WO2004066626A1 - Watermark embedding and detection of a motion image signal - Google Patents
Watermark embedding and detection of a motion image signal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004066626A1 WO2004066626A1 PCT/IB2004/050010 IB2004050010W WO2004066626A1 WO 2004066626 A1 WO2004066626 A1 WO 2004066626A1 IB 2004050010 W IB2004050010 W IB 2004050010W WO 2004066626 A1 WO2004066626 A1 WO 2004066626A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- watermark
- image
- area
- global property
- embedding
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N5/00—Details of television systems
- H04N5/76—Television signal recording
- H04N5/91—Television signal processing therefor
- H04N5/913—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
- H04N19/467—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process characterised by the embedded information being invisible, e.g. watermarking
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N7/00—Television systems
- H04N7/08—Systems for the simultaneous or sequential transmission of more than one television signal, e.g. additional information signals, the signals occupying wholly or partially the same frequency band, e.g. by time division
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0051—Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and arrangement for embedding a watermark in motion image signals such as movies projected in cinemas.
- the invention also relates to a method and arrangement for detecting a watermark embedded in such motion image signals.
- Watermark embedding is an important aspect of copy protection strategies. Although most copy protection schemes deal with protection of electronically distributed contents (broadcasts, storage media), copy protection is also desired for movies shown in theaters.
- illegal copying of cinema material by means of a handheld video camera is already common practice. Although the quality is usually low, the economical impact of illegal VHS tapes, CD-Videos and DVDs can be enormous. For this reason, cinema owners are obliged to prevent the presence of video cameras on their premises. Not following this rule may be sanctioned with a ban on the future availability of content.
- a watermark will be added during show time. The watermark is to identify the cinema, the presentation time, operator, etc.
- the watermark is a periodic pseudo-random sequence of watermark samples having two distinct values, e.g. '1' and '-1'.
- One watermark sample is embedded in each image.
- the value ' 1 ' is embedded in an image by increasing a global property (e.g. the mean luminance) of the image, the value '-1' is embedded by decreasing said global property.
- the prior-art watermark embedding method actually embeds flicker. By embedding the same watermark sample in a number of consecutive images, the flicker is made imperceptible (the human eye is less sensitive to low-frequency flicker).
- Flicker of the recorded movie is also caused by a) the typical mismatch between the cinema projector's frame rate (24 frames per second) and the camcorder's frame rate (25 fps for PAL, 29.97 fps for NTSC), and b) the difference between the two display scan formats (progressive vs. interlace).
- This kind of flicker is so annoying that de-flickering tools have been made widely available to the public.
- a de- flicker plug-in for the video capturing and processing application "Virtualdub" has been found on the Internet.
- a problem of the prior-art watermark embedding scheme is that de-flicker tools also remove the embedded watermark.
- the method of embedding a watermark in a motion image signal includes dividing each image into at least a first and a second image area.
- One value of a watermark sample is embedded in an image by increasing the global property (e.g. the mean luminance) of its first area and decreasing the global property of its second area.
- the other value of the watermark sample is embedded in the opposite way, i.e. by decreasing the global property of the first image area and increasing the global property of the second image area.
- the invention exploits the insight that de-flickering tools remove flicker by adjusting the mean luminance of successive images to exhibit a low-pass character.
- the mean luminance is adjusted in practice by multiplying all pixels of an image by the same factor. Because this operation does not affect the (sign of the) modifications applied to the distinct image areas, the watermark infonnation will be retained.
- the global property of an image area being modified to embed the watermark is the mean luminance of said image area.
- the first and the second image area are the upper and lower half of an image. In general, there are more horizontal than vertical movements in a movie. The horizontal movements influence the mean luminance values to a smaller extent.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a watermark embedder in accordance with the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a watermark detector in accordance with the invention.
- Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a correlation stage, which is an element of the watermark detector shown in Fig. 2.
- Fig. 4 shows graphs of the mean luminance values of an original image sequence and a watermarked image sequence.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a watermark embedder in accordance with the invention.
- the embedder receives a sequence of images or frames having a luminance F(n,k) at spatial position n of frame k.
- the embedder further receives a watermark in the form of a pseudo-random sequence w(n) of length N, where w(n)e [-1, 1].
- the arrangement comprises a dividing stage 10, which divides each image into a first (e.g. upper half) area and a second (e.g. lower half) area.
