WO2007054688A1 - Drilling and cementing with fluids containing zeolite - Google Patents
Drilling and cementing with fluids containing zeolite Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007054688A1 WO2007054688A1 PCT/GB2006/004171 GB2006004171W WO2007054688A1 WO 2007054688 A1 WO2007054688 A1 WO 2007054688A1 GB 2006004171 W GB2006004171 W GB 2006004171W WO 2007054688 A1 WO2007054688 A1 WO 2007054688A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- zeolite
- group
- cementing composition
- drilling fluid
- cementing
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 178
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- -1 paulingite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;1,3,5,2,4,6$l^{2}-trioxadisilaluminane 2,4-dioxide;dihydroxide;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2].O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1.O=[Si]1O[Al]O[Si](=O)O1 UNYSKUBLZGJSLV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052676 chabazite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- JYIBXUUINYLWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;calcium;potassium;silicon;sodium;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Na].[Al].[Si].[K].[Ca] JYIBXUUINYLWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001603 clinoptilolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- JEWHCPOELGJVCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;calcium;oxido-[oxido(oxo)silyl]oxy-oxosilane;potassium;sodium;tridecahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Na].[Al].[K].[Ca].[O-][Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])=O JEWHCPOELGJVCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052908 analcime Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010428 baryte Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052601 baryte Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012013 faujasite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001690 harmotome Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052677 heulandite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001711 laumontite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001723 mesolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052674 natrolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001743 phillipsite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- POSICDHOUBKJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enoxybenzene Chemical compound C=CCOC1=CC=CC=C1 POSICDHOUBKJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003340 retarding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052679 scolecite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- HIEHAIZHJZLEPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;naphthalene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)[O-])=CC=CC2=C1 HIEHAIZHJZLEPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001761 stellerite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052678 stilbite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-O trimethylammonium Chemical compound C[NH+](C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 3
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940103272 aluminum potassium sulfate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052949 galena Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011019 hematite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YDZQQRWRVYGNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;titanium;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Ti].[Fe] YDZQQRWRVYGNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Pb]=S XCAUINMIESBTBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LQKOJSSIKZIEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Mn+2].[Mn+2].[Mn+2].[Mn+2] LQKOJSSIKZIEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BPLYVSYSBPLDOA-GYOJGHLZSA-N n-[(2r,3r)-1,3-dihydroxyoctadecan-2-yl]tetracosanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC BPLYVSYSBPLDOA-GYOJGHLZSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GRLPQNLYRHEGIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J potassium aluminium sulfate Chemical compound [Al+3].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O GRLPQNLYRHEGIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims 2
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 7
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- IQDXNHZDRQHKEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dicalcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O IQDXNHZDRQHKEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum sodium Chemical compound [Na].[Al] DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011396 hydraulic cement Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- COHCXWLRUISKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[Ba] Chemical compound [AlH3].[Ba] COHCXWLRUISKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001579 aluminosilicate mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001387 inorganic aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese oxide Inorganic materials [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005615 natural polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000518 rheometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003537 structural cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
- C04B14/04—Silica-rich materials; Silicates
- C04B14/047—Zeolites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/05—Aqueous well-drilling compositions containing inorganic compounds only, e.g. mixtures of clay and salt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/06—Clay-free compositions
- C09K8/08—Clay-free compositions containing natural organic compounds, e.g. polysaccharides, or derivatives thereof
- C09K8/10—Cellulose or derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/06—Clay-free compositions
- C09K8/12—Clay-free compositions containing synthetic organic macromolecular compounds or their precursors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/42—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells
- C09K8/46—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement
- C09K8/467—Compositions for cementing, e.g. for cementing casings into boreholes; Compositions for plugging, e.g. for killing wells containing inorganic binders, e.g. Portland cement containing additives for specific purposes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like
- E21B33/14—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like for cementing casings into boreholes
Definitions
- the amount of an alkalinity source used in practicing the present embodiments need only be at least a compressive strength-developing amount.
- Those of ordinary skill in the art can determine through the exercise of routine experimentation the amount of an alkalinity source sufficient for the development of compressive strength with zeolite-containing drilling fluids.
- cementitious material as described herein acts as an alkalinity source with respect to the zeolite because the cementitious material is a source of calcium ions, sodium ions or potassium ions.
- cementitious material is a source of calcium ions, sodium ions or potassium ions.
- Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 — 6 were prepared by adding the reported amount of cementitious material to the reported amount of drilling fluid being stirred in a Waring blender at 4000 rpm at room temperature. The cementitious material was added to the drilling fluid over a 15 second period. When all of the cementitious material was added to the drilling fluid, a cover was placed on the blender and mixing was continued at about 12,000 RPM for 35 seconds.
