WO2005065942A1 - Enhanced thickness fabric and method of making same - Google Patents

Enhanced thickness fabric and method of making same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005065942A1
WO2005065942A1 PCT/US2004/040555 US2004040555W WO2005065942A1 WO 2005065942 A1 WO2005065942 A1 WO 2005065942A1 US 2004040555 W US2004040555 W US 2004040555W WO 2005065942 A1 WO2005065942 A1 WO 2005065942A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fabric
fibers
yams
thickness
woven
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2004/040555
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Mark J. Newton
Mark W. Tucker
Original Assignee
Saint-Gobain Technical Fabrics Canada, Ltd.
Certainteed Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint-Gobain Technical Fabrics Canada, Ltd., Certainteed Corporation filed Critical Saint-Gobain Technical Fabrics Canada, Ltd.
Priority to CA 2547725 priority Critical patent/CA2547725C/en
Priority to JP2006545712A priority patent/JP4287881B2/en
Priority to EP04812966.2A priority patent/EP1697130B1/en
Publication of WO2005065942A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005065942A1/en

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Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03WEAVING
    • D03DWOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D19/00Gauze or leno-woven fabrics
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/06Fibrous reinforcements only
    • B29C70/10Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
    • B29C70/16Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length
    • B29C70/22Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length oriented in at least two directions forming a two dimensional structure
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C70/00Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
    • B29C70/04Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
    • B29C70/28Shaping operations therefor
    • B29C70/54Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
    • B29C70/56Tensioning reinforcements before or during shaping
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03WEAVING
    • D03DWOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D15/00Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
    • D03D15/20Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads
    • D03D15/242Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the material of the fibres or filaments constituting the yarns or threads inorganic, e.g. basalt
    • D03D15/267Glass
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10BINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2505/00Industrial
    • D10B2505/02Reinforcing materials; Prepregs
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102Woven scrim
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/133Inorganic fiber-containing scrim
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/133Inorganic fiber-containing scrim
    • Y10T442/148Including a coating or impregnation containing particulate material other than fiber
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/171Including a layer derived from a water-settable material [e.g., cement, gypsum, etc.]
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/172Coated or impregnated
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/172Coated or impregnated
    • Y10T442/176Three or more layers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/172Coated or impregnated
    • Y10T442/178Synthetic polymeric fiber
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/172Coated or impregnated
    • Y10T442/181Bitumen coating or impregnation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/10Scrim [e.g., open net or mesh, gauze, loose or open weave or knit, etc.]
    • Y10T442/102Woven scrim
    • Y10T442/183Synthetic polymeric fiber
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/20Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
    • Y10T442/2861Coated or impregnated synthetic organic fiber fabric
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/20Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
    • Y10T442/2926Coated or impregnated inorganic fiber fabric
    • Y10T442/2992Coated or impregnated glass fiber fabric
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3179Woven fabric is characterized by a particular or differential weave other than fabric in which the strand denier or warp/weft pick count is specified
    • Y10T442/322Warp differs from weft
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3179Woven fabric is characterized by a particular or differential weave other than fabric in which the strand denier or warp/weft pick count is specified
    • Y10T442/3301Coated, impregnated, or autogenous bonded

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fabrics useful as reinforcements, and especially, fabric manufacturing methods for manipulating fibers to achieve selected properties.
  • a composite material can be defined as a macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials, having a recognizable interface between them. Because composites are usually used for their structural properties, they often refer to materials that contain a reinforcement, such as fibers or particles, supported by a binder or matrix material. The discontinuous fibers or particles are generally stiffer and stronger than the continuous matrix phase, which can be a polymer, mastic or hydraulic setting material, for example.
  • Fiber reinforced composites can be further divided into those containing discontinuous or continuous fibers. There is a tremendous potential advantage in strength-to- weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios of fiber reinforced composites over conventional materials. Their desirable properties can be obtained when the fibers are embedded in a matrix that binds them together, transfers the load to and between the fibers, and protects the fibers from environments and handling.
  • Glass fiber reinforced organic matrix composites are the most familiar and widely used, and have had extensive application in industrial, consumer and military markets.
  • Carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites are, by far, the most commonly applied advanced composites for a number of reasons. They offer extremely high specific properties, high quality materials that are readily available, reproducible material forms, increasing favorable cost projections, and comparative ease of manufacturing.
  • Composites reinforced with aramid, other organics, and boron fibers, and with silicon-carbide, alumina, and other ceramic fibers, are also used.
  • the major finished forms are continuous roving, woven roving, fiberglass mat, chopped strand, and ya s for textile applications.
  • Woven roving is produced by weaving fiberglass or carbon rovings, for example, into a fabric form. This yields a coarse product that may be used in many hand lay- up and panel molding processes to produce fiber reinforced plastics, mastics, roofing materials, and hydraulic setting boards.
  • Many weave configurations are available, depending upon the requirements of the composite. Plain or twill weaves provide strength in both directions, while a unidirectionally stitched or knitted fabric provides strength primarily in one dimension.
  • Many novel fabrics are currently available, including biaxial, double bias and triaxial weaves for special applications.
  • Fiber glass yams are typically converted to fabric form by conventional weaving operations. Looms of various kinds are used in the industry, but the air-jet loom is the most popular.
  • the major characteristics of a fabric include its style or weave pattern, fabric count, and the construction of warp yams and fill yams. Together, these characteristics determine fabric properties, such as drapability and performance in the final composite.
  • the fabric count identifies the number of warp and fill yams per inch. Warp ya s run parallel to the machine direction, and fill yams are perpendicular.
  • Texturizing is a process in which the textile yam is subject to an air-jet that impinges on its surface to make the yam "fluffy".
  • the air-jet causes the surface filaments to break at random, giving the yam a bulkier appearance.
  • Carding is a process that makes staple fiber glass yam from continuous yam. Texturized or carded yam absorbs much more resin or other matrix material, than unmodified yam, and increases the resin-to-glass ratio in the final composite.
  • Aramid and glass fibers are also known to be processed into needle-punched felts, which additionally, improves the resin absorption and/or fluffiness of the fabric.
  • the invention is a fabric having a layer containing reinforcing fibers, wherein the fibers are held while the fibers under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the layer by at least about 50%; and a polymeric coating on the fibers holds the fibers while the fibers are under said mechanical strain.
  • a method of increasing a thickness of a reinforcing fabric comprises, holding a scrim-type, braided, woven or knitted fabric having weft yams and warp yams containing glass fibers under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the fabric, and applying a bonding agent to the fabric to hold the fabric under said mechanical strain.
  • a method of increasing a thickness of a reinforcing fabric comprises, holding a scrim-type, braided, woven or knitted fabric having weft yams and warp yams containing glass fibers under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the fabric, and applying a bonding agent to the fabric to hold the fabric under said mechanical strain.
  • a fabric is provided including an oriented layer containing polymeric or glass fibers wherein at least a portion of the fibers are mechanically manipulated to increase the layer's thickness by at least about 50%). These manipulated fibers are treated with a polymeric coating so as to retain the layer's increased thickness.
  • the present invention provides woven, knit, braided, and/or scrim-like constructions which are, preferably, fairly "open", having hole sizes greater than about 1 square mm, and preferably, about .02 to more than 4.0 square inches (0.5 to 102 mm. 2 ). Such an open construction allows matrix material to easily penetrate the fabric and encapsulate the fibers.
  • the present invention provides significantly enhanced thickness versus typical high performance fabric reinforcements of similar construction. Such thicknesses have been difficult to achieve in a cost effective way by normal means of fabric formation.
  • the fabric should be able to withstand six (6) pounds per square foot of matrix loading without significant deformation.
  • a woven, knitted, braided or scrimlike fabric comprising weft and warp yams containing glass fibers is provided.
  • a tensile force is applied to the warp yams, whereby a portion of the weft yams becomes undulated, resulting in an increased thickness for the fabric.
  • the fabric is then bound together with a bonding agent, such as a polymeric resin, whereby the undulated weft yams become substantially fixed.
  • this invention takes advantage of the construction of weft yams inserted through the twisted warp yams at regular intervals, and which are locked in place. When tension is applied to the warp yams, they are inclined to untwist themselves, creating a torque effect on the weft yams.
  • the combined torque effect creates a weft yam that assumes a generally sinusoidal profile when viewed in the plane of the fabric.
  • the thickness of the fabric thus increases about .5 to 100 fold at the cost of a small loss in the width of the fabric.
  • the product be coated and dried on the fabric making equipment, and held in position, such as by a tenter frame or by the use of tenter frame with "clips".
  • the tenter frame functions to apply the necessary tension to the warp yams of the fabric to induce the torque effect.
  • the clips hold the edges of the fabric as it runs through the coating line and drying oven, and they are adjustable to add or subtract width, as needed. Applying high tension and allowing the width of the fabric to decrease, via the clips, can, in the preferred embodiment, increase the thickness of the fabric via the torque effect of the warp yams.
  • the manufacture of the thickened fabric is not limited to tenter frames equipped with clips. "Clipless" drying systems can be used with slightly more variation in dimensional stability.
  • Coating selection is important for the purposes of this invention.
