WO2005100000A1

WO2005100000A1 - A method of providing a laser welded product and a laser welded product

Info

Publication number: WO2005100000A1
Application number: PCT/DK2005/000252
Authority: WO
Inventors: Kim Bager; Carsten Thirstrup
Original assignee: Coloplast A/S
Priority date: 2004-04-13
Filing date: 2005-04-13
Publication date: 2005-10-27
Also published as: US20080145682A1; US8084138B2; EP1737606A2; ES2319914T3; EP2052804A3; EP1737606B1; ATE423652T1; EP1744870A1; CN100528540C; EP2052804A2; WO2005099960A2; DE602005011785D1; PL1744870T3; DK1737606T3; US8872069B2; WO2005099960A3; US20080176023A1; CN1956836A; ATE417727T1; DE602005012937D1

Abstract

A method of laser welding a layered product comprising two layers (44, 46) of a high absorption at the radiation wavelength, where one layer (44) is welded to a material (42) having a lower absorption and wherein a scattering layer (48) is provided between the laser welded layers (42, 44) and the other high absorption layer (48) in order to scatter any radiation penetrating the first high absorption layer (44) in order to prevent excessive heating of the other high absorption layer (46).

Description

A METHOD OF PROVIDING A LASER WELDED PRODUCT AND A LASER WELDED PRODUCT

The present method relates to the providing of a laser welded product in which the radiation from the laser is prevented from reaching an absorbing layer other than that being laser welded, by providing a scattering material between the two absorbing elements.

This is particularly interesting in layered products in which one of the elements being laser welded is attached to another absorbing element which might be adversely affected by radiation not absorbed in the laser welded layers.

One type of product where this may be the case is in ostomy bags in which it is desired to actually first provide the bag envelope comprising two layers attached to each other and where an element is to subsequently be laser welded to one of the layers without affecting the other layer.

The use of radiation for performing or triggering different processes may e.g. be seen in: GB 1528452, US 5 702 771, US 6 326 450, US 6 492 019, US 6 248 974, US 6 229 114, WO 02/23962, EP 1331635, EP 0476865, EP 0126787, WO 00/20157, WO 03/007080, and DE 101 58 016 as well as in Russek U A et al: "laser beam welding of thermoplastics, Proc. SPIE - the international society for optical engineering : photon processing in microelectronics and photonics II: San jose, CA, USA, Jan 27-30 2003, vol. 4977, 2003, pages 458-472, Bachmann F G: "laser welding of polymers using high-power diode lasers", Proc of SPIE, vol. 4637, 2002, p: 505-518, and "laserstrahlschweissen von Thermoplasten in Durchstrahl- verfahren" 1 February 2000, BASF AG, AWETA THERMOPLASTE, Ludwigshafen, DE.

In a first aspect, the invention relates to a method of welding a first and a second element to each other by transmitting radiation in a predetermined direction to an interface between the two elements, the method comprising:

1. providing the first element having, in the direction, a first layer and a second layer attached to each other, the first layer having a first absorption coefficient, μal>0.4 mm^"1, at a wavelength of the radiation and the second layer having a second absorption coefficient, μa2>0.1 mm^"1 at the wavelength,

2. providing the second element with, in the direction, a third absorption coefficient, μa3, at the wavelength, the third absorption coefficient being lower than the first and second absorption coefficients, 3. positioning the second element so as to abut or be proximate to the first layer and so that the radiation penetrates the second element, along the direction, before penetrating into the first layer,

4. providing a third layer having a scattering coefficient, μs>0.4 mm^"1, at the wavelength, between the first and second layers, in the d irection of the radiation, and

5. providing radiation along the direction, the radiation: penetrating the second element, heating the first layer so as to weld trie first layer to the second element, and - radiation having penetrated the first layer being scattered by the third layer.

In the present context, the first and second layers of the first element may be two individual layers attached to each other, such as by welding (laser welding or heat welding, spot welding or the like), adhesion, ultrasonic welding, or high frequency welding, or they may be made of the same layer of material which is folded to generate the two layers.

During the heating step in which the first layer is welded to the second element, radiation transmitted through the first layer and the second element will be scattered by the third layer in a direction both toward the first layer and in other directions pointing away from the second layer. Thus, the intensity of radiation actually reaching the second layer is much smaller than the intensity reaching the third layer.

