siNA molecules involves utilizing reconstituted RNAi systems, for example, using cellular lysates or partially purified cellular lysates. siNA molecules of this invention can be used as diagnostic tools to examine genetic drift and mutations within diseased cells or to detect the presence of endogenous or exogenous, for example viral, RNA in a cell. The close relationship between siNA activity and the structure of the target RNA allows the detection of mutations in any region of the molecule, which alters the base-pairing and three-dimensional structure of the target RNA. By using multiple siNA molecules described in this invention, one can map nucleotide changes, which are important to RNA structure and function in vitro, as well as in cells and tissues. Cleavage of target RNAs with siNA molecules can be used to inhibit gene expression and define the role of specified gene products in the progression of disease or infection. In this manner, other genetic targets can be defined as important mediators of the disease. These experiments will lead to better treatment of the disease progression by affording the possibility of combination therapies (e.g. , multiple siNA molecules targeted to different genes, siNA molecules coupled with known small molecule inhibitors, or intermittent treatment with combinations siNA molecules and/or other chemical or biological molecules). Other in vitro uses of siNA molecules of this invention are well known in the art, and include detection of the presence of mRNAs associated with a disease, infection, or related condition. Such RNA is detected by determining the presence of a cleavage product after treatment with a siNA using standard methodologies, for example, fluorescence resonance emission transfer (FRET).

[0747] In a specific example, siNA molecules that cleave only wild-type or mutant forms of the target RNA are used for the assay. The first siNA molecules {i.e., those that cleave only wild-type forms of target RNA) are used to identify wild-type RNA present in the sample and the second siNA molecules (i.e., those that cleave only mutant forms of target RNA) arc used to identify mutant RNA in the sample. As reaction controls, synthetic substrates of both wild-type and mutant RNA are cleaved by both siNA molecules to demonstrate the relative siNA efficiencies in the reactions and the absence of cleavage of the "non-targeted" RNA species. The cleavage products from the synthetic substrates also serve to generate size markers for the analysis of wild-type and mutant RNAs in the sample population. Thus, each analysis requires two siNA molecules, two substrates and one unknown sample, which is combined into six reactions. The presence of cleavage products is determined using an RNase protection assay so that full-length and cleavage fragments of each RNA can be analyzed in one lane of a polyacrylamide gel. It is not absolutely required to quantify the results to gain insight into the expression of mutant RNAs and putative risk of the desired phenotypic changes in target cells. The expression of mRNA whose protein product is implicated in the development of the phenotype {i.e., disease related or infection related) is adequate to establish risk. If probes of comparable specific activity are used for both transcripts, then a qualitative comparison of RNA levels is adequate and decreases the cost of the initial diagnosis. Higher mutant form to wild-type ratios are correlated with higher risk whether RNA levels are compared qualitatively or quantitatively.

[0748] All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All references cited in this disclosure are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference had been incorporated by reference in its entirety individually.

[0749] One skilled in the art would readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The methods and compositions described herein as presently representative of preferred embodiments are exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art, which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention, are defined by the scope of the claims.

[0750] It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that varying substitutions and modifications can be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Thus, such additional embodiments are within the scope of the present invention and the following claims. The present invention teaches one skilled in the art to test various combinations and/or substitutions of chemical modifications described herein toward generating nucleic acid constructs with improved activity for mediating RNAi activity. Such improved activity can comprise improved stability, improved bioavailability, and/or improved activation of cellular responses mediating RNAi. Therefore, the specific embodiments described herein are not limiting and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that specific combinations of the modifications described herein can be tested without undue experimentation toward identifying siNA molecules with improved RNAi activity.

[0751] The invention illustratively described herein suitably can be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations that are not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, in each instance herein any of the terms "comprising", "consisting essentially of, and "consisting of may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments, optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the description and the appended claims.

[0752] In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups or other grouping of alternatives, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group or other group. Table I: VEGF and/or VEGFR Accession Numbers

NM_005429

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) , mRNA

gil 19924300 | ref | NM 005429.2! [19924300]

NM_003376

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor

(VEGF) , mRNA

gi|19923239|ref | NM 003376.2| [19923239] AF095785

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, promoter region and

partial cds

gi|4154290 | gb | AFO 95785.1 I [4154290]

NM_003377

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB) , mRNA

gi|20070172|ref |NM 003377.2 I [20070172]

AF486837

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor isoform VEGFl 65 (VEGF) mRNA,

complete cds

gil 19909064 I gb IAF486837.il [19909064] AF468110

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor B isoform (VEGFB) gene, complete

cds, alternatively spliced

gi| 18766397|gb!AF468110.1| [18766397]

AF437895

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, partial cds

gi|16660685|gb|AF437895.1|AF437895[16660685]

AY047581

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA, complete cds

gi| 15422108 | gb | AY047581.1 | [15422108] AF063657

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (FLTl) iriRNA, complete

cds

gi I 3132830 | gb | AFO 63657.1 | AFO 63657 [3132830] AF092127

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, partial sequence

gi I 4139168 | gb | AFO 92127.1 | AFO 92127 [4139168]

