WO2005009051A1 - Three dimensional display method, system and apparatus - Google Patents
Three dimensional display method, system and apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005009051A1 WO2005009051A1 PCT/CA2004/001026 CA2004001026W WO2005009051A1 WO 2005009051 A1 WO2005009051 A1 WO 2005009051A1 CA 2004001026 W CA2004001026 W CA 2004001026W WO 2005009051 A1 WO2005009051 A1 WO 2005009051A1
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- image
- target location
- final image
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- screen
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/346—Image reproducers using prisms or semi-transparent mirrors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/363—Image reproducers using image projection screens
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/388—Volumetric displays, i.e. systems where the image is built up from picture elements distributed through a volume
- H04N13/395—Volumetric displays, i.e. systems where the image is built up from picture elements distributed through a volume with depth sampling, i.e. the volume being constructed from a stack or sequence of 2D image planes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to display systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to display methods, systems and apparatus which exploit the human visual perceptual system to provide images on two dimensional image displays which are perceived by viewers as being three dimensional images.
- Pulfrich Effect Another method of making a viewer perceive a three dimensional image from a two dimensional display is to employ the Pulfrich Effect, invented by Carl Pulfrich and published in Die Naturwissenschaften, in the June through September 1922 issues.
- the Pulfrich Effect makes use of an inherent effect of the human visual perception system. Specifically, a very dark filter is placed over one eye of the viewer who then observes a displayed object moving back and forth horizontally across a two dimensional display. Due to latency in how the human brain processes low light images relative to normally lit images, the viewer perceives the displayed object as moving into and out of the two dimensional display. While interesting, the Pulfrich Effect has limited practical applications and still requires special observer hardware, in this case one dark filter.
- hologram Another technique for providing a three dimensional image from a two dimensional display is the hologram.
- an image is captured as an interference pattern at the film.
- Coherent light from a laser is reflected from an object to be imaged and is combined at the film with light from a reference beam.
- Holograms enable the viewer to view a true three-dimensional image which exhibits parallax.
- holograms also suffer from disadvantages in that they are difficult to create and display and are unsuited for video, motion pictures or the like. Also, holograms have constrained angles over which they can be viewed. Further, while they do produce accurate three dimensional images of objects, the color and appearance of the resulting image is not lifelike.
- a method, system and apparatus which permits the relatively easy creation and display of video images which are perceived by viewers as three dimensional displays, without requiring the viewers to use any special hardware, is desired.
- a method of creating a final image which, when displayed at a target location, is perceived by viewers as being three dimensional comprising the steps of: (i) selecting a target location for the display at a display site; (ii) capturing video of at least one object to be displayed in the final image, the at least one object moving in the video at a necessary perceptual speed by translating generally along a plane extending through the eyes of expected viewers and/or rotating generally about an axis perpendicular to said plane; (iii) displaying the final image at the site onto a transparent screen positioned such that the final image appears at the target location in front of a background and such that the movement of the at least one object at the perceptual speed occurs.
- the perceptual speed is in the range of from about 0.8% to about 10% of the size of the at least one object, and more preferably the perceptual speed is in the range of from about 1% to about 8% of the size of the at least one object and yet more preferably the perceptual speed is in the range of from about 3% to about 5% of the size of the at least one object.
- the perceptual speed is in the range of from about 3% to about 12% of the size of the at least one object and more preferably the perceptual speed is in the range of from about 4% to about 6% of the size of the at least one object.
- the method of the present invention further comprises the step of, prior to step (ii), surveying the display site to identify and characterize light sources and objects which would result in visual highlights on a object displayed at the target location and in step (ii) the video of the at least one object to be displayed is captured under a recreation of the characterized light sources and objects surveyed at the target location.
- a system for displaying on a two dimensional display at a target location a final image of at least one object, the final image being perceived by viewers as a three dimensional image comprising: a transparent screen onto which the final image is displayed allowing a background behind said screen to also be viewed where not obscured by said final image; a projector to display the final image onto the screen; and a video source providing a final image to the projector, the final image having at least one object moving at perceptual speed upon said screen.
