WO2006042415A1 - Method of characterizing physical performance - Google Patents

Method of characterizing physical performance Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006042415A1
WO2006042415A1 PCT/CA2005/001620 CA2005001620W WO2006042415A1 WO 2006042415 A1 WO2006042415 A1 WO 2006042415A1 CA 2005001620 W CA2005001620 W CA 2005001620W WO 2006042415 A1 WO2006042415 A1 WO 2006042415A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
value
user
physical performance
physical
exercise
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2005/001620
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Reed I. Hanoun
Original Assignee
Mytrak Health System Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mytrak Health System Inc. filed Critical Mytrak Health System Inc.
Priority to AU2005297373A priority Critical patent/AU2005297373A1/en
Priority to EP05799052A priority patent/EP1802234A4/en
Priority to CA2587472A priority patent/CA2587472C/en
Publication of WO2006042415A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006042415A1/en
Priority to US11/737,970 priority patent/US20070232450A1/en
Priority to US11/737,988 priority patent/US7914425B2/en
Priority to US11/737,999 priority patent/US20070232452A1/en
Priority to US11/738,007 priority patent/US7846067B2/en
Priority to US11/737,981 priority patent/US20070232455A1/en

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/22Ergometry; Measuring muscular strength or the force of a muscular blow
    • A61B5/221Ergometry, e.g. by using bicycle type apparatus
    • A61B5/222Ergometry, e.g. by using bicycle type apparatus combined with detection or measurement of physiological parameters, e.g. heart rate
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63BAPPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B24/00Electric or electronic controls for exercising apparatus of preceding groups; Controlling or monitoring of exercises, sportive games, training or athletic performances
    • GPHYSICS
    • G16INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16HHEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H20/00ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
    • G16H20/30ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to physical therapies or activities, e.g. physiotherapy, acupressure or exercising
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/45For evaluating or diagnosing the musculoskeletal system or teeth
    • A61B5/4519Muscles
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63BAPPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B2220/00Measuring of physical parameters relating to sporting activity
    • A63B2220/80Special sensors, transducers or devices therefor
    • A63B2220/83Special sensors, transducers or devices therefor characterised by the position of the sensor
    • A63B2220/833Sensors arranged on the exercise apparatus or sports implement
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63BAPPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B2225/00Miscellaneous features of sport apparatus, devices or equipment
    • A63B2225/15Miscellaneous features of sport apparatus, devices or equipment with identification means that can be read by electronic means
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63BAPPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B2230/00Measuring physiological parameters of the user
    • A63B2230/75Measuring physiological parameters of the user calorie expenditure

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to human performance measurement. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of characterizing and calculating physical performance.
  • To set goals and track fitness can require measuring how much energy a person has exerted during exercise, i.e. Calories, power and workload the muscles are performing while continuously monitoring heart rate against a training zone.
  • the current method of establishing a person's absolute maximum performance on any given piece of exercise equipment is to get that person to exercise to exhaustion while measuring the parameters of interest: heart rate, oxygen consumption, weight lifted etc.
  • This data provides an individual's maximum performance at that point in time i.e. the individual's 100% output or ability. However this may be only 60% of the standard for that individual's age or sex. Such standards (high, average, poor, etc) are available for aerobic fitness (VO2max) as established on a treadmill, bike, or step test and some physical performance tests.
  • a display portion of the system allows the user to log in using a PIN, providing exercise execution information such as seat and weight settings, target sets and reps, and rep counts.
  • a computer can be provided in a fitness club, at which a user can observe the statistics based on the user's workout.
  • Exercise machines are networked into a central database, and the system can be accessed on a workout floor, a staff computer workstation, or via the Internet.
  • Staff can create workout templates and performance monitoring tools, and send members customized messages via the system.
  • the performance monitoring allows staff to identify in real-time which members need assistance and provides targeted feedback to the staff.
  • Progress reports and graphs are available to users. Non-machine activities such as jogging, swimming and fitness classes can be logged in to the system. Reports to management can also be generated that detail both member and staff demographic data.
  • Embodiments of the present invention utilize proprietary technologies and advanced scientific analysis to deliver a complete automated health management solution deployable to a plurality of health verticals.
  • Embodiments of the present invention will preferably provide users with automated, personalized health management while tracking, assisting, motivating and encouraging them to achieve the maximum results in less time.
  • This automated technology and process can encompass many different areas, such as diet, nutrition, physical activity, and lifestyle.
  • a method of measuring physical workload for a task including the following steps: receiving task execution data; calculating an exerted energy value in response to the received task execution data; and generating a physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value.
  • the step of calculating the exerted energy value can include calculating a work value based on the received task execution data, and determining the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value.
  • the received task execution data can include task baseline data or user performance data.
  • the method can further include, prior to the step of receiving, the step of measuring the task execution data.
  • the step of generating the physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value can include multiplying the exerted energy by a machine constant.
  • the machine constant can be determined based on: a ratio of energy exerted in performing the task and a ratio of time spent performing the task; a ratio of energy exerted in performing the task and a machine maximum energy value; or a ratio of cylinder force constants.
  • the physical performance index value can include a measure of exercise intensity.
  • the method can further include: displaying a physical performance indicator to a user, the physical performance indicator being determined based on the physical performance index value; determining a user's physical performance based on a comparison of the physical performance index value with a baseline value in a pre ⁇ defined profile; determining a user's physical suitability to perform a second task based on a comparison between the physical performance index and a second task baseline value; or determining a degree of a user's physical function based on a percentage difference between the physical performance index value and a physical function baseline value.
  • the present invention provides a method of characterizing a physical performance device, including the following steps: receiving task execution data; calculating an exerted energy value in response to the received task execution data; generating a physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value; and compiling or generating a physical performance device profile including the physical performance index value.
  • the step of calculating the exerted energy value can include calculating a work value based on the received task execution data, and determining the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value.
  • the method can further include one or more of the following steps: identifying a functional muscle group associated with the device; determining a machine inefficiency based on a comparison of a measured Pl value for the device and a standard device type
  • the present invention provides a computer-readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of the method of measuring physical workload for a task, as described above.
  • the present invention provides a computer-readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of the method of characterizing a physical performance device, as described above.
  • the present invention provides a computer readable medium comprising a data structure, the data structure including a physical performance index value generated by the method of measuring physical workload for a task, as described above.
  • the present invention provides a computer readable medium comprising a data structure, the data structure including a physical performance device profile generated by the method of characterizing a physical performance device, as described above.
  • Fig. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figs. 2A-2C illustrate three types of hydraulic exercise machines
  • Fig. 3 is a block and flow diagram of a system with which a method of embodiment of the present invention can be used.
  • the present invention provides a method of measuring physical workload for a task. After receiving task execution data, an exerted energy value is calculated in response to the received task execution data. A physical performance index value is then generated based on the exerted energy value. The exerted energy value can be calculated based on a calculated work value, which itself is based on the received task execution data. A physical performance device, such as an exercise machine, can be characterized based on the performance index value.
  • the method can include compiling a physical performance device profile including the physical performance index value, and optionally transmitting the profile to a storage means. The method can also include identifying a functional muscle group associated with the device.
  • the measured physical workload can be a measured value of user performance, which can be compared to a target value to determine a user's physical performance. While some known systems and methods can count repetitions and sets, and possibly compare the data with a baseline level, such systems do not provide any indication of a level of exertion or human performance for a particular user when performing the repetitions and sets observed. There is no analysis, data management, or feedback in known systems.
  • the present invention provides additional analysis tools, and provides information on energy exerted, calories burned, and many other useful parameters not provided by the known systems. It can be described as relating to automated monitoring of exercise equipment and the calculation or estimation of an individual energy output during the use of this equipment. In other words, known systems provide tracking of fitness data while the present invention provides total management of fitness data.
  • the present invention can be used to measure physical performance on any machine or device requiring physical exertion, and compare a measured value with a performance target.
  • An embodiment of the present invention measures a person's physical exertion via a machine on which the exertion is being made, in such a way that it can be compared with a performance target.
  • the methods described herein are advantageously employed in the context of a computerized physical performance measurement system. An example of such a system is described in the inventor's commonly-assigned PCT Application No. entitled "System For Measuring Physical
  • Performance Index is a global measure that establishes a physical performance level in relation to, or for, a piece of exercise equipment.
  • the Pl is a measure against which a person can set targets. It can also represent a person's overall physical performance and body efficiency during exercise.
  • the Pl measure can be applied to any form of exercise, from aerobics to gym equipment and specialist training.
  • Pl is a unique measure according to an embodiment of the present invention, which is based on the energy a person uses while exercising. Because different exercises and exercise machines will exercise the body in different ways and use different amounts of energy, it is advantageous to characterize each machine with respect to the Pl scale, so that an accurate measure of Pl can be made.
  • Pl is based on a linear scale from zero to about 1000, with the premise that an average person with a high level of fitness will perform at a Pl of about 1000.
  • Pl In order for Pl to be used as a standard measure against which user performance can be gauged or ranked, there needs to be a generic way of calculating a Pl value for a given exercise machine, or physical performance task/job. Having a consistent way of calculating a Pl value is one reason why it can be used as a standard measure. This method can be used either for determining a baseline Pl value to characterize a physical exertion device, or for determining an actual Pl value while a user is exercising.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a method of calculating a physical performance value. While the preferred physical performance value to be calculated is Pl, this method can be used to determine any measure of intensity of physical performance or exertion.
  • Step 102 shows a first step of receiving task execution data.
  • the received task execution data can be task baseline data that was previously measured and is stored in a memory.
  • the received execution data can be measured data relating to a characterization of a task.
  • the task execution data can be user performance data.
  • the method can additionally include the step of measuring task execution data, such as measuring user performance data. This additional step is preferably performed before step 102.
  • Step 104 can include a sub-step of calculating a work value and determining the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value. Known mathematical relationships between work and energy for each particular job/task are used in order to determine the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value.
  • Step 106 shows a third step of determining, or generating or calculating, a performance index value based on the exerted energy value.
  • the method can also include a further step of displaying a physical performance indicator to a user, the physical performance indicator being determined based on the physical performance index value.
  • Pl values are scaled versions of an energy value, either a measured exerted energy value or a target exerted energy value.
  • the target exerted energy value can alternatively be referred to as a measure of required exerted energy.
  • a machine maximum energy value is determined for an exercise machine. This determination is based on the maximum amount of energy that would be required to operate that machine at full capacity for a given period of time.
  • a maximum Pl value of 1000 is correlated to the machine maximum energy value.
  • Pl values between 0 and 1000 are then associated with corresponding energy values between zero and the machine maximum energy value, based on an appropriate calculation, preferably in relation to a linear scale.
  • a Pl value table can then be generated based on those associations, and stored on a computer readable medium.
  • an exerted energy value can be calculated based on received user performance data, and a measured Pl value can be calculated based on a comparison of the calculated exerted energy value with values in a performance index table for the machine.
  • the performance index value is determined by multiplying the exerted energy value by a scaling factor.
  • the scaling factor can be a machine constant for the exercise machine being used.
  • the machine constant can be determined based on a relationship between a ratio of energy performed and a ratio of time spent.