- the compressive strength data for the compositions in Table 2C indicates that cementing compositions made with a drilling fluid containing zeolite (e.g., Cementing Comp. Nos. 2 and 4 - 6) develop compressive strengths suitable for use in cementing and sealing an area, hi contrast, cementing compositions made with conventional drilling fluids (e.g., Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 and 3), do not develop sufficient compressive strength for use in cementing and sealing an area.
- zeolite e.g., Cementing Comp. Nos. 2 and 4 - 6
Abstract
Methods and compositions for cementing, especially drilling fluids that comprise zeolite and a carrier fluid, and cementing compositions made with such drilling fluids.
Description
Drilling and Cementing with Fluids Containing Zeolite
Background
The present embodiments relate generally to methods and compositions for cementing. In certain embodiments, methods and compositions for cementing in a subterranean zone penetrated by a wellbore are described.
Conventionally, a wellbore is drilled into a subterranean zone using a drilling fluid that is continuously re-circulated downwardly through the interior of a drill pipe and upwardly through the annulus between the exterior of the drill pipe and the walls of the wellbore. After a wellbore has been drilled to total depth, the circulation of the drilling fluid is stopped (called a "shut-down period"), the well is logged and casing is run in the wellbore.
After casing is placed in the wellbore, drilling fluid is again continuously re-circulated downwardly through the interior of the drill pipe and upwardly through the annulus between the exterior of the pipe and the walls of the wellbore, to remove drilling solids, filter cake, dehydrated drilling fluid, gelled drilling fluid, cuttings, and other debris.
However, the polymeric viscosifiers and additives typically used in drilling fluids create a filter cake that is generally very stable and difficult to remove. In addition, additives typically used in conventional drilling fluids, primarily bentonite, cause the drilling fluid to be incompatible with cementing compositions, such that if a cementing composition comes into contact with an appreciable amount of a conventional drilling fluid, the cementing composition will gel and become unpumpable.
Thus, removal of filter cake from the walls of the wellbore, and displacement of the drilling fluid from the wellbore, must take place prior to cementing the casing in the wellbore. If an appreciable amount of drilling fluid and/or filter cake remain in the annulus or on the walls of the wellbore, a cementing composition pumped into the wellbore can gel and become unpumpable, and/or the cementing composition will not properly bond to the walls of the wellbore and the casing. To remove drilling fluid and filter cake from the wellbore, it is known to run flushes, spacer fluids, and fluids at high turbulence, through the annulus between the casing and the walls of the wellbore prior to cementing.
With the wellbore cleared of drilling fluid and/or filter cake and/or other debris, the • casing is cemented in the wellbore by placing a cementing composition in the annulus between the casing and the walls of the wellbore. The cementing composition is prepared by
mixing dry cementitious material with a mixing fluid, and pumping the cementing composition down the interior of the casing and upwardly through the annulus between the exterior of the casing and the walls of the wellbore. The cementing composition sets into a hard impermeable mass, and is intended to bond the casing to the walls of the wellbore whereby the annulus is sealed and fluid communication between subterranean zones or to the surface by way of the annulus is prevented.
Description
According to certain embodiments described herein, methods and compositions for cementing are described.
According to certain embodiments, a method of performing cementing operations in a wellbore is described that includes drilling a wellbore extending from the surface of the earth into a subterranean formation, and continuously circulating a drilling fluid comprising zeolite and a carrier fluid in the wellbore during the drilling of the wellbore. Such method further includes mixing a cementitious material with an amount of the drilling fluid to form a cementing composition, introducing the cementing composition into the wellbore, and allowing the cementing composition to set therein.
According to certain embodiments, the mixing of the cementitious material with the zeolite-containing drilling fluid occurs upon the happening of a predefined condition, such as, the wellbore has been formed to a desired depth, or a predefined amount of drilling fluid has been circulated out of the wellbore and is available at the surface for mixing with the cementitious material.
The present embodiments provide methods and compositions that reduce or eliminate the need to remove drilling fluid and/or filter cake from the wellbore prior to performing cementing operations because, unlike conventional drilling fluids, the drilling fluids of the present embodiments are compatible with cementing compositions. In particular, drilling fluids comprising zeolite as described herein do not gel when contacted with cementitious material, and therefore contact with the drilling fluids described herein will not cause a cementing composition to become unpumpable. Thus, cementing operations can be commenced directly after the completion of drilling operations, without the need for intermediate operations to remove filter cake or drilling fluid from the wellbore.