- the luminance of said image areas is denoted F ⁇ (n,k) and F 2 (n,k), respectively.
- the sequence w(n) is directly applied to embedding stages 11 and 12.
- embedding stage 11 adds one applied watermark sample w(n) to every pixel of the first image area
- embedding stage 12 subtracts the same watermark sample from every pixel of the second image area. Clipping is performed where necessary. The mean luminances of the first and second image areas are thus oppositely modulated by the watermark.
- picture histograms a list of relative frequencies of luminance values in the picture
- features derived therefrom such as high order moments (average of luminance values to a power k).
- HVS Human Visual System
- this simple embodiment may suffer from artifacts in especially non-moving flat areas. These artifacts are significantly reduced by lowering the flicker frequency of the watermark.
- the wateraiark sample w(n) being embedded in frame k can be mathematically denoted by w( k/KjmodN) . For simplicity, this expression will hereinafter be abbreviated to w(k).
- the preferred embodiment of the embedder which is shown in Fig. 1 further adapts the embedding depth in dependence upon the image contents.
- the embedder comprises multipliers 14 and IS, which multiply the watermark sample w(k) by a local scaling factor CF, ⁇ (n,k) and C F , 2 (n,k), respectively.
- the local scaling factors are derived from the image contents by image analyzers 16 and 17, respectively. For example, they are large in moving textured parts of an area and small in non-moving flat parts.
- the two image areas are subsequently combined by a combining stage 18 into a single watermarked image F w (n,k).
- Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a watermark detector in accordance with the invention.
- the arrangement receives a watermarked sequence of images or frames having a luminance F w (n,k) at spatial position n of frame k.
- the detector comprises a dividing stage 20, which divides each image into a first (e.g. upper half) area and a second (e.g. lower half) area in a similar manner as dividing stage 10 (Fig. 1) of the embedder.
- the luminance of each image area is denoted F w> ⁇ (n,k) and F w>2 (n,k), respectively.
- the detector further includes a mean luminance computing circuit 21, 22, which computes the mean luminance values f w , ⁇ (k) and f w , 2 (k) (or other global property, if applicable) of the respective image areas in accordance with:
- the mean luminance values of a movie exhibit a low-pass nature as a function of the frame number k (i.e. as a function of time).
- the detector estimates the mean luminance values of the original (unwatermarked) movie by low-pass filtering (25, 27) the respective mean luminance values f w , ⁇ (k) and f w , 2 (k).
- Estimations of the mean luminance modifications as introduced by the embedder are subsequently obtained by subtracting (26, 27) the low-pass filtered mean values from the unfiltered mean luminance values.
- the detector estimates the embedded watermark sample by subtracting (23) both estimations, followed by a sign operation (29).
- the estimated watermark sample being embedded in frame k is denoted v(k) .
- the arrangement thus generates a sequence of estimated watermark samples.
- a correlation stage 3 the estimated sequence of watermark samples is correlated with the watermark being looked for.
- the detector receives this watermark being looked for in the form of a pseudo-random sequence w(n) of length N, where w(n)e [-1, 1].
- the detector comprises a repetition stage 24, which is identical to same repetition stage 13 of the embedder.
- the repetition stage repeats each watermark sample during K consecutive images.
- the watermark samples being applied to the correlation stage 3 for frame are denoted w(k).
- w(k) is an abbreviation for the mathematically more correct expression w([k/KjmodN). It should be noted that the low-pass filter / subtracter combinations 25,26 and
- Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the correlation stage 3.
- the estimated watermark samples of successive images are distributed to K buffers 31, 32, ..., where, as described above, K is the number of consecutive images in which the same watermark sample is embedded.
- Each buffer stores N estimated watermark samples (or N computed mean luminance values, or N estimated mean luminance modification values). Typical values of the watermark length N and the frames per watermark sample K are 1024 and 5, respectively.
- the first buffer 31 contains estimated watermark samples v(l), v(6), v(l 1), ..
- the second buffer 32 contains v(2), v(7), v(12), .., etc. This implies that the granularity of watermark detection is approximately 3 minutes and 25 seconds for PAL video.
- the watermark is detected by determining the similarity of the contents of each buffer with the reference watermark w(n) being looked for.
- Each watermark can identify, for instance, one theatre.
- a well-known example of similarity is cross-correlation, but other measures are possible.
