WO2004026958A1 - Improved ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same - Google Patents
Improved ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004026958A1 WO2004026958A1 PCT/US2003/016512 US0316512W WO2004026958A1 WO 2004026958 A1 WO2004026958 A1 WO 2004026958A1 US 0316512 W US0316512 W US 0316512W WO 2004026958 A1 WO2004026958 A1 WO 2004026958A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ethyl
- acryloxy
- methacryloxy
- vinyl
- binder
- Prior art date
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- 229920006317 cationic polymer Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 62
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 315
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 291
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 claims description 171
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 118
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 111
- -1 ethylhexyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 100
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 73
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[CH]O Chemical group C[CH]O GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 8
- FZGFBJMPSHGTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCOC(=O)C=C FZGFBJMPSHGTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000005210 alkyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- ZGCZDEVLEULNLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-dimethyl-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C=CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 ZGCZDEVLEULNLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 7
- JCRDPEHHTDKTGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CN(C)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C JCRDPEHHTDKTGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- OEIXGLMQZVLOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[3-(prop-2-enoylamino)propyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCNC(=O)C=C OEIXGLMQZVLOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- SSZXAJUPVKMUJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl prop-2-enoate;hydrochloride Chemical group Cl.CN(C)CCOC(=O)C=C SSZXAJUPVKMUJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- JKNCOURZONDCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CN(C)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C JKNCOURZONDCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DPBJAVGHACCNRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CN(C)CCOC(=O)C=C DPBJAVGHACCNRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003926 acrylamides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-O benzylaminium Chemical compound [NH3+]CC1=CC=CC=C1 WGQKYBSKWIADBV-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MPNXSZJPSVBLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-n-phenylpyridine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound ClC1=NC=CC=C1C(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 MPNXSZJPSVBLHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 5
- CRGOPMLUWCMMCK-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC(=C)C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CRGOPMLUWCMMCK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 5
- RRHXZLALVWBDKH-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC(=C)C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C RRHXZLALVWBDKH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 5
- HYTWSJWXLMPIKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;hydrobromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[NH+](C)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C HYTWSJWXLMPIKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- FDRMJKDXTZDBHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;methyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.C[NH+](C)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C FDRMJKDXTZDBHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- RFPLNIBCLGFBKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl prop-2-enoate;methyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.C[NH+](C)CCOC(=O)C=C RFPLNIBCLGFBKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 229940107816 ammonium iodide Drugs 0.000 claims 3
- PTRDVLQWHOXQGD-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-dimethyl-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C=CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 PTRDVLQWHOXQGD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- FHISDDXCIFZLOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-dimethyl-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C=CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 FHISDDXCIFZLOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- XUBGIXGGUBUOGB-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-dimethyl-(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;methyl sulfate Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.C=CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 XUBGIXGGUBUOGB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- AJVIGYSWIQOVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CC(=C)C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 AJVIGYSWIQOVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- GHRDYPUVXYUERT-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CC(=C)C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 GHRDYPUVXYUERT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- HFENIDITYBFMOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzyl-dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;methyl sulfate Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.CC(=C)C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 HFENIDITYBFMOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- SPRQFBXYBNVYAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[NH+](C)CCOC(=O)C=C SPRQFBXYBNVYAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- NWEHGGVCPBIHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C[NH+](C)CCOC(=O)C=C NWEHGGVCPBIHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- REXIOVXEJWTNGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C[NH+](C)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C REXIOVXEJWTNGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- UZLGVMYVDYNSCS-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl sulfate;trimethyl(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.C[N+](C)(C)CCOC(=O)C=C UZLGVMYVDYNSCS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- VVZUOWXPWDYTEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl sulfate;trimethyl-[3-(prop-2-enoylamino)propyl]azanium Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.C[N+](C)(C)CCCNC(=O)C=C VVZUOWXPWDYTEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- XDFFVDDBWQREAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCOC(=O)C=C XDFFVDDBWQREAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- IVPAUJSYKHFIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C[N+](C)(C)CCOC(=O)C=C IVPAUJSYKHFIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- FGKCGMMQJOWMFW-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CC(=C)C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C FGKCGMMQJOWMFW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- XIXDXIUWZQJVHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CC(=C)C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C XIXDXIUWZQJVHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- XYAHMUGLVOAFIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[3-(prop-2-enoylamino)propyl]azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCNC(=O)C=C XYAHMUGLVOAFIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- PFTXCWNJFWPRTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[3-(prop-2-enoylamino)propyl]azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCNC(=O)C=C PFTXCWNJFWPRTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- IHBKAGRPNRKYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl sulfate;trimethyl-[2-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)ethyl]azanium Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.CC(=C)C(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C IHBKAGRPNRKYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- IQDGSYLLQPDQDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CNC IQDGSYLLQPDQDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- GGXKEBACDBNFAF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;hexadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O GGXKEBACDBNFAF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- NWZBFJYXRGSRGD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;octadecyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O NWZBFJYXRGSRGD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- ODLHGICHYURWBS-LKONHMLTSA-N trappsol cyclo Chemical compound CC(O)COC[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3O[C@H](COCC(C)O)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](COCC(C)O)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](COCC(C)O)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O[C@H]3O[C@H](COCC(C)O)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]3O)O)O3)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)COCC(O)C)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O[C@@H]1COCC(C)O ODLHGICHYURWBS-LKONHMLTSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trizinc;diborate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/34—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate
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- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D21H17/41—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups
- D21H17/44—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups cationic
- D21H17/45—Nitrogen-containing groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C08L33/08—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylic acid esters
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- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
- D04H1/587—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives characterised by the bonding agents used
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- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249962—Void-containing component has a continuous matrix of fibers only [e.g., porous paper, etc.]
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- Y10T428/249962—Void-containing component has a continuous matrix of fibers only [e.g., porous paper, etc.]
- Y10T428/249964—Fibers of defined composition
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249962—Void-containing component has a continuous matrix of fibers only [e.g., porous paper, etc.]
- Y10T428/249964—Fibers of defined composition
- Y10T428/249965—Cellulosic
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T442/2762—Coated or impregnated natural fiber fabric [e.g., cotton, wool, silk, linen, etc.]
- Y10T442/277—Coated or impregnated cellulosic fiber fabric
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
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- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
- Y10T442/2762—Coated or impregnated natural fiber fabric [e.g., cotton, wool, silk, linen, etc.]
- Y10T442/277—Coated or impregnated cellulosic fiber fabric
- Y10T442/2779—Coating or impregnation contains an acrylic polymer or copolymer [e.g., polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
- Y10T442/2762—Coated or impregnated natural fiber fabric [e.g., cotton, wool, silk, linen, etc.]
- Y10T442/277—Coated or impregnated cellulosic fiber fabric
- Y10T442/2787—Coating or impregnation contains a vinyl polymer or copolymer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to ion-sensitive or triggerable, water- dispersible or water-soluble cationic polymers and polymer formulations.
- the present invention is also directed to a method of making ion-sensitive or triggerable, water- dispersible or water-soluble cationic polymers and polymer formulations and their applicability as binder compositions for disposable items.
- the present invention is further directed to disposable items, such as wet-wipes comprising ion-sensitive or triggerable, water-dispersible binder compositions including cationic polymer or polymer formulations.
- the ability of the product to disintegrate in a landfill is quite limited because a large portion of the product components, which may well be biodegradable or photodegradable, are encapsulated in or bound together by plastic which degrades over a long period of time, if at all. Accordingly, if the plastic disintegrated in the presence of water, the internal components could degrade as a result of the rupture of the plastic encapsulation or binding.
- Disposable products such as diapers, feminine care products and adult incontinent care products may be made to be disposed by flushing down toilets.
- a body side liner which must rapidly pass fluids, such as urine or menses, so that the fluid may be absorbed by an absorbent core of the product.
- the body side liner may be a coherent fibrous web, which desirably possesses a number of characteristics, such as softness and flexibility.
- the fibrous web of the body side liner material may be typically formed by wet or dry (air) laying a generally random plurality of fibers and joining them together to form a coherent web with a binder compositions. Past binder compositions have preformed this function well.
- binder compositions which can be more dispersible and are more environmentally responsible than past binder compositions.
- One class of binder compositions includes polymeric materials having inverse solubility in water. These binder compositions are insoluble in warm water, but are soluble in cold water, such as found in a toilet. It is well known that a number of polymers exhibit cloud points or inverse solubility properties in aqueous media.
- binders of interest include a class of binders, which are ion-sensitive.
- Several U.S. and European patents assigned to Lion Corporation of Tokyo, Japan disclose ion-sensitive polymers comprising acrylic acid and alkyl or aryl acrylates. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,312,883, 5,317,063 and 5,384,189, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, as well as, European Pat. No. 608460A1.
- terpolymers are disclosed as suitable binders for flushable nonwoven webs.
- the disclosed acrylic acid-based terpolymers which comprise partially neutralized acrylic acid, butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, are suitable binders for use in flushable nonwoven webs in some parts of the world.
- these binders fail to disperse in water containing more than about 15 ppm Ca2+ and/or Mg2+.
- nonwoven webs using the above-described binders maintain a tensile strength greater than 30 g/in, which negatively affects the "dispersibility" of the web.
- each calcium ion binds with two carboxylate groups either intramolecularly or intermolecularly.
- Intramolecular association causes the polymer chain to coil up, which eventually leads to polymer precipitation.
- Intermolecular association yields crosslinking.
- the te ⁇ olymer is not soluble in water containing more than about 15 ppm Ca 2+ and/or Mg + . Due to the strong interaction between calcium ions and the carboxylate groups of the te ⁇ olymer, dissociation of the complex is highly unlikely because this association is irreversible.
- the above-described polymer that has been exposed to a high Ca and/or Mg concentration solution will not disperse in water even if the calcium concentration decreases. This limits the application of the polymer as a flushable binder material because most areas across the U.S. have hard water, which contains more than 15 ppm Ca 2+ and/or Mg 2+ .
- the Lion Co ⁇ oration ion-sensitive polymers and the sulfonate anion modified acrylic acid te ⁇ olymers of the above-referenced patents when used as binders for personal care products, such as wet wipes, typically have reduced initial sheet wettability, increased dry sheet stiffness, increased sheet stickiness, reduced binder sprayability and relatively high product cost.
- Another approach to dispersible personal care products is disclosed in U.S.
- the sheets would have little in-use wet strength and would not be effective as a wet wipe.
- the use of such high amounts of organic solvent results in a greasy after-feel when the product is used, and these organic solvents may cause discomfort to skin in higher amounts.