Moreover, the present methods and compositions reduce or eliminate the need to dispose of used or re-circulated drilling fluid because the drilling fluid used to form the wellbore is mixed with cementitious material to form a cementing composition that is used in subsequent cementing operations.
According to the present embodiments described herein, a drilling fluid comprises zeolite and a carrier fluid. According to certain embodiments, the drilling fluid comprises zeolite in an amount from about 1% to about 25% by volume, or from about 5% to about 20% by volume, or from about 8% to about 15% by volume.
Zeolites are porous alumino-silicate minerals that may be either a natural or manmade material. Manmade zeolites are based on the same type of structural cell as natural zeolites and are composed of aluminosilicate hydrates having the same basic formula as given below. It is understood that as used in this application, the term "zeolite" means and encompasses all natural and manmade forms of zeolites. AU zeolites are composed of a three-dimensional framework OfSiO4 and AlO4 in a tetrahedron, which creates a very high surface area. Cations and water molecules are entrained into the framework. Thus, all zeolites may be represented by the crystallographic unit cell formula:
Ma/n[(AlO2)a(SiO2)b] • XH2O where M represents one or more cations such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Li or Ba for natural zeolites and NH4, CH3NH3, (CH3)3NH, (CH3)4N, Ga, Ge and P for manmade zeolites; n represents the cation valence; the ratio of b:a is in a range from greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 5; and x represents the moles of water entrained into the zeolite framework.
Zeolites suitable for use in a drilling fluid according to the present embodiments include analcime (hydrated sodium aluminum silicate), bikitaite (lithium aluminum silicate), brewsterite (hydrated strontium barium calcium aluminum silicate), chabazite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate), clinoptilolite (hydrated sodium aluminum silicate), faujasite (hydrated sodium potassium calcium magnesium aluminum silicate), harmotome (hydrated barium aluminum silicate), heulandite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate), laumontite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate), mesolite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate), natrolite (hydrated sodium aluminum silicate), paulingite (hydrated potassium sodium calcium barium aluminum silicate), phillipsite (hydrated potassium sodium calcium aluminum silicate), scolecite (hydrated calcium aluminum silicate), stellerite
(hydrated calcium aluminum silicate), stilbite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate) and thomsonite (hydrated sodium calcium aluminum silicate). According to certain embodiments, the zeolite is one of chabazite and clinoptilolite.
According to certain embodiments, the drilling fluid includes from about 3% to about 98% by volume of a carrier fluid. According to other embodiments, the drilling fluid includes from about 50% to about 92% by volume of a carrier fluid. According to still other embodiments, the drilling fluid includes from about 80% to about 90% by volume of a carrier fluid.
Suitable carrier fluids include aqueous fluids, such as water and water-based gels, emulsions, acids, or mixtures thereof. The selection of a carrier fluid can be made by those of ordinary skill in the art, either based on known principles such as temperature stability and viscosity, or through routine experimentation. When the carrier fluid is water, the water can be fresh water, an unsaturated salt solution, including brines and seawater, or a saturated salt solution.
A variety of additives known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be included in the drilling fluids described herein. Such additives include weighting agents, dispersing agents, fluid loss control agents, (which are often referred to by those of ordinary skill in the art as "filtrate control agents" when referenced in connection with a fluid, and "fluid loss control agents" when referenced in connection with a cement composition), loss circulation material, surfactants (such as an emulsifier or a foaming agent), defoamers, and compatible viscosifying agents.
For example, according to some embodiments, fluid loss control additives comprising anionic or non-ionic water based soluble polymers are included in the zeolite-containing drilling fluid to provide effective fluid loss control. According to these embodiments, the anionic or non-ionic water based soluble polymers may or may not be hydrophobically modified.
According to certain embodiments, a fluid loss control additive is included in the zeolite-containing drilling fluid in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 2.5% by volume. According to another embodiment, the drilling fluid includes a fluid loss control additive in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by volume.