The direction from which the radiation is transmitted toward the elements normally is a direction at least substantially perpendicular to a general plane of the elements. This, however, is merely one manner of providing the radiation. The actual direction may be at any angle to the elements as long as the order of the elements in the direction of the radiation is correct.

In the present context, the scattering of the third layer may be provided in any suitable manner, such as by incorporating therein a powder or fibres facilitating the scattering or providing a surface of the third layer which facilitates the scattering. This surface may be uneven, such as sand blasted.

In general, the absorption coefficient of the second element is not important as long as it is not so large that the radiation heats the second element excessively or the second element absorbs too much of the radiation before it reaches the interface between the second element and the first layer.

On the other hand, μal may be larger than 0.6 mm^"1, such as I arger than 1.0 mm^"1, preferably larger than 2.0 mm^"1, such as larger than 4.0 mm^"1, in order to ensure a sufficient absorption and heating of the first layer.

Also, μa2 may be larger than 0.4 mm^"1, such as larger than l.Q> mm^"1, preferably larger than 2.0 mm^"1, such as larger than 4.0 mm^"1, and may, naturally, be identical to μal.

In the present context, the first layer and the second element abut or are proximate to each other so that upon heating of the first layer (whereby the mate rial of the first layer may increase in volume), the two layers will touch and the first layer will also heat the second element in order to weld the two materials together.

In addition, the larger the scattering coefficient of the third layer, the more diffuse the radiation emitted from the third layer. Thus, μs may be larger than 0.6 mm^"1, such as larger than 1.0 mm^"1, preferably larger than 2.0 mm^"1, such as larger than 4.0 mm^"1.

Naturally, in order to prevent the third layer from moving about before the laser welding, step 4. may comprise fixing the third layer to the first layer and/or the second layer. This fixing may be performed in any manner suitable, such as using adhesives, heat welding, or static electricity, or fixing the third layer in a process in which he first and second layers are fixed to each other.

In a preferred embodiment, step 5. comprises providing the radiation along the direction and in a predetermined first position or a predetermined first pattern of positions in a general plane of the first and second layers, the first and second layers being attached to each other in a predetermined second position or a predetermined second pattern of positions in the plane, the first position(s) and the second position(s) being different. In this situation, the third layer preferably is present, in the plane, in all of the first position(s) either as a single piece of material or as a number of different pieces of material .

Thus, in this embodiment, the first and second elements are laser welded to each other at the first position(s), which may be a continuous weld or spot welds (or a combination thereof), and the first and second layers are attached to each other at other position(s) than those of the laser welding. Naturally, these positions may be different in that the laser welding may be performed independently of this fixing. In another embodiment, step 2. comprises providing the second element with a predetermined outer contour in a general plane of the first and second layers, and step 6. comprises providing the radiation along the direction and in a predetermined first contour in the plane, the outer contour encircling, in the plane, at least part of the first contour. An example of a product of this type will be an ostomy bag wherein a connectin g element is to be laser welded to a side of the pouch envelope and wherein the laser welding of the connecting element to the pouch envelope is in fact performed inside (in the plane) the contour of the attachment of the two layers forming the pouch envelope. Thus, in this manner, where it is ensured that the welding of the connecting element (the second element) to the one side (the first layer) of the pouch, the other side (the second laye r) is not welded to the first side when the third layer is provided inside the pouch.

Thus, the pouch envelope may be provided (heat welded or the like) before actually heat welding the connecting element to the pouch. Naturally, this is independent of whether the connecting means operate using an adhesive or a mechanical coupling means.

In general, it is advantageous if step 1. comprises providing the second laye r with at least a predetermined lowest melting temperature, and wherein step 5. comprises providing radiation with a predetermined intensity so that any radiation transmitted th rough the second element and heating the second layer does not have a sufficient intensity to heat the second layer to the predetermined lowest temperature. This may be a limitation of the radiation intensity transmitted to the first layer (but which then may present problems in the laser welding) or a requirement to the choice of material of the second layer or the scattering performed by the third layer.

Naturally, the same may be true for the third layer in that the third layer may touch or be adjacent to the second layer and thereby be heated thereby. Thus, preferably step 3. also comprises providing the third layer with at least a predetermined lowest melting temperature, and wherein step 5. comprises providing radiation with a predetermined intensity so that any radiation transmitted through the second element and heating the second layer does not have a sufficient intensity to heat the second layer to the predetermined lowest temperature.