  • the coating In order for the weft yams to hold their sinusoidal shape, the coating must be somewhat rigid and resist softening in matrix materials, although it is envisioned that the matrix material and the coating can be the same or different materials.
  • Suitable polymers include styrene/butadiene and styrene acrylate polymers of high styrene content. E and A/R glass are preferred fibers for the fabrics.
  • FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a fabric of this invention prior to fiber manipulation
  • FIG. 2 is a front plan view of the fabric of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 is a front plan view of the fabric of FIG. 1 after manipulation of the fibers to increase fabric thickness;
  • FIG. 4 is a magnified view of a cross over point for the manipulated fabric of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of a preferred manufacturing embodiment in which the fabric of FIG. 1 is held by clip chains of a tenter frame.
  • This invention provides fabric constructions useful in many end-use applications, including: polymer matrix composites, soil reinforcement, road, asphalt and mastic reinforcement, cement and gypsum boards, tile underlayment, drainage mats or systems, roofing membrane and shingles, medical applications such as fiberglass casts, bandages, orthopedic applications, etc., and textile and carpet applications.
  • the fabric can be embedded or applied to contact a surface of a matrix, or both.
  • Composite facing material Two or more layers of the same or different materials including two or more layers of fabrics, cloth, knits, mats, wovens, non-wovens and/or scrims, for example.
  • Fabric Woven or non-woven flexible materials, such as tissues, cloths, knits, weaves, carded tissue, spun-bonded and point-bonded non-wovens, needled or braided materials.
  • Fiber A general term used to refer to filamentary materials. Often, fiber is used synonymously with filament. It is generally accepted that a filament routinely has a finite length that is at least 100 times its diameter. In most cases, it is prepared by drawing from a molten bath, spinning, or by deposition on a substrate.
  • Filament The smallest unit of a fibrous material. The basic units formed during drawing and spinning, which are gathered into strands of fiber for use in composites. Filaments usually are of extreme length and very small diameter. Some textile filaments can function as a yam when they are of sufficient strength and flexibility.
  • Glass An inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and relatively brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture.
  • Glass cloth An oriented fabric which can be woven, knitted, needled, or braided glass fiber material, for example.
  • Glass fiber A fiber spun from an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing.
  • Glass Filament A form of glass that has been drawn to a small diameter and long lengths.
  • Knitted fabrics Fabrics produced by interlooping chains of filaments, roving or yam.
  • Mat A fibrous material consisting of randomly oriented chopped filaments, short fibers, or swirled filaments loosely held together with a binder.
  • Roving A number of yams, strands, tows, or ends collected into a parallel bundle with little or no twist.
  • Tensile strength The maximum load or force per unit cross-sectional area, within the gage length, of the specimen. The pulling stress required to break a given specimen. (See ASTM D579 and D3039) [0033] Tex. Linear density (or gauge) of a fiber expressed in grams per 1000 meters.
  • Textile fibers Fibers or filaments that can be processed into yam or made into a fabric by interlacing in a variety of methods, including weaving, knitting and braiding.
  • Viscosity The property of resistance to flow exhibited within the body of a material, expressed in terms of the relationship between applied shearing stress and resulting rate of strain in shear. Viscosity is usually taken to mean Newtonian viscosity, in which case the ratio of sheathing stress to the rate of shearing strain is constant. In non- Newtonian behavior, the ratio varies with the shearing stress. Such ratios are often called the apparent viscosities at the corresponding shearing stresses. Viscosity is measured in terms of flow in Pa 's (P), with water as the base standard (value of 1.0). The higher the number, the less flow.
  • Warp The yam, fiber or roving running lengthwise in a woven fabric. A group of yams, fibers or roving in long lengths and approximately parallel.
  • Woven fabric A material (usually a planar structure) constructed by interlacing yams, fibers, roving or filaments, to form such fabric patterns, such as plain, harness satin, or leno weaves.
  • Woven roving A heavy glass fiber fabric made by weaving roving or yam bundles.
  • Yarn An assemblage of twisted filaments, fibers, or strands, either natural or manufactured, to form a continuous length that is suitable for use in weaving or interweaving into textile materials.
  • a lightweight roving i.e., a strand of near zero twist with linear densities and filament diameters typical of fiberglass yam (but substantially without twist).
  • FIGS. 1-5 there is depicted a fabric (101). Needled, woven, knitted and composite materials are preferred because of their impressive strength-to-weight ratio and, in the case of wovens and knits, their ability to form weft and wa ⁇ yam patterns which can be manipulated into the thickened fabric structures of this invention.
  • a thickened fabric is produced which includes an open- woven layer comprising high-strength non-metallic weft and wa ⁇ yams, whereby a portion of the yams are mechanically manipulated to increase the fabric's thickness by at least about 50%.
  • a leno weave fabric consisting of wa ⁇ (machine direction yams), twisted around weft yams (cross-machine direction yams) twist around one another.
  • Weft yams are inserted through the twisted wa ⁇ yams at regular intervals and are locked in place.
  • tension is applied to the wa ⁇ yams they are inclined to untwist themselves, thus creating a torque effect on the weft yams.
  • the combined torque effect creates a weft yam that assumes a sinusoidal profile when viewed in the plane of the fabric.
  • the thickness of the fabric thus increases, with only a small loss in the width of the fabric.
  • Such a “thickening" effect can also be produced with an "unbalanced" fabric construction, such as when the combined weight of the wa ⁇ yams is greater than the combined weight of the weft yams, so the ability of the weft yams to resist deformation due to torque is reduced.
  • Another way to accomplish thickening is to use heavier wa ⁇ yam, and less of them in the wa ⁇ direction. This creates greater tension per wa ⁇ yard and a wider span of weft yam for the tensile force to act upon. The result is an increased torque effect, also under normal manufacturing conditions, with an accompanying increase in fabric thickness.
  • the fabric of this invention can contain fibers and filaments of organic and inorganic materials, such as glass, olefin (such as polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene), Kevlar®, graphite, rayon, polyester, carbon, ceramic fibers, or combinations thereof, such as glass polyester blends or Twintex® glass-olefin (polypropylene or polyethylene) composite, available from Companie de Saint-Gobain, France.
  • glass compositions are the most desirable for their fire resistance, low cost and high mechanical strength properties.
  • the conversion of molten glass in the forehearth into continuous glass fibers is basically an attenuation process.
  • the molten glass flows through a platinum-rhodium alloy bushing with a large number of holes or tips (400 to 8000, in typical production).
  • the bushing is heated electrically, and the heat is controlled very precisely to maintain a constant glass viscosity.
  • the fibers are drawn down and cooled rapidly as they exit the bushing.
  • a sizing is then applied to the surface of the fibers by passing them over an applicator that continually rotates through the sizing bath to maintain a thin film through which the glass filaments pass. After the sizing is applied, the filaments are gathered into a strand before approaching the take-up device. If smaller bundles of filaments (split strands) are required, multiple gathering devices (often called shoes) are used.
  • the attenuation rate, and therefore the final filament diameter is controlled by the take-up device. Fiber diameter is also impacted by bushing temperature, glass viscosity, and the pressure head over the bushing.
  • the most widely used take-up device is the forming winder, which employs a rotating collet and a traverse mechanism to distribute the strand in a random manner as the forming package grows in diameter. This facilitates strand removal from the package in subsequent processing steps, such as roving or chopping.
  • the forming packages are dried and transferred to the specific fabrication area for conversion into the finished fiberglass roving, mat, chopped strand, or other product. In recent years, processes have been developed to produce finished roving or chopped products directly during forming, thus leading to the term direct draw roving or direct chopped strand.
  • Fiberglass roving is produced by collecting a bundle of strands into a single large strand, which is wound into a stable, cylindrical package. This is called a multi-end roving process. The process begins by placing a number of oven-dried forming packages into a creel. The ends are then gathered together under tension and collected on a precision roving winder that has constant traverse-to-winding ratio, called the waywind.
  • Rovings are used in many applications of this invention.
  • Woven roving is produced by weaving fiberglass roving into a fabric form. This yields a coarse product.
  • the course surface is ideal for polymer matrix composites, cement board, road patch, soil reinforcement, and adhesive applications, since these materials can bind to the coarse fibers easily.
  • Plain or twill weaves are less rough, thereby being easier to handle without protective gloves, but will absorb matrices and adhesive. They also provide strength in both directions, while a unidirectionally stitched or knitted fabric provides strength primarily in one dimension.
  • Many novel fabrics are currently available, including biaxial, double bias, and triaxial weaves for special applications.
  • Combinations of fiberglass mat, scrim, chopped fibers and woven or knit filaments or roving can also be used for the prefe ⁇ ed reinforcing thickened fabric constmctions.
  • the appropriate weights of fiberglass mat (usually chopped-strand mat) and woven roving filaments or loose chopped fibers are either bound together with a chemical binder or mechanically knit, needled, felted or stitched together.
  • One such combination would be a fiberglass and/or resin fiber mat or scrim layered with chopped glass or resin fibers and then needled, felted or stitched together.