- a method of having the human visual perception system perceive an observed image of at least one object on a two dimensional display at a target location as a three dimensional image comprising the steps of: (i) moving the at least one object in the image such that a point on the at least one object along a plane of the expected viewers eyes occurs at a perceptual speed; (ii) applying visual highlights to the at least one object in the image, the visual highlights including specular highlight and shadows appropriate for the object at the target location; and (iii) obtaining a wide angle image of the surroundings of the target location and applying this wide angle image as a reflection map to the final image of the at least one object.
- the present invention provides significant advantages over two dimensional displays for purposes such as advertising and marketing, museum displays, educational system, etc. wherein the extra attention that a three dimensional display can attract will be most beneficial.
- a final image which has been tailored to exploit appropriate characteristics of the human visual perception system, a simple yet effective display is obtained.
- Figure 1 shows a flowchart of the method of forming a final image in accordance with the present invention
- Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a possible display site for a final display produced in accordance with the method of Figure 1
- Figure 3 shows the schematic representation of Figure 2 also including a background projector
- Figure 4 shows a top view of a display system in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 5 shows a side view of the embodiment of Figure 4.
- the present inventor has determined that, by exploiting characteristics of the human visual perception system, a display of a properly constructed and displayed two dimensional moving image can be perceived by viewers as a three dimensional display, without requiring the viewers to use special viewing hardware.
- the present invention employs the fact the human visual perception system will, under certain conditions, perceive the display of a moving object displayed in front of a background as being three dimensional, provided that sufficient movement, either rotation or translation, of the object occurs and that certain other conditions are met. It is believed that this occurs due to the way the human visual perception system detects vertical edges of viewed objects for each eye. While not presently well understood by the inventor, it is believed that the processing by the human visual perception system of the vertical edges of the images viewed by each eye results in a perception of three dimensional parallax when viewing a displayed two-dimensional object undergoing sufficient movement in front of a background.
- the present invention can also further enhance the perception of three dimensionality experienced by viewers, by having the displayed object display visual highlights (e.g. - specular highlights, shadows, reflections of surroundings, etc.) that are appropriate for the object's surroundings.
- visual highlights e.g. - specular highlights, shadows, reflections of surroundings, etc.
- the present invention can also further enhance the perception of three dimensionality experienced by viewers, by having the displayed object display visual highlights (e.g. - specular highlights, shadows, reflections of surroundings, etc.) that are appropriate for the object's surroundings.
- visual highlights e.g. - specular highlights, shadows, reflections of surroundings, etc.
- the displayed object or set of objects must be displayed in front of a background which is visible to the viewer when viewing the displayed object.
- the displayed object or set of objects can also be moved vertically, or can be translated while rotated, to maintain the viewer's visual interest in the display.
- the viewpoint for the objects can be "zoomed" in, or out, to accomplish some or all of the sufficient rate of movement.
- an object which does not have the desirable surface characteristics to display visual highlights can have other objects, such as logos, text, etc. with the desired surface characteristics included in the image with the displayed object.
- These other objects can also, themselves, be perceived as being three dimensional by moving at a sufficient rate and/or moving in front of or behind other displayed objects.
- a projected background image is used with the display, as described below, the object can be stationaiy while the background moves, as discussed further below.
- Figure 1 shows a flowchart of a presently preferred method of creating an image for a two dimensional display, which will be perceived as displaying three dimensional objects.
- the site at which the display is to be shown is examined and a location for the display is determined.
- Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a site 200 at which a display may be shown.
- Site 200 can be an area within a booth for the floor of a trade show, an area within a consumer store, a location within a museum, etc.
- a location hereinafter the "target location” has been selected an appropriate distance behind a screen 204 on which the finished image 208 is to be displayed.
- the target location is the location and viewing distance at which the objects will appeal- to be located when displayed on screen 204. For example, it may be that, as described below, the object, or objects, to be displayed appears to be located two feet behind screen 204.