In one embodiment, step 4 comprises providing a third layer with an absorption coefficient, μa, at the wavelength, where μs>(l/10)*μa. In this manner, the overall functionality of the third layer is the scattering and not absorption therein which would heat the third layer. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of welding a first and a second element to each other by transmitting radiation in a predetermined direction to an interface between the two elements, the method comprising:

1. providing the first element having, in the direction, a first layer and a second layer attached to each other, the first layer having a first absorption coefficient, μal at a wavelength of the radiation and the second layer having a second absorption coefficient, μa2>0.1 mm^"1 at the wavelength,

2. providing the second element with, in the direction, a third absorption coefficient, μa3, at the wavelength, μa3>μal and μa3>0.4 mm^"1 , 3. positioning the second element so as to abut or be proximate to the first layer and so that the radiation penetrates the first layer, along the direction, before penetrating into the second element,

4. providing a third layer having a scattering coefficient, μs>0.4 mm^"1, at the wavelength, between the second element and the second layer, in the di rection of the radiation, and

5. providing radiation along the direction, the radiation: penetrating the first layer, heating the second element so as to weld the first layer to the second element, and - radiation having penetrated the second element being scattered by the third layer.

In this aspect, the roles and positions of the first layer and the second element have been interchanged. No other differences need be present. The first or second aspect may be selected depending on whether the first and second layers are desirably of the same material or made of the same layer of material or not, and whether the first layer has a sufficiently high absorption coefficient to facilitate laser welding or not.

Then, again, step 4. could comprise fixing the third layer to the first layer or the second layer. Also, step 5. could comprise providing the radiation along the direction and in a predetermined first position or a predetermined first pattern of positions in a general pla ne of the first and second layers, the first and second layers being attached to each other in a predetermined second position or a predetermined second pattern of positions in the pla ne, the first position(s) and the second position(s) being different.

In addition, step 1. could comprise providing the first and second layers attached to each other along a first, predetermined outer contour in a general plane of the first and secon d layers, wherein step 2. comprises providing the second element with a predetermined first contour in the plane, the outer contour fully encircling the first contour, and wherein step 6. comprises providing the radiation along the direction and in the predetermined second o uter contour in the plane.

Finally, step 1. could comprise providing the second layer with at least a predetermined lowest melting temperature, and wherein step 5. comprises providing radiation with a predetermined intensity so that any radiation transmitted through the second element a rid heating the second layer does not have a sufficient intensity to heat the second layer to the predetermined lowest temperature.

A third aspect relates to a laser welded element comprising, in a predetermined direction,

1. a first element comprising a first layer and a second layer attached to each other, the first layer having a first absorption coefficient, μal>0.4 mm^"1, at a wavelength of the radiation and the second layer having a second absorption coefficient, μa2>0.1 mm^"1 at the wavelength,

2. a second element with, in the direction, a third absorption coefficient, μa3, at the wavelength, the third absorption coefficient being lower than the first and second absorption coefficients, the second element being positioned so as to abut or be proximate to the first layer and so that the radiation penetrates the second elem ent, along the direction, before penetrating into the first layer,

3. a third layer positioned between the first and second layers, in the direction of t ie radiation, and having a scattering coefficient, μs>0.4 mm^"1, and

wherein the first layer is welded to the second element, the third layer is attached to one of the first and second layers and is not attached to the other of the first and second element. This laser welded element may be an ostomy bag comprising a pouch to which a connecting element is welded.

A fourth and final aspect of the invention relates to a laser welded element comprising, in a predetermined direction, 1. a first element comprising a first layer and a second layer attached to each other, the first layer having a first absorption coefficient, μal, at a wavelength of the radiation and the second layer having a second absorption coefficient, μa2>0.1 mm^"1 at the wavelength,

2. a second element with, in the direction, a third absorption coefficient, μa3>μal and μa3>0.4 mm^"1, at the wavelength, the second element being positioned so as to abut or be proximate to the first layer and so that the radiation penetrates the first layer, along the direction, before penetrating into the second element,

3. a third layer positioned between the second element and the second layer and having a scattering coefficient, μs>0.4 mm^"1 in the direction of the radiation, and

wherein the first layer is welded to the second element, the third layer is attached to one of the first and second layers and is not attached to the other of the first and second element.