  • the yams of the facing layers of this invention can be made by conventional means. Fine-fiber strands of yam from the forming operation can be air dried on forming tubes to provide sufficient integrity to undergo a twisting operation. Twist provides additional integrity to yam before it is subjected to the weaving process, a typical twist consisting of up to one turn per inch. In many instances heavier yams are needed for the weaving operation. This is normally accomplished by twisting together two or more single strands, followed by a plying operation. Plying essentially involves retwisting the twisted strands in the opposite direction from the original twist. The two types of twist normally used are known as S and Z, which indicate the direction in which the twisting is done.
  • Fiberglass yams are converted to fabric form by conventional weaving operations. Looms of various kinds are used in the industry, but the air jet loom is the most popular.
  • Zero twist- yams may also be used. This input can offer the ease of spreading of (twistless) roving with the coverage of fine-filament yams.
  • the major characteristics of the woven embodiments of this invention include its style or weave pattern, fabric count, and the construction of wa ⁇ yam and fill yam. Together, these characteristics determine fabric properties such as drapability.
  • the fabric count identifies the number of wa ⁇ and fill or weft yams per inch. Wa ⁇ yams run parallel to the machine direction, and weft yams are pe ⁇ endicular.
  • Plain weave is the simplest form, in which one wa ⁇ yam interlaces over and under one fill yam. Basket weave has two or more wa ⁇ yams interlacing over and under two or more fill yams. Twill weave has one or more wa ⁇ yams over at least two fill yams. Satin weave (crowfoot) consists of one wa ⁇ yam interfacing over three and under one fill yam, to give an irregular pattern in the fabric.
  • the eight harness satin weave is a special case, in which one wa ⁇ yam interlaces over seven and under one fill yam to give an irregular pattern. In fabricating a board, the satin weave gives the best conformity to complex contours, such as around comers, followed in descending order by twill, basket, and plain weaves.
  • Texturizing is a process in which the textile yam is subjected to an air jet that impinges on its surface to make the yam "fluffy".
  • the air jet causes the surface filaments to break at random, giving the yam a bulkier appearance.
  • the extent to which this occurs can be controlled by the velocity of the air jet and the yam feed rate.
  • An equivalent effect can be produced by electrostatic or mechanical manipulation of the fibers, yams or roving.
  • the fabric pattern is an x, y coordinate system.
  • the -axis represents wa ⁇ yams and is the long axis of the fabric roll (typically approximately 30 to 150 m, or 100 to 500 ft.).
  • the x-axis is the fill direction, that is, the roll width (typically approximately 910 to 3050 mm, or 36 to 120 in.).
  • Basic fabrics are few in number, but combinations of different types and sizes of yams with different wa ⁇ /fill counts allow for hundreds of variations.
  • Basic fabric structures include those made by woven, non-woven and knit processes.
  • one preferred design is a knit structure in which both the x axis strands and the y axis strands are held together with a third strand or knitting yam. This type of knitting is weft-inserted- wa ⁇ knitting. If an unshifted tricot stitch is used, the x and y axis strands are the least compressed and, therefore, give the best coverage at a given areal weight.
  • This structure's coverage can be further increased, i.e., further reduction in porosity, by using near-zero-twist-yam or roving which, naturally, spreads more than tightly twisted yam.
  • This design can be further improved by assisting the spreading of filaments by mechanical (needling) means, or by high-speed air dispersion of the filaments before or after fabric formation.
  • the most common weave construction used for everything from cotton shirts to fiberglass stadium canopies is the plain weave.
  • the essential construction requires only four weaving yams: two wa ⁇ and two fill. This basic unit is called the pattern repeat.
  • Plain weave which is the most highly interlaced, is therefore the tightest of the basic fabric designs and most resistant to in-plane shear movement.
  • Basket weave a variation of plain weave, has wa ⁇ and fill yams that are paired: two up and two down.
  • the satin weave represent a family of constructions with a minimum of interlacing. In these, the weft yams periodically skip, or float, over several wa ⁇ yams.
  • the satin weave repeat is x yams long and the float length is x-1 yams; that is, there is only one interlacing point per pattern repeat per yam.
  • the floating yams that are not being woven into the fabric create considerable loose-ness or suppleness.
  • the satin weave produces a construction with low resistance to shear distortion and is thus easily molded (draped) over common compound curves. Satin weaves can be produced as standard four-, five-, or eight-harness forms. As the number of harnesses increases, so do the float lengths and the degree of looseness making the fabric more difficult to control during handling operations. Textile fabrics generally exhibit greater tensile strength in plain weaves, but greater tear strength in satin weaves.
  • a plain weave having glass weft and wa ⁇ yams or roving, in a weave constmction is known as locking leno.
  • the gripping action of the intertwining leno yams anchors or locks the open selvage edges produced on rapier looms.
  • the leno weave helps prevent selvage unraveling during subsequent handling operations. However, it is also valuable where a very open (but stable) weave is desired.
  • the preferred "leno weave” fabric (100) of this invention consists of weft yams (10) and wa ⁇ yams (12).
  • the weft yams (10) are oriented in the cross-machine direction and the wa ⁇ yams (12) are oriented in the machine direction (10).
  • the weft yams (10) and wa ⁇ yams (12) are twisted around one another at regular intervals and are locked in place.
  • the spacing between yams is fairly open with hole sizes ranging in area from 0.02 to more than 4.0 square inches (.5-102 mm. 2 ).
  • the leno weave (100) can be converted into a "thickened" fabric (101).
  • FIG. 3 One of the important features of the present invention is demonstrated in FIG. 3 in which alternate weft yams (10a) and (10b) are shown assuming a generally sinusoidal profile when viewed in the plain of the fabric, and more preferably, the weft yams alternate between sinusoidal profiles having at least two different orientations represented by weft yams (10a) and (10b), for example.
  • the thickened fabric has an enhanced thickness of at least about 1 mm, preferably greater than 10 mm, and in some cases, greater than 500 mm.
  • thicknesses are rarely achievable in a cost effective way utilizing glass yams employing the normal means of fabric formation.
  • the preferred thickened fabric (101) or thickened fabric structure (30) can be produced in a controlled and repeatable way.
  • the wa ⁇ yams of the leno weave (100) are subjected to a tensile force.
  • the wa ⁇ yams (12) then begin to untwist themselves, creating a torque effect on the weft yams (10a) and (10b), for example.
  • weft yam (10a) or (10b) assumes a sinusoidal profile when viewed in the plane of the fabric. See FIG. 3.
  • the thickness of the fabric as measured from the high point and low point of the sinusoidal profiles of weft yams (10a) and (10b) thus increases with a slight loss in the width of the fabric.
  • the thickness increase of the leno weave (100) should be fixed in some method, such as by using a binder or coating. It has been helpful to use a polymeric resin (15), as shown in the exploded view FIG. 4, which is coated and dried on a preferred tenter frame (105) equipped with clips, as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the tenter frame (105) functions to apply the necessary tension to the wa ⁇ ulence of the fabric to induce the torquing effect.
  • the clips hold the edges of the fabric as it runs through the coating line and drying oven (not shown), and are adjustable to add or subtract fabric width as needed.
  • tenter frames (105) equipped with clips have been useful in practicing this invention, this invention is not so limited. "Clipless" drying systems can be used with some greater variation in the weft and thickness of the fabric. It is also believed that the magnitude of the thickness can be further enhanced by other means.
  • One such method is to create a fabric with an "unbalanced" construction, such that the combined weight of the wa ⁇ yams is greater than the combined weight of the weft yams.
  • Fiber finish is also important because it helps lubricate and protect the fiber as it is exposed to the sometimes harsh weaving operation.
  • the quality of the woven fabric is often determined by the type and quality of the fiber finish.
  • the finish of choice is usually dictated by end-use and resin chemistry, and can consist of resinous materials, such as epoxy.
  • Heavy weight 250-500 10-20 [0069] It has been determined that fabrics having an areal weight of about 15-500 grams/m 2 and thicknesses of about .025-.25 inches are most preferred.
  • Increasing the thickness of the fabric 100 of this invention without significantly adding to the cost can provide a fabric with good longitudinal strength/stiffness values, as well as transverse (fill direction) toughness and impact resistance.
  • the ability to thicken a fabric allows it to be used in many end-uses, such as reinforcement for composites, housings, ballistic applications, aerospace and automotive applications, gypsum and cement boards, concrete reinforcement, etc.
  • the loom has the capability of weaving an endless helix using different wa ⁇ and fiber fill.
  • a glass textile roving wa ⁇ or weft such as E-glass yam and olefin wa ⁇ weft, such as polyethylene or polystyrene fiber
  • a glass textile roving wa ⁇ or weft such as E-glass yam and olefin wa ⁇ weft, such as polyethylene or polystyrene fiber
  • blends such as Twintex® glass-polyolefin blends produced by Saint-Gobain S.A., Paris, France, or individual multiple layers of polymers, elastomerics, rayon, polyester and glass filaments can be used as roving or yam for the facing material, or as additional bonded or sewn layers of woven, knitted felt or non-woven layers.
  • a typical binder/glass fiber loading is about 3-30 wt%. Such binders may or may not be a barrier coating.
