WO2006072122A2 - Process for conversion of high pressure sea water reverse osmosis concentrate discharge (hpswro) from seawater desalination plants into magnesium chloride (for recovery of magnesium metal by electrolysis) and sodium chloride and hydrogen with cogeneration of electricity and heat by pem (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell - Google Patents

Process for conversion of high pressure sea water reverse osmosis concentrate discharge (hpswro) from seawater desalination plants into magnesium chloride (for recovery of magnesium metal by electrolysis) and sodium chloride and hydrogen with cogeneration of electricity and heat by pem (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006072122A2
WO2006072122A2 PCT/AU2005/001232 AU2005001232W WO2006072122A2 WO 2006072122 A2 WO2006072122 A2 WO 2006072122A2 AU 2005001232 W AU2005001232 W AU 2005001232W WO 2006072122 A2 WO2006072122 A2 WO 2006072122A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrolysis
production
magnesium
concentrate
recovery
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PCT/AU2005/001232
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French (fr)
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WO2006072122A3 (en
Inventor
Ahilan Raman
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Packagedfood Intl Pty Ltd
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Publication of WO2006072122A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006072122A2/en
Publication of WO2006072122A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006072122A3/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F5/00—Compounds of magnesium
    • C01F5/26—Magnesium halides
    • C01F5/30—Chlorides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D3/00—Halides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
    • C01D3/04—Chlorides
    • C01D3/06—Preparation by working up brines; seawater or spent lyes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/40—Combination of fuel cells with other energy production systems
    • H01M2250/402—Combination of fuel cell with other electric generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/40—Combination of fuel cells with other energy production systems
    • H01M2250/405—Cogeneration of heat or hot water
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
    • Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/10—Applications of fuel cells in buildings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • HP SWRO high pressure sea water reverse osmosis
  • TDS Total dissolved solids 88,000 ppm (approx)
  • Magnesium hydroxide is precipitated by addition of slaked lime/Dolomite with HP SWRO concentrate.
  • the slurry is thickened, concentrated and treated with HCl
  • the resulting MgC12 is purified, concentrated, and dehydrated to get anhydrous magnesium chloride suitable for Magnesium metal recovery by electrolysis (For example Norsk Hydro process).
  • This invention is a single step process to recover potable water, pure water, salt, Magnesium Chloride (suitable for Mg metal extraction by electrolysis), Caustic soda, Hydrogen, and Chlorine and to produce combined Heat and power directly from seawater with zero liquid discharge and zero emission.
  • This invention paves way for recovery of Magnesium metal using electrolysis from Magnesium Chloride brine obtained as mentioned earlier. Magnesium metal is an important metal that will be used in future car making to reduce greenhouse emissions. .
  • This invention paves way for cogeneration of heat and power from Hydrogen generated from the above pure water using Fuel Cell thus eliminating greenhouse emissions with zero liquid discharge into the sea in a single step.

Abstract

A novel method /process has been invented to convert HPSWRO (high pressure sea water reverse osmosis) concentrate discharge from sea water desalination plants to Magnesium Chloride (suitable for Magnesium metal by electrolysis) and Sodium chloride with cogeneration of Electricity and heat using PEM (proton exchange membrane) Fuel cell.