  • the machine constant is determined based on a comparison between a ratio of energy performed in forward and reverse motion of the cylinder, and a ratio of time spent on the forward and reverse motion of the cylinder.
  • This method can alternatively be implemented as, or described as, a method of estimating energy expended, and tracking/integrating that over time. Obviously, the machine constant is different for each different machine. Example Pl Determinations for Different Machines
  • the determination of Pl includes considering the amount of weight being lifted in a given period of time over a given distance. From this raw data, the distance and the time and load values are used to calculate velocity, acceleration, energy and every other mathematical calculation that is necessary. All of that calculated data is correlated to the scale of human performance index.
  • Spinning has taken traditional bikes and turned them into a means for complete exercise programs. The next evolution in programs is feedback and automation being incorporated into those programs.
  • a pressure foil mechanism is used and is mounted between the plastic of the brake pad and the felt of the brake pad.
  • the sensor measures the pressure on the surface area of the bike's brake pad. The more the brake is squeezed, the more pressure will be sensed.
  • the system includes an optical sensor that detects wheel position. Therefore, the system can measure how hard the brake pad is being squeezed and how fast the wheel is spinning; on the basis of those measurements, position, resistance, and heat generated can be determined. In relation to time and those other factors, the energy being exerted can be measured. Once the energy value is obtained, this can be related to the Pl scale. On the basis common Pl number, the system can provide indications of the settings to be used on the particular machine, such as putting a spinning machine on setting number 9.
  • a similar Pl determination is made. However, work in this case is not determined with respect to a load being lifted. In such a case, the system looks at sensor data in terms of position versus time based on the characteristics of the piston, such as the characteristics of the orifice and the viscosity of the fluid or liquid and the amount of time it would take for a person to move a particular amount of fluid from one chamber to the other. In an exemplary characterization or calibration method, a piston is taken and characterized based on these parameters. The piston is then tested on the fixtures and devices of a testing system for the present invention so that it can be characterized, that is to indicate the optimal efficiency of the piston. A separate characterization machine is preferably used for such purposes.
  • a resulting table is provided based on the characterization testing of the piston.
  • the table can be graphed and once a full matrix is obtained, that matrix can be included in software which is part of a system using the present invention.
  • One aspect of the present invention can be described as a method of characterizing a physical performance device, including the following steps: receiving task execution data; calculating an exerted energy value in response to the received task execution data; generating a physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value; and compiling a physical performance device profile including the physical performance index value. Aside from a machine's Pl value, there are other parameters that can be included in a machine characterization, or a machine profile.
  • a machine inefficiency can be determined based on a comparison of a measured Pl value for the device and a standard device type Pl value, which can be a standard Pl value for the machine type, or machine class.
  • a determination can be made as to how much energy (or additional physical energy) is being exerted by a user as a result of the calculated machine inefficiency.
  • a relationship can also be made between the human energy exerted and the human performance index scale. This analysis is preferably done for each available machine in a particular machine type or class. This can be part of the machine characterization, or appraisal or calibration, process.
  • a machine profile preferably includes a machine inefficiency parameter, the scale of which is preferably suitable to account for machine performance that is either better or worse than an expected value.
  • a report rendered to a user can preferably account for such machine inefficiencies when analyzing the user's performance data.
  • a machine characterization also preferably includes an indication of the functional muscle group(s) that the machine exercises. This can be based on a step of identifying a functional muscle group associated with the device.
  • a functional muscle group parameter can include an indication of whether the machine primarily or secondarily works particular muscle groups, and what the ratio or percentage is. Machines can then be classified based on the functional muscle groups that are worked by the machines.
  • a report rendered to a user can preferably generate muscle-group based reports based on user performance data at each machine that works that muscle group, taking into account the percentage of work for each muscle group at each machine.
  • a method can include a step of calculating a Pl value for each muscle group.
  • the method can include a step of calculating a Pl capacity, or maximum Pl value, for each muscle group.
  • a method according to an embodiment of the present invention can determine a user's physical performance, and compare it with a baseline value, such as a job value.
  • the job value can be calculated by determining the total job energy required. For example, in the case of the job of lifting a box, the total job energy required can be calculated based on a measured weight of the box, the height that the box must be lifted, and any other value. Based on a knowledge of the muscles required to perform the job, a job profile can be generated based on a proportionate distribution of the total job energy.
  • the method can provide an identification of an area of shortfall by comparing a user's measured Pl value with a job Pl value. Since muscle-group level information on the target and the measured values is available, the method can provide an identification of the particular muscle group, or part of the body, which is the cause of the shortfall. In that way, the method can also provide an improvement recommendation based on the identified area of shortfall.
  • a computer can store a plurality of predefined profiles. Those predefined profiles can include parameters, such as a Pl index, used to classify or appraise a user by age, gender and occupation. A user's measured physical performance can be compared to a pre-defined profile for that type of individual. A system can be used to assign a muscle specific Pl Index and a overall global body Pl Index to each user. The user's measured Pl value(s) can be used in the following contexts:
  • Work Related Job Matching a. Matching employees to the jobs they are expected to perform at work. b. Objectively identifying injury probability based on collected data from various workouts by comparing observed performance to job profiles. c. Modifying, or identifying potential modifications, to the ergonomics or physical demands of a job to closer match the physical function of an individual performing such a job. d. Conditioning, or identifying potential training or conditioning programs, to condition the individual to better match the required physical demands of their job.
  • Sports Teams a. Matching sports players to pre-defined ideal profiles based on played position and actual sport. b. Determining and track individual muscle behaviours prior to the onset of physical injury.
  • the above-described scenarios can be described as an extension of a previously- described method according to an embodiment of the present invention further comprising the step of determining a user's physical performance based on a comparison of the physical performance index value with a baseline value in a pre-defined profile. For example, this can include determining a user's physical suitability to perform a second task based on a comparison between the physical performance index and a second task baseline value. This can also include determining a degree of a user's physical function based on a percentage difference between the physical performance index value and a physical function baseline value. In any of these cases, the method can include displaying, or otherwise providing, a physical performance indicator to a user, the physical performance indicator being determined based on the physical performance index value.
  • the present invention can store this data in a database of physical performance measurement device profiles, or exercise machine profiles.
  • a storage means, or central database, of a computerized exercise system can comprise the database of exercise machine profiles.
  • the exercise machine profile can include some or all the following information: manufacturer model; type; and cylinder used. This system also allows individual cylinder settings to be used on those machines that are fitted with easy adjustment mechanisms.
  • the characterization of equipment can be done using a computer based software program that can be attached to the equipment to measure and determine the various machine parameters. An overview of this process is given.
  • this data can be used by a Kiosk to calculate the various information tables required by an Exercise Controller (EC), attached to a piece of exercise equipment.
  • EC Exercise Controller
  • This data is based on the exercise profile, either automatically determined or setup by the user.
  • the data that the EC sends back to the Kiosk requires analysis to give user feedback on performance.
  • a first step is to determine its Pl rating where an Average Person will score a Pl of 1000. This can be done by setting: Time duration of Exercise T AP ; Number or Reps at full stroke N AP ; and Machine Resistance Setting C A p.
  • each piston may have up to 10 settings through the adjustment of the bleed valve (some cylinders will have less, therefore the table may not be fully populated).
  • Each of these bleed valve or "hardness" settings has a different / value.
  • Table 1 An exemplary table for a cylinder with 8 settings is shown in Table 1 below:
  • Exercise machines with hydraulic cylinders fall into a number of different categories based on how the cylinders are configured. Categorizing the machine in this way enables one equation to be used for the energy calculations.
  • Figs. 2A-2C illustrate three types of hydraulic exercise machines.
  • Type 2 Dual cylinder machine with cylinders working in the same direction (shown in Fig. 2B)
  • Type 3 Dual cylinder machine with opposing motion (shown in Fig. 2C)
  • a database of exercise machines that describes the Manufacturer, Model, Type and Cylinder used.
  • This database can comprise machine profiles as discussed earlier.
  • a fitness club may set the cylinder hardness for each machine differently, therefore when a machine is selected, the cylinder setting is preferably also selected so that the force factors for the local club are known.
  • a distance measuring device is provided for use on the cylinder, since this has specific characteristics and may be non-linear. Some devices may not measure from zero, so the stroke minimum and stroke maximum can also be provided in the database.
  • Table 2 below represents an exemplary entry for a machine:
  • the EC carries out a number of calculations to determine the Performance Index and Range of Motion. These values can be calculated by the Kiosk and sent to the EC in the form of data tables. A lookup table is used by the EC to display the range of motion on 9 LED's. The data sent to the EC can be the binary value that represents the reading from the distance sensor. Therefore the Kiosk can calculate these values into a table.
  • the energy can be calculated and by using the above energy equation, the energy put into the machine by the user can be determined, by sensing the change in the cylinder distance over time. Because the EC measures cylinder position at regular intervals based on the processor clock time or ticks, it is possible for the Kiosk to calculate all this out and send to the EC a table that relates the Pl% to a change in distance per clock tick. The energy calculation will depend on the machine type and take into account different cylinder constants for forward and reverse motion.
  • the Energy is calculated from the machine constant. Since the number of forward and reverse strokes is the same, the energy needed for both forward and reverse motion can be calculated by factoring the energy by the ratio of the cylinder force constants as follows:
  • the Instantaneous Energy Rate (IER) can be calculated as:
  • Table 4 shows an exemplary look-up table having 14 entries, with only the last column of data being sent (other data is put in for an example). The distance is scaled by 10,000 so that it is more easily understood by the EC.
  • the forward and reverse cylinder factors are different, therefore the table reflects this.
  • the reverse force factor is less than the forward one and the cylinder must be moved a longer distance each clock tick (faster) to maintain the same energy.
  • a typical A/D converter has a particular resolution.
  • the resolution of the A/D converter is 10 bits or 1 in 1023.
  • the stroke may be 200mm, therefore the measurement accuracy will be +/-0.0196cm. If the lowest value in the table is less than this resolution, the EC will not be able to resolve the smaller movements and cannot calculate the Pl%. Therefore the clock rate may need to be adjusted to a slower rate for calculating position.
  • a heart rate table can be set by calculating the heart rate zones.
  • a measured resting heart rate (HR rest ) and an estimate of the maximum heart rate (HR max ), preferably adjusted for age, can be used to define a personal heart rate training zone for aerobic activities.
  • the formula for estimating HR max is: 208 - O.7AGE in beats per minute.
  • An additional aid to determining the heart rate training zone is to calculate the
  • Heart Rate Reserve (HRR), which takes into account the resting heart rate.
  • the heart rate reserve method can be calculated as follows:
  • HRR HR max - HR rest e.g. for an individual aged 30 with a resting heart rate of 60 beats/minute:
  • the heart rate zone will depend on the overall fitness of the client, or user, and what type of exercise target they are going for. This will typically be based on a self- reported assessment of fitness from the client. The individual will have to make an educated guess as to where he/she fits on a relatively broad, three-tier classification, such as:
  • the heart rate analysis is done to indicate how much time the users heart was in each of the 3 zones. This can be done by looking at the HR for each stroke and the time for that stroke and then calculating a percentage.