  • binders also may or may not completely coat the exterior facing fibers.
  • Various binders are appropriate for this pu ⁇ ose, such as, for example, phenolic binders, ureaformaldehyde resin, or ureaformaldehyde resin modified with acrylic, styrene acrylic, with or without carboxylated polymers as part of the molecule, or as a separate additive. Additionally, these binders can be provided with additives, such as UV and mold inhibitors, fire retardants, etc.
  • Carboxylated polymer additions to the binder resin can promote greater affinity to set gypsum, or to Portland cement-, for example, but are less subjected to blocking than resins without such additions.
  • One particularly desirable binder resin composition is a 70 wt% ureaformaldehyde resin-30 wt% styrene acrylic latex or an acrylic latex mixture, with a carboxylated polymer addition.
  • the fabric (101) or thickened fabric (30) of this invention can be further treated or coated with a resinous coating (15) prior to use, to help fix the weft fibers (10a) and (10b) in a preferred sinusoidal pattern, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • Resinous coatings (15) are distinguished from the sizing or binder used to bond the fibers together to form the individual layers, as described above.
  • Coatings (15) can include those described in U.S. Pat. 4,640,864, and are preferably alkali-resistant, water-resistant and or fire-retardant in nature, or include additives for promoting said properties. They are preferably applied during the manufacture of the fabric (101) or thickened fabric (30).
  • the coating (15) applied to the fabric (101), as shown in FIG. 4, of this invention preferably coats a portion of the fibers and binds the yams (10) and (12) together.
  • the coating (15) can increase or decrease the wetting angle of the matrix to reduce penetration into the yams or increase adhesion.
  • the coating (15) can further contain a UV stabilizer, mold retardant, water repellant, a flame retardant and/or other optional ingredients, such as dispersants, catalysts, fillers and the like.
  • the coating (15) is in liquid form and the fabric (101) is led through the liquid under tension, such as by a tenter frame (105), or the liquid is sprayed (with or without a water spray precursor) on one or both sides of the fabric (101). Thereafter, the fabric (101) may be squeezed and dried.
  • Various methods of applying the liquid may be used, including dip-coaters, doctor blade devices, roll coaters and the like.
  • One preferred method of treating the fabric (101) with the resinous coatings (15) of this invention is to have a lower portion of one roll partially submerged in a trough of the liquid resinous composition and the fabric (101) pressed against the upper portion of the same roller so that an amount of the resinous composition is transferred to the fabric (101).
  • the second roller above the first roller controls the movement of the fabric (101) and the uniformity of the amount of resinous coating (15) disposed thereon. Thereafter, the coated fabric (101) is led in a preferred method to steam cans to expedite drying. It is preferred to pass the coated fabric over steam cans at about 250- 450°F (100-200°C) which drives the water off, if a latex is used, and additionally may cause some flow of the liquid resinous material to further fill intersticies between fibers, as well as coat further and more uniformly fibers within the fabric (101).
  • the coating preferably covers about 50-80% of the surface area targeted, more preferably about 80-99% of said area.
  • the preferred resinous coatings (15) of this invention can contain a resinous mixture containing one or more resins.
  • the resin can contain solid particles or fibers which coalesce or melt to form a continuous or semi-continuous coating which substantially prevents the penetration of liquid moisture, which can be alkaline.
  • the coating can be applied in various thicknesses, such as for example, to sufficiently cover the fibrous constituents of the fabric (100) so that no fibers protrude from the coating (15), or to such a degree that some of the fibers protrude from the coating (15).
  • the coating (15) of this invention can be formed substantially by the water- resistant resin, but good results can also be achieved by forming the coating or saturant from a mixture of resin and fillers, such as silicates, silica, gypsum, titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate.
  • the coating (15) can be applied in thermoplastic, latex or curable thermosetting form.
  • Acceptable resins include pvc plastisol, styrene/butadiene (such as BASF ND 5600) and styrene/acrylic copolymer, acrylics (such as Paranol SA200 or Rohm & Haas GL 618) , flame retardant acrylics or brominated monomer additions to acrylic, such as Pyropoly AC2001, poly( vinyl acetates), poly(vinyl alcohols), vinylidene chloride, siloxane, and polyvinylchloride such as Vycar® 578.
  • Thermosetting resins such as vinyl esters, epoxy or polyester, could also be used for higher strength and rigidity.
  • fire retardants such as bromated phosphorous complex, halogenated paraffin, colloidal antimony pentoxide, borax, unexpanded vermiculite, clay, colloidal silica and colloidal aluminum can be added to the resinous coating or saturant.
  • water resistant additives can be added, such as paraffin, and combinations of paraffin and ammonium salt, fluorochemicals designed to impart alcohol and water repellency, such as FC-824 from 3M Co., organohydrogenpolysiloxanes, silicone oil, wax-asphalt emulsions and poly(vinyl alcohol) with or without a minor amount a minor amount of poly(vinyl acetate).
  • the coatings (15) can include pigment, such as kaolin clay, or lamp black thickeners.
  • Example A [0078] This trial was undertaken to prove the efficacy of inducing significant thickness increases (in the "Z" plane) into an open, leno weave fabric of unbalanced construction.
  • Frame D was selected as the finishing machine for two reasons: it is capable of coating two 1.2 meter panels side-by-side; and the clips of the tenter frame (105) would serve to control the width of the fabric as the torque effect takes place. Without the clips, it is expected that the width of the fabric would be difficult to control on the finishing line.
  • this invention provides thicker fabrics and methods for their manufacture. These fabrics will have greater ability to reinforce matrices in a vertical or "Z" direction, without substantially increasing the cost of the reinforcement.

Abstract

A reinforcing fabric (101) or (30) contains a layer of reinforcing fibers (12), (10a) and (10b), and a polymeric coating (15) holds the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) while the fibers are under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the layer by at least about 50%. The warp yarns (12) are held under tension in a tenter frame (105) while applying the polymeric coating (15). A matrix material is reinforced by the reinforcing fabric (101) or (30). The matrix material is, a soil reinforcement material, a pipe forming material, a road surfacing material, a cement board material, a gypsum board material, a roofing membrane material, a roofing shingle material, a textile material, or a surgical cast material.

Description

ENHANCED THICKNESS FABRIC AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME
Field of the Invention [0001] The present invention relates to fabrics useful as reinforcements, and especially, fabric manufacturing methods for manipulating fibers to achieve selected properties.
Background of the Invention [0002] A composite material can be defined as a macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials, having a recognizable interface between them. Because composites are usually used for their structural properties, they often refer to materials that contain a reinforcement, such as fibers or particles, supported by a binder or matrix material. The discontinuous fibers or particles are generally stiffer and stronger than the continuous matrix phase, which can be a polymer, mastic or hydraulic setting material, for example.
[0003] Fiber reinforced composites can be further divided into those containing discontinuous or continuous fibers. There is a tremendous potential advantage in strength-to- weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios of fiber reinforced composites over conventional materials. Their desirable properties can be obtained when the fibers are embedded in a matrix that binds them together, transfers the load to and between the fibers, and protects the fibers from environments and handling. [0004] Glass fiber reinforced organic matrix composites are the most familiar and widely used, and have had extensive application in industrial, consumer and military markets. Carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites are, by far, the most commonly applied advanced composites for a number of reasons. They offer extremely high specific properties, high quality materials that are readily available, reproducible material forms, increasing favorable cost projections, and comparative ease of manufacturing. Composites reinforced with aramid, other organics, and boron fibers, and with silicon-carbide, alumina, and other ceramic fibers, are also used. [0005] Once continuous high strength fibers have been produced, they are usually converted into a form suitable for their intended composite application. The major finished forms are continuous roving, woven roving, fiberglass mat, chopped strand, and ya s for textile applications. Woven roving is produced by weaving fiberglass or carbon rovings, for example, into a fabric form. This yields a coarse product that may be used in many hand lay- up and panel molding processes to produce fiber reinforced plastics, mastics, roofing materials, and hydraulic setting boards. Many weave configurations are available, depending upon the requirements of the composite. Plain or twill weaves provide strength in both directions, while a unidirectionally stitched or knitted fabric provides strength primarily in one dimension. Many novel fabrics are currently available, including biaxial, double bias and triaxial weaves for special applications.
[0006] Fiber glass yams are typically converted to fabric form by conventional weaving operations. Looms of various kinds are used in the industry, but the air-jet loom is the most popular. The major characteristics of a fabric include its style or weave pattern, fabric count, and the construction of warp yams and fill yams. Together, these characteristics determine fabric properties, such as drapability and performance in the final composite. The fabric count identifies the number of warp and fill yams per inch. Warp ya s run parallel to the machine direction, and fill yams are perpendicular.
[0007] Texturizing is a process in which the textile yam is subject to an air-jet that impinges on its surface to make the yam "fluffy". The air-jet causes the surface filaments to break at random, giving the yam a bulkier appearance. Carding is a process that makes staple fiber glass yam from continuous yam. Texturized or carded yam absorbs much more resin or other matrix material, than unmodified yam, and increases the resin-to-glass ratio in the final composite. Aramid and glass fibers are also known to be processed into needle-punched felts, which additionally, improves the resin absorption and/or fluffiness of the fabric.