As indicated above, the third and fourth aspect may be selected depending on the absorption coefficient of the first layer and whether it is desired to have certain characteristics in common (or different characteristics) in the first and second layers. As mentioned above, the third layer preferably has an absorption coefficient, μa, at the wavelength, where μs>0.4 mm¹ and μa<4 mm^"1.

The present element may e.g. be an ostomy bag in which a chamber for holding a gas filter is welded inside the pouch envelope.

In the following, preferred embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawing, wherein:

Figure 1 illustrates laser welding of two parts,

Figure 2 illustrates laser welding of two parts having there between an absorbing layer, Figure 3 illustrates peeling strength obtained in laser welding according to a preferred embodiment.

Figure 4 illustrates a preferred method of the invention.

Figure 1 illustrates laser transmission welding of a transparent part 20 to an absorbing part 30. Laser light penetrates the upper transparent part 20 and is absorbed in the lower absorbing part 30 at an interface 10 between the two parts 20 and 30.

The absorption coefficient of the part 20 is preferably not too high in that this will cause absorption of radiation before reaching the interface where the radiation is desired. However,, as long as the absorption of the part 20 does not damage this part, it may very well have both some absorption and scattering of the radiation.

Two lines, 11 and 12 are illustrated. These lines describe the penetration depth - or melted volume - of the radiation in two instances.

If the absorbing part 30 does not scatter laser light to any substantial degree, the light will penetrate to the depth illustrated by line 11.

If the absorbing part 30 also scatters laser light, the light penetration is reduced as illustrated by the line 12. This effect, naturally, is a gradual decrease of the penetration depth with the increase of scattering in the material 30.

The same total amount of energy is absorbed in the two cases implying that more energy is absorbed close to the interface 10 and hence a higher interface temperature is reached when scattering of laser light takes place in the material 30.

This effect may be used for decreasing the amount of absorber in the material 30. This may be desired in a number of applications where the colour of the materials 20 and 30 is of importance. It is difficult to find and incorporate absorbers in e.g. polymers, which absorbers have a sufficient absorption in e.g. the infrared region but only minor influence on absorption or reflection (colour) in the visible range.

In figure 1, the absorption and the scattering are both performed in the material 30 which may be homogeneous. These effects may, however, be separated. This is illustrated in figure 2, which illustrates laser transmission welding of three parts 20, 30 and 40. In this situation, the function of the material 20 is the same, but the main absorption is now provided in the material 30, and two lines, 11 and 12, illustrate the penetration depth (melted volume) of the radiation when the material 40 has a sufficiently high scattering coefficient at the pertaining wavelength - or not. The material or part 40 need not have any absorption coefficient at the wavelength.

The parts 30 and 40 may be combined/attached into one part before welding or may form separate parts. Laser light penetrates the transparent part 20 and a part is absorbed in the absorbing part 30.

If the lower part 40 does not scatter laser light, the light will penetrate to the depth illustrated by line 11. If the lower part 40 also scatters laser light, the light penetration in 40 is reduced as illustrated by the line 12.

The same total amount of energy is absorbed in the two cases implying that more energy is absorbed in 30 and hence a higher interface temperature is reached at the interfaces 10, 50 when scattering of laser light takes place in 40.

It is seen that the material 30, in figure 2, may be used for attaching the materials 20 and 40 due to the even intensity distribution therein - and therefore the even temperature distribution which provides a good welding between the material 30 and each of the materials 20 and 40.

A test has been made with a set-up as seen in Figure 1, and where the tensile strength of the weldings is tested.

Two types of materials are tested, where a first set of tests was made with a material 20 being the transparent material of the example below and the material 30 being the absorbing material of the below example. The thin line in Figure 3 illustrates these tests.

In the second set of materials, the material 20 is again the transparent material of the example below and the material 30 is the absorbing and scattering material of the below example with a final Ti02 concentration of 2 wt. %. The fat line in figure 3 illustrates these tests. Thus, compared to the first set of materials, the material 30 contains an amount of Ti02 with a mean particle size of 300 nm that scatters the radiation.

The line energy (radiation intensity per distance - J/mm) was varied in order to see the effect on the intensity on the difference in scattering. The results of Figure 3 are quite clear in that it is seen that strong weldings are obtained at lower line energies when the material 30 comprises a higher scattering coefficient. This indicates that the scattering increases the radiation intensity at the interface so as to improve the weldings at lower energies.