  • the ROM% can be calculated by dividing the cylinder position at the end of each stroke by the maximum range of motion for the machine as defined in the machine setup data.
  • the value of / can be different for forward and reverse motion.
  • the Pl on each stroke can be calculated by first calculating the energy rate, followed by a comparison to the IER already calculated as part of the exercise profile data.
  • the energy rate is the amount of energy used per clock tick and can be calculated by taking the energy from above and dividing by the number of clock ticks for that motion (or stroke time divided by clock rate). A percentage can then be taken between this number and the targeted IER first calculated. This is the percentage of the Pl. The actual Pl achieved on each stroke can then be calculated by taking the above percentage and multiplying by the target set in the exercise profile. Fatigue and Variance
  • a measure of the person's fatigue over the exercise period can be determined by calculating the slope of the Pl% though a linear regression.
  • a negative slope indicates the person is fatiguing.
  • a simple variance to indicate consistency between strokes can be calculated by looking at successive Pl figures and subtracting. This can be expressed as a % to show variation.
  • Fig. 3 is a block and flow diagram of a computerized exercise system 200.
  • the system 200 includes an identification device 202 for each user, and a storage means 204 to store a plurality of user profiles and performance data.
  • the identification device 202 such as an RFID tag, can be a microchip device worn by the user on wrist or chest. It preferably integrates and communicates with an optional Heart Rate detection system.
  • the identification device, or user identifier, 202 actuates, or activates, each exercise station's processor, in particular a data acquisition intelligence system. Alternatively, each user can have a unique personal identification number (PIN) to enter at each exercise station.
  • the storage means 204 can be implemented as a central database or databank, in which case it acts as the main system of data collection and data management.
  • data stored in the storage means 204 is centrally accessible, even in the case where the storage means comprises a plurality of physical storage devices.
  • This provides an option of distributed storage.
  • the terms "central database” and “databank” in this description are used interchangeably with “storage means”, and represent a means for storage of data, from which the data is centrally accessible.
  • Information can be collected and stored in the databank and managed by, or on behalf of, each user as needed.
  • the databank can collect information from as many local PCs as deployed.
  • the databank can contain, for example, the following information: historical workout results, exercise programs, human performance physical profiles, training activity, achieved results, dietary information and various predictive analysis and algorithms. Other information can additionally be included, such as exercise machine profiles.
  • This databank can also contain proprietary, scientific and mathematical formulas for calculating the various performance intensity factors for each member.
  • the system 200 tracks individual performance of each user. Each user is preferably automatically identified as they commence use of an exercise device.
  • the computer system can also recall a program that has been previously established for that user and appropriately adjust the visual or other output display of the system to allow the user to monitor his own progress and perform at a desired personal level. In this way, each piece of exercise equipment is effectively customized for the individual user and the system tracks the individual's performance.
  • a plurality of exercise machine modules 208 are each in communication with the central database 204 via a communications network 206 to receive a stored user profile from the central database.
  • the communications network can be implemented as an Ethernet link. While only one exercise machine module 208 is shown in Fig. 3 for simplicity of illustration, in practice the system 200 includes a plurality of exercise machine modules 208, as will be described and illustrated later.
  • Each of the exercise machine modules 208 includes: a sensor system, or physical performance detection system, 210; and an electronic controller 212.
  • the sensor system 210 preferably includes an exercise machine sensor, for coupling to an exercise machine, preferably to a resistance element thereof, to measure performance data.
  • the sensor system 210 can include a sensor, such as a load cell mounted onto an exercise station weight stack, to continuously measure the force used for each repetition for each exercise.
  • the sensor system can also include an encoder or potentiometer to be mounted on the exercise station and used to measure distance moved for each repetition.
  • the system of the present invention is able to measure, calculate and provide feedback to users based on their degree of effort and desired goals.
  • the electronic controller 212 is coupled to the sensor system 210, to determine or calculate exercise intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to compare the calculated exercise intensity with the user profile; and to provide feedback to the user regarding exercise intensity based on a comparison of measured performance data and the stored user profile.
  • the exercise controller 212 can alternatively be described as being coupled to the sensor system 210 to calculate exercise intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to determine an exercise intensity indication, or parameter, based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile, and to provide the exercise intensity indication as feedback to the user.
  • the electronic controller 212 can include a user identification unit 214 to receive a user profile from a central database 204.
  • the user identification unit 214 or data acquisition intelligence system, can read or otherwise receive a user identifier, such as from an identification device 202, e.g. an RFID tag.
  • the system of the invention can be described as including an identification module to receive a user profile from a storage means in response to a received user identification.
  • the electronic controller 212 can also include a processor 216, in communication with the user identification unit 214 and with the sensor system 210 associated with the exercise machine, to calculate exercise intensity in response to received user performance data, and to determine an exercise intensity indication (such as Pl) based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile.
  • an exercise intensity indication such as Pl
  • the electronic controller 212 can also include a feedback module 218, such as a display, in communication with the processor 216, to provide the exercise intensity parameter to the user.
  • this device includes the intelligence to identify and communicate to the feedback system, while measuring the physiological and physical function of the body.
  • a data acquisition intelligence system can be implemented as a card that tracks all performance data including force, distance, time, heart rate, etc.
  • the processor 216 preferably includes a memory with firmware or software comprising sequences and instructions to determine exercise intensity and workload.
  • the processor can control various LED lights on the feedback module 218, which can be implemented as a digital feedback unit, or display unit.
  • the processor 216 can also communicate data to a computer 220.
  • the computer 220 can be implemented as a central computer, or in a distributed manner where the functions of the computer can be considered as centrally controlled, or centrally available.
  • the processor 216 can also track and communicate heart rate data.
  • system 200 has particular application for retrofitting with existing equipment, it can also be used with (or alternatively integrated in) new equipment. Furthermore, although the system is described with respect to the addition of sensors to existing resistance elements on the exercise equipment, new resistance elements can be added which include the sensors as part thereof. Obviously, the retrofit application provides a cost advantage.
  • a user would wear a heart rate belt and scan an RFID tag, or user identifier 202, in front of the electronic controller 212. Based on the downloaded user profile, the electronic controller 212 downloads a unique set of data tables specifically designed for that user, and provides an indication based on the data tables of how much weight the user should be lifting. While the user is exercising, the electronic controller can show the user's range of motion for the muscles, calculate how much energy the user has exerted, and can count down the repetitions based on the number of repetitions that have already been done.
  • the processor 216 comprises the necessary intelligence to vary the prescribed programming to continuously challenge the user to perform at their unique maximum capability while ensuring safety.
  • the electronic controller 212 preferably automatically sends all tracked and collected outcome data to the central computer 220 for immediate reporting.
  • the system can include dynamic, or automatic, modification or updating of a goal or target based on measured performance results.
  • the system can include a measurement module 234 for extracting measured user performance data from the storage means or central database 204 and for comparing the measured data with the stored target data.
  • the data in question can be a Performance Index (Pl). If the measured data shows that the measured Pl value meets a target Pl value, the target Pl value can be increased slightly so that the user is set to improve when coming for the next workout.
  • the update or modification of the goal, or target can be performed by an automatic goal update module 236.
  • the amount by which the goal, such as a Pl value, is increased is determined by a stored progression index, which is preferably stored in a memory accessible by, or within, the automatic goal update module 236.
  • the progression index can be a percentage by which the Pl value, or any other value, is increased if the user reaches a target, or is decreased if the user fails to reach the target. Although any suitable value can be used and modified by the user, a presently preferred progression index value is about 10%.
  • the system can also provide the user the ability to manually modify parameters of an exercise, such as: weight, repetitions, and target performance index for that particular exercise.
  • This user modification can be performed a user-accessible profile edits module 238, which can be accessed via a web management module 240.
  • the profile edits module, or training module can include relevant information on exercise programs as developed and managed. It can include personal information on the user as well as desired goals and objectives.
  • the section can include critical data forming the cornerstone of health management information. Access to the module can be provided to various users based on security privileges, as defined by the system or by the member.
  • a global target such as a global performance index, is then preferably automatically updated based on any manual user modification or change to specific exercise parameters.
  • the global Pl preferably cannot be changed directly by the user.
  • the web management module, or web site, 240 can preferably be the interface used to manage all information gathered from all the various systems and users. It can feature various user interfaces for members, personal trainers, physicians, and other professionals based on the assigned security privileges. From this main system, users can be prompted to and provided with the ability to manage, accept, and modify various health information gathered and tracked by the system.
  • the system can provide a caloric intake module 242, which can include modules to receive and store information relating to diet and/or intake. Meal consumption and caloric intake information can thus be entered into the same system that tracks fitness. As a result, the user performance targets, or fitness targets, for the individual can be dynamically modified based on meal consumption. The modified profile based on the updated caloric intake can then be sent to the health club or the communication module system and the user profile is updated accordingly.
  • the total caloric intake can preferably be updated on a periodic basis, such as at the end of each day, and can preferably be based on knowledge of the user's caloric burn rate.
  • a caloric value database that interacts with the web module of the system of the present invention preferably includes caloric values relating to different types of food, which the user can select when entering the meal consumption, such as by a drop-down menu. That way, the user does not need to have knowledge of calories associated with particular food types and amounts.
  • the user can connect to a website module and enter their dietary intake.
  • Software in, or in communication with, the caloric intake module calculates the caloric impact on the overall training program and analyzes the impact on weight gain/weight loss based on tracked training proficiency.
  • the software utilizes this revised profile and only activates the LED light feedback system based on the new modified work intensity requirement. This cycle of objectively documenting intake and associating it to measured output will not only enhance user compliance, but substantially improve the ability for the user to achieve their fitness goals.
  • the software can provide predictive analysis on various weight gain and weight loss scenarios for 30 days, 90 days, 6 months, one year and longer, based on observed dietary intake and activity intensity.
  • the software recommends changes to future dietary intake and training intensity. Having access to dietary intake information can allow the predictive engine to forecast both the short and long-term impact on the users physical condition and associated physical risks.
  • the predictive engine can be implemented as a predictive profiles module 244, as shown in Fig. 3.
  • the predictive profiles module can be used by the member to analyze and determine weight gain/ loss scenarios based on measured and observed outcomes.
  • Various algorithms and scientific principles can be utilized in determining the validity and effectiveness of various exercise training programs and to make the necessary recommendations to the user for change.
  • a key prediction component can be determined by the measure of physical activity in comparison to the desired goals and objectives of the training program. Based on such measurements, the system can advise the user of the anticipated time of progress to achieve the desired goals.
  • a fatigue and variance module 246 is shown in Fig. 3 as being in communication with the storage means 204, and having access to the measured user performance data. While this module is shown as a single module, the two functions can be implemented separately.
  • this can be determined in relation to the calculated energy per repetition and any variation there has been between energy per stroke by observing the slope of a line showing the energy expended. This shows whether the person is exerting more energy continuously or losing more energy continuously. In a normal healthy individual training at the full intensity, a strength loss rate of about 10 % is expected.
  • a coefficient of variance which is a measure of consistency, illustrates how consistently the repetitions were performed. If energy is increasing or decreasing but the consistency is not there, the user is not trying their best.