- the present invention is directed to triggerable cationic polymers and polymer formulations, which have been developed to address the above-described problems associated with currently available, ion-sensitive polymers and other polymers described in literature.
- the binder of the present invention provides strength in the dry state, but more importantly, helps maintain a desired level of strength in the wet state by ion triggerability.
- a controlled concentration of salt in the wetting solution insolubilizes the binder and allows it to function as an adhesive for the web. When the wet wipe is discarded into the wastewater stream, the salt concentration is diluted, the binder becomes soluble, and the strength drops below a critical level.
- the ion triggerable polymer formulations of the present invention have a "trigger property," such that the polymers are ' insoluble in a wetting composition comprising an insolublizing agent of a particular type and concentration, such as monovalent and/or divalent salt solutions at concentrations above about 0.3% by weight, but are soluble when diluted with water, including hard water with up to 200 ppm (parts per million) calcium and magnesium ions. This allows the web to break apart into small pieces and, ultimately, disperse.
- a "trigger property” such that the polymers are ' insoluble in a wetting composition comprising an insolublizing agent of a particular type and concentration, such as monovalent and/or divalent salt solutions at concentrations above about 0.3% by weight, but are soluble when diluted with water, including hard water with up to 200 ppm (parts per million) calcium and magnesium ions. This allows the web to break apart into small pieces and, ultimately, disperse.
- the triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention are insensitive to calcium and/or magnesium ions at concentrations of a few hundred ppm and are insensitive to pH variations. Consequently, flushable products containing the polymer formulations of the present invention maintain dispersibility in hard water or soft water.
- the binder compositions provide an optimum level of wet strength utilizing sodium chloride as the sole or primary triggering agent, not requiring the use of a high concentration of divalent metal ions. Also, the level of sodium chloride necessary to provide trigger properties is very low ( ⁇ 1%) under certain conditions. Because of this low level of monovalent salt needed to produce trigger activity, these binders may now maintain sufficient strength in the presence of urine, menses, and other biological fluids without the use of an external triggering agent. Therefore, they may be much more suitable for personal care applications beyond pre-wetted products. Also, the binders of the present invention may also be suitable for providing wet strength and/or temporary wet strength in the absence of added salt for dry tissue products due to their solubility characteristics. In addition, the properties of the improved binders are affected without the use of a nonionic, hydrophilic co-monomer, which may be undesirable because of toxicity, mis-match in reactivity, or adverse effect on the binder performance.
- the polymer formulations of the present invention are useful as binders and structural components for air-laid and wet-laid nonwoven fabrics for applications, such as body-side liners, fluid distribution materials, fluid in-take materials (surge) or cover stock in various personal care products.
- the polymer formulations of the present invention are particularly useful as a binder material for flushable personal care products, particularly wet wipes for personal use, such as cleaning or treating skin, make-up removal, nail polish removal, medical care, and also wipes for use in hard surface cleaning, automotive care, including wipes comprising cleaning agents, disinfectants, and the like.
- Suitable substrates for treatment include tissue, such as creped or uncreped tissue, coform products, hydroentangled webs, airlaid mats, fluff pulp, nonwoven webs, and composites thereof.
- tissue such as creped or uncreped tissue, coform products, hydroentangled webs, airlaid mats, fluff pulp, nonwoven webs, and composites thereof.
- the cationic polymers and polymer formulations of the present invention are particularly useful as a binder for fibrous materials because the polymers and polymer formulations are substantive to the fibers.
- Airlaid material can be formed by metering an airflow containing the fibers and other optional materials, in substantially dry condition, onto a typically horizontally, moving wire forming screen.
- Suitable systems and apparatus for air-laying mixtures of fibers and thermoplastic material are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,157,724 (Persson), issued Jun. 12, 1979, and reissued Dec. 25, 1984 as Re. U.S. Pat. No. 31,775; U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,113 (Persson), issued Jul. 14, 1981; U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,289 (Day), issued Apr. 28, 1981; U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,649 (Jacobsen et al.), issued Oct. 5, 1982; U.S.
- the present invention also discloses how to make water-dispersible nonwovens, including cover stock (liner), intake (surge) materials and wet wipes, which are stable in fluids having a first ionic composition, such as monovalent and/or divalent ions at a particular concentration substantially greater than is found in typical hard water or soft water, using the above-described unique polymer formulations as binder compositions.
- a first ionic composition such as monovalent and/or divalent ions at a particular concentration substantially greater than is found in typical hard water or soft water
- the resultant . nonwovens are flushable and water-dispersible due to the tailored ion sensitivity, which can be triggered regardless of the hardness of water found in toilets throughout the United States and the world.
- the present invention further discloses a suitable wetting composition for wet wipes.
- Wet wipes employing the polymer formulations of the present invention are stable during storage and retain a desired level of wet strength during use and are wetted with a wetting composition or cleaning agent that can be relatively free, or is substantially free, of organic solvents.
- a wetting composition or cleaning agent that can be relatively free, or is substantially free, of organic solvents.
- substantially free shall mean 1 containing only trivial or inconsequential amounts.
- the present invention is practiced using triggerable cationic polymers or polymer compositions.
- the triggerable, cationic polymer composition is an ion-sensitive cationic polymer composition.
- the formulations should desirably be (1) functional; i.e., maintain wet strength under controlled conditions and dissolve or disperse in a reasonable period of time in soft or hard water, such as found in toilets and sinks around the world; (2) safe (not toxic); and (3) relatively economical.
- the ion-sensitive or triggerable formulations when used as a binder composition for a non-woven substrate, such as a wet wipe desirably should be (4) processable on a commercial basis; i.e., may be applied relatively quickly on a large scale basis, such as by spraying (which thereby requires that the binder composition have a relatively low viscosity at high shear); (5) provide acceptable levels of sheet or substrate wettability; (6) provide reduced levels of sheet stiffness; and (7) reduced tackiness.
- the wetting composition with which the wet wipes of the present invention are treated can provide some of the foregoing advantages, and, in addition, can provide one or more of (8) improved skin care, such as reduced skin irritation or other benefits, (9) improved tactile properties, and (10) promote good cleaning by providing a balance in use between friction and lubricity on the skin (skin glide).
- the ion-sensitive or triggerable cationic polymers and polymer formulations of the present invention and articles made therewith, especially wet wipes comprising particular wetting compositions set forth below, can meet many or all of the above criteria. Of course, it is not necessary for all of the advantages of the preferred embodiments of the present invention to be met to fall within the scope of the present invention.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymers of the present invention are the polymerization product of a vinyl-functional cationic monomer, and one or more hydrophobic vinyl monomers with alkyl side chain sizes of up to 4 carbons long.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymers of the present invention are the polymerization product of a vinyl-functional cationic monomer, and one or more hydrophobic vinyl monomers with alkyl side chain sizes of up to 4 carbons long inco ⁇ orated in a random manner.
- a minor amount of another vinyl monomer with linear or branched alkyl groups 4 carbons or longer, alkyl hydroxy, polyoxyalkylene, or other functional groups may be employed.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymers function as adhesives for tissue, airlaid pulp, and other nonwoven webs and provide sufficient in-use strength (typically >300 g/in.) in salt solutions, especially sodium chloride.
- the nonwoven webs are also dispersible in tap water (including hard water up to 200 ppm as metal ion), typically losing most of their wet strength ( ⁇ 30-75 g/in.) in 24 hours, or less.
- Q is selected from -C 4 alkyl ammonium, quaternary Ci-C 4 alkyl ammonium and benzyl ammonium;
- Z is selected from -O-, -COO-, -OOC-, -CONH-, and -NHCO-;
- Ri, R 2 , R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl; ; is selected from methyl and ethyl; and R 5 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, butyl, ethylhexyl, decyl, dodecyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, polyoxyethylene, and polyoxypropylene.
- Vinyl-functional cationic monomers of the present invention desirably include, but are not limited to, [2-(acryloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (ADAMQUAT); [2-(methacryloxy)ethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (MADQUAT); (3- acrylamidopropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride; N,N-diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride; [2-(acryloxy) ethyl] dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; (2-(methacryloxy) ethyl] dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; [2-(acryloxy)ethyl] dimethyl ammonium chloride; [2-(methacryloxy)ethyl] dimethyl ammonium chloride.
- Precursor monomers such as vinylpyridine, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, which can be polymerized and quaternized through post-polymerization reactions are also possible.
- Monomers or quatemization reagents which provide different counter-ions, such as bromide, iodide, or methyl sulfate are also useful.
- Other vinyl-functional cationic monomers which may be copolymerized with a hydrophobic vinyl monomer are also useful in the present invention.
- Desirable hydrophobic monomers for use in the ion-sensitive cationic polymers of the present invention include, but are not limited to, branched or linear -Cis alkyl vinyl ethers, vinyl esters, acrylamides, acrylates, and other monomers that can be copolymerized with the cationic monomer.
- the monomer methyl acrylate is considered to be a hydrophobic monomer.
- Methyl acrylate has a solubility of 6 g/100 ml in water at 20° C.
- the binder is the polymerization product of a cationic acrylate or methacrylate and one or more alkyl acrylates or methacrylates having the generic structure:
- R is selected from methyl and ethyl;
- R 5 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, butyl, ethylhexyl, decyl, dodecyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, polyoxyethylene, and polyoxypropylene.
- the. ion triggerable polymer has the structure:
- the ion triggerable cationic polymers of the present invention may have an average molecular weight that varies depending on the ultimate use of the polymer.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymers of the present invention have a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 10,000 to about 5,000,000 grams per mol. More specifically, the ion triggerable cationic polymers of the present invention have a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 25,000 to about 2,000,000 grams per mol., or, more specifically still, from about 200,000 to about 1,000,000 grams per mol.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymers of the present invention may be prepared according to a variety of polymerization methods, desirably a solution polymerization method.
- Suitable solvents for the polymerization method include, but are not limited to, lower alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol and propanol; a mixed solvent of water and one or more lower alcohols mentioned above; and a mixed solvent of water and one or more lower ketones, such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone.
- any free radical polymerization initiator may be used. Selection of a particular initiator may depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the polymerization temperature, the solvent, and the monomers used.
- Suitable polymerization initiators for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2'-azobis(2- methylbutyronitrile), 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2'-azobis(2- amidinopropane)dihydrochloride, 2,2'-azobis(N,N'-dimethyleneisobutylamidine), potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, and aqueous hydrogen peroxide.
- the amount of polymerization initiator may desirably range from about 0.01 to 5 weight percent based on the total weight of monomer present.
- the polymerization temperature may vary depending on the polymerization solvent, monomers, and initiator used, but in general, ranges from about 20° C. to about 90° C. Polymerization time generally ranges from about 2 to about 8 hours.