At higher energies, it is seen by visual inspection of the samples that weldings with the first set of materials break due to breaking of the materials, where the weldings with the second set of materials peel, which indicates that the welds are the weak part and may have been made with a too high temperature.

Also, at high line energies, the material 30, in the first set of materials, is normally decolorized or damaged due to the large intensity absorbed through the material.

EXAMPLE

Three types of work pieces (49 X 49 X 1 m^Λ3) were made by injection moulding.

Transparent piece: Low-density polyethylene (LDPE, Engage 8401 from DuPont-Dow) or other types of polyethylene or polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymers.

Absorbing piece: An amount of infrared absorber (PRO-JET 830 NP from Avecia) corresponding to a total final concentration of 0.02 wt. % was dissolved in a small amount of mineral oil and mixed with Engage 8401.

The PRO-JET 830 NP has a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 800 nm with a spectral full-width-half-maximum of ~110 nm and it can be readily mixed with polyethylene. At a concentration of 0.02 wt. % in polyethylene, the absorption coefficient ( μ_a ) and scattering coefficient ( μ_s ) at 800 nm are ~0.9 mm^"1 and ~0.3 mm^"1, respectively.

Infrared absorbers for laser welding of polymers should be mixable with the polymers and with a concentration resulting in sufficient absorption and scattering at the laser-welding wavelength. Commercial laser diodes for laser welding typically have emission wavelengths in the range from 800 nm to 980 nm. Infrared absorbers with sufficient absorption in this wavelength range can be selected from groups of nitroso, cyanine, nigrosine, triphenylmethane, imminium and diimminium, squaurilium and croconium, nickel dithiolenes and related compounds, quinone, phtalocyanine, azo, indoaniline, and others. The structural formulas of such compounds can be found e.g. in Infrared Absorbing Dyes" (Topics in applied chemistry), ed. M. Matsuoka, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. Such dyes may be modified in order to be mixable with the polymers to be welded or they may be produced in a pigmented form, which subsequently is mixed with the polymers. Methods of mixing dyes with polymers include coprecipitation of the dye with the polymers in a solvent or in high vacuum [see e.g. T. Hiraga et al. "Properties and application of organic dye associates in polymer matrices", Thin Solid Films 273 (1996) 190-194]. Alternatively, dye molecules may be covalently linked to the polymeric chains [see e.g. A. Costela et al. "Efficient and highly photostable solid-state dye lasers based on modified dipyrromethene.BF₂ complexes incorporated into solid matrices of poly (methyl methacrylate), Appl. Phys. B 76 (2003) 365-369].

Absorbing and scattering piece: A master batch containing 10 wt. % Pigment White 6 (untreated rutile Ti02 with a mean crystallite size of 300 nm such as PRETIOX R-200 M from PRECOLOR a.s.) in Engage 8401 was made by compounding. Various amounts of master batch were mixed with Engage 8401 and an amount of PROJET 830 NP dissolved in mineral oil corresponding to a total final concentration of 0.02 wt. %.

Laser welding experiments were performed using a diode laser with a wavelength of 808 nm, a beam diameter of 2 mm and various combinations of power and speed.

Tensile testing was performed on welded pieces. Figure 3 shows the load at failure as a function of line energy defined as power/speed.

Measurement of the diffuse reflectance and total transmittance were made using an integrated sphere set-up as described e.g. by B. C. Wilson in Optical-Thermal Respons of Laser-Irradiated Tissue', ed. A. J. Welch and M. J. C. van Gemert, Plenum Press NY 1995 chapter 8

The measured data were converted to absorption and scattering coefficients using the adding-doubling algorithm assuming isotropic scattering and an index of refraction of 1.5 (S. A. Prahl: "Optical property measurements using the inverse adding-doubling algorithm", Oregon Medical Laser Center, Portland OR, Jan 1999 http://omlc.oai.edu/software/iad/index.html)

The table shows absorption and scattering coefficients measured on a number of different samples with and without absorber (PRO-JET 830 NP) and containing various amounts of Ti02.

In figure 4, a preferred embodiment is illustrated in which an element 42, which is at least substantially transparent to a given wavelength, is to be laser welded to an element 44, which absorbs at the wavelength, using laser light 50 provided to the interface between the elements 42 and 44 at one or more predetermined positions.