  • the system looks at the relationship between consistency and fatigue, with ideal values being a fatigue of about 10 % and a consistency variation of about 0 %. Within each set, the system can collect data relating to each individual stroke.
  • Each stroke in an exercise can be summarized, with its distance, position, range of motion, energy, fatigue, heart rate, and performance.
  • an intensity parameter such as a performance index (Pl)
  • Pl performance index
  • a summary Pl is also calculated for each set.
  • a personal trainer can use this data to communicate with the user and identify areas that need to be worked on.
  • the system can preferably automatically update a user profile based on stored settings relating to fatigue and variance.
  • a reports module 248 can also be provided in communication with the web management module 240.
  • the reports module can generate user-specific reports based on information from the central database 204, as well as the measurement module 234, the caloric intake module 242, and the fatigue/variance module 246. Additional modules can include the ability to create custom statistics and measured outcome for published research.
  • the reports module 248 will now be described in further detail.
  • Reports Module / Kiosk The system preferably includes a reports module, or kiosk, 248 to generate and provide access to user-specific reports based on measured user performance.
  • the reports module, or kiosk, 248 can be provided at the computer 220. In the following description, the kiosk will be described separately, partly since the system can include a plurality of kiosks.
  • the computer 220 centrally manages all data and communicates with all ECs in the system, preferably using wireless technology.
  • the user has the option to login at the kiosk 248 before starting an exercise routine and accept the workout program modified by the system based on results from the previous workout, the amount of consumed calories and the desired goals and objectives.
  • the kiosk 248 sends the revised exercise profile to the various EC units for each exercise.
  • the individual approaches the kiosk, activating the reporting system for outcome summary of measured performance in comparison to their pre-established goals and objectives.
  • a one-page graphical report can be generated, so that the user can evaluate their performance and make the necessary modifications to their exercise routines.
  • the kiosk software can include various equipment setup parameters and can be used for organizing the various equipment inventories in any club and associating them to various software parameters. All stations are preferably initially characterized prior to first use.
  • the section can include, for example: Equipment calibration screens; Product registration screens; Equipment ID and Data Acquisition Units association screen; Facility setup screen; and Protocol and communication setup screens.
  • the kiosk software can also include various personal setup screens for entering all personal data including, for example: User personal setup screens; Medical clearance questionnaires and signoff; Various security log-in privileges for other users; Customized exercise program screens; Baseline testing and goal setting screen, anticipated trends; and Battery of standardized templates for creating training programs.
  • the user or the individual responsible for the user can print various progress reports, manage and create training programs, and enter dietary information.
  • the user can have the option to print various progress reports to review effectiveness of the workout.
  • Reports can be summarized in relation to established baseline and planned goals and objectives and can include, for example: One page summary of current workout results (prints automatically at end of workout); and two to three page summary of any number of workouts (user defined data range).
  • the report module, or reporting engine, 248 can automatically provide these results on ⁇ line or to other communication devices including personal digital assistant (PDA), Cell Phone or by email, such as in PDF (portable document format) file format, or any other suitable data format for any other device capable of data communications.
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • PDF portable document format
  • Suitable protocols can be used to enable communication between the network module, the identification module, and the performance data and feedback module.
  • the methods of the present invention can generally be embodied as software residing on a general purpose, or other suitable, computer having a modem or internet connection to a communications network.
  • the application software embodying the methods of the present invention can be provided on any suitable computer-useable medium for execution by the computer, such as CD-ROM, hard disk, read-only memory, or random access memory.
  • the application software is written in a suitable programming language, such as C++ or Matlab, and can be organized, into software modules to perform the method steps.
  • the methods could be implemented in a digital signal processor (DSP) or other similar hardware-related implementation.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • embodiments of the present invention can be provided as a computer- readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of the method of measuring physical workload for a task, or the method of characterizing a physical performance device, as described above.
  • embodiments of the present invention can be provided as a computer readable medium comprising a data structure.
  • the data structure can include a physical performance index value generated by the method of measuring physical workload for a task, as described above.
  • the data structure can include a physical performance device profile generated by the method of characterizing a physical performance device, as described above.

Abstract

A method of measuring physical workload for a task is provided. After receiving task execution data, an exerted energy value is calculated in response to the received task execution data. A physical performance index value is then generated based the exerted energy value. The exerted energy value can be calculated based on a calculated work value, which itself is based on the received task execution data. A physical performace device, such an exercise machine, can be characterized based on the performance index value. The method can include compling a physical performance device profile including the physical performance index value, and optionally transmitting the profile to a storage means. The method can also include identifiying a functional muscle group associated with the device. The measured physical workload can be a measured value of user performance, which can be compared to a target value to determine a user's physical performance.

Description

METHOD OF CHARACTERIZING PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority of United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/620,679 filed October 22, 2004 entitled "Automated Human Performance
System", as well as United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/680,474 filed May 12, 2005 entitled "Mytrack System", both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to human performance measurement. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of characterizing and calculating physical performance.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As the baby boom market continues to age and obesity in all age groups continues to take center stage, health delivery services, in particular the exercise and wellness sectors are being called upon to adapt to the unique and sophisticated needs of the market. Clearly, the trend in today's market is to maximize the benefits and efficiency of physical activity without spending countless hours at a gym. People are realizing that ultimate health should combine nutrition and lifestyle with a balanced exercise program for real, lasting results and improved physical well being, whether at work, home or play. Companies too are feeling the squeeze from employee obesity, workplace injuries, absenteeism and the overall state of ill health in the workplace. Of the 100 million individuals in the United States that participate in exercise programs, over 80% fail to maintain a balanced long-term health program. They quickly become overwhelmed with the complexities of balancing dietary intake, nutrition, exercise activity and lifestyle, and thus fail to devote the necessary time and discipline needed to impact true and lasting health. Time is a very precious commodity today; as a result, people can be unwilling to devote the necessary time to the manual day-to-day management of a comprehensive health program. In most cases, individuals are left to their own motivation and planning in the development and execution of their health and exercise programs. Some facilities provide limited guidance once members join, but quickly dissolve that one-on-one personal management service. Equipment sold today lacks the technology, objectivity, science and tracking to successfully associate the physical functions of exercise, the physiological outcomes of the body with the effectiveness of a well-balanced nutritional intake program. This leaves the user to experiment without any real objective, benchmark or tracked outcome, making it extremely difficult for users to reach and maintain optimum health.
When a person exercises, either at home or in a fitness club, they usually have some goal in mind, such as getting fitter, staying fit, increasing strength, loosing weight etc. To get the most benefit from exercise it is important that the user knows exactly what goal they have been set and how they are performing, both on an immediate real-time basis and over time. This leaves the exerciser with a number of key questions: How well have I done? How much energy did I exert and how many Calories did I burn? Did I perform well against my target or exercise program? What was my target? Did I do better this time, compared to last time or my historical data? Am I improving and progressing my fitness level? Exactly how fit am I?
To set goals and track fitness can require measuring how much energy a person has exerted during exercise, i.e. Calories, power and workload the muscles are performing while continuously monitoring heart rate against a training zone. The current method of establishing a person's absolute maximum performance on any given piece of exercise equipment is to get that person to exercise to exhaustion while measuring the parameters of interest: heart rate, oxygen consumption, weight lifted etc. This data provides an individual's maximum performance at that point in time i.e. the individual's 100% output or ability. However this may be only 60% of the standard for that individual's age or sex. Such standards (high, average, poor, etc) are available for aerobic fitness (VO2max) as established on a treadmill, bike, or step test and some physical performance tests.
This method, for most people, is impractical, since as you are improving in fitness, you would be required to re-take the tests to track any change in fitness level. While a person may feel that they have exercised well, and are improving, without some absolute measure of performance it is difficult to know for sure. Therefore a simpler, more practical way is required that measures performance against goals as the person is exercising, tracks fitness and progression and can be tailored to each individual. There are known approaches in which a counter is used to measure revolutions of a weight stack. A display portion of the system allows the user to log in using a PIN, providing exercise execution information such as seat and weight settings, target sets and reps, and rep counts. A computer can be provided in a fitness club, at which a user can observe the statistics based on the user's workout. Exercise machines are networked into a central database, and the system can be accessed on a workout floor, a staff computer workstation, or via the Internet. Staff can create workout templates and performance monitoring tools, and send members customized messages via the system. The performance monitoring allows staff to identify in real-time which members need assistance and provides targeted feedback to the staff. Progress reports and graphs are available to users. Non-machine activities such as jogging, swimming and fitness classes can be logged in to the system. Reports to management can also be generated that detail both member and staff demographic data.
While such known approaches provide computer-based solutions for fitness training, those solutions are essentially electronic versions of a performance card on which measured repetition and set data is stored and possibly compared to a target value. The feedback provided is minimal, and only provides information relating to targets for sets and repetitions, not in terms of overall health targets.
It is, therefore, desirable to provide a method of calculating physical performance, which can be used in association with a human performance system, that overcomes some of the drawbacks of existing solutions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one disadvantage of previous health delivery services and health management systems.
Embodiments of the present invention utilize proprietary technologies and advanced scientific analysis to deliver a complete automated health management solution deployable to a plurality of health verticals.
Embodiments of the present invention will preferably provide users with automated, personalized health management while tracking, assisting, motivating and encouraging them to achieve the maximum results in less time. This automated technology and process can encompass many different areas, such as diet, nutrition, physical activity, and lifestyle.
In an aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of measuring physical workload for a task, including the following steps: receiving task execution data; calculating an exerted energy value in response to the received task execution data; and generating a physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value.
The step of calculating the exerted energy value can include calculating a work value based on the received task execution data, and determining the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value. The received task execution data can include task baseline data or user performance data. The method can further include, prior to the step of receiving, the step of measuring the task execution data. The step of generating the physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value can include multiplying the exerted energy by a machine constant. The machine constant can be determined based on: a ratio of energy exerted in performing the task and a ratio of time spent performing the task; a ratio of energy exerted in performing the task and a machine maximum energy value; or a ratio of cylinder force constants.
The physical performance index value can include a measure of exercise intensity. The method can further include: displaying a physical performance indicator to a user, the physical performance indicator being determined based on the physical performance index value; determining a user's physical performance based on a comparison of the physical performance index value with a baseline value in a pre¬ defined profile; determining a user's physical suitability to perform a second task based on a comparison between the physical performance index and a second task baseline value; or determining a degree of a user's physical function based on a percentage difference between the physical performance index value and a physical function baseline value.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of characterizing a physical performance device, including the following steps: receiving task execution data; calculating an exerted energy value in response to the received task execution data; generating a physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value; and compiling or generating a physical performance device profile including the physical performance index value.
The step of calculating the exerted energy value can include calculating a work value based on the received task execution data, and determining the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value.
The method can further include one or more of the following steps: identifying a functional muscle group associated with the device; determining a machine inefficiency based on a comparison of a measured Pl value for the device and a standard device type
Pl value; prior to the step of receiving, measuring task execution data; and transmitting the physical performance device profile to a storage means.
In other aspect, the present invention provides a computer-readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of the method of measuring physical workload for a task, as described above. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a computer-readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of the method of characterizing a physical performance device, as described above.