Description

Title of the invention
Process for conversion of high pressure seawater reverse osmosis concentrate discharge (HPSWRO) from seawater desalination plants into Magnesium Chloride(for recovery of Magnesium metal by electrolysis)and Sodium Chloride and Hydrogen with cogeneration of Electricity and heat by PEM(proton exchange membrane)Fuel cell.
Description of the invention background
Desalination of seawater by reverse osmosis (RO) is an accepted commercial practice for the production of potable water. The salinity of seawater with TDS 35,000 ppm is reduced to less than 500 ppm in the above desalination process.
RO is a pressure driven membrane process. The osmotic pressure of seawater is as high as 25kg/sq.cm.When seawater is passed through the membrane at a higher pressure than its osmotic pressure in a RO system, the seawater is separated into fresh water (Permeate) and saline water (concentrate). Higher the TDS, higher will be the osmotic pressure. High- pressure pumps consume lot of energy, constituting a major cost in the production of fresh water.
In the conventional seawater desalination process (SWRO) the fresh water recovery is usually 33% of the feed water leaving behind 66% concentrate. The concentrate will have an approx TDS of 58,000 ppm (almost 1.7 times the salinity of sea water). This has caused enormous pollution in the marine life. All the desalination plants around the world discharge this concentrate directly into the sea without any treatment causing ecological imbalance. Recent developments on HPSWRO (High pressure sea water reverse osmosis process) are based on higher recovery of fresh water using high- pressure pumps and advanced membranes. For example Toray of Japan, one of the leading producers of RO membrane has developed a new type of membrane to withstand high pressure and corrosion/fouling. They have installed a commercial plant (BCS brine conversion system) for recovery of 60% fresh water from seawater using two-stage desalination technique. The seawater is pumped into 1st stage RO system at a pressure of 6.5Mpa recovering 40% of the feed. The balance 60% concentrate is again pumped into 2nd stage RO system at a pressure of 9Mpa recovering another 20% fresh water leaving a 40%concentrate.
The salinity of the concentrate from the 2nd stage is about TDS 88,000 ppm. Further recovery of water above 65% is under study using a pressure up to 20Mpa resulting in the concentrate discharge TDS up to 150,000 ppm. However many problems such as precipitation of calcium salts, sharp increase of osmotic pressure, scaling and fouling of membranes are encountered.
Currently this concentrate (TDS88, 000 ppm) effluent from commercial SWRO plant is also discharged back into the sea causing enormous pollution to the marine life.
Increasing population, failing monsoon rains, Greenhouse effects due to CO2 emissions, increasing usage of water by industries etc is causing severe shortage of fresh water all over the world.
In order to overcome the problems associated with the above developments a new method /process has been developed. The conventional SWRO process focuses on recovery of fresh water to the maximum level at reasonable energy cost but do not address the pollution problem caused by discharge of highly saline concentrate into the sea. This new invention focuses on recovery of valuable chemicals from HPSWRO (High pressure sea water reverse osmosis) concentrate discharge with cogeneration of power and heat with zero liquid discharge and zero gas emisson.
Many processes have been proposed and studied on pilot scale to utilize desalination effluent. However there are deficiencies and shortfalls in commercialising such proposals as outlined below.
1.In one process, the utilisation of effluent from seawater desalination plant has been proposed for recovery of various chemicals with cogeneration of electricity using 'solar pond' and use of evaporation ponds for production of fish, brine shrimp and beta-carotene. However these proposals require large area of land (cheap, flat land with low permeability and high thermal and structural stability). It requires all year solar exposure with least rainfall and low wind velocity. It should be located away from shallow aquifϊers.
Modem seawater desalination plants (SWRO) have very high capacities ranging from 1000m3/hr up to 5000m3/hr producing a large volume of effluents. It is not technically feasible or commercially viable to treat such large volume of effluent using 'solar pond'.
Generation of electricity using solar gradient and using it for evaporation and crystallisation of salt has been tested in US and subsequently abandoned in the past for economic reasons.
2. Another proposal is to use Electrodialysis (ED) for recovery of fresh water or recovery of salt from seawater. Salt production is carried out in Japan by Electrodialysis of seawater with subsequent evaporation and crystallisation. However these processes let out large quantity of brackish water back into the sea without recovery of any chemicals. It is also uneconomical to recover chemicals from such brackish water. 3. Desalination with cogeneration is an accepted practice in seawater desalination plants to conserve energy. Desalination using RO is an energy intensive process and hybrid desalination using RO and MSF (Multiflash distillation) are common in gulf countries where the fuel cost is relatively cheaper. Most of the desalination facilities are located in Petroleum refineries/Power plants etc where cogeneration is feasible and economically viable. However they do not recover /treat the effluent but discharge them directly into the sea.