AF092126

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, 5' UTR

gi| 4139167 I gb I AF092126.il AFO 92126 [4139167]

AF092125

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, partial cds

gi| 4139165 I gb I AFO 92125.1 | AFO 92125 [4139165]

E15157

Human VEGF mRNA

gi| 5709840 I dbj |E15157.1 I I pat | JP | 1998052285 | 2 [5709840]

E15156

Human VEGF mRNA

gi I 5709839 I dbj IE15156.1 I I pat IJP I 199805228511 [5709839]

E14233

Human mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) , complete cds

gi| 5708916 I dbj |E14233.1 | | pat | JP | 1997286795 | 1 [5708916]

AF024710

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA, 3 ' UTR

gi|2565322|gb|AF024710.1 [AF024710 [2565322] AJ010438 Homo sapiens mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor, splicing variant

VEGFl83

gi| 3647280 I emb I AJOl0438.1 | HSAOl0438 [3647280]

AF098331

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, promoter, partial

sequence

gi I 4235431 I gb I AFO 98331.1 I AFO 98331 [4235431]

AF022375

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA, complete cds

gi I 3719220 | gb | AF022375.1 I AFO22375 [3719220] AH006909

vascular endothelial growth factor {alternative splicing} [human, Genomic, 414

nt 5 segments]

gil 1680143 I gb I AHO06909.1| | bbm 1191843 [1680143]

U01134

Human soluble vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor (sflt) mRNA,

complete cds

gi| 451321|gb|U01134.1 | UO1134 [451321]

E14000

Human mRNA for FLT

gi I 3252767 | dbj |El4000.1 | | pat |JP | 1997255700 | 1 [3252767]

E13332

cDNA encoding vascular endodermal cell growth factor VEGF

gil 3252137 I dbj IE13332.1 I | pat |JP | 1997173075 | 1 [3252137] E13256

Human mRNA for FLT, complete cds

gi l 3252061 I dbj | E13256 . i l I pat | JP I 1997154588 1 1 [ 3252061 ] AF063658 Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (KDR) mRNA, complete

cds

gi| 3132832 I gb I AFO 63658.11 AFO 63658 [3132832]

AJ000185

Homo Sapiens mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor-D

gi I 2879833 I emb I AJO00185.1 IHSAJl85 [2879833]

D89630

Homo sapiens mRNA for VEGF-D, complete cds

gi|2780339|dbj I D89630.1 I [2780339]

AF035121

Homo sapiens KDR/flk-1 protein mRNA, complete cds gil 26554111gb|AF035121.1 | AFO35121 [2655411]

AF020393

Homo sapiens vascular endothelial growth factor C gene, partial cds and 5'

upstream region

gi I 2582366 I gb I AF020393.1 I AF020393 [2582366]

Y08736

H. sapiens vegf gene, 3¹UTR

gi| 1619596|emb|Y08736.1 | HSVEGF3UT [1619596]

X62568

H. sapiens vegf gene for vascular endothelial growth factor

gi| 37658 | emb | X62568.1 | HSVEGF [37658] X94216

H. sapiens mRNA for VEGF-C protein

gi| 1177488 I emb 1X94216.1 I HSVEGFC [1177488]

NM_002020

Homo sapiens fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (FLT4) , mRNA

gi| 4503752 I ref |NM_002020.11 [4503752]

NM_002253

Homo sapiens kinase insert domain receptor (a type III receptor tyrosine kinase) (KDR) , mRNA

i| 11321596|ref | NM 002253.11 [11321596]

TABLE II: VEGF and/or VEGFR siNA AND TARGET SEQUENCES

VEGFR1/FLT1 NM 002019.1

Is) K)

Ul

-4

VO vo

O

O

O

O

O

O Ul

©

Os

O -J

O

O

VO

O

K>

K)

Se uence Ali nments: Lower case shows mismatches

Ul

Ul

Conserved Regions

Fragments of >=10 nt that are present in both human VEGF (NMJJ03376.3) and human FLT1 (NM_002019.1)

U(

Is)

Fragments of >=10 nt that are present in both human VEGF (NM_003376.3) and human KDR (NM_002253.1)

The 3 '-ends of the Upper sequence and the Lower sequence of the siNA construct can include an overhang sequence, for example about 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides in length, preferably 2 nucleotides in length, wherein the overhanging sequence of the lower sequence is optionally complementary to a portion of the target sequence. The upper and lower sequences in the Table can further comprise a chemical modification having Formulae I-VII, such as exemplary siNA constructs shown in Figures 4 and 5, or having modifications described in Table TV or any combination thereof.