In a yet further aspect, the present invention provides a computer readable medium comprising a data structure, the data structure including a physical performance index value generated by the method of measuring physical workload for a task, as described above.
In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a computer readable medium comprising a data structure, the data structure including a physical performance device profile generated by the method of characterizing a physical performance device, as described above.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:
Fig. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 2A-2C illustrate three types of hydraulic exercise machines; and
Fig. 3 is a block and flow diagram of a system with which a method of embodiment of the present invention can be used.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION Generally, the present invention provides a method of measuring physical workload for a task. After receiving task execution data, an exerted energy value is calculated in response to the received task execution data. A physical performance index value is then generated based on the exerted energy value. The exerted energy value can be calculated based on a calculated work value, which itself is based on the received task execution data. A physical performance device, such as an exercise machine, can be characterized based on the performance index value. The method can include compiling a physical performance device profile including the physical performance index value, and optionally transmitting the profile to a storage means. The method can also include identifying a functional muscle group associated with the device. The measured physical workload can be a measured value of user performance, which can be compared to a target value to determine a user's physical performance. While some known systems and methods can count repetitions and sets, and possibly compare the data with a baseline level, such systems do not provide any indication of a level of exertion or human performance for a particular user when performing the repetitions and sets observed. There is no analysis, data management, or feedback in known systems. The present invention provides additional analysis tools, and provides information on energy exerted, calories burned, and many other useful parameters not provided by the known systems. It can be described as relating to automated monitoring of exercise equipment and the calculation or estimation of an individual energy output during the use of this equipment. In other words, known systems provide tracking of fitness data while the present invention provides total management of fitness data. Though embodiments will be described in relation to fitness and exercise machines, the present invention can be used to measure physical performance on any machine or device requiring physical exertion, and compare a measured value with a performance target. An embodiment of the present invention measures a person's physical exertion via a machine on which the exertion is being made, in such a way that it can be compared with a performance target. The methods described herein are advantageously employed in the context of a computerized physical performance measurement system. An example of such a system is described in the inventor's commonly-assigned PCT Application No. entitled "System For Measuring Physical
Performance And For Providing Interactive Feedback" filed of even date herewith, which is incorporated herein by reference. Following a description of some embodiments of the present invention, a description of such a system will be provided below, in order to provide a suitable context for the application of methods and other aspects of embodiments of the present invention.
Performance Index (Pl)
Performance Index (Pl) is a global measure that establishes a physical performance level in relation to, or for, a piece of exercise equipment. The Pl is a measure against which a person can set targets. It can also represent a person's overall physical performance and body efficiency during exercise. The Pl measure can be applied to any form of exercise, from aerobics to gym equipment and specialist training. Pl is a unique measure according to an embodiment of the present invention, which is based on the energy a person uses while exercising. Because different exercises and exercise machines will exercise the body in different ways and use different amounts of energy, it is advantageous to characterize each machine with respect to the Pl scale, so that an accurate measure of Pl can be made. In a presently preferred embodiment, Pl is based on a linear scale from zero to about 1000, with the premise that an average person with a high level of fitness will perform at a Pl of about 1000. The use of Pl as a universal standard means that it can be applied to any type of exercise equipment. Exercise routines on a weight stack, exercise bike, rowing machine, treadmill etc. can all be defined and related to a standard Pl value, e.g. PI=1000. By installing an electronic controller on an exercise machine and applying the correct type of sensor, energy can be measured and thus performance calculated. Suppose a user is aiming for a target Pl of 100. If that user employs two completely different and independent products and product types as part of an exercise program, including the method and resistance type, the end result is that the user's Pl is constant. If you are aiming for a Pl of 100, you are aiming of a Pl of 100 on any machine that has been classified according to this system. It is not necessary to have different measures or classifications for each different machine or even each different type of machine, since the Pl measure can be applied to any type of machine. As such, Pl can be described as a standardized measure of energy, or of exerted energy.
Measuring Pl In order for Pl to be used as a standard measure against which user performance can be gauged or ranked, there needs to be a generic way of calculating a Pl value for a given exercise machine, or physical performance task/job. Having a consistent way of calculating a Pl value is one reason why it can be used as a standard measure. This method can be used either for determining a baseline Pl value to characterize a physical exertion device, or for determining an actual Pl value while a user is exercising.
Fig. 1 illustrates a method of calculating a physical performance value. While the preferred physical performance value to be calculated is Pl, this method can be used to determine any measure of intensity of physical performance or exertion. Step 102 shows a first step of receiving task execution data. The received task execution data can be task baseline data that was previously measured and is stored in a memory. In another case, the received execution data can be measured data relating to a characterization of a task. In the case of determining in real-time a user's current Pl value, the task execution data can be user performance data. The method can additionally include the step of measuring task execution data, such as measuring user performance data. This additional step is preferably performed before step 102. Step 104 in Fig. 1 shows a second step of calculating an exerted energy value associated with a task in response to the received task execution data. Step 104 can include a sub-step of calculating a work value and determining the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value. Known mathematical relationships between work and energy for each particular job/task are used in order to determine the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value. Step 106 shows a third step of determining, or generating or calculating, a performance index value based on the exerted energy value. The method can also include a further step of displaying a physical performance indicator to a user, the physical performance indicator being determined based on the physical performance index value.
Pl values are scaled versions of an energy value, either a measured exerted energy value or a target exerted energy value. The target exerted energy value can alternatively be referred to as a measure of required exerted energy. A machine maximum energy value is determined for an exercise machine. This determination is based on the maximum amount of energy that would be required to operate that machine at full capacity for a given period of time. A maximum Pl value of 1000 is correlated to the machine maximum energy value. Pl values between 0 and 1000 are then associated with corresponding energy values between zero and the machine maximum energy value, based on an appropriate calculation, preferably in relation to a linear scale. A Pl value table can then be generated based on those associations, and stored on a computer readable medium. Therefore, when a user is doing an exercise on a machine, an exerted energy value can be calculated based on received user performance data, and a measured Pl value can be calculated based on a comparison of the calculated exerted energy value with values in a performance index table for the machine. For characterizing a physical performance device, such as an exercise machine, the performance index value is determined by multiplying the exerted energy value by a scaling factor. The scaling factor can be a machine constant for the exercise machine being used. The machine constant can be determined based on a relationship between a ratio of energy performed and a ratio of time spent. For example, for a hydraulic cylinder, the machine constant is determined based on a comparison between a ratio of energy performed in forward and reverse motion of the cylinder, and a ratio of time spent on the forward and reverse motion of the cylinder. This method can alternatively be implemented as, or described as, a method of estimating energy expended, and tracking/integrating that over time. Obviously, the machine constant is different for each different machine. Example Pl Determinations for Different Machines
In terms of the implementation of the present invention with different types of machines, different sensors are used for each different type of machine, or product type.
Different sets of data are collected from each machine type. The sets of data are interpreted differently for each product type. However, a common end result is always achieved, namely a qualification of performance index.
For a weight stack, the determination of Pl includes considering the amount of weight being lifted in a given period of time over a given distance. From this raw data, the distance and the time and load values are used to calculate velocity, acceleration, energy and every other mathematical calculation that is necessary. All of that calculated data is correlated to the scale of human performance index.
Spinning has taken traditional bikes and turned them into a means for complete exercise programs. The next evolution in programs is feedback and automation being incorporated into those programs. To use an embodiment of the present invention with spinning applications, a pressure foil mechanism is used and is mounted between the plastic of the brake pad and the felt of the brake pad. As a result, the sensor measures the pressure on the surface area of the bike's brake pad. The more the brake is squeezed, the more pressure will be sensed. At the same time, the system includes an optical sensor that detects wheel position. Therefore, the system can measure how hard the brake pad is being squeezed and how fast the wheel is spinning; on the basis of those measurements, position, resistance, and heat generated can be determined. In relation to time and those other factors, the energy being exerted can be measured. Once the energy value is obtained, this can be related to the Pl scale. On the basis common Pl number, the system can provide indications of the settings to be used on the particular machine, such as putting a spinning machine on setting number 9.
For hydraulic machines, a similar Pl determination is made. However, work in this case is not determined with respect to a load being lifted. In such a case, the system looks at sensor data in terms of position versus time based on the characteristics of the piston, such as the characteristics of the orifice and the viscosity of the fluid or liquid and the amount of time it would take for a person to move a particular amount of fluid from one chamber to the other. In an exemplary characterization or calibration method, a piston is taken and characterized based on these parameters. The piston is then tested on the fixtures and devices of a testing system for the present invention so that it can be characterized, that is to indicate the optimal efficiency of the piston. A separate characterization machine is preferably used for such purposes. A resulting table is provided based on the characterization testing of the piston. The table can be graphed and once a full matrix is obtained, that matrix can be included in software which is part of a system using the present invention. These features provides the ability to characterize or calibrate a piston and any number of different pistons, as well as to create a unique profile for each such piston and to put that profile directly into software tables. Once the piston has been characterized, the rest of the logic can be applied in terms of work, velocity, time, piston setting and other parameters in order to equate that to Pl as well.
Machine Inefficiencies and Muscle Group Identification
One aspect of the present invention can be described as a method of characterizing a physical performance device, including the following steps: receiving task execution data; calculating an exerted energy value in response to the received task execution data; generating a physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value; and compiling a physical performance device profile including the physical performance index value. Aside from a machine's Pl value, there are other parameters that can be included in a machine characterization, or a machine profile.
Inefficiencies of a particular machine can be taken into account. A machine inefficiency can be determined based on a comparison of a measured Pl value for the device and a standard device type Pl value, which can be a standard Pl value for the machine type, or machine class. A determination can be made as to how much energy (or additional physical energy) is being exerted by a user as a result of the calculated machine inefficiency. A relationship can also be made between the human energy exerted and the human performance index scale. This analysis is preferably done for each available machine in a particular machine type or class. This can be part of the machine characterization, or appraisal or calibration, process. Therefore, a machine profile preferably includes a machine inefficiency parameter, the scale of which is preferably suitable to account for machine performance that is either better or worse than an expected value. A report rendered to a user can preferably account for such machine inefficiencies when analyzing the user's performance data. A machine characterization also preferably includes an indication of the functional muscle group(s) that the machine exercises. This can be based on a step of identifying a functional muscle group associated with the device. A functional muscle group parameter can include an indication of whether the machine primarily or secondarily works particular muscle groups, and what the ratio or percentage is. Machines can then be classified based on the functional muscle groups that are worked by the machines. Once the work requirement is known, as well as the energy distribution by muscle ratios, and once this is related to the indexing of Pl, this results in a system as described above, including feedback relating to Pl. For example, a report rendered to a user can preferably generate muscle-group based reports based on user performance data at each machine that works that muscle group, taking into account the percentage of work for each muscle group at each machine.
Based on known machine information related to muscle groups being exercised by that machine, a method according to an embodiment of the present invention can include a step of calculating a Pl value for each muscle group. In the case of determining a target value, the method can include a step of calculating a Pl capacity, or maximum Pl value, for each muscle group.