4.Another process proposed recently is a hybrid desalination process involving Nanofiltration (NF)-RO-MSF-SaIt crystallization. NF membrane with'permselectivity' which has high rejection for divalent ions such as Ca++, Mg++ and SO4 is used to selectively remove such ions. This pre- treatment considerably reduces the hardness of sea water facilitating recovery of fresh water by subsequent RO and MSF .The recovery of fresh water is reported to be 75%-80%. The salt is crystallized and recovered. Recent developments in 'brine purification' process prior to 'vacuum evaporation' for food grade salts have been proposed using NF permselectivity. However these processes focus on production of fresh water and salt only.
This present invention is very much different from the above processes and focuses on the commercial utility of this HP SWRO (High pressure sea water reverse osmosis) concentrate discharge. This new invention overcomes not only the above pollution problem associated with the above developments but converts the waste discharge into valuable chemicals. This invention offers an integrated solution for
1. Recovering maximum quantity of fresh water
2. Converting the RO concentrate into commercially valuable chemicals
3. Generating electricity and heat to conserve energy requirement of the above process and
4.Completely eliminating the CO2 emission with zero liquid discharge into the sea.
5. Reducing the cost of production of fresh water
6. Facilitating large production of fresh water, salt, valuable chemicals and
Energy (heat and power cogeneration) simultaneously. Description of the invention
1. The HP SWRO (high pressure sea water reverse osmosis) concentrate discharge with TDS (Total dissolved solids) 88,000 ppm (approx) is subject to various chemical conversions known in the prior art to separate Calcium and sulphate ions. Magnesium hydroxide is precipitated by addition of slaked lime/Dolomite with HP SWRO concentrate. The slurry is thickened, concentrated and treated with HCl The resulting MgC12 is purified, concentrated, and dehydrated to get anhydrous magnesium chloride suitable for Magnesium metal recovery by electrolysis (For example Norsk Hydro process).
2. After removal of Calcium and Magnesium salts, the HP SWRO brine can be concentrated using mechanical vapour recompression or multiple effect evaporators to recover balance water. This water is of high purity with TDS less than lOppm.The evaporation and crystallisation can be done simultaneously thereby facilitating the removal of salt (Na Cl) by subsequent centrifuging and drying in fluidised bed drier. Industrial /Food grade salt can be produced depending upon the end use.
3. Alternatively the saturated NaCl brine from the evaporator (which is free from Ca5Mg and SO4 ions) can be directly fed to an Electrolyser for recovery of caustic soda lye, Chlorine and Hydrogen. The depleted brine can be fed back to evaporator for further concentration. The production of caustic soda from NaCl brine is well documented in prior arts. 4. The Chlorine and Hydrogen from the Electrolyser can be combined to form HCL, which is also known and well documented in prior arts. The resulting HCL is used for conversion of Magnesium hydroxide precipitated from HP SWRO concentrate to Magnesium Chloride brine as mentioned earlier.
5. The pure water with TDS less than 10 ppm from the evaporator is suitable for electrolysing into Hydrogen and Oxygen that can be fed into PEM (Proton exchange membrane) Fuel Cell to generate Electricity and heat. Alternatively this water can be blended with other source of water for drinking purpose.
6. Similarly the Hydrogen produced from Caustic cell can be purified and used as a fuel for PEM (proton exchange membrane) Fuel Cell for generation of Electric power that can be directly used in Electrolysis. Alternatively any fuel source (such as fuel oil, natural gas, biogas, methane, syngas by coal gasification etc) can be converted into Hydrogen by known techniques claimed in prior arts that can be used as a fuel for PEM (proton exchange membrane) Fuel cell for generation of Electricity for Electrolysis and RO plant.
7. This invention is a single step process to recover potable water, pure water, salt, Magnesium Chloride (suitable for Mg metal extraction by electrolysis), Caustic soda, Hydrogen, and Chlorine and to produce combined Heat and power directly from seawater with zero liquid discharge and zero emission.
8. This invention paves way for recovery of Magnesium metal using electrolysis from Magnesium Chloride brine obtained as mentioned earlier. Magnesium metal is an important metal that will be used in future car making to reduce greenhouse emissions. . This invention paves way for cogeneration of heat and power from Hydrogen generated from the above pure water using Fuel Cell thus eliminating greenhouse emissions with zero liquid discharge into the sea in a single step.
lO.This invention paves way for new or existing Sea Water desalination plants around the world that can avoid discharge of concentrate back into the sea by incorporating HPSWRO system and utilizing the concentrate discharge as stated earlier.
11. This invention paves way for large-scale mass production of industrial/food grade salt directly from seawater by mechanical evaporation, which is otherwise not feasible by conventional solar evaporation or by solar ponds.
12.This invention also paves way for solving salinity problems in the arid and coastal sea lands where solar evaporation is in practice.
13. Finally this invention paves way for mass production of salt and other Marine chemicals in a smaller area of land with less manpower reducing the cost of production offering consistent quality.
14.This process paves ways and means for recovery of other chemicals such as Potassium salts, Bromine and other marine chemicals from HPSWRO concentrate discharge using prior known arts.