The element 44 is attached to an element 46 also being absorbing at the wavelength, whereby providing the laser light 50 to the interface may result in sufficient laser light penetrating the element 44 and impinging on the element 46 thus heating the element 46. Thus, it may be obtained that the element 46 is actually laser welded to the element 44, which is not the intention.

The present elements 44 and 46 may be the two sides of a bag, such as an ostomy bag, and the element 42 may be a coupling means to be attached to the bag in order to facilitate coupling of the bag to a mounting wafer or to a person.

Thus, in order to prevent excessive heating of the element 46, a layer 48 is provided between the elements 44 and 46. This layer 48 is adapted to scatter radiation at the wavelength so as to prevent it from (or at least reduce the intensity) reaching the element 46.

At the same time, it may be prevented or actually achieved that the element 48 is attached to the element 44 due to the fact that the element 44 is heated by the radiation and due to the fact that the scattering performed by the element 48 will reflect at least part of the radiation back toward and into the element 44 also facilitating heating at an interface between the elements 44 and 48.

It may be desired that the element 48 is not attached to any of the elements 44 or 46 and may move freely in relation to these, such as in the bag, if the elements 44 and 46 form part of a bag.

Alternatively, it may be desired that the element 48 is attached to one of the elements 44 or 46 in order to prevent it from moving away from the position in which it scatters the radiation.

It should be noted that the shape of the element 48 is preferably adapted to any pattern of providing the radiation 50 in order to obtain the desired welding.

As an alternative to the welding of the element 42 outside the element 44 (seen from the element 46), the element 42 may be provided between the elements 44 and 46, whereby the element 44 will then absorb little or no radiation at the wavelength and the element will have a sufficient absorption to facilitate welding.

Then, the element 48 will be positioned between the element 42 and the element 46. Again, the element 48 may be fixed to one of the elements 42 and 46 or may be freely movable in relation to these elements.

A product incorporating the latter structure may be an ostomy bag, where a space between the elements 42 and 44 may be used for holding a flatus filter provided for venting the bag.

Figure 4 also illustrates the embodiment seen from the direction of the radiation 50. It is seen that the element 42, in a plane of the elements, has a contour 42' fully inside the outer contour 44' of the element 44 where the element 44 may be attached to or fixed to the element 46. Thus, in the present manner, if the elements 44 and 46 are attached to each other before laser welding the element 42 to the element 44, the elements 44 and 46 will not laser weld to each other due to the operation of the scattering element 48.

In the present embodiment, the elements 42, 44, 46, and 48 have been described and illustrated as thin sheet-like elements. Naturally, this is not required. Thicker elements may just as well be used. In addition, it is not required that the elements 44 and 46 are attached to each other along the full periphery. It suffices that they are attached at predetermined spots or points.

Claims

1. A method of welding a first and a second element to each other by transmitting radiation in a predetermined direction to an interface between the two elements, the method comprising : 1. providing the first element having, in the direction, a first layer and a second layer attached to each other, the first layer having a first absorption coefficient, μal>0.4 mm^"1, at a wavelength of the radiation and the second layer having a second absorption coefficient, μa2>0.1 mm^"1 at the wavelength,

2. providing the second element with, in the direction, a third absorption coefficient, μa3, at the wavelength, the third absorption coefficient being lower than the first and second absorption coefficients,

3. positioning the second element so as to abut or be proximate to the first layer and so that the radiation penetrates the second element, along the direction, before penetrating into the first layer, 4. providing a third layer having a scattering coefficient, μs>0.4 mm^"1, at the wavelength, between the first and second layers, in the direction of the radiation, and

5. providing radiation along the direction, the radiation: penetrating the second element, heating the first layer so as to weld the first layer to the second element, and radiation having penetrated the first layer being scattered by the third layer.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein step 4. comprises fixing the third layer to the first layer.

3. A method a according to claim 1, wherein step 4. comprises fixing the third layer to the second layer.

4. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein step 5. comprises providing the radiation along the direction and in a predetermined first position or a predetermined first pattern of positions in a general plane of the first and second layers, the first and second layers being attached to each other in a predetermined second position or a predetermined second pattern of positions in the plane, the first position(s) and the second position(s) being different.

5. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein step 2. comprises providing the second element with a predetermined outer contour in a general plane of the first and second layers, and wherein step 6. comprises providing the radiation along the direction and in a predetermined first contour in the plane, the outer contour encircling, in the plane, at least part of the first contour.

6. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein step 1. comprises providing the second layer with at least a predetermined lowest melting temperature, and wherein step 5. comprises providing radiation with a predetermined intensity so that any radiation transmitted through the second element and heating the second layer does not have a sufficient intensity to heat the second layer to the predetermined lowest temperature.

7. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein step 3. comprises providing the third layer with at least a predetermined lowest melting temperature, and wherein step 5. comprises providing radiation with a predetermined intensity so that any radiation transmitted through the second element and heating the second layer does not have a sufficient intensity to heat the second layer to the predetermined lowest temperature.

8. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein step 4 comprises providing the third layer with an absorption coefficient, μa, at the wavelength, where μs>(l/10)*μa.

9. A method of welding a first and a second element to each other by transmitting radiation in a predetermined direction to an interface between the two elements, the method comprising: 1. providing the first element having, in the direction, a first layer and a second layer attached to each other, the first layer having a first absorption coefficient, μal, at a wavelength of the radiation and the second layer having a second absorption coefficient, μa2>0.1 mm^"1 at the wavelength,

2. providing the second element with, in the direction, a third absorption coefficient, μa3, at the wavelength, μa3>μal and μa3>0.4 mm^"1,

3. positioning the second element so as to abut or be proximate to the first layer and so that the radiation penetrates the first layer, along the direction, before penetrating into the second element,

4. providing a third layer having a scattering coefficient, μs>0.4 mm^"1, at the wavelength, between the second element and the second layer, in the direction of the radiation, and

5. providing radiation along the direction, the radiation: penetrating the first layer, heating the second element so as to weld the first layer to the second element, and radiation having penetrated the second element being scattered by the third layer.

10. A method according to claim 9, wherein step 4. comprises fixing the third layer to the first layer.

11. A method a according to claim 9, wherein step 4. comprises fixing the third layer to the second layer.

12. A method according to any of claims 9-11, wherein step 5. comprises providing the radiation along the direction and in a predetermined first position or a predetermined first pattern of positions in a general plane of the first and second layers, the first and second layers being attached to each other in a predetermined second position or a predetermined second pattern of positions in the plane, the first position(s) and the second position(s) being different.

13. A method according to any of claims 9-13, wherein step 1. comprises providing the first and second layers attached to each other along a first, predetermined outer contour in a general plane of the first and second layers, wherein step 2. comprises providing the second element with a predetermined second outer contour in the plane, the outer contour fully encircling the second contour, and wherein step 6. comprises providing the radiation along the direction and in the predetermined second outer contour in the plane.

14. A method according to any of claims 9-13, wherein step 1. comprises providing the second layer with at least a predetermined lowest melting temperature, and wherein step 5. comprises providing radiation with a predetermined intensity so that any radiation transmitted through the second element and heating the second layer does not have a sufficient intensity to heat the second layer to the predetermined lowest temperature.

15. A method according to any of claims 9-14, wherein step 3. comprises providing the third layer with at least a predetermined lowest melting temperature, and wherein step 5. comprises providing radiation with a predetermined intensity so that any radiation transmitted through the second element and heating the second layer does not have a sufficient intensity to heat the second layer to the predetermined lowest temperature.

16. A laser welded element comprising, in a predetermined direction,

2. a second element with, in the direction, a third absorption coefficient, μa3, at the wavelength, the third absorption coefficient being lower than the first and second absorption coefficients, the second element being positioned so as to abut or be proximate to the first layer and so that the radiation penetrates the second element, along the direction, before penetrating into the first layer,

3. a third layer positioned between the first and second layers, in the direction of the radiation, and having a scattering coefficient, μs>0.4 mm^"1, and

17. A laser welded element comprising, in a predetermined direction,

1. a first element comprising a first layer and a second layer attached to each other, the first layer having a first absorption coefficient, μal, at a wavelength of the radiation and the second layer having a second absorption coefficient, μa2>0.1 mm^"1 at the wavelength,

18. An element according to claim 16 or 17, in which the third layer has an absorption coefficient, μa, at the wavelength, where μs>0.4 mm^"1 and μa<4 mm^"1.