Other Industrial Applications
In addition to the examples described above in relation to the exercise/fitness industry, there are many other applications for embodiments of the present invention. A method according to an embodiment of the present invention can determine a user's physical performance, and compare it with a baseline value, such as a job value. The job value can be calculated by determining the total job energy required. For example, in the case of the job of lifting a box, the total job energy required can be calculated based on a measured weight of the box, the height that the box must be lifted, and any other value. Based on a knowledge of the muscles required to perform the job, a job profile can be generated based on a proportionate distribution of the total job energy. The method can provide an identification of an area of shortfall by comparing a user's measured Pl value with a job Pl value. Since muscle-group level information on the target and the measured values is available, the method can provide an identification of the particular muscle group, or part of the body, which is the cause of the shortfall. In that way, the method can also provide an improvement recommendation based on the identified area of shortfall.
A computer can store a plurality of predefined profiles. Those predefined profiles can include parameters, such as a Pl index, used to classify or appraise a user by age, gender and occupation. A user's measured physical performance can be compared to a pre-defined profile for that type of individual. A system can be used to assign a muscle specific Pl Index and a overall global body Pl Index to each user. The user's measured Pl value(s) can be used in the following contexts:
Work Related Job Matching: a. Matching employees to the jobs they are expected to perform at work. b. Objectively identifying injury probability based on collected data from various workouts by comparing observed performance to job profiles. c. Modifying, or identifying potential modifications, to the ergonomics or physical demands of a job to closer match the physical function of an individual performing such a job. d. Conditioning, or identifying potential training or conditioning programs, to condition the individual to better match the required physical demands of their job.
Rehabilitation and Medical Application: a. Tracking the physical function and improvements of people in therapy. b. Matching the physical function of people in rehab to identify return to work readiness. c. Evaluating the effectiveness of therapy based on injury type and physical disability, impairment. d. Used by insurance companies to establish the degree of functional loss resulting from injury be objectively establishing the amount of Pl loss.
Sports Teams: a. Matching sports players to pre-defined ideal profiles based on played position and actual sport. b. Determining and track individual muscle behaviours prior to the onset of physical injury.
The above-described scenarios can be described as an extension of a previously- described method according to an embodiment of the present invention further comprising the step of determining a user's physical performance based on a comparison of the physical performance index value with a baseline value in a pre-defined profile. For example, this can include determining a user's physical suitability to perform a second task based on a comparison between the physical performance index and a second task baseline value. This can also include determining a degree of a user's physical function based on a percentage difference between the physical performance index value and a physical function baseline value. In any of these cases, the method can include displaying, or otherwise providing, a physical performance indicator to a user, the physical performance indicator being determined based on the physical performance index value. Example of Pl and Equipment Characterization in an Exercise Context
During an exercise, an electronic controller can use a sensor to measure parameters of an exercise machine's resistive element. For example, for a hydraulic machine, the sensor can measure cylinder velocity. Knowing the cylinder setting, it is possible to calculate the force being exerted, and over time the amount of energy being used. Each piece of exercise equipment requires a machine constant setting that will be used to convert energy to Pl. Based on the type of exercise to be performed e.g. weight loss program, strength program etc. a standard setup is established that consists of the exercise duration, number of strokes and the cylinder resistance setting and Calorie burn. This then becomes the standard and represents a performance level of PI=1000.
The present invention can store this data in a database of physical performance measurement device profiles, or exercise machine profiles. In an embodiment, a storage means, or central database, of a computerized exercise system can comprise the database of exercise machine profiles. For a hydraulic machine, the exercise machine profile can include some or all the following information: manufacturer model; type; and cylinder used. This system also allows individual cylinder settings to be used on those machines that are fitted with easy adjustment mechanisms.
The characterization of equipment can be done using a computer based software program that can be attached to the equipment to measure and determine the various machine parameters. An overview of this process is given.
Once the machine is calibrated, this data can be used by a Kiosk to calculate the various information tables required by an Exercise Controller (EC), attached to a piece of exercise equipment. This data is based on the exercise profile, either automatically determined or setup by the user. After completion of the exercise, the data that the EC sends back to the Kiosk requires analysis to give user feedback on performance. For each piece of exercise equipment that has an Exercise Controller attached, a first step is to determine its Pl rating where an Average Person will score a Pl of 1000. This can be done by setting: Time duration of Exercise TAP; Number or Reps at full stroke NAP; and Machine Resistance Setting CAp.
These numbers can initially be set from experience, but can later be adjusted as exercise data is obtained and a better understanding of Pl and AP is made. From these numbers, and knowing the characteristics of the machine, we can determine the energy used for that exercise and calculate an equipment constant (K) that will relate this amount of energy to PI=1000. For a particular user and exercise, the Kiosk will set the target Pl, exercise duration and number of reps. From this data, the energy the user needs to expend to achieve this exercise level can be calculated. This is the 100% level for Pl. This energy level can then be scaled from 0 to 100%. A user can put in more energy, to exceed their target, however warning levels need to be set to indicate too much effort is being done and to warn against possible injury. Therefore levels of 125% and 150% are also set.
Example of Pl and Equipment Characterization for a Hydraulic Device
A detailed explanation will now be provided with respect to calculations of Pl for hydraulic exercise equipment. Similar calculations for other types of equipment will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art.
Each cylinder has a particular characteristic that relates piston velocity to the force required to move it. This can be measured on a dynamometer and approximated to a polynomial equation of the form: F = av2 + bv + c where / is the force and v the velocity. If cylinder is configured where the force is different in the forward and reverse directions, two force factors are required.
Over the low velocity range that the cylinder is used, with a maximum of 10mm/sec. this can be approximated to a straight line, therefore the equation becomes: F=/v where /=Force factor (Ns/mm) for a particular cylinder direction and setting, F=Cylinder Force (N), and v=velocity (mm/s).
In addition each piston may have up to 10 settings through the adjustment of the bleed valve (some cylinders will have less, therefore the table may not be fully populated). Each of these bleed valve or "hardness" settings has a different / value.
Therefore a database of cylinder type, hardness setting and the forward and reverse force factor value is required.
When in use on each machine, the equations v=d/t and F=/v can be used to relate all these variables to get energy as follows; E = Fd = f(d2/t) where d=distance (mm), t=time (s) and E=Energy (mJ) required to move the cylinder over distance d in time t.
An exemplary table for a cylinder with 8 settings is shown in Table 1 below:
Figure imgf000017_0004
Table 1
Exercise machines with hydraulic cylinders fall into a number of different categories based on how the cylinders are configured. Categorizing the machine in this way enables one equation to be used for the energy calculations. Figs. 2A-2C illustrate three types of hydraulic exercise machines.
The forward and reverse force factors for the machines can be calculated as follows: Type 1: Single cylinder machine (shown in Fig. 2A)
Figure imgf000017_0001
/REV=CYLREV
Type 2: Dual cylinder machine with cylinders working in the same direction (shown in Fig. 2B)
Figure imgf000017_0002
Type 3: Dual cylinder machine with opposing motion (shown in Fig. 2C)
Figure imgf000017_0003
Other types of machines may become apparent in the future.
Therefore a database of exercise machines is required, that describes the Manufacturer, Model, Type and Cylinder used. This database can comprise machine profiles as discussed earlier. Also, a fitness club may set the cylinder hardness for each machine differently, therefore when a machine is selected, the cylinder setting is preferably also selected so that the force factors for the local club are known.
A distance measuring device is provided for use on the cylinder, since this has specific characteristics and may be non-linear. Some devices may not measure from zero, so the stroke minimum and stroke maximum can also be provided in the database.
Table 2 below represents an exemplary entry for a machine:
Figure imgf000018_0001
Table 2
The EC carries out a number of calculations to determine the Performance Index and Range of Motion. These values can be calculated by the Kiosk and sent to the EC in the form of data tables. A lookup table is used by the EC to display the range of motion on 9 LED's. The data sent to the EC can be the binary value that represents the reading from the distance sensor. Therefore the Kiosk can calculate these values into a table.
As an example the Sharp GPSD12 has a non-linear output that can be calculated using the values and equations below. Define the following parameters: L = Stroke
Length; LMAX = Stroke Maximum; LMIN = Stroke Minimum; R = Stroke Resolution; and V =
Sensor Voltage as a 10-bit resolution input. Taking into account that L = LMAX - LMIN > R=
L/9.
To perform further determinations: Calculate cylinder position from LMIN to LMAX. in steps of R; Calculate Sensor Voltage using the formula for the sensor; and use the fact that V = 6524.2X-08273. Results are shown in Table 3 below.
Figure imgf000019_0002
Table 3
Performance Index and Pl Calculation Once the Pl is established, then the energy can be calculated and by using the above energy equation, the energy put into the machine by the user can be determined, by sensing the change in the cylinder distance over time. Because the EC measures cylinder position at regular intervals based on the processor clock time or ticks, it is possible for the Kiosk to calculate all this out and send to the EC a table that relates the Pl% to a change in distance per clock tick. The energy calculation will depend on the machine type and take into account different cylinder constants for forward and reverse motion.
Once the force factors have been calculated as above, the Pl can be calculated in the same way for all machine types. The following variables will be used in the discussion that follows: T= exercise time (sec); E= total energy to be expended (mJ); /FWD = forward cylinder force factor (Ns/mm); /REV = reverse cylinder force factor (Ns/mm); EFWD = Energy to be used in forward motion (nil); EREV = Energy to be used in reverse motion (ml); IER = instantaneous energy rate to be used in forward motion; t = Exercise controller clock time (msec); TM = time of forward motion; TREV = time for reverse motion; and /r = force factor ratio.
The Energy is calculated from the machine constant. Since the number of forward and reverse strokes is the same, the energy needed for both forward and reverse motion can be calculated by factoring the energy by the ratio of the cylinder force constants as follows:
Figure imgf000019_0001
Figure imgf000020_0001
EREV = E - EFVVD
However because the energy needed to move the cylinder in each direction is different it is likely that the forward stroke will be longer in time that the reverse stroke. This is particularly true if the return stroke offers little or no resistance. Assuming that the ratio of the time for the forward and reverse strokes is the same ratio as the force factors, then the time in forward motion and the time in reverse motion can be calculated as follows:
Figure imgf000020_0002
Since the total exercise time and the clock tick are known, the Instantaneous Energy Rate (IER) can be calculated as:
IER = (Ef^1X t) / (T1Wd x 1000)
The IER is the same for both directions, since both E and T are factored the same. So when the lookup table of Pl% is calculated, the distance to be travelled by the cylinder needs to reflect the fact that equal effort must be put in on both strokes, and on the easier stroke the velocity (and the distance travelled) must be higher. Using the forward and reverse cylinder force factor takes this into account as follows: d,wd = VflER/W drev = VlER / frev
A look-up table for the EC can now be generated. Table 4 below shows an exemplary look-up table having 14 entries, with only the last column of data being sent (other data is put in for an example). The distance is scaled by 10,000 so that it is more easily understood by the EC.
Figure imgf000020_0003
Figure imgf000021_0001
Table 4
In the above example the forward and reverse cylinder factors are different, therefore the table reflects this. In other words, the reverse force factor is less than the forward one and the cylinder must be moved a longer distance each clock tick (faster) to maintain the same energy.