- screen 204 is a clear rear projection screen, such as a HoloProTM rear projection screen, sold by ProNova USD, Inc., Hoboken NJ.
- a projector 212 which can be any suitable video projector, a motion picture projector, etc., is located behind and appropriately aimed at screen 204 such that an image 208 proj ected by projector 212 will be displayed on screen 204.
- Projector 212 can be connected to any suitable video source, such as a computer system, DVD or videotape player, film, etc.
- Screen 204 is transparent even while displaying the final image and thus observers of the final image can see through screen 204, about the displayed objects, to observe the background behind screen 204.
- step 104 of Figure 1 a survey is performed of the site where the display is to be located.
- this survey light sources which would create visual highlights on real objects located at the target location are identified and their location with respect to the target location and their output levels are recorded. While this step is not essential, especially if the objects of the final image to be displayed are not likely to experience visual highlights, it has been found to produce a better three dimensional effect in most cases.
- ceiling lights 216, 220 and 224 and floor lamp 228 would be identified and their positions relative to the target location are recorded, along with their respective lighting levels at the target location. While it is preferred that a directional light meter be employed at the target location to determine the light received from each of the identified light sources, this level of accuracy is not generally required and reasonable estimates of the amount of light received from each light source can be employed instead. Any identified colored light sources are also quantified with respect to their color in addition to their intensity.
- pillar 240 is identified as it will obscure light from ceiling light 224 and floor lamp 228 and the general geometry of pillar 240, the fact that it extends from floor to ceiling and has a width of one foot, is noted. As pillar 244 does not obscure any light source of interest, it is omitted from the survey.
- the ceiling lights of Figure 2 are low level lights, such as dimmed halogen lights, or indirect lighting sources, a sphere with a radius of less than ten feet can be employed as these lights are unable or unlikely to result in visual highlights on a object displayed at the target location.
- the intent is to perform the survey within a volume of interest which encompasses all lights and/or objects which can create visual highlights on a real object located at the target location. If a light meter is employed to measure light levels received at the target location from various sources, then an appropriate volume can effectively be selected as objects of interest will be readily identifiable.
- reflection information is captured at the target location. Specifically, a panoramic photograph is taken, centered at the target location, around a plane parallel to the floor of the location.
- This panoramic photograph can be captured with a commercially available panoramic camera or, as in a present embodiment of the invention, the panoramic photograph is constmcted from a series of six or more overlapping photographs, taken from the target location at appropriate headings, such as 60 degree headings when six photographs are employed, and which are subsequently "stitched" together with a suitable software program, such as Adobe PhotoshopTM, MGI's Photo VistaTM or any other digital image processing software which provides this capability. As described below, this panoramic photograph will be utilized to add reflections to the final image of objects at the target location. [0034] While the use of a panoramic photograph is preferred, it is also possible to use a wide angle photograph of the area of interest about the target location covering less than a three hundred and sixty degree panorama.
- step 112 the process continues with capturing video of the object or objects to be displayed.
- the first technique for real objects the second technique for virtual objects.
- the survey information obtained in step 104 is used to construct a mocking stage.
- the mocking stage recreates the lighting conditions and effects of the objects of interest, such as pillar 240, which exist at the real target location such that, when the objects to be displayed are located at a target location on the mocking stage, they are subject to the visual highlights, including specular highlights, shadows, ambient light levels and colors and the other lighting characteristics to which they would be subject at the target location at the site.
- the mocking stage need not be constructed on a 1 : 1 scale and can instead be scaled to a reasonable size, as needed, by scaling the physical relationships between the lights and objects of interest and the target location and by adjusting the lighting levels of the light sources on the mocking stage corresponding to the scale changes.
- the back of the mocking stage is provided with a chromakey back drop to allow for removal of the background from the captured video image which is important so that the viewers can see through screen 204 to the background behind the display except where the objects appear.