- the contents of each buffer are cross-correlated with the reference watermark in respective correlators 33, 34, ...
- the correlation is preferably performed using Symmetrical Phase Only Matched Filtering (SPOMF).
- SPOMF Symmetrical Phase Only Matched Filtering
- the correlation is performed in the two-dimensional spatial domain. Blocks of NxN image pixels are correlated with an NxN reference watermark.
- the result of the SPOMF operation is an NxN pattern of correlation values exhibiting one or more peaks if a watermark has been embedded.
- the K correlators 33, 34, .. operate in the one-dimensional time domain.
- the output of each correlator is a series of N correlation values which is stored in a corresponding one of K buffers 35, 36, ...
- a peak detector 37 searches the highest correlation value in the K buffers, and applies said peak value to a threshold circuit 38. If the peak value of at least one of the buffers is larger than a given threshold value, it is decided that the watermark is present. Otherwise, the content will be classified as not watermarked.
- a payload can be encoded in the signal by embedding shifted versions of the watermark w(n) in a manner similar to the one disclosed in International Patent Application WO-A-99/45705. It should further be noted that, although parallel correlators are shown in Fig. 3, it may be advantageous to carry out the respective operations in a time- sequential manner.
- the watermark w is a periodic pseudo-random sequence containing only ' 1 ' and '-1 ' sample values with period M.
- a watermark sample w(n) is embedded in K consecutive frames k, k+1,.., k+K-1. By embedding one watermark sample in K consecutive frames, the frequency of the flickering due to the embedding is decreased.
- a ' 1 ' is embedded in an image by increasing the luminance value of each pixel with a value Cp(n,k).
- a '-1' is embedded by decreasing the luminance value of each pixel with Cp(n,k).
- n is the spatial coordinate of a pixel within frame k.
- Fig. 4 shows, at (a), a graph of the mean luminance values of an original sequence and, at (b), a graph of the mean luminance values of an embedded sequence to visualize the watermark embedding concept. Due to the watermark embedding, the mean luminance values will decrease or increase with respect to the original mean luminance values in time. See Eq. (1).
- the mean luminance values of a movie exhibit a low-pass nature. Therefore, the detector estimates these luminance values of the original unwatermarked movie by low-pass filtering the mean luminance values of the watermarked movie f w .
- the detector estimates the watermark v by subtracting these low-pass filtered means from the mean luminance values of the watermarked movie f w , followed by a sign operation.
- v(k) sign ⁇ f w (k)-(f w ®g)(k) ⁇ (2)
- ® denotes a (one-dimensional) convolution
- a movie is projected progressively at a frame rate of 24 frames per second (fps), however, a standard video camera records at 25 fps (PAL) or 29.97 fps (NTSC) interlaced. Due to this interlacing, the luminance will not be the same throughout recording of one frame, as the shutter may just be opening or just be closing. Since the video camera and the projector are not synchronized, this problem is difficult to be solved for a camera man.
- the luminance value of each pixel in frame k is multiplied by the corresponding factor ⁇ (k) rounded to the nearest integer, and clipped if it exceeds the maximum luminance value 255.
- the watermarking scheme is actually a flickering, although imperceptible. As a direct consequence, this "de-flicker' plug-in removes the watermark.
- the watermark embedding scheme must thus be modified in such a way that it is robust to de- flickering. This is all the more true as this Me- flicker' tool is widely used to undo the pirate copies from the flickering.
- each frame is divided into two parts (e.g. left/right or top/bottom), and the watermark sample is embedded in these parts in an opposite way.
- the detection of the watermark for the modified watermarking scheme is similar to the detection method described above. First, the detector estimates the luminance values of the original unwatermarked movie for both parts by low-pass filtering the mean luminance values of both parts. Then it subtracts the result of both operations from the luminance values of the corresponding parts. Finally, it makes an estimate of the watermark v by subtraction followed by a sign operation (cf. Eq.
- v(k) sign ⁇ (f W;1>deflc (k) - (f w , ⁇ , de flic ® g)(k) - (f w , 2 ,defic (k) - (f w ,2,deflic ® g)(k)) ⁇ (5)
- the embedded watermark survives the de- flicker operation because the de- flicker tool multiplies all the pixels of an image by the same factor ⁇ (k), thereby leaving the luminance differences between the two image areas substantially intact.
- ⁇ (k)>0 corresponds to the change in the mean luminance value (the flickering) of frame k.