According to still other embodiments, a compatible viscosifier is included in the zeolite-containing drilling fluid. A compatible viscosifer is a viscosifer that will not cause
gelling or other rheological problems with the drilling fluid when the drilling fluid is mixed with cementitious material. For example, bentonite would not be a compatible viscosifer to include in a zeolite-containing drilling fluid that will be mixed with cementitious material. Other clays, guar gum, and starches are also not likely to be compatible viscosifiers. Suitable compatible viscosifiers include, but are not limited to, natural or synthetic polymers, including modified cellulose and derivatives thereof. The choice of a compatible viscosifier depends upon the viscosity desired, chemical compatability with other fluids used in formation of the wellbore, and other wellbore design concerns. In one embodiment, the drilling fluid comprises zeolite, a carrier fluid, and up to about 5% by volume of a compatible viscosifier. hi another embodiment, the drilling fluid includes from about 0.5% to about 2.5% by volume of a compatible viscosifier. hi yet other embodiments, a dispersant is included in the zeolite-containing drilling fluid. Suitable dispersants include those selected from the group consisting of sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, sulfonated vinyltoluene maleic anhydride copolymer, sodium naphthalene sulfonate condensed with formaldehyde, sulfonated acetone condensed with formaldehyde, lignosulfonates and interpolymers of acrylic acid, allyloxybenzene sulfonate, allyl sulfonate and non-ionic monomers. According to one such embodiment, a drilling fluid comprises zeolite, a carrier fluid, and from about 0.01% to about 2.5% by volume of a dispersant. According to another such embodiment, the drilling fluid includes from about 0.1% to about 1.0% by volume of a dispersant.
According to still other embodiments, a weighting agent is included in the zeolite- containing drilling fluid. Suitable weighting agents include those selected from the group consisting of barium sulfate, also known as "barite", hematite, manganese tetraoxide, galena, ilmenite and calcium carbonate. According to one such embodiment, a drilling fluid includes zeolite, a carrier fluid, and up to about 20% by volume of a weighting agent. According to another such embodiment, the drilling fluid includes from about 2% to about 10% by volume of a weighting agent.
According to other embodiments described herein, zeolite-containing drilling fluids are mixed with cementitious material to form cementing compositions. A variety of cementitious materials can be used with the present embodiments, including but not limited to hydraulic cements. Hydraulic cements set and harden by reaction with water, and are typically comprised of calcium, aluminum, silicon, oxygen, and/or sulfur. Hydraulic cements
include Portland cements, pozzolan cements, gypsum cements, aluminous cements, silica cements, and alkaline cements. According to certain embodiments, the cementitious material comprises at least one API Portland cement. As used herein, the term API Portland cement means any cements of the type defined and described in API Specification 1OA, 23 >d Edition, October 1, 2002, of the American Petroleum Institute, such as Classes A, B, C, G, and H, and the ISO equivalent of said API specification, namely ISO 10426-1-2001. In certain embodiments, cementing compositions are prepared with a zeolite-containing drilling fluid and cementitious material in an amount of at least 20% of the total weight of the cementing composition.
A variety of additives known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be included in the cementing compositions described herein. Such additives include density modifying materials (e.g., sodium silicate, microfine sand, iron oxides and manganese oxides), dispersing agents, set retarding agents, set accelerating agents, fluid loss control agents, strength retrogression control agents, loss circulation material, surfactants (such as an emulsifier or a foaming agent), defoamers, and compatible viscosifying agents.
For example, according to some embodiments, conventional set accelerating additives such as sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium aluminate, sodium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminum sulfate, potassium sulfate, and potassium carbonate, any of which can be used alone or in combination with other accelerating additives, are dry-mixed with cementitious material to increase early compressive strength development when the cementitious material dry-mix is mixed with a drilling fluid comprising zeolite.
According to other embodiments, dispersants, fluid loss control additives and compatible viscosifiers, such as those described above, are mixed with cementitious material and a drilling fluid comprising zeolite.
According to still other embodiments, drilling fluids comprising zeolite as described herein can improve the outcome of cementing operations because the zeolite can be made to set.
Various activators or combinations of activators can be used to cause the zeolite to set. Suitable activators include sources of calcium ions, sodium ions or potassium ions. In some embodiments, sources of magnesium ions could be suitable. When the activator is
combined with a drilling fluid containing zeolite, the ions provided by the activator create alkaline conditions in the fluid suitable for setting of the zeolite.
In certain embodiments described herein, a cementing composition is prepared by mixing cementitious material with a drilling fluid comprising zeolite, wherein the cementitious material provides at least one of calcium ions, sodium ions or potassium ions to the cementing composition, and therefore acts as an activator with respect to the zeolite. According to some such embodiments, other activators, such as calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium sulfate and mixtures thereof, can be included in the cementing composition to increase early compressive strength development of the zeolite.
The following examples are illustrative of the methods and compositions discussed above.
EXAMPLE 1
Four water-based drilling fluids ("Fluids 1 - 4") were prepared by combining the components as set forth in Table IA below. The components listed in Table IA were added one at a time to the carrier fluid (water) in a Waring blender at an rpm where the vortex was evident, usually between 2000-4000 rpm, in intervals of 15 seconds. After all the components had been added to the carrier fluid, the fluid was then blended for 2 minutes at 2000-4000 rpm.