- chromakeying allows for the removal of undesired backgrounds or objects from video images, by removing any portion of an obtained image which has a specified color. Thus an object place in front of a blue, or green, etc. backdrop can be filmed and the background will be removed by the chromakey system.
- the objects are placed at the target location of the mocking stage and the camera is placed at the location where screen 204 would be with respect to target location at the site.
- the focal length of the lens on the camera is selected such that the filmed object will appear at the right size and at the desired distance behind screen 204 when projected.
- a general lighting set up can be employed for filming the objects.
- This general lighting set up preferably will produce some specular highlights on the objects, without producing effects that would be perceived by viewers as being obviously wrong, and providing required lighting levels for capturing the final images of the objects.
- the present inventor has dete ⁇ nined that one factor in having the human visual perception system consider a displayed object as a three dimensional image, is movement of the object at a sufficient rate.
- the movement can be translation or rotation of the object about an axis extending generally perpendicularly to a plane extending between the intended viewer's eyes , or a combination of rotation and translation.
- the axis of rotation can be less than perpendicular to the plane, by as much as forty degrees from perpendicular, although it is presently preferred that the axis of rotation be no more than twenty five degrees from perpendicular for best results, but the minimum required rotational speed for the object, discussed below, increases as the axis departs from perpendicular as will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
- the plane through the viewers eyes will be horizontal plane, although it may have different orientations if the viewers are not expected to be in an upright position, etc.
- a turntable or other mechanism is employed to rotate or translate the objects at the desired orientation and speed.
- This turntable, or other mechanism is also colored such that it is removed from the captured video image by the chromakeying system.
- the rotational and/or translational velocity of the object necessary to take advantage of the characteristics of the human visual perception system to make the object appear as three dimensional, can be determined empirically, for example by capturing video of the object and displaying the result on screen 204.
- a rotational velocity which results in a movement of the outer edges of the final projected image of the object moving at least 5% of the size of the object, as measured parallel to a plane through the viewer's eyes, per second is an approximate minimum rotational velocity, although other rotational velocities will be appropriate in other circumstances.
- the rotational velocity should be selected such that a point on the object will move 5% of those three inches, along the plane, in one second.
- a point on this object on the plane of the viewer's eyes should move about 0.15 inches along the plane in one second.
- the object is translating, rather than rotating, values as low as 3% and as high as 12% can be employed, but it is preferred that values in the range of 4% to 6% be employed with 5% being believed to be optimal in many circumstances. At 5%, a three inch wide object translating from one side to the other should move fast enough that its edges cover 0.15 inches in a second. If the object is both rotating and translating, the translation and rotation rates need to be selected such that a point on the edge of the object still moves at the selected desired rate (i.e. 5%) of the size of the object along the plane of a viewer's eyes.
- the object Conversely, if the object is rotating clockwise and translating left to right, the speed of the translation is subtracted from the speed of the rotation and thus the speed of rotation would likely have to be increased to ensure that the desired movement, of for example about 5%, is still obtained.
- the objects are captured with the camera as the objects are rotated and/or translated for the required period of time. The captured image is then processed by the chromakey system to remove the background, turntable and any other undesired components.
- the capture step can be repeated with various objects and the resulting captured video need then only be composited together in a conventional manner.
- the above-mentioned three inch object can be motionless if a background wall covered with projected spots has those spots moving behind the object left to right or right to left at 0.15 inches (as visually perceived at the target location) per second.
- the required degree of movement between an object and a displayed background is relative and thus if both the background and the object are moving, only their net difference in their speed of movement must equal about 5%.
- the background moves left to right at 0.06 inches per second, then the object would need to translate from right to left at 0.09 inches per second to achieve the desired rate of movement on 0.15 inches.
- the objects to be displayed are not real, but are instead virtual objects comprising objects modeled and rendered by a three dimensional computer rendering system, such as Avid's SOFTIMAGE 3D, Alias' Maya, etc.
- a similar procedure to that described above for real objects is followed.