[0008] While needling, texturizing and carding have provided improved properties and more interesting dimensional characteristics for fabric, there remains a present need for manipulating yams in a fabric to achieve even greater fabric thicknesses. Summary of the Invention
1. The invention is a fabric having a layer containing reinforcing fibers, wherein the fibers are held while the fibers under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the layer by at least about 50%; and a polymeric coating on the fibers holds the fibers while the fibers are under said mechanical strain. A method of increasing a thickness of a reinforcing fabric comprises, holding a scrim-type, braided, woven or knitted fabric having weft yams and warp yams containing glass fibers under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the fabric, and applying a bonding agent to the fabric to hold the fabric under said mechanical strain. A method of increasing a thickness of a reinforcing fabric comprises, holding a scrim-type, braided, woven or knitted fabric having weft yams and warp yams containing glass fibers under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the fabric, and applying a bonding agent to the fabric to hold the fabric under said mechanical strain. In an embodiment of this invention, a fabric is provided including an oriented layer containing polymeric or glass fibers wherein at least a portion of the fibers are mechanically manipulated to increase the layer's thickness by at least about 50%). These manipulated fibers are treated with a polymeric coating so as to retain the layer's increased thickness. [0009] The present invention provides woven, knit, braided, and/or scrim-like constructions which are, preferably, fairly "open", having hole sizes greater than about 1 square mm, and preferably, about .02 to more than 4.0 square inches (0.5 to 102 mm.2). Such an open construction allows matrix material to easily penetrate the fabric and encapsulate the fibers. The present invention provides significantly enhanced thickness versus typical high performance fabric reinforcements of similar construction. Such thicknesses have been difficult to achieve in a cost effective way by normal means of fabric formation. The fabric should be able to withstand six (6) pounds per square foot of matrix loading without significant deformation. [0010] In a prefeπed process for this invention, a woven, knitted, braided or scrimlike fabric comprising weft and warp yams containing glass fibers is provided. A tensile force is applied to the warp yams, whereby a portion of the weft yams becomes undulated, resulting in an increased thickness for the fabric. The fabric is then bound together with a bonding agent, such as a polymeric resin, whereby the undulated weft yams become substantially fixed. By exploiting certain constructions, such as a "leno weave", and by coating and drying the product in situ, such as on a tenter frame, whereby the width of the fabric can be controlled, a fabric of much greater thickness can be produced in a controlled and repeatable way. [0011] Using a leno weave fabric as an example, this invention takes advantage of the construction of weft yams inserted through the twisted warp yams at regular intervals, and which are locked in place. When tension is applied to the warp yams, they are inclined to untwist themselves, creating a torque effect on the weft yams. As each warp yam untwists, the combined torque effect creates a weft yam that assumes a generally sinusoidal profile when viewed in the plane of the fabric. The thickness of the fabric thus increases about .5 to 100 fold at the cost of a small loss in the width of the fabric.
[0012] It has been found that for this thickness increase and width to be enhanced, controlled and reproducible, it is preferred that the product be coated and dried on the fabric making equipment, and held in position, such as by a tenter frame or by the use of tenter frame with "clips". The tenter frame functions to apply the necessary tension to the warp yams of the fabric to induce the torque effect. The clips hold the edges of the fabric as it runs through the coating line and drying oven, and they are adjustable to add or subtract width, as needed. Applying high tension and allowing the width of the fabric to decrease, via the clips, can, in the preferred embodiment, increase the thickness of the fabric via the torque effect of the warp yams. The manufacture of the thickened fabric is not limited to tenter frames equipped with clips. "Clipless" drying systems can be used with slightly more variation in dimensional stability.
[0013] Coating selection is important for the purposes of this invention. In order for the weft yams to hold their sinusoidal shape, the coating must be somewhat rigid and resist softening in matrix materials, although it is envisioned that the matrix material and the coating can be the same or different materials. Suitable polymers include styrene/butadiene and styrene acrylate polymers of high styrene content. E and A/R glass are preferred fibers for the fabrics.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0014] The accompanying drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention, as well as other information pertinent to the disclosure, in which:
[0015] FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a fabric of this invention prior to fiber manipulation;
[0016] FIG. 2 is a front plan view of the fabric of FIG. 1 ;
[0017] FIG. 3 is a front plan view of the fabric of FIG. 1 after manipulation of the fibers to increase fabric thickness;
[0018] FIG. 4 is a magnified view of a cross over point for the manipulated fabric of FIG. 3; and
[0019] FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of a preferred manufacturing embodiment in which the fabric of FIG. 1 is held by clip chains of a tenter frame.
Detailed Description of the Invention [0020] This invention provides fabric constructions useful in many end-use applications, including: polymer matrix composites, soil reinforcement, road, asphalt and mastic reinforcement, cement and gypsum boards, tile underlayment, drainage mats or systems, roofing membrane and shingles, medical applications such as fiberglass casts, bandages, orthopedic applications, etc., and textile and carpet applications. In such applications, the fabric can be embedded or applied to contact a surface of a matrix, or both. Defined Terms
[0021] Composite facing material. Two or more layers of the same or different materials including two or more layers of fabrics, cloth, knits, mats, wovens, non-wovens and/or scrims, for example. [0022] Fabric. Woven or non-woven flexible materials, such as tissues, cloths, knits, weaves, carded tissue, spun-bonded and point-bonded non-wovens, needled or braided materials.
[0023] Fiber. A general term used to refer to filamentary materials. Often, fiber is used synonymously with filament. It is generally accepted that a filament routinely has a finite length that is at least 100 times its diameter. In most cases, it is prepared by drawing from a molten bath, spinning, or by deposition on a substrate.
[0024] Filament. The smallest unit of a fibrous material. The basic units formed during drawing and spinning, which are gathered into strands of fiber for use in composites. Filaments usually are of extreme length and very small diameter. Some textile filaments can function as a yam when they are of sufficient strength and flexibility.
[0025] Glass. An inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and relatively brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture.
[0026] Glass cloth. An oriented fabric which can be woven, knitted, needled, or braided glass fiber material, for example.
[0027] Glass fiber. A fiber spun from an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing.
[0028] Glass Filament. A form of glass that has been drawn to a small diameter and long lengths. [0029] Knitted fabrics. Fabrics produced by interlooping chains of filaments, roving or yam.
[0030] Mat. A fibrous material consisting of randomly oriented chopped filaments, short fibers, or swirled filaments loosely held together with a binder. [0031] Roving. A number of yams, strands, tows, or ends collected into a parallel bundle with little or no twist.
[0032] Tensile strength. The maximum load or force per unit cross-sectional area, within the gage length, of the specimen. The pulling stress required to break a given specimen. (See ASTM D579 and D3039) [0033] Tex. Linear density (or gauge) of a fiber expressed in grams per 1000 meters.
[0034] Textile fibers. Fibers or filaments that can be processed into yam or made into a fabric by interlacing in a variety of methods, including weaving, knitting and braiding.
[0035] Viscosity. The property of resistance to flow exhibited within the body of a material, expressed in terms of the relationship between applied shearing stress and resulting rate of strain in shear. Viscosity is usually taken to mean Newtonian viscosity, in which case the ratio of sheathing stress to the rate of shearing strain is constant. In non- Newtonian behavior, the ratio varies with the shearing stress. Such ratios are often called the apparent viscosities at the corresponding shearing stresses. Viscosity is measured in terms of flow in Pa 's (P), with water as the base standard (value of 1.0). The higher the number, the less flow.
[0036] Warp. The yam, fiber or roving running lengthwise in a woven fabric. A group of yams, fibers or roving in long lengths and approximately parallel.
[0037] Weave. The particular manner in which a fabric is formed by interlacing yams, fibers or roving. Usually assigned a style number. [0038] Weft. The transverse threads or fibers in a woven fabric. Those fibers running perpendicular to the waφ. Also called fill, filling yam or woof.
[0039] Woven fabric. A material (usually a planar structure) constructed by interlacing yams, fibers, roving or filaments, to form such fabric patterns, such as plain, harness satin, or leno weaves.
[0040] Woven roving. A heavy glass fiber fabric made by weaving roving or yam bundles.
[0041] Yarn. An assemblage of twisted filaments, fibers, or strands, either natural or manufactured, to form a continuous length that is suitable for use in weaving or interweaving into textile materials.
[0042] Zero-twist-yarn. A lightweight roving, i.e., a strand of near zero twist with linear densities and filament diameters typical of fiberglass yam (but substantially without twist).