Bentonite, barite (also known as barium sulfate), caustic soda and lime (also referred to as calcium hydroxide), as well as sources of same, are widely commercially available chemicals that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
CFR-3 is the tradename for a dispersant comprising the condensation product of formaldehyde, acetone and a sulfite, and is commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services.
Biozan is the tradename for a clarified xanthan gum commercially available from GEO Drilling Fluids, Inc., and was used in this example to provide fluid loss control. Biozan contributed some suspension properties to the fluids in which it was used, however, the relative amounts of Biozan to the primary viscosifier (bentonite in Fluids 1 and 3, zeolite in
Fluids 2 and 4) is such that the viscosifying effect of the Biozan is secondary to the viscosifying effect of the primary viscosifier.
CARBONOX is the tradename for a lignite material that is commercially available from Baroid Drilling Fluids, and is used in this example as a fluid loss control additive.
FWCA is the tradename for a free water control additive comprising cellulose that is commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services, and was used in this example to provide fluid loss control. FWCA contributed some suspension properties to the fluids in which it was used. However, the relative amounts of FWCA to the primary viscosifier (zeolite in Fluid 2) is such that the viscosifying effect of the FWCA is secondary to the viscosifying effect of the primary viscosifier.
Chabazite, which is commercially available from C2C Zeolite Corporation of Calgary, Canada was the zeolite in Fluids 2 and 4, and was used as the primary viscosifer for Fluids 2 and 4. Bentonite was the primary viscosifer for Fluids 1 and 3.
The components were added as described herein on the basis of percent by volume of the total drilling fluid composition. Fluids 1 and 3 are examples of conventional water-based drilling fluids, while Fluids 2 and 4 are examples of water-based drilling fluids containing zeolite according to the present embodiments. Fluids 2 and 4 are merely examples of the present embodiments. It is within the means of those of ordinary skill in the art to select different additives and different amounts than those listed in Table IA.
Fluids 1 — 4 were tested to assess settling and to determine rheological data, from which yield point and plastic viscosity values could be calculated. The results are reported in Table IB.
The rheological data, plastic viscosity and yield point for Fluids 1 - 4 were determined according to Section 2 of API Specification RP 13B, 12th Edition, 1988, of the American Petroleum Institute. Settling was determined by visual observation, after allowing the fluids to stand for about an hour.
Those of ordinary skill in the art understand that the yield point of a drilling fluid is an important factor of the suitability of a drilling fluid for a particular drilling operation. In general, a yield point between about 5 and about 40 lb/100ft2is desired for drilling vertical wells. As the amount of degrees from vertical of the well being drilled increases (as with angled and horizontal wells), the minimum desired yield point will also increase. Table IB shows that fluids with zeolite (e.g., Fluids 2 and 4) attain favorable yield points as compared to fluids without zeolite (e.g., Fluids 1 and 3).
Gel strength, gel plateau, filter cake thickness and filtrate loss for Fluids 1 — 4 were determined, and the results are reported in Table 1C. The gel strength data was determined according to Section 2 of API Specification RP 13B, 12th Edition, 1988, of the American Petroleum Institute. The gel strength plateau is the difference between the gel strength at 10
seconds and the gel strength at 10 minutes. The filter cake thickness and filtrate loss values wweerree ddeetteerrmmiinneedd aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo SSeeccttion 3 of API Specification RP 13B, 12th Edition, 1988, of the American Petroleum Institute.
The gel strength, gel plateau, filter cake thickness and filtrate loss of a drilling fluid are relevant to the suitability of a drilling fluid for use in drilling operations. Generally, low gel strength plateau values (i.e., less difference between the gel strength at 10 seconds and the gel strength at 10 minutes) are desired. Table 1C shows that fluids with zeolite (e.g., Fluids 2 and 4) attain gel strengths and gel plateaus comparable to those of fluids without zeolite (e.g., Fluids 1 and 3).
With conventional drilling fluids, thinner filter cakes are generally desired because thinner filter cakes are easier to remove and less likely to cause interference with subsequent cementing operations. However, with zeolite-containing drilling fluids as described herein, the thickness of the filter cake is less of a factor because the zeolite in the filter cake can be made to set by contact with a compressive strength-developing amount of an alkalinity source, for example, a source of calcium ions, sodium ions or potassium ions.
Although the lime in Fluid 2 is an alkalinity source (calcium ions), the amount of lime used in Fluid 2 is not enough to cause the zeolite in Fluid 2 to develop compressive strength. If the zeolite develops compressive strength while drilling operations are still ongoing, the drilling fluid could become unpumpable. Thus, the amount of an alkalinity source, if any, included in the drilling fluid during drilling operations should be less than a compressive strength-developing amount with respect to the zeolite, which as illustrated below in Table ID is greater than about 7 weight percent by weight of the zeolite.
