WO2005114335A1 - Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays - Google Patents
Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005114335A1 WO2005114335A1 PCT/US2005/016439 US2005016439W WO2005114335A1 WO 2005114335 A1 WO2005114335 A1 WO 2005114335A1 US 2005016439 W US2005016439 W US 2005016439W WO 2005114335 A1 WO2005114335 A1 WO 2005114335A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- microcups
- solvent
- filling
- electrophoretic
- dispersions
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
- G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/1675—Constructional details
- G02F1/1679—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells; Filling or closing of cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G17/00—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process
- G03G17/04—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process using photoelectrophoresis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1341—Filling or closing of cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/1675—Constructional details
- G02F1/1679—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells; Filling or closing of cells
- G02F1/1681—Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells; Filling or closing of cells having two or more microcells partitioned by walls, e.g. of microcup type
Definitions
- the electrophoretic display is a non-emissive device based on the electrophoresis phenomenon of charged pigment particles suspended in a solvent. It was first proposed in 1969.
- the display usually comprises two plates with electrodes placed opposing each other, separated by spacers. One of the electrodes is usually transparent.
- An electrophoretic fluid composed of a dielectric solvent with charged pigment particles dispersed therein is enclosed between the two electrode plates. When a voltage difference is imposed between the two electrode plates, the pigment particles migrate to one side or the other causing either the color of the pigment particles or the color of the solvent being seen from the viewing side.
- EPDs There are several different types of EPDs. In the partition type EPD (see M.A. Hopper and V.
- the microcup dimensions when the microcup dimensions are formed to match the size of the sub-pixels intended for the red, green and blue color on a thin film transistor backplane, they can be filled individually with the red, green and blue colored electrophoretic fluids to correspond to the geometric arrangements of the sub-pixels on the TFT backplane.
- This feature allows the possibility of true multi-color displays with active matrix driving. Examples of the driving schemes for the multi-color microcup-based electrophoretic displays are described in detail in co-pending applications, US Serial No. 10/198,729 filed on July 16, 2002 (corresponding to WO03/009059) and US Serial No. 10/222,036 filed on August 16, 2002 (corresponding to WO03/016993), the contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- Figure 1 is a schematic depiction of the electrophoretic display of the present invention.
- Figures 2a-2e illustrate a process for manufacturing a multi-color electrophoretic display.
- Figure 3 shows a price tag prepared from a sectional electrophoretic display.
- useful dyes may include, but are not limited to, Oil Red EGN, Sudan Red, Sudan Blue, Oil Blue, Macrolex Blue, Solvent Blue 35, Pylam Spirit Black and Fast Spirit Black from Pylam Products Co., Arizona, Sudan Black B from Aldrich, Thermoplastic Black X-70 from BASF, anthroquinone blue, anthroquinone yellow 114, anthroquinone red 111, 135, anthroquinone green 28 from Aldrich.
- Fluorinated colorants such as those disclosed in copending patent applications, Serial No. 10/439,428 filed on May 15, 2003 and Serial No.
- Fluorosurfactants are particularly useful as charge controlling agents in perfluorocarbon solvents. These include FC fluorosurfactants such as FC-170C, FC-171, FC-176, FC430, FC431 and FC-740 from 3M Company and Zonyl fluorosurfactants such as Zonyl FSA, FSE, FSN, FSN-100, FSO, FSO-100, FSD and UR from Dupont.
- FC fluorosurfactants such as FC-170C, FC-171, FC-176, FC430, FC431 and FC-740 from 3M Company
- Zonyl fluorosurfactants such as Zonyl FSA, FSE, FSN, FSN-100, FSO, FSO-100, FSD and UR from Dupont.
- the sealing process referred to in this paragraph is the one-step sealing process.
- the radiation curable composition for sealing may comprise a material selected from the group consisting of polyvalent acrylate or methacrylate, cyanoacrylates, polyvalent vinyl including vinylbenzene, vinylsilane and vinylether, polyvalent epoxide, polyvalent isocyanate, polyvalent allyl, and oligomers or polymers containing crosslinkable functional groups.
- Thermoplastic elastomers may also be used as the sealing material.
- copolymers may include poly(styrene-b-butadiene), poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene), poly(styrene-b- isoprene-b-styrene), poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene), poly(styrene-b- dimethylsiloxane-b-styrene), poly(( ⁇ -methylstyrene-b-isoprene), poly( ⁇ -methylstyrene-b- isoprene-b- ⁇ -methylstyrene), poly( ⁇ -methylstyrene-b-propylene sulfide-b- ⁇ -methylstyrene), and poly( ⁇ -methylstyrene-b-dimethylsiloxane-b- ⁇ -methylstyrene).
- Additives such as silica particles and surfactants, may be used to improve the film integrity and coating quality.
- a preferred group of dielectric solvents exhibiting desirable density and solubility discrimination against acrylate monomers and oligomers are halogenated hydrocarbons and derivatives thereof.
- Surfactants may be used to improve the adhesion and wetting at the interface between the electrophoretic fluid and the sealing material.