Detailed Description of the Invention [0043] With reference to the Figures, and particularly to FIGS. 1-5 thereof, there is depicted a fabric (101). Needled, woven, knitted and composite materials are preferred because of their impressive strength-to-weight ratio and, in the case of wovens and knits, their ability to form weft and waφ yam patterns which can be manipulated into the thickened fabric structures of this invention. A thickened fabric is produced which includes an open- woven layer comprising high-strength non-metallic weft and waφ yams, whereby a portion of the yams are mechanically manipulated to increase the fabric's thickness by at least about 50%. In further embodiments of this invention, a leno weave fabric consisting of waφ (machine direction yams), twisted around weft yams (cross-machine direction yams) twist around one another. Weft yams are inserted through the twisted waφ yams at regular intervals and are locked in place. When tension is applied to the waφ yams they are inclined to untwist themselves, thus creating a torque effect on the weft yams. As each waφ yam untwists, the combined torque effect creates a weft yam that assumes a sinusoidal profile when viewed in the plane of the fabric. The thickness of the fabric thus increases, with only a small loss in the width of the fabric. Such a "thickening" effect can also be produced with an "unbalanced" fabric construction, such as when the combined weight of the waφ yams is greater than the combined weight of the weft yams, so the ability of the weft yams to resist deformation due to torque is reduced. Another way to accomplish thickening is to use heavier waφ yam, and less of them in the waφ direction. This creates greater tension per waφ yard and a wider span of weft yam for the tensile force to act upon. The result is an increased torque effect, also under normal manufacturing conditions, with an accompanying increase in fabric thickness. While the fabric of this invention can contain fibers and filaments of organic and inorganic materials, such as glass, olefin (such as polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene), Kevlar®, graphite, rayon, polyester, carbon, ceramic fibers, or combinations thereof, such as glass polyester blends or Twintex® glass-olefin (polypropylene or polyethylene) composite, available from Companie de Saint-Gobain, France. Of these types of fibers and filaments, glass compositions are the most desirable for their fire resistance, low cost and high mechanical strength properties.
Glass Composition
[0044] Although a number of glass compositions have been developed, only a few are used commercially to create continuous glass fibers. The four main glasses used are high alkali-resistant (AR-glass), electrical grade (E-glass), a modified E-glass that is chemically resistant (ECR-glass), and high strength (S-glass). The representative chemical compositions of these four glasses are given in Table 1.
Table 1 : Glass composition
Mateπal, wt% Total minor Calcium Bone Calcium Zirconium oxides Glass type Silica Alumina oxide Magnesia oxide Soda fluoride Oxide
E-glass 54 14 20 5 0 5 8 1 1 - 1
A-glass 72 1 8 4 - 14 - - 1
ECR-glass 61 1 1 22 3 - 0 6 - - 2 4
S-glass 64 25 - 10 - 0 3 - - 0 7
AR-glass 62 8 6 - - 14 8 - 16 7 0 1
(Chem-FIL®)
[0045] The inherent properties of the four glass fibers having these compositions are given in Table 2.
[0046] Table 2: Inherent properties of glass fibers
Tensile strength Tensile modulus Coefficient of Liquidus temperature Specific thermal expansion, Dielectric gravity MPa Ksi GPa 106 psι IO-'VK constant(a) C° F°
E-glass 2 58 3450 500 72.5 10 5 5 0 6 3 1065 1950
A-glass 2 50 3040 440 69 0 100 8 6 6 9 996 1825
ECR-glass 2 62 3625 525 72 5 10 5 5 0 6 5 1204 2200
S-glass 2 48 4590 665 86 0 12 5 5 6 5 1 1454 2650
(a) At 20° C (72° F) and 1 MHZ Source Ref 4
Glass Melting and Forming
[0047] The conversion of molten glass in the forehearth into continuous glass fibers is basically an attenuation process. The molten glass flows through a platinum-rhodium alloy bushing with a large number of holes or tips (400 to 8000, in typical production). The bushing is heated electrically, and the heat is controlled very precisely to maintain a constant glass viscosity. The fibers are drawn down and cooled rapidly as they exit the bushing. A sizing is then applied to the surface of the fibers by passing them over an applicator that continually rotates through the sizing bath to maintain a thin film through which the glass filaments pass. After the sizing is applied, the filaments are gathered into a strand before approaching the take-up device. If smaller bundles of filaments (split strands) are required, multiple gathering devices (often called shoes) are used.
[0048] The attenuation rate, and therefore the final filament diameter, is controlled by the take-up device. Fiber diameter is also impacted by bushing temperature, glass viscosity, and the pressure head over the bushing. The most widely used take-up device is the forming winder, which employs a rotating collet and a traverse mechanism to distribute the strand in a random manner as the forming package grows in diameter. This facilitates strand removal from the package in subsequent processing steps, such as roving or chopping. The forming packages are dried and transferred to the specific fabrication area for conversion into the finished fiberglass roving, mat, chopped strand, or other product. In recent years, processes have been developed to produce finished roving or chopped products directly during forming, thus leading to the term direct draw roving or direct chopped strand.
Fabrication Process [0049] Once the continuous glass fibers have been produced they must be converted into a suitable form for their intended application. The major finished forms are continuous roving, woven roving, fiberglass mat, chopped strand, and yams for textile applications. Yams are used in many applications of this invention.
[0050] Fiberglass roving is produced by collecting a bundle of strands into a single large strand, which is wound into a stable, cylindrical package. This is called a multi-end roving process. The process begins by placing a number of oven-dried forming packages into a creel. The ends are then gathered together under tension and collected on a precision roving winder that has constant traverse-to-winding ratio, called the waywind.
[0051] Rovings are used in many applications of this invention. Woven roving is produced by weaving fiberglass roving into a fabric form. This yields a coarse product. The course surface is ideal for polymer matrix composites, cement board, road patch, soil reinforcement, and adhesive applications, since these materials can bind to the coarse fibers easily. Plain or twill weaves are less rough, thereby being easier to handle without protective gloves, but will absorb matrices and adhesive. They also provide strength in both directions, while a unidirectionally stitched or knitted fabric provides strength primarily in one dimension. Many novel fabrics are currently available, including biaxial, double bias, and triaxial weaves for special applications.
[0052] Combinations of fiberglass mat, scrim, chopped fibers and woven or knit filaments or roving can also be used for the prefeπed reinforcing thickened fabric constmctions. The appropriate weights of fiberglass mat (usually chopped-strand mat) and woven roving filaments or loose chopped fibers are either bound together with a chemical binder or mechanically knit, needled, felted or stitched together. One such combination would be a fiberglass and/or resin fiber mat or scrim layered with chopped glass or resin fibers and then needled, felted or stitched together.
[0053] The yams of the facing layers of this invention can be made by conventional means. Fine-fiber strands of yam from the forming operation can be air dried on forming tubes to provide sufficient integrity to undergo a twisting operation. Twist provides additional integrity to yam before it is subjected to the weaving process, a typical twist consisting of up to one turn per inch. In many instances heavier yams are needed for the weaving operation. This is normally accomplished by twisting together two or more single strands, followed by a plying operation. Plying essentially involves retwisting the twisted strands in the opposite direction from the original twist. The two types of twist normally used are known as S and Z, which indicate the direction in which the twisting is done. Usually, two or more strands twisted together with an S twist are plied with a Z twist in order to give a balanced yam. Thus, the yam properties, such as strength, bundle diameter, and yield, can be manipulated by the twisting and plying operations. Fiberglass yams are converted to fabric form by conventional weaving operations. Looms of various kinds are used in the industry, but the air jet loom is the most popular.
[0054] Zero twist- yams may also be used. This input can offer the ease of spreading of (twistless) roving with the coverage of fine-filament yams. The number of filaments per strand used directly affect the porosity and are related to yam weight as follows: n= (490 x Tex) / d2, where "d" is the individual filament diameter expressed in microns. Thus, if the roving with coarse filaments can be replaced with near zero twist yam with filaments half the diameter, then the number of filaments increases by a factor of 4 at the same strand Tex.
[0055] The major characteristics of the woven embodiments of this invention include its style or weave pattern, fabric count, and the construction of waφ yam and fill yam. Together, these characteristics determine fabric properties such as drapability. The fabric count identifies the number of waφ and fill or weft yams per inch. Waφ yams run parallel to the machine direction, and weft yams are peφendicular.
[0056] There are basically four weave patterns: plain, basket, twill, and satin. Plain weave is the simplest form, in which one waφ yam interlaces over and under one fill yam. Basket weave has two or more waφ yams interlacing over and under two or more fill yams. Twill weave has one or more waφ yams over at least two fill yams. Satin weave (crowfoot) consists of one waφ yam interfacing over three and under one fill yam, to give an irregular pattern in the fabric. The eight harness satin weave is a special case, in which one waφ yam interlaces over seven and under one fill yam to give an irregular pattern. In fabricating a board, the satin weave gives the best conformity to complex contours, such as around comers, followed in descending order by twill, basket, and plain weaves.
[0057] Texturizing is a process in which the textile yam is subjected to an air jet that impinges on its surface to make the yam "fluffy". The air jet causes the surface filaments to break at random, giving the yam a bulkier appearance. The extent to which this occurs can be controlled by the velocity of the air jet and the yam feed rate. An equivalent effect can be produced by electrostatic or mechanical manipulation of the fibers, yams or roving.
Fabric Design
[0058] The fabric pattern, often called the construction, is an x, y coordinate system. The -axis represents waφ yams and is the long axis of the fabric roll (typically approximately 30 to 150 m, or 100 to 500 ft.). The x-axis is the fill direction, that is, the roll width (typically approximately 910 to 3050 mm, or 36 to 120 in.). Basic fabrics are few in number, but combinations of different types and sizes of yams with different waφ/fill counts allow for hundreds of variations.