Fluid Nos. 1 - 4 reported in Table ID above were prepared by combining zeolite, lime and water in the amounts reported in the table. Specifically, the zeolite and the lime were dry-mixed by hand in a glass jar. This dry mix was then added over a 15 second period to the water, which was stirring in a Waring blender at 4,000 RPM. The blender speed was then increased to 12,000 RPM and mixing was continued for 35 seconds. The amount of lime and water used to form each fluid is reported in the table as a "% bwoZ", which indicates a weight percent based on the weight of the zeolite. Chabazite, which is commercially available from C2C Zeolite Corporation of Calgary, Canada, was used as the zeolite for each fluid.
The compressive strength for each fluid was determined by Non-Destructive Sonic Testing as set forth in API Specification 1OB 22nd Edition, 1997, of the American Petroleum Institute, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in its entirety. The compressive strength was measured at 160°F at the reported elapsed times, and is reported in pounds per square inch (psi).
The compressive strength data reported in Table ID indicates that a drilling fluid comprising zeolite would develop compressive strength when the amount of an alkalinity source, such as lime, is present in an amount greater than about 7% based on the weight of the zeolite. The identity of the zeolite and the carrier fluid comprising the drilling fluid may influence the amount of an alkalinity source necessary for the development of compressive strength. In addition, the identity of an alkalinity source may influence the amount necessary for the development of compressive strength. Thus, in some embodiments, a compressive strength-developing amount of an alkalinity source could be less than the 7% reported in Table ID. Accordingly, the amount of an alkalinity source used in practicing the present embodiments need only be at least a compressive strength-developing amount. Those of ordinary skill in the art can determine through the exercise of routine experimentation the
amount of an alkalinity source sufficient for the development of compressive strength with zeolite-containing drilling fluids.
The data reported in Table ID is illustrative of the expected reaction when a drilling fluid that includes zeolite comes into contact with more than about 7 weight percent of an alkalinity source, such as lime. Thus, portions of a drilling fluid comprising zeolite that remain in the wellbore, such as in filter cake on a wall of a wellbore, can be caused to set by subsequent contact with a compressive-strength developing amount of an alkalinity source.
In certain embodiments, cementitious material as described herein acts as an alkalinity source with respect to the zeolite because the cementitious material is a source of calcium ions, sodium ions or potassium ions. Thus, by mixing a zeolite-containing drilling fluid with cementitious material, a cementing composition suitable for introducing into a wellbore is formed, which cementing composition has the additional benefit that the zeolite will set, and therefore will not interfere with the bonding of the cementing composition to the walls of the casing or the wellbore.
EXAMPLE 2
Example 2 illustrates cementing compositions that were prepared by mixing the drilling fluids illustrated in Example 1 (Nos. 1 - 4) with cementitious material (API Class H cement obtained from LaFarge Corp). Six cementing compositions (Comp. Nos. 1 - 6) were prepared by combining the components as set forth in Table 2A below
Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 — 6 were prepared by adding the reported amount of cementitious material to the reported amount of drilling fluid being stirred in a Waring blender at 4000 rpm at room temperature. The cementitious material was added to the drilling fluid over a 15 second period. When all of the cementitious material was added to the
drilling fluid, a cover was placed on the blender and mixing was continued at about 12,000 RPM for 35 seconds.
Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 - 6 were tested to determine rheological data, from which yield point and plastic viscosity values were calculated. The results are reported in Table 2B.
The rheological data, plastic viscosity (centepoise), and yield point (lb/100ft2) for Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 - 6 was determined according to Section 2 of API Specification 1OB, 22nd Edition, 1997, of the American Petroleum Institute.
Table 2B shows that cementing compositions made with drilling fluids containing zeolite (e.g., Cementing Comp. Nos. 2 and 4 - 6) have rheological properties that are within acceptable parameters for use as cementing compositions. In particular, values recorded at the lower range of the dial readings (e.g., 6 rpm and 3 rpm) are illustrative of the rheology of a fluid that has little or no motion. Thus, the value at a low dial reading (e.g., 6 rpm and 3 rpm) is indicative of the amount of force required to put the liquid in motion. The higher the value, the more force is required to move the fluid. If too much force is required to move a fluid, than the fluid is considered unpumpable.
The 6 rpm and 3 rpm dial readings of Cementing Comp. Nos. 2 and 4 - 6 indicate that the compositions are pumpable. In contrast, compositions made with drilling fluids that do not contain zeolite (e.g., Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 and 3) do not maintain sufficient rheological properties for use as cementing compositions, m particular, the 6 rpm and 3 rpm dial readings of Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 and 3 indicate that the compositions are becoming unpumpable, which is expected because of the known incompatability between bentonite and cementitious material, which incompatibility becomes apparent even with a relatively small amount of bentonite, for example, less than 2% by volume.