One additional check should be done before sending this table to the EC. A typical A/D converter has a particular resolution. Consider the case where the resolution of the A/D converter is 10 bits or 1 in 1023. For a typical cylinder, the stroke may be 200mm, therefore the measurement accuracy will be +/-0.0196cm. If the lowest value in the table is less than this resolution, the EC will not be able to resolve the smaller movements and cannot calculate the Pl%. Therefore the clock rate may need to be adjusted to a slower rate for calculating position.
Heart Rate
A heart rate table can be set by calculating the heart rate zones. A measured resting heart rate (HRrest) and an estimate of the maximum heart rate (HRmax), preferably adjusted for age, can be used to define a personal heart rate training zone for aerobic activities. The formula for estimating HRmax is: 208 - O.7AGE in beats per minute. An additional aid to determining the heart rate training zone is to calculate the
Heart Rate Reserve (HRR), which takes into account the resting heart rate. The heart rate reserve method can be calculated as follows:
Subtract the resting heart rate (HRrest) from the estimated maximal heart rate (HRmax) to get the heart rate reserve (HRR): HRR = HRmax - HRrest e.g. for an individual aged 30 with a resting heart rate of 60 beats/minute:
HRR= 187-60= 127
The heart rate zone will depend on the overall fitness of the client, or user, and what type of exercise target they are going for. This will typically be based on a self- reported assessment of fitness from the client. The individual will have to make an educated guess as to where he/she fits on a relatively broad, three-tier classification, such as:
1. Low Fitness/Beginner 50%-60%
2. Intermediate 60%-80% 3. Advanced 80%-90%
The heart rate analysis is done to indicate how much time the users heart was in each of the 3 zones. This can be done by looking at the HR for each stroke and the time for that stroke and then calculating a percentage.
The ROM% can be calculated by dividing the cylinder position at the end of each stroke by the maximum range of motion for the machine as defined in the machine setup data.
Energy
A calculation of the energy used on each stroke is done by using the same energy formula E = Fd = f(d2/t), except the values are per-stroke values, such as: d=distance moved for stroke(mm); t=time of stroke(s); and E=Energy (mJ) required to move the cylinder over distance d in time t. The value of / can be different for forward and reverse motion.
Performance Index
The Pl on each stroke can be calculated by first calculating the energy rate, followed by a comparison to the IER already calculated as part of the exercise profile data.
The energy rate is the amount of energy used per clock tick and can be calculated by taking the energy from above and dividing by the number of clock ticks for that motion (or stroke time divided by clock rate). A percentage can then be taken between this number and the targeted IER first calculated. This is the percentage of the Pl. The actual Pl achieved on each stroke can then be calculated by taking the above percentage and multiplying by the target set in the exercise profile. Fatigue and Variance
A measure of the person's fatigue over the exercise period can be determined by calculating the slope of the Pl% though a linear regression. A negative slope indicates the person is fatiguing. A simple variance to indicate consistency between strokes can be calculated by looking at successive Pl figures and subtracting. This can be expressed as a % to show variation.
Calories
Because energy is being measured, this can be converted to calories using the following formula:
C = E/4190 where E = measured energy (mJ), and C = Calories. It is possible to relate this value to the calories burned by the exerciser by applying the following factors: inefficiency in the machine mechanism; inefficiency in body movement; and body mass index.
System Implementation
As mentioned earlier, the methods described herein are advantageously employed in the context of a computerized physical performance measurement system. A description of such a system now will be provided, in order to provide a suitable context for the application of methods and other aspects of embodiments of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a block and flow diagram of a computerized exercise system 200. The system 200 includes an identification device 202 for each user, and a storage means 204 to store a plurality of user profiles and performance data. The identification device 202, such as an RFID tag, can be a microchip device worn by the user on wrist or chest. It preferably integrates and communicates with an optional Heart Rate detection system. The identification device, or user identifier, 202 actuates, or activates, each exercise station's processor, in particular a data acquisition intelligence system. Alternatively, each user can have a unique personal identification number (PIN) to enter at each exercise station. The storage means 204 can be implemented as a central database or databank, in which case it acts as the main system of data collection and data management. In a preferred embodiment, data stored in the storage means 204 is centrally accessible, even in the case where the storage means comprises a plurality of physical storage devices. This provides an option of distributed storage. The terms "central database" and "databank" in this description are used interchangeably with "storage means", and represent a means for storage of data, from which the data is centrally accessible. Information can be collected and stored in the databank and managed by, or on behalf of, each user as needed. The databank can collect information from as many local PCs as deployed. The databank can contain, for example, the following information: historical workout results, exercise programs, human performance physical profiles, training activity, achieved results, dietary information and various predictive analysis and algorithms. Other information can additionally be included, such as exercise machine profiles. This databank can also contain proprietary, scientific and mathematical formulas for calculating the various performance intensity factors for each member.
The system 200 tracks individual performance of each user. Each user is preferably automatically identified as they commence use of an exercise device. The computer system can also recall a program that has been previously established for that user and appropriately adjust the visual or other output display of the system to allow the user to monitor his own progress and perform at a desired personal level. In this way, each piece of exercise equipment is effectively customized for the individual user and the system tracks the individual's performance.
Referring back to Fig. 3, a plurality of exercise machine modules 208 are each in communication with the central database 204 via a communications network 206 to receive a stored user profile from the central database. In this example, the communications network can be implemented as an Ethernet link. While only one exercise machine module 208 is shown in Fig. 3 for simplicity of illustration, in practice the system 200 includes a plurality of exercise machine modules 208, as will be described and illustrated later. Each of the exercise machine modules 208 includes: a sensor system, or physical performance detection system, 210; and an electronic controller 212. The sensor system 210 preferably includes an exercise machine sensor, for coupling to an exercise machine, preferably to a resistance element thereof, to measure performance data. For example, the sensor system 210 can include a sensor, such as a load cell mounted onto an exercise station weight stack, to continuously measure the force used for each repetition for each exercise. The sensor system can also include an encoder or potentiometer to be mounted on the exercise station and used to measure distance moved for each repetition. By adding various sensors to exercise devices such as bikes, treadmills, weight lifting machines, the system of the present invention is able to measure, calculate and provide feedback to users based on their degree of effort and desired goals. The electronic controller 212 is coupled to the sensor system 210, to determine or calculate exercise intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to compare the calculated exercise intensity with the user profile; and to provide feedback to the user regarding exercise intensity based on a comparison of measured performance data and the stored user profile. The exercise controller 212 can alternatively be described as being coupled to the sensor system 210 to calculate exercise intensity in response to the measured user performance data, to determine an exercise intensity indication, or parameter, based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile, and to provide the exercise intensity indication as feedback to the user.
The electronic controller 212 can include a user identification unit 214 to receive a user profile from a central database 204. The user identification unit 214, or data acquisition intelligence system, can read or otherwise receive a user identifier, such as from an identification device 202, e.g. an RFID tag. As such, the system of the invention can be described as including an identification module to receive a user profile from a storage means in response to a received user identification. The electronic controller 212 can also include a processor 216, in communication with the user identification unit 214 and with the sensor system 210 associated with the exercise machine, to calculate exercise intensity in response to received user performance data, and to determine an exercise intensity indication (such as Pl) based on a comparison between the calculated exercise intensity and the user profile. The electronic controller 212 can also include a feedback module 218, such as a display, in communication with the processor 216, to provide the exercise intensity parameter to the user. In other words, this device includes the intelligence to identify and communicate to the feedback system, while measuring the physiological and physical function of the body.
In the processor 216, a data acquisition intelligence system can be implemented as a card that tracks all performance data including force, distance, time, heart rate, etc. The processor 216 preferably includes a memory with firmware or software comprising sequences and instructions to determine exercise intensity and workload. The processor can control various LED lights on the feedback module 218, which can be implemented as a digital feedback unit, or display unit. The processor 216 can also communicate data to a computer 220. The computer 220 can be implemented as a central computer, or in a distributed manner where the functions of the computer can be considered as centrally controlled, or centrally available. The processor 216 can also track and communicate heart rate data.
Although the system 200 has particular application for retrofitting with existing equipment, it can also be used with (or alternatively integrated in) new equipment. Furthermore, although the system is described with respect to the addition of sensors to existing resistance elements on the exercise equipment, new resistance elements can be added which include the sensors as part thereof. Obviously, the retrofit application provides a cost advantage.
In an example of implementation, a user would wear a heart rate belt and scan an RFID tag, or user identifier 202, in front of the electronic controller 212. Based on the downloaded user profile, the electronic controller 212 downloads a unique set of data tables specifically designed for that user, and provides an indication based on the data tables of how much weight the user should be lifting. While the user is exercising, the electronic controller can show the user's range of motion for the muscles, calculate how much energy the user has exerted, and can count down the repetitions based on the number of repetitions that have already been done.
The processor 216 comprises the necessary intelligence to vary the prescribed programming to continuously challenge the user to perform at their unique maximum capability while ensuring safety. At the end of each exercise session, the electronic controller 212 preferably automatically sends all tracked and collected outcome data to the central computer 220 for immediate reporting.
Automatic update of goals based on performance
The system can include dynamic, or automatic, modification or updating of a goal or target based on measured performance results. The system can include a measurement module 234 for extracting measured user performance data from the storage means or central database 204 and for comparing the measured data with the stored target data. For example, the data in question can be a Performance Index (Pl). If the measured data shows that the measured Pl value meets a target Pl value, the target Pl value can be increased slightly so that the user is set to improve when coming for the next workout. The update or modification of the goal, or target, can be performed by an automatic goal update module 236. The amount by which the goal, such as a Pl value, is increased is determined by a stored progression index, which is preferably stored in a memory accessible by, or within, the automatic goal update module 236. The progression index can be a percentage by which the Pl value, or any other value, is increased if the user reaches a target, or is decreased if the user fails to reach the target. Although any suitable value can be used and modified by the user, a presently preferred progression index value is about 10%.
Besides providing automatic updating of goals, the system can also provide the user the ability to manually modify parameters of an exercise, such as: weight, repetitions, and target performance index for that particular exercise. This user modification can be performed a user-accessible profile edits module 238, which can be accessed via a web management module 240. The profile edits module, or training module, can include relevant information on exercise programs as developed and managed. It can include personal information on the user as well as desired goals and objectives. The section can include critical data forming the cornerstone of health management information. Access to the module can be provided to various users based on security privileges, as defined by the system or by the member. A global target, such as a global performance index, is then preferably automatically updated based on any manual user modification or change to specific exercise parameters. The global Pl preferably cannot be changed directly by the user.
The web management module, or web site, 240 can preferably be the interface used to manage all information gathered from all the various systems and users. It can feature various user interfaces for members, personal trainers, physicians, and other professionals based on the assigned security privileges. From this main system, users can be prompted to and provided with the ability to manage, accept, and modify various health information gathered and tracked by the system.
Integration of caloric intake with exercise program
Known systems do not provide a way for a user to easily integrate dietary intake with an exercise program. The system can provide a caloric intake module 242, which can include modules to receive and store information relating to diet and/or intake. Meal consumption and caloric intake information can thus be entered into the same system that tracks fitness. As a result, the user performance targets, or fitness targets, for the individual can be dynamically modified based on meal consumption. The modified profile based on the updated caloric intake can then be sent to the health club or the communication module system and the user profile is updated accordingly.