- the above-described ion • triggerable cationic polymer formulations are used as binder materials for flushable and/or non-flushable products.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention remain stable and maintain their integrity while dry or in relatively high concentrations of monovalent and/or divalent ions, but become soluble in water containing up to about 200 ppm or more divalent ions, especially calcium and magnesium.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention are insoluble in a salt solution containing at least about 0.3 weight percent of one or more inorganic and/or organic salts containing monovalent and/or divalent ions. More desirably, the ion' triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention are insoluble in a salt solution containing from about 0.3% to about 10% by weight of one or more inorganic and/or organic salts containing monovalent and/or divalent ions.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention are insoluble in salt solutions containing from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of one or more inorganic and/or organic salts containing monovalent and/or divalent ions.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention are insoluble in salt solutions containing from about 1.0% to about 4.0% by weight of one or more inorganic and/or organic salts containing monovalent and/or divalent ions.
- Suitable monovalent ions include, but are not limited to, Na + ions, K + ions, Li + ions, NH 4 + ions, low molecular weight quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., those having fewer than 5 carbons on any side group), and a combination thereof.
- Suitable multivalent ions include, but are not limited to, Zn + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ .
- the monovalent and divalent ions can be derived from organic and inorganic salts including, but not limited to, NaCl, NaBr, KC1, NH4CI, Na 2 S0 4 , ZnCl 2 , CaCl 2 , MgCI 2 , MgS0 , NaN0 3 , NaS0 CH 3 , and combinations thereof.
- alkali metal halides are most desirable because of cost, purity, low toxicity, and availability.
- a particularly desirable salt is NaCl.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention are desirably soluble in water containing up to about 50 ppm Ca 2+ and/or Mg + ions. More desirably, the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention are soluble in water containing up to about 100 ppm Ca 2+ and/or Mg 2+ ions.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention are soluble in water containing up to about 150 ppm Ca 2+ and/or Mg 2+ ions. Even , more desirably, the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention are soluble in water containing up to about 200 ppm Ca 2+ and/or Mg 2+ ions.
- the cationic. polymer formulations of the present invention are formed from a single triggerable cationic polymer or a combination of two or more different polymers, wherein at least one polymer is a triggerable polymer.
- the second polymer may be a co-binder polymer.
- a co-binder polymer is of a type and in an amount such that when combined with the triggerable cationic polymer, the co-binder polymer desirably is largely dispersed in the triggerable cationic polymer; i.e., the triggerable cationic polymer is desirably the continuous phase and the co-binder polymer is desirably 1 the discontinuous phase.
- the co-binder polymer can also meet several additional criteria.
- the co-binder polymer can have a glass transition temperature; i.e.,
- the co-binder polymer can be insoluble in water, or can reduce the shear viscosity of the ion triggerable cationic polymer.
- the co-binder can be present at a level relative to the solids mass of the triggerable polymer of about 45% or less, specifically about 30% or less, more specifically about 20% or less, more specifically still about 15% or less, and most specifically about 10% or less, with exemplary ranges of from about 1% to about 45% or from about 25% to about 35%, as well as from about 1% to about 20% or from about 5% to about 25%.
- the amount of co-binder present should be low enough, for co-binders with the potential to form water insoluble bonds or films, that the co-binder remains a discontinuous phase unable to create enough crosslinked, or insoluble bonds, to jeopardize the dispersibility of the treated substrate.
- the co-binder polymer when combined with the ion triggerable cationic polymer will reduce the shear viscosity of the ion triggerable cationic polymer to such an extent that the combination of the ion triggerable cationic polymer and the co-binder polymer is sprayable.
- sprayable is meant that the polymer can be applied to a nonwoven fibrous substrate by spraying and the distribution of the polymer across the substrate and the penetration of the polymer into the substrate are such that the polymer formulation is uniformly applied to the substrate.
- the combination of the ion triggerable cationic polymer and the co-binder polymer can reduce the stiffness of the article to which it is applied compared to the article with just the ion triggerable cationic polymer.
- the co-binder polymer of the present invention can have an average molecular weight, which varies depending on the ultimate use of the polymer. Desirably, the co-binder polymer has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 500,000 to about 200,000,000 grams per mol. More desirably, the co-binder polymer has a weight average molecular weight ranging from about 500,000 to about 100,000,000 grams per mol.
- the co-binder polymer can be in the form of an emulsion latex.
- the surfactant system used in such a latex emulsion should be such that it does not substantially interfere with the dispersibility of the ion triggerable cationic polymer. Therefore, weakly anionic, nonionic, or cationic latexes may be useful for the present invention.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention comprises about 55 to about 95 weight percent ion triggerable cationic polymer and about 5 to about 45 weight percent poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate).
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention comprises about 75 weight percent ion triggerable cationic polymer and about 25 weight percent poly(ethylene- vinyl acetate).
- a particularly preferred non-crosslinking poly is Dur-O-Set ® RB available from National Starch and Chemical Co., Bridgewater, NJ.
- the latex should be prevented from forming substantial water-insoluble bonds that bind the fibrous substrate together and interfere with the dispersibility of the article.
- the latex can be free of crosslinking agents, such as N-methylol-acrylamide (NMA), or free of catalyst for the crosslinker, or both.
- NMA N-methylol-acrylamide
- an inhibitor can be added that interferes with the crosslinker or with the catalyst such that crosslinking is impaired even when the article is heated to normal crosslinking temperatures.
- Such inhibitors can include free radical scavengers, methyl hydroquinone, t-butylcatechol, pH control agents such as potassium hydroxide, and the like.
- NMA N-methylol- acrylamide
- elevated pH such as a pH of 8 or higher can interfere with crosslinking at normal crosslinking temperatures (e.g., about 130° C or higher).
- an article comprising a latex co-binder can be maintained at temperatures below the temperature range at which crosslinking takes place, such that the presence of a crosslinker does not lead to crosslinking, or such that the degree of crosslinking remains sufficiently low that the dispersibility of the article is not jeopardized.
- the amount of crosslinkable latex can . be kept below a threshold level such that even with crosslinking, the article remains dispersible.
- a small quantity of crosslinkable latex dispersed as discrete particles in an ion-sensitive binder can permit dispersibility even when fully crosslinked.
- the amount of latex can be below about 20 weight percent, and, more specifically, below about 15 weight percent relative to the ion-sensitive binder.
- Latex compounds, whether crosslinkable or not, need not be the co-binder. SEM micrography of successful ion-sensitive binder films with useful non-crosslinking latex emulsions dispersed therein has shown that the latex co-binder particles can remain as discrete entities in the ion-sensitive binder, possibly serving in part as filler material.
- a dispersed mineral or particulate filler in the triggerable binder optionally comprising added surfactants/dispersants.
- a dispersed mineral or particulate filler in the triggerable binder optionally comprising added surfactants/dispersants.
- freeflowing Ganzpearl PS-8F particles from Presperse, Inc. Piercataway, NJ
- a styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer with about 0.4 micron particles can be dispersed in a triggerable binder at a level of about 2 to 10 weight percent to modify the mechanical, tactile, and optical properties of the triggerable binder.
- filler-like approaches may include microparticles, microspheres, or microbeads of metal, glass, carbon, mineral, quartz, and/or plastic, such as acrylic or phenolic, and hollow particles having inert gaseous atmospheres sealed within their interiors.
- examples include EXPANCEL phenolic microspheres from Expancel of Sweden, which expand substantially when heated, or the acrylic microspheres ' known as PM 6545 available from PQ Co ⁇ oration of Pennsylvania.
- Foaming agents, including C0 2 dissolved in the triggerable binder could also provide helpful discontinuities as gas bubbles in the matrix of an triggerable binder, allowing the dispersed gas phase in the triggerable binder to serve as the co-binder.
- any compatible material that is not miscible with the binder, especially one with adhesive or binding properties of its own, can be used as the co-binder, if it is not provided in a state that imparts substantial covalent bonds joining fibers in a way that interferes with the water- dispersibility of the product.
- those materials that also provide additional benefits, such as reduced spray viscosity can be especially preferred.
- Adhesive co-binders such as latex that do not contain crosslinkers or contain reduced amounts of crosslinkers, have been found to be especially helpful in providing good results over a wide range of processing conditions, including drying at elevated temperatures.
- the co-binder polymer can comprise surface active compounds that improve the wettability of the substrate after application of the binder mixture. Wettability of a dry substrate that has been treated with a triggerable polymer formulation can be a problem in some embodiments, because the hydrophobic portions of the triggerable polymer ' formulation can become selectively oriented toward the air phase during drying, creating a hydrophobic surface that can be difficult to wet when the wetting composition is later applied unless surfactants are added to the wetting composition.
- Surfactants, or other surface active ingredients, in co-binder polymers can improve the wettability of the dried substrate that has been treated with a triggerable polymer formulation. Surfactants in the co-binder polymer should not significantly interfere with the triggerable polymer formulation. Thus, the binder should maintain good integrity and tactile properties in the pre-moistened wipes with the surfactant present.
- an effective co-binder polymer replaces a portion of the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulation and permits a given strength level to be achieved in a pre-moistened wipe with at least one of lower stiffness, better tactile properties (e.g., lubricity or smoothness), or reduced cost, relative to an otherwise identical pre-moistened wipe lacking the co-binder polymer and comprismg the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulation at a level sufficient to achieve the given tensile strength.
- the Dry Emulsion Powder (DEP) binders of Wacker Polymer Systems such as the VINNEK® system of binders, can be applied in some embodiments of the present invention.
- These are redispersible, free flowing binder powders formed from liquid emulsions. Small polymer particles from a dispersion are provided in a protective matrix of water soluble protective colloids in the form of a powder particle. The surface of the powder particle is protected against caking by platelets of mineral crystals. As a result, polymer particles that once were in a liquid dispersion are now available in a free flowing, dry powder form that can be redispersed in water or turned into swollen, tacky particles by the addition of moisture.
- These particles can be applied in highloft nonwovens by depositing them with the fibers during the airlaid process, and then later adding 10% to 30% moisture to cause the particles to swell and adhere to the fibers. This can be called the "chewing gum effect," meaning that the dry, non-tacky fibers in the web become sticky like chewing gum once moistened. Good adhesion to polar surfaces and other surfaces is obtained.
- These binders are available as free flowing particles formed from latex emulsions that have been dried and treated with agents to prevent cohesion in the dry state. They can be entrained in air and deposited with fibers during the airlaid process, or can be applied to a substrate by electrostatic means, by direct contact, by gravity feed devices, and other means.