- a general lighting configuration or, preferably, a lighting configuration that matches that determined in step 104 is defined for the rendering of the object models and any objects of interest, such as pillar 240 are also modeled and positioned in the lighting configuration for the rendering.
- the camera i.e. - the rendering viewpoint
- an animation is then defined for the objects, the animation defining the rotation and/or translation of the object.
- the animation of the objects is then rendered, under the defined lighting conditions, to capture the necessary video.
- perceptual speed This desired rate of movement of the object(s ) described above is referred to herein as "perceptual speed" as this is the rate of movement required to have the viewer perceive the two dimensional final image as being a three dimensional one.
- a reflection map is applied to the captured video of the real or virtual object, the reflection map being constructed from the panoramic photograph obtained at step 108 and, when applied, results in reflections of objects and the surroundings at the target location of the site being visible on appropriate portions of the final displayed image of the object.
- the reflection map is created from the panoramic photograph and applied to the captured video of the object with commercially available software, such as Combustion Studio or Adobe Photoshop.
- the reflection map can be included in the rendering process. If a background is to be included in the final image, it can also be composited into the image at this point.
- the inclusion of the reflection map is not an essential step of the present invention, especially where the object(s) to be displayed are incapable of displaying reflections, but it is a preferred step in that it increases the perception of the objects in the final display as being three dimensional.
- the display of visual highlights e.g. - specular highlights, reflections of surroundings, etc.
- the display of visual highlights exploits the characteristics of the human visual perception system such that the viewer will attempt to perceive the display as a three dimensional one.
- the combination of appropriate movement of the object in the final image and the presence of the correct visual highlights lead the viewer's visual perception system to see the final image as being three dimensional.
- the resulting finished image 208 is projected, by projector 212 onto screen 204 at the site.
- the final image can be provided to projector 212 from a computer system, DVD, or can be rendered to film and projector 212 will be a motion picture projector, etc.
- screen 204 be a clear rear projection screen and thus the displayed image 208 is displayed flipped (mirror imaged) from the orientation it was captured in (this mirror imaging can be achieved by mechanical means - a mirror in the projection path - or via the image processing or animation software used to create the final image.
- front projection screens can be employed and, in such a case, no mirror imaging of the final image will be required.
- the embodiment discussed above contemplates a final image that has been prepared and created prior to showing the display. It is also contemplated that the final image can be created in real time, or near real time, in other circumstances. While the embodiment above provides good results, the overall effect can be further improved if the final image is created in real time to display visual highlights of the current environment of the display. For example, no viewing audience is included in the reflection map dete ⁇ nined at step 108.
- the term "real time" is used generically to describe a situation wherein updates are provided within the bounds of the perception of the human visual perception system. It is not presently believed to be necessary to update visual highlights such as reflections more than about once every one or two seconds.
- the reflection map including the viewing audience and other surroundings, can be captured from one or more cameras mounted about screen 204 and a new, updated, reflection map is created at appropriate intervals.
- This updated reflection map can then be applied to the captured video of the object, if it is a real object, or used to re-render the object if it is a virtual object, and this updated image is then used as the final image on screen 204.
- significant computational resources may be required to perform the processing of the final image to update the reflection map, but such resources are readily available and their costs are decreasing rapidly.
- FIG. 2 shows the embodiment of Figure 2 wherein a second projector 260, which can be a video of motion picture projector, displays a moving image 264 onto the background which will be visible to viewers of the final image on screen 204.
- a second projector 260 which can be a video of motion picture projector, displays a moving image 264 onto the background which will be visible to viewers of the final image on screen 204.
- Figure 4 and 5 show another embodiment of the present invention wherein screen 204 rotates and multiple projectors 212 are employed to provide appropriate final images over three hundred and sixty degrees of viewing.
- screen 204 is mounted to the center of a dish-shaped turntable 300 which is rotatably mounted to motor 304 which rotates turntable 300.
- turntable 300 is rotated at an even multiple of the frame rate of the final image. If the final image has a frame rate of thirty frames per, turntable 300 is rotated at thirty revolutions per second, thus each projector 212 displays its image on screen 204 at its full frame rate.