[0059] Basic fabric structures include those made by woven, non-woven and knit processes. In this invention, one preferred design is a knit structure in which both the x axis strands and the y axis strands are held together with a third strand or knitting yam. This type of knitting is weft-inserted- waφ knitting. If an unshifted tricot stitch is used, the x and y axis strands are the least compressed and, therefore, give the best coverage at a given areal weight. This structure's coverage can be further increased, i.e., further reduction in porosity, by using near-zero-twist-yam or roving which, naturally, spreads more than tightly twisted yam. This design can be further improved by assisting the spreading of filaments by mechanical (needling) means, or by high-speed air dispersion of the filaments before or after fabric formation.
[0060] The most common weave construction used for everything from cotton shirts to fiberglass stadium canopies is the plain weave. The essential construction requires only four weaving yams: two waφ and two fill. This basic unit is called the pattern repeat. Plain weave, which is the most highly interlaced, is therefore the tightest of the basic fabric designs and most resistant to in-plane shear movement. Basket weave, a variation of plain weave, has waφ and fill yams that are paired: two up and two down. The satin weave represent a family of constructions with a minimum of interlacing. In these, the weft yams periodically skip, or float, over several waφ yams. The satin weave repeat is x yams long and the float length is x-1 yams; that is, there is only one interlacing point per pattern repeat per yam. The floating yams that are not being woven into the fabric create considerable loose-ness or suppleness. The satin weave produces a construction with low resistance to shear distortion and is thus easily molded (draped) over common compound curves. Satin weaves can be produced as standard four-, five-, or eight-harness forms. As the number of harnesses increases, so do the float lengths and the degree of looseness making the fabric more difficult to control during handling operations. Textile fabrics generally exhibit greater tensile strength in plain weaves, but greater tear strength in satin weaves. The higher the yam interlacing (for a given-size yam), the fewer the number of yams that can be woven per unit length. The necessary separation between yams reduces the number that can be packed together. This is the reason for the higher yam count (yams/in.) that is possible in unidirectional material and its better physical properties.
[0061] A plain weave having glass weft and waφ yams or roving, in a weave constmction is known as locking leno. The gripping action of the intertwining leno yams anchors or locks the open selvage edges produced on rapier looms. The leno weave helps prevent selvage unraveling during subsequent handling operations. However, it is also valuable where a very open (but stable) weave is desired.
[0062] The preferred "leno weave" fabric (100) of this invention consists of weft yams (10) and waφ yams (12). The weft yams (10) are oriented in the cross-machine direction and the waφ yams (12) are oriented in the machine direction (10). As shown in FIG. 1 and 2, the weft yams (10) and waφ yams (12) are twisted around one another at regular intervals and are locked in place. Preferably, the spacing between yams is fairly open with hole sizes ranging in area from 0.02 to more than 4.0 square inches (.5-102 mm.2). The leno weave (100) can be converted into a "thickened" fabric (101).
[0063] One of the important features of the present invention is demonstrated in FIG. 3 in which alternate weft yams (10a) and (10b) are shown assuming a generally sinusoidal profile when viewed in the plain of the fabric, and more preferably, the weft yams alternate between sinusoidal profiles having at least two different orientations represented by weft yams (10a) and (10b), for example. Preferably, the thickened fabric has an enhanced thickness of at least about 1 mm, preferably greater than 10 mm, and in some cases, greater than 500 mm. Experience has proven that such thicknesses are rarely achievable in a cost effective way utilizing glass yams employing the normal means of fabric formation. By exploiting the nature of specific weave constructions, such as a leno weave, and by coating and drying the product on a tenter frame, whereby the width of the fabric can be controlled, the preferred thickened fabric (101) or thickened fabric structure (30) can be produced in a controlled and repeatable way. [0064] In a first embodiment of producing a thickened fabric (101) of this invention, the waφ yams of the leno weave (100) are subjected to a tensile force. The waφ yams (12) then begin to untwist themselves, creating a torque effect on the weft yams (10a) and (10b), for example. As each waφ yam (12) untwists, the combined torque effect creates a weft yam (10a) or (10b) that assumes a sinusoidal profile when viewed in the plane of the fabric. See FIG. 3. The thickness of the fabric as measured from the high point and low point of the sinusoidal profiles of weft yams (10a) and (10b) thus increases with a slight loss in the width of the fabric.
[0065] It has been determined that the thickness increase of the leno weave (100) should be fixed in some method, such as by using a binder or coating. It has been helpful to use a polymeric resin (15), as shown in the exploded view FIG. 4, which is coated and dried on a preferred tenter frame (105) equipped with clips, as shown in FIG. 5. The tenter frame (105) functions to apply the necessary tension to the waφulence of the fabric to induce the torquing effect. The clips hold the edges of the fabric as it runs through the coating line and drying oven (not shown), and are adjustable to add or subtract fabric width as needed.
Applying high tension, allowing the width of the leno fabric (100) to decrease by the use of clips can increase the thickness of the fabric via the torque effect on the weft yams created by the tensile force applied to the waφ yams (12). Although tenter frames (105) equipped with clips have been useful in practicing this invention, this invention is not so limited. "Clipless" drying systems can be used with some greater variation in the weft and thickness of the fabric. It is also believed that the magnitude of the thickness can be further enhanced by other means. One such method is to create a fabric with an "unbalanced" construction, such that the combined weight of the waφ yams is greater than the combined weight of the weft yams. The ability of the weft yams to resist deformation due to torque is thus reduced. Another way to accomplish greater thickness in the substrates of this invention is to use a heavier waφ yam, but less of them in the waφ direction. This results in a greater amount of tension per waφ yam and a wider span of weft yam to be acted upon. The torque effect will increase with its accompanying increase in fabric thickness. [0066] The design of glass fabrics suitable for this invention begins with only a few fabric parameters: type of fiber, type of yam, weave style, yam count, and areal weight.
[0067] Fiber finish is also important because it helps lubricate and protect the fiber as it is exposed to the sometimes harsh weaving operation. The quality of the woven fabric is often determined by the type and quality of the fiber finish. The finish of choice, however, is usually dictated by end-use and resin chemistry, and can consist of resinous materials, such as epoxy.
[0068] The following fabric styles and categories are useful in the practice of this invention:
Fabric Areal wt. grams/m2 oz/vd2
Light weight 102-340 3-10
Intermediate weight 340-678 10-20
Heavy weight 508-3052 15-90
Fabric Thickness μm mil
Light weight 25-125 1-5
Intermediate weight 125-250 5-10
Heavy weight 250-500 10-20 [0069] It has been determined that fabrics having an areal weight of about 15-500 grams/m2 and thicknesses of about .025-.25 inches are most preferred.
[0070] Increasing the thickness of the fabric 100 of this invention, without significantly adding to the cost can provide a fabric with good longitudinal strength/stiffness values, as well as transverse (fill direction) toughness and impact resistance. The ability to thicken a fabric allows it to be used in many end-uses, such as reinforcement for composites, housings, ballistic applications, aerospace and automotive applications, gypsum and cement boards, concrete reinforcement, etc. [0071] It is also possible to "teach" the looms new tricks, particularly in three- directional weaving, but interesting modifications are even possible for two-directional fabric. The loom has the capability of weaving an endless helix using different waφ and fiber fill. Alternatively, a glass textile roving waφ or weft, such as E-glass yam and olefin waφ weft, such as polyethylene or polystyrene fiber, can be used. Alternatively, blends such as Twintex® glass-polyolefin blends produced by Saint-Gobain S.A., Paris, France, or individual multiple layers of polymers, elastomerics, rayon, polyester and glass filaments can be used as roving or yam for the facing material, or as additional bonded or sewn layers of woven, knitted felt or non-woven layers. [0072] A typical binder/glass fiber loading is about 3-30 wt%. Such binders may or may not be a barrier coating. These binders also may or may not completely coat the exterior facing fibers. Various binders are appropriate for this puφose, such as, for example, phenolic binders, ureaformaldehyde resin, or ureaformaldehyde resin modified with acrylic, styrene acrylic, with or without carboxylated polymers as part of the molecule, or as a separate additive. Additionally, these binders can be provided with additives, such as UV and mold inhibitors, fire retardants, etc. Carboxylated polymer additions to the binder resin can promote greater affinity to set gypsum, or to Portland cement-, for example, but are less subjected to blocking than resins without such additions. One particularly desirable binder resin composition is a 70 wt% ureaformaldehyde resin-30 wt% styrene acrylic latex or an acrylic latex mixture, with a carboxylated polymer addition.