To further illustrate the suitability of cementing compositions made with drilling fluids containing zeolite, the compressive strengths of each of Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 - 6 were determined. The results are reported in Table 2C.
The compressive strength for each composition was determined by Non-Destructive Sonic Testing as set forth in API Specification 1OB 22nd Edition, 1997, of the American Petroleum Institute. The compressive strength was measured at 19O0F at the reported elapsed times, and is reported in Table 2C in pounds per square inch (psi).
The compressive strength data for the compositions in Table 2C indicates that cementing compositions made with a drilling fluid containing zeolite (e.g., Cementing Comp. Nos. 2 and 4 - 6) develop compressive strengths suitable for use in cementing and sealing an area, hi contrast, cementing compositions made with conventional drilling fluids (e.g., Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 and 3), do not develop sufficient compressive strength for use in cementing and sealing an area.
Of the cementing compositions made with zeolite-containing drilling fluid, (Cementing Comp. Nos. 2 and 4 - 6), Cementing Comp. No. 6 contained the most cementitious material (175 g), the most zeolite (12.2 % by volume of the drilling fluid), and achieved the highest compressive strength. Cementing Comp. No. 4 contained the least amount of cementitious material (65.5 g), the most amount of zeolite (12.2 % by volume of the drilling fluid), and achieved the lowest compressive strength, although such compressive strength was still greater than that of Cementing Comp. Nos. 1 and 3.
The cementitious material also acts as an activator with respect to the zeolite in the drilling fluid. The amount of cementitious material used to prepare Cementing Comp. Nos. 2 and 4 - 6 is about 122, 60, 222 and 160 weight percent of the weight of the zeolite respectively, and is therefore a compressive-strength developing amount with respect to the
zeolite in the drilling fluid. Thus, Cementing Comp. Nos. 2 and 4 - 6 are suitable for introducing into a wellbore and also provide the additional benefit that the zeolite will set, and therefore will not interfere with the bonding of the cementing composition to the walls of the casing or the wellbore.
The methods and compositions described herein also demonstrate an improvement over conventional drilling and cementing operations because according to the present embodiments, the drilling fluid can be incorporated into a cementing composition. Incorporating the drilling fluid used to form a wellbore into a cementing composition used to cement in the wellbore reduces the need to dispose of used drilling fluid, and reduces the need to use flushes, spacers or other fluids to remove drilling fluid, filter cake etc., thereby reducing drilling fluid displacement problems and drilling fluid/cement incompatibilities.
Other embodiments of the current invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. However, the foregoing specification is considered merely exemplary of the current invention with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
Claims
1. A method of performing cementing operations in a wellbore comprising: drilling a wellbore extending from a surface of the earth into a subterranean formation; continuously circulating a drilling fluid comprising zeolite and a carrier fluid in the wellbore during the drilling of the wellbore; mixing a cementitious material with an amount of the drilling fluid to form a cementing composition; introducing the cementing composition into the wellbore; and allowing the cementing composition to set therein.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixing of the cementitious material with the amount of the drilling fluid occurs upon the happening of a predefined condition.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the predefined condition is selected from the group consisting of drilling the wellbore to a desired depth and circulating a predefined amount of the drilling fluid out of the wellbore to the surface.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the zeolite is represented by the formula: where M represents one or more cations selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Li, Ba5NH4, CH3NH3, (CH3)3NH, (CH3)4N, Ga, Ge and P; n represents the cation valence; the ratio of b:a is in a range from greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 5; and x represents the moles of water entrained into the zeolite framework.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the zeolite is selected from the group consisting of analcime, bikitaite, brewsterite, chabazite, clinoptilolite, faujasite, harmotome, heulandite, laumontite, mesolite, natrolite, paulingite, phillipsite, scolecite, stellerite, stilbite, and thomsonite.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the drilling fluid comprises zeolite in an amount selected from the group consisting of from about 1% to about 25% by volume, from about 5% to about 20% by volume, and from about 8% to about 15% by volume.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the cementing composition further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of activators, weighting agents, density modifying materials, dispersing agents, set retarding agents, set accelerating agents, fluid loss control agents, strength retrogression control agents, loss circulation material, surfactants, defoamers and compatible viscosifying agents.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the additive comprises at least one activator selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium nitrate, sodium silicate, sodium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium sulfate and mixtures thereof.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the additive comprises at least one set accelerating agent selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium aluminate, sodium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminum sulfate, potassium sulfate and potassium carbonate.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein the additive comprises at least one compatible viscosifϊer selected from the group consisting of polymeric additives and modified cellulose and derivatives thereof.