- the commercial product can be used without reducing the amount of crosslinker by controlling the curing of the co-binder polymer, such as limiting the time and temperature of drying to provide a degree of bonding without significant crosslinking.
- dry emulsion binder powders have the advantage that they can easily be inco ⁇ orated into a nonwoven or airlaid web during formation of the web, as opposed to applying the material to an existing substrate, permitting increased control over placement of the co-binder polymer.
- nonwoven or airlaid web can be prepared already having dry emulsion binders therein, followed by moistening when the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulation solution is applied, whereupon the dry emulsion powder becomes tacky and contributes to binding of the substrate.
- the dry emulsion powder can be entrapped in the substrate by a filtration mechanism after the substrate has been treated with triggerable binder and dried, whereupon the dry emulsion powder is rendered tacky upon application of the wetting composition.
- the dry emulsion powder is dispersed into the triggerable polymer formulation solution either by application of the powder as the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulation solution is being sprayed onto the web or by 1 adding and dispersing the dry.
- emulsion powder particles into the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulation solution after which the mixture is applied to a web by spraying, by foam application methods, or by other techniques known in the art.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention may be used as binders.
- the triggerable binder formulations of the present invention may be applied to any fibrous substrate.
- the binders are particularly suitable for use in water- dispersible products.
- Suitable fibrous substrates include, but are not limited to, nonwoven and woven, fabrics. In many embodiments, particularly personal care products, preferred substrates are nonwoven fabrics.
- nonwoven fabric refers to a fabric that has a structure of individual fibers or filaments randomly arranged in a mat-like fashion (including papers). Nonwoven fabrics can be made from a variety of processes including, but not limited to, air-laid processes, wet-laid processes, hydroentangling processes, staple fiber carding and bonding, and solution spinning.
- the triggerable binder composition may be applied to the fibrous substrate by any known process of application. Suitable processes for applying the binder material include, but are not limited to, printing, spraying, electrostatic spraying, coating, flooded nips, metered press rolls, impregnating or by any other technique.
- the amount of binder composition may be metered and distributed uniformly within the fibrous substrate or may be non-uniformly distributed within the fibrous substrate.
- the binder composition may be distributed throughout the entire fibrous substrate or it may be distributed within a multiplicity of small closely spaced areas. In most embodiments, uniform distribution of binder composition is desired.
- the triggerable binder may be dissolved in water, or in a non-aqueous solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, or the like, with water being the preferred solvent.
- the amount of binder dissolved in the solvent may vary depending on the polymer used and the fabric application.
- the binder solution contains up to about 50 percent by weight of binder composition solids. More desirably, the binder solution contains from about 10 to 30 percent by weight of binder composition solids, especially about 15-25 percent by weight binder composition solids.
- Plasticizers perfumes, coloring agents, antifoams, bactericides, preservative, surface active agents, thickening agents, fillers, opacifiers, tackifiers, detackifiers, and similar additives can be inco ⁇ orated into the solution of binder components, if so desired.
- the substrate is dried by any conventional means. Once dry, the coherent fibrous substrate exhibits improved tensile strength when compared to the tensile strength of the untreated wet-laid or dry-laid substrates, and yet has the ability to rapidly "fall apart", or disintegrate when placed in soft or hard water having a divalent ion concentration up to about 200 ppm and agitated.
- the dry tensile strength of the fibrous substrate may be increased by at least 25 percent as compared to the dry tensile strength of the untreated substrate not containing the binder.
- the dry tensile strength of the fibrous substrate may be increase by at least 100 percent as compared to the dry tensile strength of the untreated substrate not containing the binder. Even more particularly, the dry tensile strength of the fibrous substrate may be increased by at least 500 percent as compared to the dry. tensile strength of the untreated substrate not containing the binder.
- a desirable feature of the present invention is that the improvement in tensile strength is effected where the amount of binder composition present, "add-on", in the resultant fibrous substrate represents only a small portion by weight of the entire substrate.
- the binder components typically are from about 5 to about 65 percent, by weight, of the total weight of the substrate. More particularly, the binder components may be from about 7 to about 35 percent, by weight, of the total weight of the substrate. Even more particularly, the binder components may be from about 10 to about 20 percent by weight of the total weight of the substrate.
- the nonwoven fabrics of the present invention have good in-use tensile strength, as well as, ion triggerability.
- the nonwoven fabrics of the present invention are abrasion resistant and retain significant tensile strength in aqueous solutions containing the specific amount and type of ions disclosed above. Because of this latter property, nonwoven fabrics of the present invention are well suited for disposable products, such as sanitary napkins, diapers, adult incontinence products, and dry and premoistened wipes (wet wipes),, which can be thrown in a flush toilet after use in any part of the world.
- the fibers forming the fabrics above can be made from a variety of materials including natural fibers, synthetic fibers, and combinations thereof.
- suitable fibrous substrates may include, but are not limited to, natural fibers such as cotton, linen, jute, hemp, wool, wood pulp, etc.
- regenerated cellulosic fibers such as viscose rayon and cuprammonium rayon
- modified cellulosic fibers such as cellulose acetate
- synthetic fibers such as those derived from polypropylenes, polyethylenes, polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, polyacrylics, etc., alone or in combination with one another, may likewise be used.
- Blends of one or more of the above fibers may also be used, if so desired.
- any known papermaking fibers may be used, including softwood and hardwood fibers.
- Fibers for' example, may be chemically pulped or mechanically pulped, bleached or unbleached, virgin or recycled, high yield or low yield, and the like. Mercerized, chemically stiffened or crosslinked fibers may also be used.
- Synthetic cellulose fiber types include rayon in all its varieties and other fibers derived from viscose or chemically modified cellulose, including regenerated cellulose and solvent-spun cellulose, such as Lyocell.
- Chemically treated natural cellulosic fibers can be used, such as mercerized pulps, chemically stiffened or crosslinked fibers, or sulfonated fibers. Recycled fibers, as well as virgin fibers, can be used.
- Cellulose produced by microbes and other cellulosic derivatives can be used.
- the term "cellulosic" is meant to include any material having cellulose as a major constituent, and, specifically, comprising at least 50 percent by weight cellulose or a cellulose derivative.
- the term includes cotton, typical wood pulps, non-woody cellulosic fibers, cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, rayon, thermomechanical wood pulp, chemical wood pulp, debonded chemical wood pulp, milkweed, or bacterial cellulose.
- the triggerable binder of the present invention may also be applied to other fibers or particles.
- Other fibers that may be treated with the triggerable binder of the present invention include fiber such as those made fibers made from carboxymethyl cellulose, chitin, and chitosan.
- the triggerable binder of the present invention may also be applied to particles, such as sodium polyacrylate super absorbent particles. Super absorbent particles are frequently inco ⁇ orated on or into fibrous substrates used for personal care items, especially nonwoven fabrics.
- the fiber length is important in producing the fabrics of the present invention. In some embodiments, such as flushable products, fiber length is of more importance.
- the minimum length of the fibers depends on the method selected for forming the fibrous substrate. For example, where the fibrous substrate is formed by carding, the length of the fiber should usually be at least about 42 mm in order to insure uniformity.
- the fiber length may desirably be about 0.2 to 6 mm.
- fibers having a length of greater than 50 mm are within the scope of the present invention, it has been determined that when a substantial quantity of fibers having a length greater than about 15 mm is placed in a flushable fabric, though the fibers will disperse and separate in water, their length tends to form "ropes" of fibers, which are undesirable when flushing in home toilets. Therefore, for these products, it is desired that the fiber length be about 15 mm or less so that the fibers will not have a tendency to "rope" when they are flushed through a toilet.
- fibers of various lengths are applicable in the present invention, desirably fibers are of a length less than about 15 mm so that the fibers disperse easily from one another when in contact with water.
- the fibers, particularly synthetic fibers can also be crimped.
- the fabrics of the present invention may be formed from a single layer or multiple layers. In the case of multiple layers, the layers are generally positioned in a juxtaposed or surface-to-surface relationship and all or a portion of the layers may be bound to adjacent layers.
- Nonwoven webs of the present invention may also be formed from a plurality of separate nonwoven webs wherein the separate nonwoven webs may be formed from single or multiple layers.
- the entire thickness of the nonwoven web may be subjected to a binder application or each individual layer may be separately subjected to a binder • application and then combined with other layers in a juxtaposed relationship to form the finished nonwoven web.
- the fabric substrates of the present invention may be inco ⁇ orated into cleansing and body fluid absorbent products, such as sanitary napkins, diapers, adult incontinence products, surgical dressings, tissues, wet wipes, and the like. These products may include an absorbent core, comprising one or more layers of an absorbent fibrous material.
- the core may also comprise one or more layers of a fluid- pervious element, such as fibrous tissue, gauze, plastic netting, etc.
- the core may comprise a fluid-impervious element or barrier means to preclude the passage of fluid through the core and on the outer surfaces of the product.
- the barrier means also is water-dispersible.
- a film of a polymer having substantially the same composition as . the aforesaid water-dispersible binder is particularly well-suited for this pu ⁇ ose.
- the polymer compositions are useful for forming each of the above-mentioned product components including the layers of absorbent core, the fluid-pervious element, the wrapping materials, and the fluid- impervious element or barrier means.
- the triggerable binder formulations of the present invention are particularly useful for binding fibers of air-laid nonwoven fabrics.
- These air-laid materials are useful for body-side liners, fluid distribution materials, fluid in-take materials, such as a surge material, absorbent wrap sheet and cover stock for various water-dispersible personal care products.
- Air-laid materials are particularly useful for use as a pre-moistened wipe (wet wipe).
- the basis weights for air-laid non- woven fabrics may range from about 20 to about 200 grams per square meter ("gsm") with staple fibers having a denier of about 0.5-10 and a length of about 6-15 millimeters.
- Surge, or in-take, materials need better resiliency and higher loft so staple fibers having about 6 denier or greater are used to make these products.
- a desirable final density for the surge, or in-take, materials is between about 0.025 grams per cubic centimeter ("g/cc") to about 0.10 g/cc.
- Fluid distribution materials may have a higher density, in the desired range of about 0.10 to about 0.20 g/cc using fibers of lower denier, most desirable fibers have a denier of less than about 1.5.
- Wipes generally can have a fiber density of about 0.025 g/cc to about 0.2 g/cc and a basis weight of about 20 gsm to about 150 gsm; specifically from about 30 to about 90 gsm, and most specifically from about 60 gsm to about 65 gsm.
- the nonwoven fabrics of the present invention may also be inco ⁇ orated into such body fluid absorbing products as sanitary napkins, diapers, surgical dressings, tissues and the like.