- Useful surfactants include the FC surfactants from 3M Company, Zonyl fluorosurfactants from DuPont, fluoroacrylates, fluoromethacrylates, fluoro-substituted long chain alcohols, perfluoro- substituted long chain carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof.
- the pattern- wise filling of the colorant solutions or dispersions may be accomplished in a number of ways. For example, precision displacement technologies, such as inkjet printing and organic vapor phase deposition may be used.
- the colorant solutions or dispersions of different colors may also be directly printed into the microcups. Suitable printing methods may include, but are not limited to, flexo printing, lithographic printing, driographic or waterless lithographic printing, gravure printing, screen printing, thermal printing, laser ablative transfer printing, strip coating and the like. If inkjet printing is used, Inkjet printer heads with multiple nozzles may be used to simultaneously or sequentially deliver colorant solutions or dispersions of different colors into microcups in predetermined areas. As shown in Figure 2a, colorant solutions or dispersions (21) are filled into microcups
- the microcups may be filled with a colorant solution or dispersion of one color and, in another area, the microcups may be filled with a colorant solution or dispersion of another color.
- the microcups may be formed on an electrode plate (28) and there may be a primer layer (not shown) between the electrode plate and the microcups.
- the pattern-wise filling of the colorant solutions or dispersions may be accomplished in a number of ways. For example, the colorant solutions or dispersions of different colors may be directly filled into the microcups in different areas.
- the pattern- wise filling of the colorant solutions or dispersions of different colors into the microcups may be carried out by a method similar to that as disclosed in the co-pending application, US Serial No. 09/518,488 filed on March 3, 2000.
- the method may include laminating or coating all microcups with a positively working photoresist, followed by imagewise exposing the positively working photoresist to open the microcups in a predetermined area and then filling the opened microcups with a colorant solution or dispersion of a first color, for example, by inkjet printing. These steps may be repeated to fill microcups with colorant solutions or dispersions of different colors in different areas.
- All of the filled microcups in this case may be top-sealed in one run by the one-step or the two-step sealing process as described in Section HT.
- Another method for filling the microcups with colorant solutions or dispersions of different colors is similar to the one disclosed in a co-pending application, US Serial Number 10/284,586 filed on October 30, 2002, and US Patent No. 6,545,797, the contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- the carrier solvent may be a dielectric solvent or solvent mixture as described in Section II above.
- the colorants must be soluble or dispersible in the dielectric solvent or solvent mixture.
- the dielectric solvent or solvent mixture may be the same as, or different from, the dielectric solvent or solvent mixture in the electrophoretic fluid.
- the carrier solvent may be a common solvent or solvent mixture, especially a common organic solvent or solvent mixture. Suitable common organic solvents may include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons, alkyl ketones, alkyl esters, alcohols, ethers, water and mixtures thereof. If a common organic solvent is used as the carrier solvent, the colorant is still preferably soluble or dispersible in the dielectric solvent or solvent mixture in the electrophoretic fluid.
- a surfactant or dispersant may be used to stabilize the dye or pigment in the carrier solvent.
- a viscosity modifier may also be used to fine tune the rheology of the colorant solutions or dispersions.
- a fugitive surfactant or dispersant such as a Surfynol® surfactant (from Air Product), is particularly useful if the surfactant or dispersant used in the colorant solutions or dispersions has a detrimental effect on the electrophoretic characteristics.
- the colorant solutions or dispersions may be of different colors.
- the colorant solutions or dispersions may have the same dye or pigment, but with different optical densities or concentrations, so as to allow different shades of the same color. Therefore the term "different colors”, in the context of the present application, would also include “different shades of the same color”. While it is not essential, it is preferred that the carrier solvent in the colorant solutions or dispersions is removed after the colorant solutions or dispersions have been filled into the microcups but before the charged pigment particles are introduced. The removal of the carrier solvent may be accomplished by, for example, heat or air flow. Figure 2b shows that only dried dyes or pigments remain in the microcups.
- Preferred dielectric solvents may include, but are not limited to, those described in Section ⁇ .
- the removal of the carrier solvent in the colorant solutions or dispersions before introducing the electrophoretic fluid is preferred and even necessary if the carrier solvent may interfere with the subsequent top-sealing process.
- the top-sealing of the filled microcups may be accomplished by methods as described in Section III above.
- the sealing may be accomplished by adding a sealing composition into the electrophoretic fluid before filling the electrophoretic fluid into the microcups which have been pre-filled with colorants.
- the filled microcups are then sealed by curing the supernatant sealing layer (25) during or after it floats to the top of the electrophoretic fluid.
- step (ii) is carried out before step (i)
- the sealing is then carried out with, or after, filling of the colorant solutions or dispersions.
- the sealing composition preferably has a specific gravity no greater than that of the colorant solutions or dispersion.
- the sealing composition is also preferably immiscible with the colorant solutions or dispersions.
- the sealed microcups may be laminated with an electrode plate (26), optionally pre-coated with an adhesive layer (27).