Claims

Claims of the invention
1.A method /an integrated process for the production of Mg C12, Magnesium Chloride (a precursor for the production of Magnesium metal by electrolysis) and Food grade salt (Na Cl) from HP SWRO (High Pressure Sea water reverse osmosis) concentrate, more specifically, resulting from BCS (brine conversion system developed by Toray of Japan)
2.A method / process for production of Sodium Chloride brine (Saturated) directly from HP SWRO concentrate resulting from BCS suitable for caustic soda production by electrolysis.
3 A process for recovery of pure water as a by-product by evaporation of HPSWRO concentrate resulting from BCS system by mechanical vapour recompression/multiple evaporation system suitable for Hydrogen production by electrolysis to use as a Fuel in PEM (Proton exchange membrane) Fuel Cell to generate Electricity and Heat (Cogeneration)
4 A process for usage of Hydrogen resulting from electrolysis of sodium chloride brine and pure water from HP SWRO concentrate distillation for generation of Electricity and Heat using PEM (Proton exchange membrane) Fuel cell with zero liquid discharge and zero gas emission.
5.A method / process for the production of Magnesium Chloride from Magnesium hydroxide resulting from HP SWRO concentrate from BCS and HCl resulting from caustic soda production using the above sodium chloride brine.
PCT/AU2005/001232 2005-01-04 2005-08-18 Process for conversion of high pressure sea water reverse osmosis concentrate discharge (hpswro) from seawater desalination plants into magnesium chloride (for recovery of magnesium metal by electrolysis) and sodium chloride and hydrogen with cogeneration of electricity and heat by pem (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell WO2006072122A2 (en)

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AU2005100007 2005-01-04
AU2005100007A AU2005100007A4 (en) 2005-01-04 2005-01-04 Process for conversion of high pressure sea water reverse osmosis concentrate discharge (HPSWRO) from sea water desalination plants into Magnesium Chloride (for recovery of Magnesium metal by electrolysis) and sodium Chloride and Hydrogen with cogeneration of Electricity and heat by PEM (proton exchange membrane) Fuel cell

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2167208A1 (en) * 2007-06-25 2010-03-31 Houghton Technical Corp. Recovery by vapor recompression of industrial process fluid components
CN102173526A (en) * 2011-03-08 2011-09-07 天津欧纳海洋科技发展有限公司 Method for using brine generated after seawater desalination as circulating cooling water for cooling tower of power plant
EP3023008A1 (en) * 2014-11-24 2016-05-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Production of disinfection solutions from seawater with electrolysis
US10179942B2 (en) 2010-01-22 2019-01-15 Secure Natural Resources Llc Hydrometallurgical process and method for recovering metals
CN109292801A (en) * 2018-12-05 2019-02-01 中国科学院青海盐湖研究所 A kind of preparation method of food-grade magnesium chloride
CN113087229A (en) * 2021-04-28 2021-07-09 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 Carbon sequestration application system and method for concentrated seawater
US11502322B1 (en) 2022-05-09 2022-11-15 Rahul S Nana Reverse electrodialysis cell with heat pump
US11502323B1 (en) 2022-05-09 2022-11-15 Rahul S Nana Reverse electrodialysis cell and methods of use thereof
US11855324B1 (en) 2022-11-15 2023-12-26 Rahul S. Nana Reverse electrodialysis or pressure-retarded osmosis cell with heat pump