- the triggerable binder is such that it will not dissolve when contacted by body fluids since the concentration of monovalent ions in the body fluids is above the level needed for dissolution; i.e., greater than 1% by weight.
- the nonwoven fabric retains its structure, softness and exhibits a toughness satisfactory for practical use.
- the binder disperses.
- the nonwoven fabric structure is then easily broken and dispersed in the water.
- the in-use tensile strength of a nonwoven fabric is enhanced by forming the nonwoven fabric with a binder material comprising the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulation of the present invention and subsequently applying either one or more monovalent and/or divalent salts to the nonwoven fabric.
- the salt may be applied to the nonwoven fabric by any method known to those of ordinary skill in the art including, but not limited to, applying a solid powder onto the fabric and spraying a salt solution onto the fabric.
- the amount of salt may vary depending on a particular application. However, the amount of salt applied to the fabric is typically from about 013 weight percent to about 10 weight percent salt solids based on the total weight of the fabric.
- the salt-containing fabrics of the present invention may be used in a variety of fabric applications including, but not limited to, feminine pads, surgical dressings, and diapers.
- binder formulations and fibrous substrates of the present invention may be advantageously employed in the preparation of a wide variety .of products, including but not limited to, absorbent personal care products designed to be contacted with body fluids. Such products may only comprise
- binder formulations and fibrous substrates of the present invention are particularly suited for personal care products, the binder formulations and fibrous substrates may be advantageously employed in a wide variety of consumer products.
- the ion triggerable cationic polymer formulations of the present invention can be activated as binders without the need for elevated temperature. While drying or water removal is useful in achieving a good distribution of the binder in a fibrous web, elevated temperature, per se, is not essential' because the binder does not require crosslinking or other chemical reactions with high activation energy to serve as a binder. Rather, the interaction with a soluble insolubilizing compound, typically a salt, is sufficient to cause the binder to become insoluble; i.e., "salted out” or activated by interaction between the cation of the polymer the salt.
- a soluble insolubilizing compound typically a salt
- a drying step can be avoided, if desired, or replaced with low-temperature water removal operations such as room-temperature drying or freeze drying. Elevated temperature is generally helpful for drying, but the drying can be done at temperatures below what is normally needed to drive crosslinking reactions.
- the peak temperature to which the substrate is exposed or to which the substrate is brought can be below any of the following: 200° C, 180° C, 160° C, 140° C, 120° C, 110° C, 105° C, 100° C, 90° C, 75° C, and 60° C.
- polymer systems such as commercial latex emulsions, may also comprise crosslinkers suited for reaction at temperatures of 160° C. or higher, maintaining a lower peak temperature can be beneficial in preventing development of excessive strength in the polymer that might otherwise hinder the water dispersibility of the pre-moistened wipe.
- the fibrous material may be in the form of a woven or nonwoven fabric; however, nonwoven fabrics are more desirable.
- the nonwoven fabric is desirably formed from relatively short fibers, such as wood pulp fibers. The minimum length of the fibers depends on the method selected for forming the nonwoven fabric. Where the nonwoven fabric is formed by a wet or dry method, the fiber length is desirably from about 0.1 millimeters to 15 millimeters.
- the nonwoven fabric of the present invention has a relatively low wet cohesive strength when it is not bonded together, by an adhesive or binder material.
- an adhesive or binder material When such nonwoven fabrics are bonded together by a binder composition, which loses its bonding strength in tap water and in sewer water, the fabric will break up readily by the agitation provided by flushing and moving through the sewer pipes.
- the finished wipes may be individually packaged, desirably in a folded condition, in a moisture proof envelope or packaged in containers holding any desired number of sheets in a water-tight package with a wetting composition applied to the wipe.
- the finished wipes may also be packaged as a roll of separable sheets in a moisture-proof container holding any desired number of sheets on the roll with a wetting composition applied to the wipes.
- the roll can be coreless and either hollow or solid. Coreless rolls, including rolls with a hollow center or without a solid center, can be produced with known coreless roll winders, including those of SRP Industry, Inc. (San Jose, CA); Shimizu Manufacturing (Japan), and the devices disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,667,890, issued May 26, 1987 to Gietman. Solid-wound coreless rolls can offer more product for a given volume and can be adapted for a wide variety of dispensers.
- the wipe may desirably contain from about 10 percent to about 400 percent of the wetting composition, more desirably from about 100 percent to about 300 percent of the wetting composition, and even more desirably from about 180 percent to about 240 percent of the wetting composition.
- the wipe maintains its desired characteristics over the time periods involved in warehousing, transportation, retail display and storage by the consumer. Accordingly, shelf life may range from two months to two years.
- Various forms of impermeable envelopes and storage means for containing wet-packaged materials, such as wipes and towelettes and the like, are well known in the art. Any of these may be employed in packaging the pre-moistened wipes of the present invention.
- the pre-moistened wipes of the present invention are wetted with an aqueous wetting composition, which has one or more of the following properties:
- One aspect of the present invention is a wetting composition, which contains an insolubilizing agent that maintains the strength of a water-dispersible binder until the insolubilizing agent is diluted with water, whereupon the strength of the water- dispersible binder begins to decay.
- the water-dispersible binder may be any of the triggerable binder compositions of the present invention or any other triggerable binder composition.
- the insolubilizing agent in the wetting composition can be a salt, such as those disclosed for the various triggerable polymers, a blend of salts having both monovalent and multivalent ions, or any other compound, which provides in-use and storage strength to the.
- the wetting composition contains more than about 0.3 weight percent of an insolubilizing agent based on the total weight of the wetting composition for ion-sensitive polymers.
- the wetting composition may contain from about 0.3 weight' percent to about 10 weight percent of an insolubilizing agent.
- the wetting composition may contain from about 0.5 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of an insolubilizing agent. More precisely, the wetting composition may contain from about 1 weight percent to about 4 weight percent of an insolubilizing agent.
- the wetting composition of the present invention may further comprise a variety of additives compatible with the insolubilizing agent and the water-dispersible binder, such that the strength and dispersibility functions of the wipe are not jeopardized.
- Suitable additives in the wetting composition include, but are not limited to, the following additives: skin-care additives; odor control agents; detackifying agents to reduce the tackiness of the binder; particulates; antimicrobial agents; preservatives; wetting agents and cleaning agents, such as detergents, surfactants, some silicones; emollients; surface feel modifiers for improved tactile sensation (e.g., lubricity) on the skin; fragrance; fragrance solubilizers; opacifiers; fluorescent whitening agents; UV absorbers; pharmaceuticals; and pH control agents, such as malic acid or potassium hydroxide.
- skin-care additives represents additives, which provide one or more benefits to the user, such as a reduction in the probability of having diaper rash and/or other skin damage caused by fecal enzymes.
- These enzymes particularly trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase, are proteolytic enzymes produced in the gastrointestinal tract to digest food.
- the feces tend to be watery and contain, among other materials, bacteria, and some amounts of undegraded digestive enzymes.
- These enzymes if they remain in contact with the skin for any appreciable period of time, have been found to cause an irritation that is uncomfortable in itself and can predispose the skin to infection by microorganisms.
- skin-care additives include, but are not limited to, the enzyme inhibitors and sequestrants set forth hereafter.
- the wetting composition may contain less than about 5 weight percent of skin- care additives based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More specifically, the wetting composition may contain from about 0.01 weight percent to about 2 weight percent of skin-care additives. Even more specifically, the wettmg composition may contain from about 0.01 weight percent to about 0.05 weight percent of skin-care additives.
- a variety of skin-care additives may be added to the wetting composition and the pre-moistened wipes of the present invention or included therein.
- skin-care additives in the form of particles are added to serve as fecal enzyme inhibitors, offering potential benefits in the reduction of diaper rash and skin damage caused by fecal enzymes.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,749, issued April 18, 2000 to Schulz et al., the entirety of which is herein inco ⁇ orated by reference discloses organophilic clays in a woven or nonwoven web, said to be useful for inhibiting fecal enzymes.
- Such materials may be used in the present invention, including reaction products of a long chain organic quaternary ammonium compound with one or more of the following clays: montmorillonite, bentonite, beidellite, hectorite, saponite, and stevensite.
- enzyme inhibitors and sequestrants may be used as skin-care additives in the wetting composition of the present invention, including those that inhibit trypsin and other digestive or fecal enzymes, and inhibitors for urease.
- enzyme inhibitors and anti-microbial agents may be used to prevent the formation of odors in body fluids.
- urease inhibitors which are also said to play a role in odor abso ⁇ tion, are disclosed by T. Trinh in World Patent Application No. 98/26808, "Absorbent Articles with Odor Control System," published June 25, 1998, the entirety of which is herein inco ⁇ orated by reference.
- Such inhibitors may be inco ⁇ orated into the wetting composition and the pre-moistened wipes of the present invention and include transition metal ions and their soluble salts, such as silver, copper, zinc, ferric, and aluminum salts.
- the anion may also provide urease inhibition, such as borate, phytate, etc.
- Compounds of potential value include, but are not limited to, silver chlorate, silver nitrate, mercury acetate, mercury chloride, mercury nitrate, copper metaborate, copper bromate, copper bromide, copper chloride, copper dichromate, copper nitrate, copper salicylate, copper sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc borate, zinc phytate, zinc bromate, zinc bromide, zinc chlorate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, cadmium acetate, cadmium borate, cadmium bromide, cadmium chlorate, cadmium chloride, cadmium formate, cadmium iodate cadmium iodide, cadmium permanganate, cadmium nitrate, cadmium sulfate, and gold chloride.
- salts that have been disclosed as having urease inhibition properties include ferric and aluminum salts, especially the nitrates, and bismuth salts.
- Other urease inhibitors are disclosed by Trinh, including hydroxamic acid and its derivatives; thiourea; hydroxy Iamine; salts of phytic acid; extracts of plants of various species, including various tannins, e.g.