- the adhesive may be a pressure sensitive adhesive, a hot melt adhesive, a heat, moisture or radiation curable adhesive. V.
- Electrophoretic displays comprising microcups filled with electrophoretic fluids of different electrophoretic characteristics, such as switching rate, threshold voltage, gamma and/or clearing voltage, may be manufactured by (i) first pattern-wise filling microcups, for example, by inkjet printing, with additive solutions or dispersions providing the various characteristics, followed by (ii) pattern-wise or non-pattern-wise adding an electrophoretic fluid comprising charged pigment (e.g., TiO 2 or other white or colored pigments) particles dispersed in a dielectric solvent or solvent mixture into the microcups.
- the two steps, (i) and (ii) may be carried out in a reversed order.
- the carrier solvent may be a dielectric solvent or solvent mixture as described in Section II above.
- the additive solution or dispersion preferably has a surface tension in the range of about 14 to about 50 dyne/cm, more preferably in the range of about 16 to about 45 dyne/cm.
- the carrier solvent is also preferably volatile so that it may be removed easily.
- the additive preferably is thermally and photochemically stable and is preferably soluble in the carrier solvent. If not totally soluble, the particle size of the additive in the carrier solvent is preferably less than 1 um, more preferably less than 0.1 um.
- concentrations of the additive in the additive solution or dispersion may be adjusted, depending on the specific needs.
- a surfactant or dispersant may be used to stabilize the additive particles in the carrier solvent.
- a viscosity modifier may also be used to fine tune the rheology of the additive solution or dispersion.
- the surfactant, dispersant or viscosity modifier, if used, should not interfere with the electrophoretic properties of the final electrophoretic fluid.
- a fugitive surfactant or dispersant, such as Surfynol® surfactant (from Air Product), is particularly useful if the surfactant or dispersant used in the additive solution or dispersion has a detrimental effect on the electrophoretic characteristics.
- the carrier solvent of the additive solutions or dispersions may be dried off before the subsequent step of filling the electrophoretic fluid. The introduction of the electrophoretic fluid is accomplished by pattern- wise or non- pattern-wise filling as described in Section IV above.
- the electrophoretic fluid may be colored.
- the thus filled microcups are then top-sealed by one of the sealing processes described in the present application (e.g., Section IJJ and Section IV) . If step (ii) is carried out before step (i), the sealing is then carried out with, or after, filling of the additive solutions or dispersions.
- the sealing composition has a specific gravity preferably no greater than that of the additive solutions or dispersion.
- the sealing composition is also preferably immiscible with the additive solutions or dispersions.
- the sealed microcups may be laminated with an electrode plate, optionally pre-coated with an adhesive layer.
- the adhesive may be a pressure sensitive adhesive, a hot melt adhesive, a heat, moisture or radiation curable adhesive.
- the display panel of an electrophoretic display may be divided into sections and each section has a two-color system. For example, a first section of the display panel has a red/white color combination, a second section has a blue/white color system and a third section has a green/white color system.
- the sections may be of any shapes or sizes. In one embodiment, the sections maybe in the shape of stripes. This type of sectional displays is particularly useful for large electronic signs and boards.
- Figure 3 shows a price tag prepared from such a sectional display.
- An electrophoretic display having sections of different electrophoretic characteristics may also be similarly prepared according to the process of Section V above.
- the thickness of the display produced by the present processes as described can be as thin as a piece of paper.
- the width of the display is the width of the coating web (typically 3- 90 inches).
- the length of the display can be anywhere from inches to thousands of feet depending on the size of the roll.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020067023527A KR101385413B1 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2005-05-11 | Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays |
EP05747611.1A EP1749243B1 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2005-05-11 | Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays |
JP2007513302A JP4854661B2 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2005-05-11 | Method for manufacturing electrophoretic display |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US57084504P | 2004-05-12 | 2004-05-12 | |
US10/845,295 | 2004-05-12 | ||
US10/845,295 US7052571B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-05-12 | Electrophoretic display and process for its manufacture |
US60/570,845 | 2004-05-12 | ||
US11/125,573 US7374634B2 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2005-05-09 | Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays |
US11/125,573 | 2005-05-09 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2005114335A1 true WO2005114335A1 (en) | 2005-12-01 |
Family
ID=45604586
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2005/016439 WO2005114335A1 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2005-05-11 | Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US7374634B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1749243B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4854661B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN100470383C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005114335A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7374634B2 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2008-05-20 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays |
US8625188B2 (en) | 2004-05-12 | 2014-01-07 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN100470383C (en) | 2009-03-18 |
JP4854661B2 (en) | 2012-01-18 |
EP1749243B1 (en) | 2013-11-06 |
US20050259313A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
US20080165411A1 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
JP2007537493A (en) | 2007-12-20 |
CN1981245A (en) | 2007-06-13 |
EP1749243A4 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
US7374634B2 (en) | 2008-05-20 |
US7684108B2 (en) | 2010-03-23 |
EP1749243A1 (en) | 2007-02-07 |
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