Therefore, tomorrow's workout can be customized based on food consumed today and the workout can even be customized within the same day, given that the updated information can be transferred almost immediately and the user profile will be updated accordingly. As a result, the fitness program can always ensure that the user is burning off more calories than are being taken in. The total caloric intake can preferably be updated on a periodic basis, such as at the end of each day, and can preferably be based on knowledge of the user's caloric burn rate. A caloric value database that interacts with the web module of the system of the present invention preferably includes caloric values relating to different types of food, which the user can select when entering the meal consumption, such as by a drop-down menu. That way, the user does not need to have knowledge of calories associated with particular food types and amounts.
From home or office, the user can connect to a website module and enter their dietary intake. Software in, or in communication with, the caloric intake module calculates the caloric impact on the overall training program and analyzes the impact on weight gain/weight loss based on tracked training proficiency. On subsequent workouts, the software utilizes this revised profile and only activates the LED light feedback system based on the new modified work intensity requirement. This cycle of objectively documenting intake and associating it to measured output will not only enhance user compliance, but substantially improve the ability for the user to achieve their fitness goals.
The software can provide predictive analysis on various weight gain and weight loss scenarios for 30 days, 90 days, 6 months, one year and longer, based on observed dietary intake and activity intensity. The software recommends changes to future dietary intake and training intensity. Having access to dietary intake information can allow the predictive engine to forecast both the short and long-term impact on the users physical condition and associated physical risks. The predictive engine can be implemented as a predictive profiles module 244, as shown in Fig. 3.
The predictive profiles module, or prediction system module, can be used by the member to analyze and determine weight gain/ loss scenarios based on measured and observed outcomes. Various algorithms and scientific principles can be utilized in determining the validity and effectiveness of various exercise training programs and to make the necessary recommendations to the user for change. A key prediction component can be determined by the measure of physical activity in comparison to the desired goals and objectives of the training program. Based on such measurements, the system can advise the user of the anticipated time of progress to achieve the desired goals.
Fatigue & Variance
When exercising, a user typically experiences fatigue. However, known systems do not provide the user with any indication of whether the amount of fatigue being experienced is normal. There is similarly no indication of whether the user is being consistent with respect to energy expended during a workout. Inconsistency and unusual fatigue are signs that a user's exercise program is not suitable and needs to be changed. The system can provide the ability to dynamically modify a user-specific exercise program based on measured fatigue and/or variance. A fatigue and variance module 246 is shown in Fig. 3 as being in communication with the storage means 204, and having access to the measured user performance data. While this module is shown as a single module, the two functions can be implemented separately. With respect to fatigue calculation, this can be determined in relation to the calculated energy per repetition and any variation there has been between energy per stroke by observing the slope of a line showing the energy expended. This shows whether the person is exerting more energy continuously or losing more energy continuously. In a normal healthy individual training at the full intensity, a strength loss rate of about 10 % is expected. A coefficient of variance, which is a measure of consistency, illustrates how consistently the repetitions were performed. If energy is increasing or decreasing but the consistency is not there, the user is not trying their best. The system looks at the relationship between consistency and fatigue, with ideal values being a fatigue of about 10 % and a consistency variation of about 0 %. Within each set, the system can collect data relating to each individual stroke. Each stroke in an exercise (or individual exercise movement) can be summarized, with its distance, position, range of motion, energy, fatigue, heart rate, and performance. At the end of each stroke, an intensity parameter, such as a performance index (Pl), is calculated. A summary Pl is also calculated for each set. A personal trainer can use this data to communicate with the user and identify areas that need to be worked on. The system can preferably automatically update a user profile based on stored settings relating to fatigue and variance.
A reports module 248 can also be provided in communication with the web management module 240. The reports module can generate user-specific reports based on information from the central database 204, as well as the measurement module 234, the caloric intake module 242, and the fatigue/variance module 246. Additional modules can include the ability to create custom statistics and measured outcome for published research. The reports module 248 will now be described in further detail. Reports Module / Kiosk The system preferably includes a reports module, or kiosk, 248 to generate and provide access to user-specific reports based on measured user performance. In physical implementation, the reports module, or kiosk, 248 can be provided at the computer 220. In the following description, the kiosk will be described separately, partly since the system can include a plurality of kiosks. The computer 220 centrally manages all data and communicates with all ECs in the system, preferably using wireless technology. The user has the option to login at the kiosk 248 before starting an exercise routine and accept the workout program modified by the system based on results from the previous workout, the amount of consumed calories and the desired goals and objectives. Once completed, the kiosk 248 sends the revised exercise profile to the various EC units for each exercise. At the end of the workout the individual approaches the kiosk, activating the reporting system for outcome summary of measured performance in comparison to their pre-established goals and objectives. A one-page graphical report can be generated, so that the user can evaluate their performance and make the necessary modifications to their exercise routines.
The kiosk software can include various equipment setup parameters and can be used for organizing the various equipment inventories in any club and associating them to various software parameters. All stations are preferably initially characterized prior to first use. The section can include, for example: Equipment calibration screens; Product registration screens; Equipment ID and Data Acquisition Units association screen; Facility setup screen; and Protocol and communication setup screens.
The kiosk software can also include various personal setup screens for entering all personal data including, for example: User personal setup screens; Medical clearance questionnaires and signoff; Various security log-in privileges for other users; Customized exercise program screens; Baseline testing and goal setting screen, anticipated trends; and Battery of standardized templates for creating training programs.
At the beginning and/or completion of any workout, the user or the individual responsible for the user can print various progress reports, manage and create training programs, and enter dietary information. At the end of each workout, the user can have the option to print various progress reports to review effectiveness of the workout. Reports can be summarized in relation to established baseline and planned goals and objectives and can include, for example: One page summary of current workout results (prints automatically at end of workout); and two to three page summary of any number of workouts (user defined data range).
The report module, or reporting engine, 248 can automatically provide these results on¬ line or to other communication devices including personal digital assistant (PDA), Cell Phone or by email, such as in PDF (portable document format) file format, or any other suitable data format for any other device capable of data communications. Suitable protocols can be used to enable communication between the network module, the identification module, and the performance data and feedback module.
Software/Hardware Implementation As will be understood by those of skill in the art, the methods of the present invention can generally be embodied as software residing on a general purpose, or other suitable, computer having a modem or internet connection to a communications network. The application software embodying the methods of the present invention can be provided on any suitable computer-useable medium for execution by the computer, such as CD-ROM, hard disk, read-only memory, or random access memory. In a presently preferred embodiment, the application software is written in a suitable programming language, such as C++ or Matlab, and can be organized, into software modules to perform the method steps. The methods could be implemented in a digital signal processor (DSP) or other similar hardware-related implementation.
As such, embodiments of the present invention can be provided as a computer- readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of the method of measuring physical workload for a task, or the method of characterizing a physical performance device, as described above.
Similarly, embodiments of the present invention can be provided as a computer readable medium comprising a data structure. The data structure can include a physical performance index value generated by the method of measuring physical workload for a task, as described above. In another aspect, the data structure can include a physical performance device profile generated by the method of characterizing a physical performance device, as described above. The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A method of measuring physical workload for a task, comprising: receiving task execution data; calculating an exerted energy value in response to the received task execution data; and generating a physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of calculating the exerted energy value comprises calculating a work value based on the received task execution data, and determining the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the received task execution data comprises task baseline data.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the received task execution data comprises user performance data.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising, prior to the step of receiving, measuring task execution data.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of generating the physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value comprises multiplying the exerted energy by a machine constant.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the machine constant is determined based on a ratio of energy exerted in performing the task and a ratio of time spent performing the task.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the machine constant is determined based on a ratio of energy exerted in performing the task and a machine maximum energy value.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the machine constant is determined based on a ratio of cylinder force constants.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the physical performance index value comprises a measure of exercise intensity.
11. The method of claim 1 further comprising displaying a physical performance indicator to a user, the physical performance indicator being determined based on the physical performance index value.
12. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining a user's physical performance based on a comparison of the physical performance index value with a baseline value in a pre-defined profile.
13. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining a user's physical suitability to perform a second task based on a comparison between the physical performance index and a second task baseline value.
14. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining a degree of a user's physical function based on a percentage difference between the physical performance index value and a physical function baseline value.
15. A method of characterizing a physical performance device, comprising: receiving task execution data; calculating an exerted energy value in response to the received task execution data; generating a physical performance index value based on the exerted energy value; and compiling a physical performance device profile including the physical performance index value.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the step of calculating the exerted energy value comprises calculating a work value based on the received task execution data, and determining the exerted energy value based on the calculated work value.
17. The method of claim 15 further comprising identifying a functional muscle group associated with the device.
18. The method of claim 15 further comprising determining a machine inefficiency based on a comparison of a measured Pl value for the device and a standard device type Pl value.
19. The method of claim 15 further comprising, prior to the step of receiving, measuring task execution data.
20. The method of claim 15 further comprising the step of transmitting the physical performance device profile to a storage means.
21. A computer-readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of claim 1.
22. A computer-readable medium including statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of claim 15.
23. A computer readable medium comprising a data structure, the data structure including a physical performance index value generated by the method of claim 1.
24. A computer readable medium comprising a data structure, the data structure including a physical performance device profile generated by the method of claim 15.
PCT/CA2005/001620 2004-10-22 2005-10-24 Method of characterizing physical performance WO2006042415A1 (en)

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AU2005297373A AU2005297373A1 (en) 2004-10-22 2005-10-24 Method of characterizing physical performance
EP05799052A EP1802234A4 (en) 2004-10-22 2005-10-24 Method of characterizing physical performance
CA2587472A CA2587472C (en) 2004-10-22 2005-10-24 Method of characterizing physical performance
US11/737,970 US20070232450A1 (en) 2004-10-22 2007-04-20 Characterizing Fitness and Providing Fitness Feedback
US11/737,988 US7914425B2 (en) 2004-10-22 2007-04-20 Hydraulic exercise machine system and methods thereof
US11/737,999 US20070232452A1 (en) 2004-10-22 2007-04-20 Computerized Spinning Exercise System and Methods Thereof
US11/738,007 US7846067B2 (en) 2004-10-22 2007-04-20 Fatigue and consistency in exercising
US11/737,981 US20070232455A1 (en) 2004-10-22 2007-04-20 Computerized Physical Activity System to Provide Feedback

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US62067904P 2004-10-22 2004-10-22
US60/620,679 2004-10-22
US68047405P 2005-05-13 2005-05-13
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US11/737,981 Continuation-In-Part US20070232455A1 (en) 2004-10-22 2007-04-20 Computerized Physical Activity System to Provide Feedback
US11/737,988 Continuation-In-Part US7914425B2 (en) 2004-10-22 2007-04-20 Hydraulic exercise machine system and methods thereof
US11/738,007 Continuation-In-Part US7846067B2 (en) 2004-10-22 2007-04-20 Fatigue and consistency in exercising

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