- carob tannin and their derivatives such as chlorogenic acid derivatives; naturally occurring acids such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, and their salts; phenyl phosphoro diamidate/diamino phosphoric acid phenyl ester; metal aryl phosphoramidate complexes, including substituted phosphorodiamidate compounds; phosphoramidates without substitution on the nitrogen; boric acid and/or its salts, including especially, borax, and/or organic boron acid compounds; the compounds disclosed in European Patent Application 408,199; sodium, copper, manganese, and/or zinc dithiocarbamate; quinones; phenols; thiurams; substituted rhodanine acetic acids; alkylated benzoquinones; formarnidine disulphide; l:3-diketones maleic anhydride; succinamide; phthalic anhydride; phenic acid; /N,N-dihalo-2-imidazolidinones; N-halo2-
- skin-care additives may be inco ⁇ orated into the wetting composition and pre-moistened wipes of the present invention, including, but not limited to, sun blocking agents and UV absorbers, acne treatments, pharmaceuticals, baking soda (including encapsulated forms thereof), vitamins and their derivatives such as Vitamins A or E, botanicals such as witch hazel extract and aloe vera, allantoin, emollients, disinfectants, hydroxy acids for wrinkle control or anti-aging effects, sunscreens, tanning promoters, skin tighteners, deodorants and antiperspirants, ceramides for skin benefits and other uses, astringents, moisturizers, nail polish removers, insect repellants, antioxidants, antiseptics, anti-inflammatory agents and the like, provided that the additives are compatible with an ion-sensitive binder composition associated therewith, and especially the ion-sensitive binder compositions of the present invention (i.e., they do not cause a substantial loss of strength in the wet state of the pre-mo
- Suitable odor control additives for use in the wetting composition and pre- moistened wipes of the present invention include, but are not limited to, zinc salts; talc powder; encapsulated perfumes (including microcapsules, macrocapsules, and perfume encapsulated in liposomes, vessicles, or microemulsions); chelants, such as ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid; zeolites; activated silica, activated carbon granules or fibers; activated silica particulates; polycarboxylic acids, such as citric acid; cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives; chitosan or chitin and derivatives thereof; oxidizing agents; antimicrobial agents, including silver-loaded zeolites (e.g., those of BF Technologies, located in Beverly, Massachusetts, sold under the trademark HEALTHSHIELDTM); triclosan; kieselguhr; and mixtures thereof.
- the wetting composition contains less than about 5 weight percent of odor control additives based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight' percent to about 2 weight percent of odor control additives. Even more desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.03 weight percent to about 1 weight percent of odor control additives.
- the wetting composition and/or pre-moistened wipes comprise derivatized cyclodextrins, such as hydroxypropyl beta- cyclodextrin in solution, which remain on the skin after wiping and provide an odor- absorbing layer.
- the odor source is removed or neutralized by application of an odor-control additive, exemplified by the action of a chelant that binds metal groups necessary for the function of many proteases and other enzymes that commonly produce an odor. Chelating the metal group interferes with the enzyme's action and decreases the risk of malodor in the product.
- detackifying agents may be used in the wetting composition to reduce the tackiness, if any, of the triggerable binder.
- Suitable detackifiers include any substance known in the art to reduce tack between two adjacent fibrous sheets treated with an adhesive-like polymer or any substance capable of reducing the tacky feel of an adhesive-like polymer on the skin, reducing product peel force, or reduce dispensing force.
- Detackifiers may be applied as solid particles in dry form, as a suspension or as a slurry of particles.
- Deposition may be by spray, coating, electrostatic deposition, impingement, filtration (i.e., a pressure differential drives a particle-laden gas phase through the substrate, depositing particles by a filtration mechanism), and the like, and may be applied uniformly on one or more surfaces of the substrate or may be applied in a pattern (e.g., repeating or random patterns) over a portion of the surface or surfaces of the substrate.
- the detackifier may be present throughout the thickness of the substrate, but may be concentrated at. one or both surfaces, and may be substantially only present on one or both surfaces of the substrate.
- detackifiers include, but are not limited to, powders, such as talc powder, calcium carbonate, mica; starches, such as corn starch; lycopodium powder; mineral fillers, such as titanium dioxide; silica powder; alumina; metal oxides in general; baking powder; kieselguhr; and the like.
- Polymers and other additives having low surface energy may also be used, including a wide variety of fluorinated polymers, silicone additives, polyolefins and thermoplastics, waxes, debonding agents known in the paper industry including compounds having alkyl side chains such as those having 16 or more carbons, and the like.
- Compounds used as release agents for molds and candle making may also be considered, as well as, dry lubricants and fluorinated release agents.
- the detackifier comprises polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), such as PTFE telomer (KRYTOX® DF) compound, used in the PTFE release agent dry lubricant MS-122DF, marketed by Miller-Stephenson (Danbury, CT) as a spray product.
- PTFE particles may be applied by spray to one side of the substrate prior to winding of the pre-moistened wipes.
- a detackifying agent is applied to only one surface of the substrate prior to winding into a roll.
- the wetting composition desirably contains less than about 25 weight percent of detackifying agents based on the total weight of the wetting composition.
- the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of detackifying agents, more specifically about 5% or less. Even more specifically, the wetting composition contains from about 0.05 weight percent to about 2 weight percent of detackifying agents.
- starch compounds may also improve the strength properties of the pre-moistened wipes.
- ungelled starch particles such as hydrophilic tapioca starch
- starch when present at a level of about 1% or higher by weight relative to the weight of the wetting composition, can permit the pre-moistened wipe to maintain the same strength at a lower salt concentration than is possible without the presence of starch.
- a given strength can be achieved with 2% salt in the wetting composition in the presence of salt compared to a level of 4% salt being needed without starch.
- Starch may be applied by adding the starch to a suspension of laponite to improve the dispersion of the starch within the wetting composition.
- microparticulates The wetting composition of the present invention may be further modified by the addition of solid particulates or microparticulates.
- Suitable particulates include, but are not limited to, mica, silica, alumina, calcium carbonate, kaolin, talc, and zeolites.
- the particulates may be treated with stearic acid or other additives to enhance the attraction or bridging of the particulates to the binder system, if desired.
- two-component microparticulate systems commonly used as retention aids in the papermaking industry, may also be used.
- Such two-component microparticulate systems generally comprise a colloidal particle phase, such as silica particles, and a water-soluble cationic polymer for bridging the particles to the fibers of the web to be formed.
- the presence of particulates in the wetting composition can serve one or more useful functions, such as (1) increasing the opacity of the pre-moistened wipes; (2) modifying the rheology or reducing the tackiness of the pre-moistened wipe; (3) improving the tactile properties of the wipe; or (4) delivering desired agents to the skin via a particulate carrier, such as a porous carrier or a microcapsule.
- the wetting composition contains less than about 25 weight percent of particulate based on the total weight of the wettmg composition. More specifically, the wetting composition may contain from about 0.05 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of microparticulate. Even more specifically, the wetting composition may contain from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of microparticulate.
- Microcapsules and other delivery vehicles may also be used in the wetting composition of the present invention to provide skin-care agents; medications; comfort promoting agents, such as eucalyptus; perfumes; skin care agents; odor control additives; vitamins; powders; and other additives to the skin of the user.
- the wetting composition may contain up to about 25 weight percent of microcapsules or other delivery vehicles based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More specifically, the wetting composition may contain from about 0.05 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of microcapsules or other delivery vehicles. Even more specifically, the wetting composition may- contain from about 0.2 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent of microcapsules or other delivery vehicles. . . .
- POLY-PORE® E200 (Chemdal Co ⁇ ., Arlington Heights, IL) is a delivery agent comprising soft, hollow spheres that can contain an additive at over 10 times the weight of the delivery vehicle.
- Known additives reported to have been used with POLY-PORE® E200 include, but are not limited to, benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, retinol, retinyl palmitate, octyl methoxycinnamate, tocopherol, silicone compounds (DC 435), and mineral oil.
- Another useful delivery vehicle is a sponge-like material marketed as POLY-PORE® L200, which is reported to have been used with silicone (DC 435) and mineral oil.
- Other known delivery systems include cyclodextrins and their derivatives, liposomes, polymeric sponges, and spray-dried starch.
- Additives present in microcapsules are isolated from the environment and the other agents in the wetting composition until the wipe is applied to the skin, whereupon the microcapsules break and deliver their load to the skin or other surfaces.
- the wetting composition of the present invention may also contain preservatives and/or anti-microbial agents.
- preservatives and/or anti-microbial agents such as Mackstat H 66 (available from Mclntyre Group, Chicago, IL), have been found to give excellent results in preventing bacteria and mold growth.
- preservatives and anti-microbial agents include, but are not limited to DMDM hydantoin (e.g., Glydant PlusTM, Lonza, Inc., Fair Lawn, NJ), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, Kathon (Rohm and Hass, Philadelphia, PA), methylparaben, propylparaben, 2-bromo-2- nitropropane- 1,3 -diol, benzoic acid, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and the like.
- the wetting composition contains less than about 2 weight percent on an active basis of preservatives and/or anti-microbial agents based on the total weight of the wetting composition.
- the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 1 weight percent of preservatives and/or anti-microbial agents. Even more desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent of preservatives and/or anti-microbial agents.
- wetting agents and/or cleaning agents may be used in the wetting composition of the present invention.
- Suitable wetting agents and/or cleaning agents include, but are not limited to, detergents and nonionic, amphoteric, cationic, and anionic surfactants.
- the wetting composition contains less than about 3 weight percent of wetting agents and/or cleaning agents based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 2 weight percent of wetting agents and/or cleaning agents. Even more desirably, the wetting composition, contains from about 0.1 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent of wetting agents and/or cleaning agents.
- Suitable cationic surfactants may include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium alkyl halides like cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.
- Amino acid-based surfactant systems such as those derived from amino acids L-glutamic acid and other natural fatty acids, offer pH compatibility to human skin and good cleansing power, while being relatively safe and providing improved tactile and moisturization properties compared to other anionic surfactants.
- One function of the surfactant is to improve wetting of the dry substrate with the wetting composition.
- Another function of the surfactant can be to disperse bathroom soils when the pre-moistened wipe contacts a soiled area and to enhance their abso ⁇ tion into the substrate.
- the surfactant can further assist in make-up removal, general personal cleansing, hard surface cleansing, odor control, and the like.
- One commercial example of an amino-acid based surfactant is acylglutamate, marketed under the Amisoft name by Ajinomoto Co ⁇ ., Tokyo, Japan.
- Suitable non-ionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, the condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic (oleophilic) polyoxyalkylene base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol.
- the hydrophobic portion of these compounds desirably has a molecular weight sufficiently high so as to render it water-insoluble.
- the addition of polyoxyethylene moieties to this ' hydrophobic portion increases the water-solubility of the molecule as a whole, and the liquid character of the product is retained up to the point where the polyoxyethylene content is about 50% of the total weight of the condensation product.
- Examples of compounds of this type include commercially-available Pluronic surfactants (BASF Wyandotte Co ⁇ .), especially those in which the polyoxypropylene ether has a molecular weight of about 1500-3000 and the polyoxyethylene content is about 35-55% of the molecule by weight, i.e. Pluronic L-62.