- the outer edge 308 of turntable 300 is inclined upwardly with respect to the base of turntable 300 and an aperture 312 is provided through outer edge 308 behind screen 204.
- Projectors 212 are inclined such that, when aperture 312 is in front of them, they can project an image through aperture 312 and on to screen 204. When aperture 312 is no longer in front of a projector 212, that projector's output is blocked by edge 308.
- projectors 212 are provided, although only one is illustrated in Figure 5 for clarity, and as will be apparent to those of skill in the art, more or fewer projectors 212 can be employed as desired. If more projectors 212 are employed, it may be desired to vertically stagger the projectors and to provide additional, vertically and horizontally staggered apertures 312 in the edge 308 of turntable 300 to allow the projectors to be physically mounted within a reasonably small area.
- aperture 312 be somewhat elliptical (having the major axis of the ellipse parallel to the base of turntable 300) to ensure that the final image is projected from a projector 212 onto screen 204 through a reasonable portion of the rotation of screen 204.
- screen 204 can display a reasonable image when it is rotated as much as twenty two and a half degrees off axis from the centerline of a projector 212, thus allowing screen 204 to rotate through as much as forty five degrees while displaying the final image.
- aperture 312 is preferably sized such that it rotates from being in front of one projector 212 to being in front of another projector 212, there is a period wherein the output of both adjacent projectors 212 is blocked. In this manner, no confusing overlap of two images occurs on screen 204 while turntable 300 rotates.
- a viewing angle limiting screen 316 such as a vertical louver screen, is also positioned in front of screen 204. While not essential, screen 316 is presently preferred as it obscures the final image on screen 204 from viewers who are too far off the intended viewing angle of the final image on screen 204 and who might otherwise experience a less than satisfactory viewing. [0067]
- the present invention is believed to provide significant advantages over two dimensional displays for purposes such as advertising and marketing, museum displays, educational system, etc. wherein the extra attention that a three dimensional display can attract will be most beneficial. By producing a final image which has been tailored to exploit appropriate characteristics of the human visual perception system, a simple yet effective display is obtained.
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/564,764 US7385600B2 (en) | 2003-07-16 | 2004-07-15 | Three dimensional display method, system and apparatus |
CA2532937A CA2532937C (en) | 2003-07-16 | 2004-07-15 | Three dimensional display method, system and apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
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US48726703P | 2003-07-16 | 2003-07-16 | |
US60/487,267 | 2003-07-16 | ||
CA002449982A CA2449982A1 (en) | 2003-07-16 | 2003-11-18 | Three dimensional display method, system and apparatus |
CA2,449,982 | 2003-11-18 |
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WO2005009051A1 true WO2005009051A1 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
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GB2447060A (en) * | 2007-03-01 | 2008-09-03 | Magiqads Sdn Bhd | Image creating method of a virtual three dimensional image reproduced on a planar surface |
CN108010079A (en) * | 2017-10-19 | 2018-05-08 | 中国船舶工业系统工程研究院 | Status information remote monitoring system and method based on projection fusion and image recognition |
CN109934903A (en) * | 2017-12-19 | 2019-06-25 | 北大方正集团有限公司 | Bloom information extracting method, system, computer equipment and storage medium |
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GB2447060A (en) * | 2007-03-01 | 2008-09-03 | Magiqads Sdn Bhd | Image creating method of a virtual three dimensional image reproduced on a planar surface |
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CN108010079A (en) * | 2017-10-19 | 2018-05-08 | 中国船舶工业系统工程研究院 | Status information remote monitoring system and method based on projection fusion and image recognition |
CN109934903A (en) * | 2017-12-19 | 2019-06-25 | 北大方正集团有限公司 | Bloom information extracting method, system, computer equipment and storage medium |
CN109934903B (en) * | 2017-12-19 | 2020-10-16 | 北大方正集团有限公司 | Highlight information extraction method, system, computer equipment and storage medium |
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