11. The method of claim 7 wherein the additive comprises a fluid loss control agent comprising cellulose.
12. The method of claim 7 wherein the additive comprises at least one dispersant selected from the group consisting of sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, sulfonated vinyltoluene maleic anhydride copolymer, sodium naphthalene sulfonate condensed with formaldehyde, sulfonated acetone condensed with formaldehyde, lignosulfonates and interpolymers of acrylic acid, allyloxybenzene sulfonate, allyl sulfonate and non-ionic monomers.
13. The method of claim 7 wherein the additive comprises at least one weighting agent selected from the group consisting of barite, hematite, manganese tetraoxide, ilmenite, calcium carbonate and galena.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the carrier fluid is selected from the group consisting of water, water-based gels, emulsions, acids, or mixtures thereof.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the carrier fluid comprises water selected from the group consisting of fresh water, unsaturated salt solution, brine, seawater, and saturated salt solution.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the drilling fluid comprises carrier fluid in an amount selected from the group consisting of from about 3% to about 98% by volume, from about 50% to about 92% by volume and from about 80% to about 90% by volume.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the cementitious material comprises at least one of Portland cement, pozzolan cement, gypsum cement, aluminous cement, silica cement, and alkaline cement.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the cementing composition comprises at least about 20% by weight cementitious material.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the cementing composition comprises at least a compressive-strength development amount of the cementitious material with respect to the zeolite in the drilling fluid.
20. A cementing composition comprising: a cementitious material and a drilling fluid comprising zeolite and a carrier fluid.
21. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the zeolite is represented by the formula:
Ma/n[(A102)a(Si02)b] - xH20 where M represents one or more cations selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Li, Ba,NH4, CH3NH3, (CH3)3NH, (CH3)4N, Ga, Ge and P; n represents the cation valence; the ratio of b:a is in a range from greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 5; and x represents the moles of water entrained into the zeolite framework.
22. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the zeolite is selected from the group consisting of analcime, bikitaite, brewsterite, chabazite, clinoptilolite, faujasite, harmotome, heulandite, laumontite, mesolite, natrolite, paulingite, phillipsite, scolecite, stellerite, stilbite, and thomsonite.
23. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the drilling fluid comprises zeolite in an amount selected from the group consisting of from about 1% to about 25% by volume, from about 5% to about 20% by volume, and from about 8% to about 15% by volume.
24. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the cementing composition further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of activators, weighting agents, density modifying materials, dispersing agents, set retarding agents, set accelerating agents, fluid loss control agents, strength retrogression control agents, loss circulation material, surfactants, defoamers and compatible viscosifying agents.
25. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the carrier fluid is selected from the group consisting of water, water-based gels, emulsions, acids, or mixtures thereof.
26. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the carrier fluid comprises water selected from the group consisting of fresh water, unsaturated salt solution, brine, seawater, and saturated salt solution.
27. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the drilling fluid comprises carrier fluid in an amount selected from the group consisting of from about 3% to about 98% by volume, from about 50% to about 92% by volume and from about 80% to about 90% by volume.
28. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the cementitious material comprises at least one of Portland cement, pozzolan cement, gypsum cement, aluminous cement, silica cement, and alkaline cement.
29. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein at least a portion of the drilling fluid was used during the drilling of a wellbore.
30. The cementing composition of claim 20 further comprising at least one dispersant selected from the group consisting of sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, sulfonated vinyltoluene maleic anhydride copolymer, sodium naphthalene sulfonate condensed with formaldehyde, sulfonated acetone condensed with formaldehyde, lignosulfonates and interpolymers of acrylic acid, allyloxybenzene sulfonate, allyl sulfonate and non-ionic monomers.
31. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the cementing composition comprises at least about 20% by weight cementitious material.
32. The cementing composition of claim 20 wherein the cementing composition comprises at least a compressive-strength development amount of the cementitious material with respect to the zeolite in the drilling fluid.
Priority Applications (1)
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EP06808465A EP1957602B1 (en) | 2005-11-09 | 2006-11-08 | Drilling and cementing with fluids containing zeolite |
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US11/270,307 | 2005-11-09 | ||
US11/270,307 US7448450B2 (en) | 2003-12-04 | 2005-11-09 | Drilling and cementing with fluids containing zeolite |
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US7448450B2 (en) | 2008-11-11 |
EP1957602A1 (en) | 2008-08-20 |
US20060108150A1 (en) | 2006-05-25 |
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