- Pluronic surfactants BASF Wyandotte Co ⁇ .
- Nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, the condensation products of C8-C22 alkyl alcohols with 2-50 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.
- Examples of compounds of this type include the condensation products of C11-C15 secondary alkyl alcohols with 3-50 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol, which are commercially-available as the Poly-Tergent SLF series from Olin Chemicals or the TERGITOL® series from Union Carbide; i.e., TERGITOL® 25-L-7, which is formed by condensing about 7 moles of ethylene oxide with a C12-C15 alkanol.
- nonionic surfactants which may be employed in the wetting composition of the present invention, include the ethylene oxide esters of C6-C12 alkyl phenols such as (nonylphenoxy)polyoxyethylene ether. Particularly useful are the esters prepared by condensing about 8-12 moles of ethylene oxide with nonylphenol, i.e. the IGEPAL® CO series (GAF Co ⁇ .).
- Further non-ionic surface active agents include, but are not limited to, alkyl polyglycosides (APG), derived as a condensation product of ' dextrose (D-glucose) and a straight or branched chain alcohol.
- the glycoside portion of the surfactant provides a hydrophile having high hydroxyl density, which enhances water solubility. Additionally, the inherent stability of the acetal linkage of the glycoside provides chemical stability in alkaline systems. Furthermore, unlike some non-ionic surface active agents, alkyl polyglycosides have no cloud point, allowing one to formulate without a hydrotrope, and these are very mild, as well as readily biodegradable non-ionic surfactants. This class of surfactants is available from Horizon Chemical under the trade names of APG-300, APG-350, APG-500, and APG-500.
- Silicones are another class of wetting agents available in pure form, or as microemulsions, macroemulsions, and the like.
- One exemplary non-ionic surfactant group is the silicone-glycol copolymers. These surfactants are prepared by adding poly(lower)alkylenoxy chains to the free hydroxyl groups of dimethylpolysiloxanols and are available from the Dow Corning Co ⁇ as Dow Coming 190 and 193 surfactants (CTFA name: dimethicone copolyol). These surfactants function, with or without any volatile silicones used as solvents, to control foaming produced by the other surfactants, and also impart a shine to metallic, ceramic, and glass surfaces.
- Anionic surfactants may also be used in the wetting compositions of the present invention.
- Anionic surfactants are useful due to their high detergency include anionic detergent salts having alkyl substituents of 8 to 22 carbon atoms such as the water- soluble higher fatty acid alkali metal soaps, e.g., sodium myristate and sodium palmitate.
- a preferred class of anionic surfactants encompasses the water-soluble sulfated and sulfonated anionic alkali metal and alkaline earth metal detergent salts containing a hydrophobic higher alkyl moiety (typically containing from about 8 to 22 carbon atoms) such as salts of higher alkyl mono or polynuclear aryl sulfonates having from about 1 to 16 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, with examples available as the Bio-Soft series, i.e. Bio- Soft D-40 (Stepan Chemical Co.).
- anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, the alkali metal salts of alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acids (methyl naphthalene sodium sulfonate, Petro AA, Petrochemical Co ⁇ oration); sulfated higher fatty acid monoglycerides such as the sodium salt of the sulfated monoglyceride of cocoa oil fatty acids and the potassium salt of the sulfated monoglyceride of tallow fatty acids; alkali metal salts of sulfated fatty alcohols containing from about 10 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium stearyl sulfate); sodium C ⁇ -C ⁇ 6 -alphaolefin sulfonates such as the Bio-Terge series (Stepan Chemical Co.); alkali metal salts of sulfated ethyleneoxy fatty alcohols (the sodium or ammonium sulfates of the condensation
- anionic surfactants includes the 8-(4-n-alkyl-2- cyclohexenyl)-octanoic acids, wherein the cyclohexenyl ring is substituted with an additional carboxylic acid group.
- These compounds or their potassium salts are commercially-available from Westvaco Co ⁇ oration as Diacid 1550 or H-240.
- these anionic surface active agents can be employed in the form of their alkali metal salts, ammonium or alkaline earth metal salts.
- the wetting composition may further comprise an aqueous microemulsion of silicone particles.
- an aqueous microemulsion of silicone particles For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,407, "Process for the Preparation of Aqueous Emulsions of Silicone Oils and/or Gums and/or Resins" issued March 14, 2000,- discloses, organopolysiloxanes in an aqueous microemulsion.
- the wetting composition contains less than about 5 weight percent of a microemulsion of silicone particles based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.02 weight percent to about 3 weight percent of a' microemulsion of silicone particles. Even more desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.02 weight percent to about 0.5 weight percent of a microemulsion of silicone particles.
- Silicone emulsions in general may be applied to the pre-moistened wipe by any known coating method.
- the pre-moistened wipe may be moistened with an aqueous composition comprising a water-dispersible or water-miscible, silicone-based component that is compatible with the insolubilizing compound in the wetting composition.
- the wipe can comprise a nonwoven web of fibers having a water- dispersible binder, wherein the web is moistened with a lotion comprismg a silicone-based sulfosuccinate.
- the silicone-based sulfosuccinate provides gentle and effective cleansing without a high level of surfactant.
- the silicone-based sulfosuccinate provides a solubilization function, which prevents precipitation of oil-soluble components, such as fragrance components, vitamin extracts, plant extracts, and essential oils.
- the wetting composition comprises a silicone copolyol sulfosuccinate, such as disodium dimethicone copolyol sulfosuccinate and diammonium dimethicone copolyolsulfosuccinate.
- the wetting composition comprises less than about 2 percent by weight of the silicone-based sulfosuccinate, and more desirably from about 0.05 percent to about 0.30 percent by weight of the silicone-based sulfosuccinate.
- Dowcos Dow
- Corning 9506 powder may also be present in the wetting composition.
- Dow Coming 9506 powder is believed to comprise a dimethicone/vinyldimethicone cross-polymer and is a spherical powder, which is said to be useful in controlling skin oils (see "New Chemical Perspectives," Soap and Cosmetics, Vol. 76, No. 3, March 2000, p. 12).
- a water- dispersible wipe which delivers a powder effective in controlling skin oil, is also within the scope of the present invention.
- Principles for preparing silicone emulsions are disclosed in WO 97/10100, published March 20, 1997. Emollients
- the wetting composition of the present invention may also contain one or more emollients.
- Suitable emollients include, but are not limited to, PEG 75 lanolin, methyl gluceth 20 benzoate, C12-C15 alkyl benzoate, ethoxylated cetyl stearyl alcohol, products marketed as Lambent wax WS - L, Lambent WD - F, Cetiol HE (Henkel Co ⁇ .), Glucam P20 (Amerchol), Polyox WSR N-10 (Union Carbide), Polyox WSR N-3000 (Union Carbide), Luviquat (BASF), Finsolv SLB 101 (Finetex Co ⁇ .), mink oil, allantoin, stearyl alcohol, Estol 1517 (Unichema), and Finsolv SLB 201 (Finetex Co ⁇ .).
- An emollient can also be applied to a surface of the article prior to or after wetting with the wetting composition.
- Such an emollient may be insoluble in the wetting composition and can be immobile except when exposed to a force.
- a ' petrolatum-based emollient can be applied to one surface in a pattern, after which the other surface is wetted to saturate the wipe.
- Such a product could provide a cleaning surface and an opposing skin treatment surface.
- the emollient composition in such products and other products of the present invention can comprise a plastic or fluid emollient such as one or more liquid hydrocarbons (e.g., petrolatum), mineral oil and the like, vegetable and animal fats (e.g., lanolin, phospholipids and their derivatives) and/or a silicone materials such as one or more alkyl substituted polysiloxane polymers, including the polysiloxane emollients disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,126, issued Apr. 6, 1999 to Osborn, III et al. (the disclosure of which is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference).
- a plastic or fluid emollient such as one or more liquid hydrocarbons (e.g., petrolatum), mineral oil and the like, vegetable and animal fats (e.g., lanolin, phospholipids and their derivatives) and/or a silicone materials such as one or more alkyl substituted polysiloxane polymers, including the
- a hydrophilic surfactant may be combined with a plastic emollient to improve wettability of the coated surface.
- liquid hydrocarbon emollients and/or alkyl substituted polysiloxane polymers may be blended or combined with one or more fatty acid ester emollients derived from fatty acids or fatty alcohols.
- the emollient material is in the form of an emollient blend.
- the emollient blend comprises a combination of one or more liquid hydrocarbons (e.g., petrolatum), mineral oil and the like, vegetable and animal fats (e.g., lanolin, phospholipids and their derivatives), with a silicone material such as one or more alkyl substituted polysiloxane polymers. More desirably, the emollient blend comprises a combination of liquid hydrocarbons (e.g., petrolatum) with dimethicone or with dimethicone and other alkyl substituted polysiloxane polymers.
- liquid hydrocarbons e.g., petrolatum
- dimethicone or with dimethicone and other alkyl substituted polysiloxane polymers e.g., petrolatum
- blends of liquid hydrocarbon emollients and/or alkyl substituted polysiloxane polymers may be blended with one or more fatty acid ester emollients derived from fatty acids or fatty alcohols.
- PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate available as Standamul HE (Henkel Co ⁇ ., Hoboken, N. J)
- Standamul HE Heenkel Co ⁇ ., Hoboken, N. J
- Water-soluble, self-emulsifying emollient oils which are useful in the present wetting compositions, include the polyoxyalkoxylated lanolins and the polyoxyalkoxylated fatty alcohols, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,821, issued Sep.
- the polyoxyalkoxy chains desirably will comprise mixed propylenoxy and ethyleneoxy units.
- the lanolin derivatives will typically comprise about 20-70 such lower-alkoxy units while the C12-C20 - fatty alcohols will be derivatized with about 8-15 lower- alkyl units.
- One such useful lanolin derivative is Lanexol AWS (PPG-12-PEG-50, Croda, Inc., New York, N.Y.).
- a useful poly(15-20)C2-C3-alkoxylate is PPG-5-Ceteth-20, known as Procetyl AWS (Croda, Inc.).
- the emollient material reduces undesirable tactile attributes, if any, of the wetting composition.
- emollient materials including dimethicone, can reduce the level of tackiness that may be caused by the ion-sensitive binder or other components in the wetting composition, thus serving as a detackifier.
- the wetting composition contains less than about 25 weight percent of emollients based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More specifically, the wetting composition may comprise less than about 5 weight percent emollient, and most specifically less than about 2% emollient. More desirably, the wetting composition may contain from about 0.01 weight percent to about 8 weight percent of emollients. Even more desirably, the wetting composition may contain from about 0.2 weight percent to about 2 weight percent of emollients.