Families Citing this family (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112374563B (en) * 2020-11-03 2023-09-05 荆门麦隆珂机器人科技有限公司 High-light-transmittance Fresnel lens robot solar sea water desalination complete machine

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GB640348A (en) * 1939-12-13 1950-07-19 Jean Charles Seailles Improvements in processes for producing magnesium hydroxide from magnesium salts in aqueous solutions
US3350292A (en) * 1964-05-14 1967-10-31 American Cyanamid Co Utilization of saline water
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US20040055955A1 (en) * 2002-08-02 2004-03-25 University Of South Carolina Production of purified water and high value chemicals from salt water
US20050098499A1 (en) * 2003-11-11 2005-05-12 Hussain Mohammed A. Process for pre-treating and desalinating sea water

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB640348A (en) * 1939-12-13 1950-07-19 Jean Charles Seailles Improvements in processes for producing magnesium hydroxide from magnesium salts in aqueous solutions
US3350292A (en) * 1964-05-14 1967-10-31 American Cyanamid Co Utilization of saline water
US3676067A (en) * 1969-06-19 1972-07-11 Hisanobu Tabata Production of fresh water,brine and magnesium hydroxide
US4036749A (en) * 1975-04-30 1977-07-19 Anderson Donald R Purification of saline water
US20040055955A1 (en) * 2002-08-02 2004-03-25 University Of South Carolina Production of purified water and high value chemicals from salt water
US20050098499A1 (en) * 2003-11-11 2005-05-12 Hussain Mohammed A. Process for pre-treating and desalinating sea water

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2167208A1 (en) * 2007-06-25 2010-03-31 Houghton Technical Corp. Recovery by vapor recompression of industrial process fluid components
EP2167208A4 (en) * 2007-06-25 2011-08-17 Houghton Technical Corp Recovery by vapor recompression of industrial process fluid components
US8460553B2 (en) 2007-06-25 2013-06-11 Houghton Technical Corp. Recovery by vapor recompression of industrial process fluid components
US10179942B2 (en) 2010-01-22 2019-01-15 Secure Natural Resources Llc Hydrometallurgical process and method for recovering metals
CN102173526A (en) * 2011-03-08 2011-09-07 天津欧纳海洋科技发展有限公司 Method for using brine generated after seawater desalination as circulating cooling water for cooling tower of power plant
CN102173526B (en) * 2011-03-08 2014-08-06 天津滨瀚环保科技发展有限公司 Method for using brine generated after seawater desalination as circulating cooling water for cooling tower of power plant
EP3023008A1 (en) * 2014-11-24 2016-05-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Production of disinfection solutions from seawater with electrolysis
CN109292801A (en) * 2018-12-05 2019-02-01 中国科学院青海盐湖研究所 A kind of preparation method of food-grade magnesium chloride
CN113087229A (en) * 2021-04-28 2021-07-09 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 Carbon sequestration application system and method for concentrated seawater
CN113087229B (en) * 2021-04-28 2022-06-28 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 Carbon sequestration application system and method for concentrated seawater
US11502322B1 (en) 2022-05-09 2022-11-15 Rahul S Nana Reverse electrodialysis cell with heat pump
US11502323B1 (en) 2022-05-09 2022-11-15 Rahul S Nana Reverse electrodialysis cell and methods of use thereof
US11563229B1 (en) 2022-05-09 2023-01-24 Rahul S Nana Reverse electrodialysis cell with heat pump
US11611099B1 (en) 2022-05-09 2023-03-21 Rahul S Nana Reverse electrodialysis cell and methods of use thereof
US11699803B1 (en) 2022-05-09 2023-07-11 Rahul S Nana Reverse electrodialysis cell with heat pump
US11855324B1 (en) 2022-11-15 2023-12-26 Rahul S. Nana Reverse electrodialysis or pressure-retarded osmosis cell with heat pump

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