[0073] The fabric (101) or thickened fabric (30) of this invention can be further treated or coated with a resinous coating (15) prior to use, to help fix the weft fibers (10a) and (10b) in a preferred sinusoidal pattern, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Resinous coatings (15) are distinguished from the sizing or binder used to bond the fibers together to form the individual layers, as described above. Coatings (15) can include those described in U.S. Pat. 4,640,864, and are preferably alkali-resistant, water-resistant and or fire-retardant in nature, or include additives for promoting said properties. They are preferably applied during the manufacture of the fabric (101) or thickened fabric (30). [0074] The coating (15) applied to the fabric (101), as shown in FIG. 4, of this invention preferably coats a portion of the fibers and binds the yams (10) and (12) together. Alternatively, the coating (15) can increase or decrease the wetting angle of the matrix to reduce penetration into the yams or increase adhesion. The coating (15) can further contain a UV stabilizer, mold retardant, water repellant, a flame retardant and/or other optional ingredients, such as dispersants, catalysts, fillers and the like. Preferably, the coating (15) is in liquid form and the fabric (101) is led through the liquid under tension, such as by a tenter frame (105), or the liquid is sprayed (with or without a water spray precursor) on one or both sides of the fabric (101). Thereafter, the fabric (101) may be squeezed and dried. [0075] Various methods of applying the liquid may be used, including dip-coaters, doctor blade devices, roll coaters and the like. One preferred method of treating the fabric (101) with the resinous coatings (15) of this invention is to have a lower portion of one roll partially submerged in a trough of the liquid resinous composition and the fabric (101) pressed against the upper portion of the same roller so that an amount of the resinous composition is transferred to the fabric (101). The second roller above the first roller controls the movement of the fabric (101) and the uniformity of the amount of resinous coating (15) disposed thereon. Thereafter, the coated fabric (101) is led in a preferred method to steam cans to expedite drying. It is preferred to pass the coated fabric over steam cans at about 250- 450°F (100-200°C) which drives the water off, if a latex is used, and additionally may cause some flow of the liquid resinous material to further fill intersticies between fibers, as well as coat further and more uniformly fibers within the fabric (101). The coating preferably covers about 50-80% of the surface area targeted, more preferably about 80-99% of said area.
[0076] The preferred resinous coatings (15) of this invention can contain a resinous mixture containing one or more resins. The resin can contain solid particles or fibers which coalesce or melt to form a continuous or semi-continuous coating which substantially prevents the penetration of liquid moisture, which can be alkaline. The coating can be applied in various thicknesses, such as for example, to sufficiently cover the fibrous constituents of the fabric (100) so that no fibers protrude from the coating (15), or to such a degree that some of the fibers protrude from the coating (15). [0077] The coating (15) of this invention can be formed substantially by the water- resistant resin, but good results can also be achieved by forming the coating or saturant from a mixture of resin and fillers, such as silicates, silica, gypsum, titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate. The coating (15) can be applied in thermoplastic, latex or curable thermosetting form. Acceptable resins include pvc plastisol, styrene/butadiene (such as BASF ND 5600) and styrene/acrylic copolymer, acrylics (such as Paranol SA200 or Rohm & Haas GL 618) , flame retardant acrylics or brominated monomer additions to acrylic, such as Pyropoly AC2001, poly( vinyl acetates), poly(vinyl alcohols), vinylidene chloride, siloxane, and polyvinylchloride such as Vycar® 578. Thermosetting resins, such as vinyl esters, epoxy or polyester, could also be used for higher strength and rigidity. In addition, fire retardants, such as bromated phosphorous complex, halogenated paraffin, colloidal antimony pentoxide, borax, unexpanded vermiculite, clay, colloidal silica and colloidal aluminum can be added to the resinous coating or saturant. Furthermore, water resistant additives can be added, such as paraffin, and combinations of paraffin and ammonium salt, fluorochemicals designed to impart alcohol and water repellency, such as FC-824 from 3M Co., organohydrogenpolysiloxanes, silicone oil, wax-asphalt emulsions and poly(vinyl alcohol) with or without a minor amount a minor amount of poly(vinyl acetate). Finally, the coatings (15) can include pigment, such as kaolin clay, or lamp black thickeners.
Example A [0078] This trial was undertaken to prove the efficacy of inducing significant thickness increases (in the "Z" plane) into an open, leno weave fabric of unbalanced construction.
[0079] When the collective weight of waφ yams significantly outweighs that of the weft yams, a noticeable torque effect is induced in the waφ yams when under tension on the finishing machines. The torque effect causes the weft yams to deform in a sinusoidal fashion across the width of the web, and thus the fabric thickness increases.
[0080] Calculations have shown that a fabric based on existing fabric style No. 0061 by Saint-Gobain Technical Fabrics, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, will serve as a useful starting point for development in that it has approximately the right construction and cost. The 0061 fabric was modified to unbalance the construction by replacing the 735 tex weft yam with a 275 tex yam. This both reduces the fabric cost and helped ensure that the torque effect would be observed. A stiff, inexpensive SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) latex was selected (style 285) for the coating as it has the advantage of : low cost; alkali resistance; the excellent toughness needed to bond the open fabric. Frame D was selected as the finishing machine for two reasons: it is capable of coating two 1.2 meter panels side-by-side; and the clips of the tenter frame (105) would serve to control the width of the fabric as the torque effect takes place. Without the clips, it is expected that the width of the fabric would be difficult to control on the finishing line.
Results and Recommendations [0081] It was found that the thickness of the fabric could be increased .5-100 times that of the same fabric without the torque effect. The observed increase was a 2.7 times increase, from 0.54 mm to 1.46 mm. This was accomplished by applying the highest amount of tension possible to the fabric on Frame D, and then slowly decreasing the width of the clips (105). The fabric width decreased from 2465 mm to 2380 mm (about 3.4%), which is a loss of 85 mm (3.3 inches). The fabric was not unduly distorted by the process, and with some fine-tuning the quality should be acceptable. Two rolls of 45.7 meter length and two of 30 meter length of the enhanced thickness fabric were produced.
Details of Trial
Machine: frame D
Line Speed: 25 meters/min
Oven Temp: 185/185° C
Winder: center wind
Let-off pressure: 140 psig
Front output press.: 8 psig
Tension: 15
Clip spacing: 93 inches
Fabric Analysis
Finished Width of one panel: 1190 mm (1202 mm including fringe edge). Yam Count: 20.64 x 10.0 ends/picks per 10 cm Coated Fabric Weight: 113.4 grams/m2 Coating Add-on: 31.9% Thickness: 1.46 mm (0.058 inches)
[0082] From the foregoing, it can be realized that this invention provides thicker fabrics and methods for their manufacture. These fabrics will have greater ability to reinforce matrices in a vertical or "Z" direction, without substantially increasing the cost of the reinforcement.

Claims

We claim:
1. A fabric comprising, a layer containing reinforcing fibers, characterised in that; the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) are held while the fibers (12), (1.0a) and (10b) are under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the layer by at least about 50%; and a polymeric coating on the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) holds the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) while the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) are under said mechanical strain.
2. The fabric of Claim 1, further characterised in that; the layer comprises a porous fabric (101) or (30) in the form of, woven or non- woven scrim or woven or non- woven mesh, or a combination thereof.
3. The fabric of Claim 1, further characterised in that; the layer comprises an open weave fabric (101) or (30) comprising high strength, weft yams (10a) and (10b) and waφ yams (12) containing glass fibers (12), (10a) and (10b).
4. The fabric of Claim 1, further characterised in that; the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) are under said mechanical strain corresponding to a thickness increase of the layer by at least about 100%.
5. The fabric of Claim 1, further characterised in that; the polymeric coating comprises a polymeric resin substantially binding said fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) together.
6. The fabric of Claim 1, further characterised in that; the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) and the polymeric coating are corrosion-resistant and are adapted for reinforcement of a matrix material.
7. A reinforced article of manufacture comprising, a matrix material reinforced by a fabric, characterised in that; the fabric (101) or (30) is a layer containing polymeric or glass fibers (12), (10a) and (10b); the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) are held while the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) are under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the layer by at least about 50%; and a polymeric coating on the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) holds the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) while the fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) are under said mechanical strain.
8. The reinforced article of Claim 9, further characterised in that; the matrix comprises, a soil reinforcement material, a pipe forming material, a road surfacing material, a cement board material, a gypsum board material, a roofing membrane material, a roofing shingle material, a textile material, or a surgical cast material.
9. A method of increasing a thickness of a reinforcing fabric comprising: (a) holding a scrim-type, braided, woven or knitted fabric (101) or (30) comprising weft yams (10a) and (10b) and waφ yams (12) containing glass fibers (12), (10a) and (10b) under mechanical strain to increase the thickness of the fabric (101) or (30); and (b) applying a bonding agent to the fabric to hold the fabric (101) or (30) under said mechanical strain.
10. The method of Claim 9, further comprising: holding said waφ yams (10a) and (10b) under tension in a tenter frame (105) while applying the bonding agent to the fabric (101) or (30).
PCT/US2004/040555 2003-12-19 2004-12-06 Enhanced thickness fabric and method of making same WO2005065942A1 (en)

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US20060014457A1 (en) 2006-01-19
CA2547725C (en) 2011-11-08
US7699949B2 (en) 2010-04-20
US20100108244A1 (en) 2010-05-06
US20080017270A1 (en) 2008-01-24
EP1697130A4 (en) 2011-08-17

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