OO

TABLE πi: VEGF and/or VEGFR Synthetic Modified siNA Constructs

VEGFRl

VO

O

Ul

-4

U(

OO

O

W

U( 4-

4-

ON

4- -4

O

'Jl

Ul

'Jl

Ul

Ul

Os

-4

Ul

OO

O

VEGFR3

4-

Ul

VEGF

-4

oe

O

-4

-4

-4

-J

VO

90

O VEGF/VEGFR multifunctional siNA

OO

OO Ul

VEGF/VEGFR DFO siNA

90

OO -4

OO

90

Uppercase = ribonucleotide u,c = 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro U₅C

T = thymidine

B = inverted deoxy abasic s = phosphorothioate linkage

A = deoxy Adenosine

G = deoxy Guanosine

G = 2'-0-methyl Guanosine

A = 2'-0-methyl Adenosine

X= 3'-deoxy T

X = nitroindole

Z = nitropyrrole

T = thymidine

t = L-thymidine

u = L uridine

D = inverted thymidine

L = 5'amino mod-C5 TFA ( from

W. W. )

£ L = hegS = hexethelyne glycol "° spacer; spacer- 18 (Glen Research

10-1918-xx)

W = C12 spacer; spacer C12 (Glen

Research 10-1928-xx)

Y = tetraethelyne glycol spacer; spacer 9 (Glen Research 10-1909- xx)

Z = C3 spacer; spacer C3 (Glen

Research 10-1913-xx)

p = terminal phosphate

I = J-I = ribo inosine (Glen Res #10-

3044-xx)

U = 3'-O-Methyl Uridine

GyI = glyceryl

Table IV

Non-limiting examples of Stabilization Chemistries for chemically modified siNA constructs

CAP = any terminal cap, sec for example Figure 10.

All Stab 00-34 chemistries can comprise 3 '-terminal thymidine (TT) residues

All Stab 00-34 chemistries typically comprise about 21 nucleotides, but can vary as described herein.

All Stab 00-36 chemistries can also include a single ribonucleotide in the sense or passenger strand at the 11^th base paired position of the double stranded nucleic acid duplex as determined from the 5 '-end of the antisense or guide strand (see Figure 6C)

S = sense strand

AS = antisense strand

*Stab 23 has a single ribonucleotide adjacent to 3'-CAP

*Stab 24 and Stab 28 have a single ribonucleotide at 5 '-terminus

*Stab 25, Stab 26, Stab 27, Stab 35 and Stab 36 have three ribonucleotides at 5'-terminus

*Stab 29, Stab 30, Stab 31, Stab 33, and Stab 34 any purine at first three nucleotide positions from 5 '-terminus are ribonucleotides

p = phosphorothioate linkage

fStab 35 has 2'-O-methyl U at 3'-overhangs and three ribonucleotides at 5'-terminus f Stab 36 has 2'-O-methyl overhangs that are complementary to the target sequence

(naturually occurring overhangs) and three ribonucleotides at 5 '-terminus Table V

A. 2.5 μmol Synthesis Cycle ABI 394 Instrument

Wait time docs not include contact time during delivery.

Tandem synthesis utilizes double coupling of linker molecule Table VI

Lipid Nanυparticle (LNP) Formulations

N/P ratio = NitrogenrPhosphorous ratio between cationic lipid and nucleic acid

The 2KPEG utilized is PEG2000, a polydispersion which can typically vary from—1500 to ~3000 Da (i.e., where PEG(n) is about 33 to about 67, or on average ~45).

CLinDMA structure

pCLinDMA structure

eCLinDMA structure

DEGCLinDMA structure

PEG-n-DMG structure

n = about 33 to 67, average = 45 for 2KPEG/PEG2000

DMOBA structure

DMLBA structure

DOBA structure

DSPC structure

Cholesterol structure

2KPΕG-Cholesterol structure

n = about 33 to 67, average = 45 for 2KPEG/PEG2000 2KPEG-DMG structure

n = about 33 to 67, average = 45 for 2KPEG/PEG2000

COlM STRUCTURE

5-CLIMAND 2-CLIM STRUCTURE

Table VII

Table VII: Sirna algorithm describing patterns with their relative score for predicting hyperactive siNAs. AU the positions given are for the sense strand of 19-mer siNA.

Table VTIT: Manufacturing Flow Diagram

First Oligo Second Oligo

Duplex

Ultrafiltration

In-Process QC

Lyophilization Table TX: Analtical Methods for sϊNA characterization

Claims

CLAIMS What we claim is:

1. A method for treating or preventing ocular disease in a subject comprising contacting the subject with a double stranded nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprising a first strand having SEQ ID NO: 2742 and a second strand having SEQ ID NO: 2745 under conditions suitable to inhibit the expression of VEGFRl gene expression in the subject.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said ocular disease is age related macular degeneration (AMD).

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said ocular disease is diabetic retinopathy.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said treatment comprises local administration of said double stranded nucleic acid molecule in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent to said subject's eye.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said local administration comprises direct intravitreal injection to said subject's eye.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein said local administration comprises periocular injection to said subject's eye.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein said administration takes place every 4 weeks.

8. The method of claim 4, wherein said administration takes place every 6 weeks.

9. The method of claim 4, wherein said administration takes place every 8 weeks.

10. The method of claim 4, wherein said administration takes place every 10 weeks.