- Methods and arrangements are disclosed for embedding and detecting a watermark in a cinema movie, such that the watermark can be detected in a copy made by a handheld video camera.
- the watermark embedder divides each image frame into two areas.
- a watermark bit '+1 ' is embedded in a frame by increasing the luminance of the first part and decreasing the luminance of the second part.
- a watermark bit '-1 ' is embedded by decreasing the luminance of the first part and increasing the luminance of the second part. It is achieved with the invention that the embedded watermark survives Me- flicker 3 operations that are often used to remove flicker caused by the different frame rates of cinema projection equipment and consumer camcorders.
Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE602004002561T DE602004002561T2 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-13 | Watermark embedding and detection of a motion picture signal |
EP04701650A EP1588556B1 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-13 | Watermark embedding and detection of a motion image signal |
JP2006500353A JP4709960B2 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-13 | Method for embedding and detecting watermark in video signal |
US10/542,837 US7844072B2 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-13 | Watermark embedding and detection of a motion image signal |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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EP03100109 | 2003-01-20 | ||
EP03100109.2 | 2003-01-20 |
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WO2004066626A1 true WO2004066626A1 (en) | 2004-08-05 |
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PCT/IB2004/050010 WO2004066626A1 (en) | 2003-01-20 | 2004-01-13 | Watermark embedding and detection of a motion image signal |
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US (1) | US7844072B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1588556B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4709960B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20050091094A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100380960C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE341157T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602004002561T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2271835T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004066626A1 (en) |
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US6928165B1 (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2005-08-09 | Nec Corporation | Communication system using digital watermark for synchronizing multiplexed text data to video frames |
WO2007049184A1 (en) * | 2005-10-26 | 2007-05-03 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | A method of embedding data in an information signal |
EP2270591A1 (en) | 2005-08-22 | 2011-01-05 | Nds Limited | Movie copy protection |
CN101258752B (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2011-04-13 | 汤姆森许可贸易公司 | Coefficient choose of video watermark |
CN101258753B (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2011-04-20 | 汤姆森许可贸易公司 | Video water-mark detection |
US8861922B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2014-10-14 | Alcatel Lucent | Watermarking scheme for digital video |
EP2950523A1 (en) * | 2014-05-28 | 2015-12-02 | Thomson Licensing | Method of estimating flicker on recorded video by camcorder |
US9760965B2 (en) | 2013-11-29 | 2017-09-12 | Fujitsu Limited | Information embedding device, information detecting device, information embedding method, and information detecting method |
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- 2004-01-13 DE DE602004002561T patent/DE602004002561T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-01-13 ES ES04701650T patent/ES2271835T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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US6928165B1 (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2005-08-09 | Nec Corporation | Communication system using digital watermark for synchronizing multiplexed text data to video frames |
US8861922B2 (en) | 2003-09-29 | 2014-10-14 | Alcatel Lucent | Watermarking scheme for digital video |
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CN101258753B (en) * | 2005-09-09 | 2011-04-20 | 汤姆森许可贸易公司 | Video water-mark detection |
WO2007049184A1 (en) * | 2005-10-26 | 2007-05-03 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | A method of embedding data in an information signal |
US9760965B2 (en) | 2013-11-29 | 2017-09-12 | Fujitsu Limited | Information embedding device, information detecting device, information embedding method, and information detecting method |
US10325338B2 (en) | 2013-11-29 | 2019-06-18 | Fujitsu Limited | Information embedding device, information detecting device, information embedding method, and information detecting method |
EP2950523A1 (en) * | 2014-05-28 | 2015-12-02 | Thomson Licensing | Method of estimating flicker on recorded video by camcorder |
Also Published As
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US20060129566A1 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
EP1588556A1 (en) | 2005-10-26 |
KR20050091094A (en) | 2005-09-14 |
DE602004002561T2 (en) | 2007-06-21 |
US7844072B2 (en) | 2010-11-30 |
DE602004002561D1 (en) | 2006-11-09 |
CN100380960C (en) | 2008-04-09 |
CN1739293A (en) | 2006-02-22 |
ES2271835T3 (en) | 2007-04-16 |
EP1588556B1 (en) | 2006-09-27 |
JP4709960B2 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
JP2006517068A (en) | 2006-07-13 |
ATE341157T1 (en) | 2006-10-15 |
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