- the wetting composition and/or pre-moistened wipes of the present invention comprise an oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oil phase containing at least one emollient oil and at least one emollient wax stabilizer dispersed in an aqueous phase comprismg at least one polyhydric alcohol emollient and at least one organic water- soluble detergent, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,157, issued Dec. 17, 1985 to Smith et al., the entirety of which is herein inco ⁇ orated by reference.
- Surface feel modifiers are used to improve the tactile sensation (e.g., lubricity) of the skin during use of the product.
- Suitable surface feel modifiers include, but are not limited, to, commercial debonders; and softeners, such as the softeners used in the art of tissue making including quaternary ammonium compounds with fatty acid side groups, silicones, waxes, and the like.
- Exemplary quaternary ammonium compounds with utility as softeners are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,554,862, issued to Hervey et al. on Jan. 12, 1971; U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,122, issued to Emanuelsson et al., Mar. 13, 1979, U.S. Pat. No.
- the wetting composition contains less than about 2 weight percent of surface feel modifiers based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 1 weight percent of surface feel modifiers. Even more desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 0.05 weight percent of surface feel, modifiers.
- the wetting composition of the present invention contains less than about 2 weight percent of fragrances based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about ⁇ weight percent of fragrances. Even more desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 0.05 weight percent of fragrances.
- fragrance solubilizers include, but are not limited to, polysorbate 20, propylene glycol, ethanol, isopropanol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol, diethyl phthalate, triethyl citrate, Ameroxol OE-2 (Amerchol Co ⁇ .), Brij 78 and Brij 98 (ICI Surfactants), Arlasolve 200 (ICI Surfactants), Calfax 16L-35 (Pilot Chemical Co.), Capmul POE-S (Abitec Co ⁇ .), Finsolv SUBSTANTIAL (Finetex), and the like.
- the wetting composition contains less than about 2 weight percent of fragrance solubilizers based on the total weight of. the wetting composition. More desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 1 weight percent of fragrance solubilizers. Even more desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 0.05 weight percent of fragrance solubilizers.
- Suitable opacifiers include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide or other minerals or pigments, and synthetic opacifiers, such as REACTOPAQUE® particles
- the wetting composition contains less than about 2 weight percent of opacifiers based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 1 weight percent of opacifiers. Even more desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 0.05 weight percent of opacifiers.
- Suitable pH control agents for use in the wetting composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to, malic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and the like.
- An appropriate pH range minimizes the amount of skin irritation resulting from the wetting composition on the skin.
- the pH range of the wetting composition is from about 3.5 to about 6.5. More desirably, the pH range of the wetting composition is from about 4 to about 6.
- Desirably the overall pH of the wet wipe product; i.e., the complete wet wipe product including the fabric portion and the wetting solution portion is from about 4.5-5.5; preferably, about 5.0.
- the wetting composition contains less than about 2 weight percent of a pH adjuster based on the total weight of the wetting composition. More desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 1 weight percent of a pH adjuster. Even more desirably, the wetting composition contains from about 0.01 weight percent to about 0.05 weight percent of a pH adjuster.
- wetting compositions formed from one or more of the above-described components, may be used with the wet wipes of the present invention, in one embodiment, the wetting composition contains the following components, given in weight percent of the wetting composition, as shown in Table 1 below:
- the wetting composition comprises the following components, given in weight percent of the wettmg composition, as shown in Table 2 below: Table 2.
- Wetting Composition Components given in weight percent of the wettmg composition, as shown in Table 2 below: Table 2.
- the wetting composition comprises the following components, given in weight percent of the wetting composition, as shown in Table 3 below: Table 3.
- Table 3 An Exemplary Wetting Composition
- wetting compositions of the present invention may be used with any one of the above-described triggerable binder compositions of the present invention. Further, the above-described wetting compositions of the present invention may be used with any other binder composition, including conventional binder compositions, or with any known fibrous or absorbent substrate, whether dispersible or not.
- wet wipes are produced using the above-described wetting composition in Table 2 and an air-laid fibrous material comprising about 75 weight percent of bleached kraft fibers and 25 weight percent of any of the above-described ion-sensitive or triggerable binder compositions of the present invention, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the dry nonwoven fabric.
- the amount of wetting composition added to the nonwoven fabric, relative to the weight of the dry nonwoven fabric in these embodiments, is desirably about 180 percent to about 240 weight percent.
- wet wipes are produced using the above-described wetting composition in Table 1 and an air-laid fibrous material comprising 80 weight percent of softwood fibers and 20 weight percent of an ion-sensitive binder of the present invention.
- the amount of wetting composition added to the nonwoven fabric, relative to the weight of the dry nonwoven fabric in these embodiments, is desirably about 180 percent to about 240 weight percent.
- wet wipes are produced using the above-
- the amount of wetting composition added to the nonwoven fabric, relative to the weight of the dry nonwoven fabric in these embodiments, is desirably about 180 percent to about 240 weight percent.
- the wet wipes of the present invention possess an in-use wet tensile strength of at least about 100 g/in when soaked with 10% to 400% ⁇ by weight wet wipes solution containing more than 0.5% by weight monovalent and/or divalent salts, such as NaCl, ZnCl 2 and/or CaCl 2 or mixtures thereof, and a tensile strength of less than about 30 g/in after being soaked in soft water or hard water containing up to 200 ppm concentration of Ca 2+ and/or Mg 2+ for 24 hours or less, preferably after about one hour.
- CDWT cross deckle wet tensile strength
- Machine direction wet tensile strength has been reported for substrates made on a continuous former. More desirably, the wet wipes of the present invention possess an in-use wet tensile strength of at least about 300 g/in when soaked with 10% to 400% by weight wet wipes solution containing more than 0.5% by weight monovalent and/or divalent salts, such as NaCl, ZnCl 2 and/or CaCl 2 or mixtures thereof, and a tensile strength of less than about 75 g/in after being soaked in soft water or hard water containing up to 200 ppm concentration of Ca 2+ and/or Mg 2+ for 24 hours or less, preferably after about one hour.
- monovalent and/or divalent salts such as NaCl, ZnCl 2 and/or CaCl 2 or mixtures thereof
- the wet wipes of the present invention possess an in-use wet tensile strength of > 300 g/in when soaked with 10% to 400% by weight wet wipes solution containing more than 0.5% by weight monovalent and/or divalent salts, such as NaCl, ZnCl 2 and/or CaCl 2 or mixtures thereof, and a tensile strength of less than about 30 g/in after being soaked in soft water or hard water containing up to 200 ppm concentration of Ca 2+ and/or Mg 2+ for 24 hours or less, preferably after about one hour.
- monovalent and/or divalent salts such as NaCl, ZnCl 2 and/or CaCl 2 or mixtures thereof
- Products with high basis weights than flushable wet " wipes may have relatively higher wet tensile strength.
- products such as pre-moistened towels or hard-surface cleaning wipes, may have basis weights above 70 gsm, such as from 80 gsm to 150 gsm.
- Such products can have CDWT values of 500 g/in or greater, and after soaking values of about 150 g/in or less, more specifically about 100 g/in or less, and most specifically about 50 g/in or less.
- the triggerable polymer composition is applied to a fibrous substrate as part of an aqueous solution or suspension, wherein subsequent drying is needed to remove the water and promote binding of the fibers.
- the binder migrates to the crossover points of the fibers and becomes activated as a binder in those regions, thus providing acceptable strength to the substrate.
- the following steps can be applied:
- an absorbent substrate that is not highly bonded (e.g., an unbonded airlaid, a tissue web, a carded web, fluff pulp, etc.).
- a triggerable polymer composition to the substrate, typically in the form of a liquid, suspension, or foam.
- the substrate may be dried such that the peak substrate temperature does not exceed about 100° to 220° C.
- Application of the triggerable polymer composition to the substrate can be by means of spray; by foam application; by immersion in a bath; by curtain coating; by coating and metering with a wire-wound rod; by passage of the substrate through a flooded nip; by contact with a pre-metered wetted roll coated with the binder solution; by pressing the substrate against a deformable carrier containing the triggerable polymer composition such as a sponge or felt to effect transfer into the substrate; by printing such as gravure, inkjet, or flexographic printing; and any other means known in the art.
- foams In the use of foams to apply a binder or co-binder polymer, the mixture is frothed, typically with a foaming agent, and spread uniformly on the substrate, after which vacuum is applied to pull the froth through the substrate.
- Any known foam application method can be used, including that of U.S. Pat. No. 4,018,647, "Process for the Impregnation of a Wet Fiber Web with a Heat Sensitized Foamed Latex Binder," issued Apr. 19, 1977 to Wietsma, the entirety of which is herein inco ⁇ orated by reference.
- Wietsma discloses a method wherein a foamed latex is heat-sensitized by the addition of a heat-sensitizer such as functional siloxane compounds including siloxane oxyalkylene block copolymers and organopolysiloxanes.
- a heat-sensitizer such as functional siloxane compounds including siloxane oxyalkylene block copolymers and organopolysiloxanes.
- Specific examples of applicable heat- sensitizers and their use thereof for the heat sensitization of latices are described in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,255,140; 3,255,141; 3,483,240 and 3,484,394, all of which are inco ⁇ orated : herein by reference.
- the use of a heat-sensitizer is said to result in a product having a very soft and textile-like hand compared to prior methods of applying foamed latex binders.
- the amount of heat-sensitizer to be added is dependent on, inter alia, the type of latex used, the desired coagulation temperature, the machine speed and the temperatures in the drying section of the machine, and will generally be in the range of about 0.05 to about 3% by weight, calculated as dry matter on the dry weight of the latex; but also larger or smaller amounts may be used.
- the heat sensitizer can be added in such an amount that the latex will coagulate far below the boiling point of water, for instance at a temperature in the range of 35° C. to 95° C, or from about 35° C. to 65° C.
- a drying step after application of the triggerable binder solution and before application of the wetting composition enhances bonding of a fibrous substrate by driving the binder to fiber crossover points as moisture is driven off, thus promoting efficient use of the binder.
- the drying step listed above is skipped, and the triggerable polymer composition is applied to the substrate followed by application of the wetting composition without significant intermediate drying.
- the triggerable polymer composition selectively adheres to the fibers, permitting excess water to be removed in an optional pressing step without a significant loss of the binder from the substrate.
- no significant water removal occurs prior to application of the wetting composition.
- the triggerable polymer composition and the wetting composition are applied simultaneously, optionally with subsequent addition of salt or other insolubilizing compounds to further render the binder insoluble.
- Water-dispersible substrates of the present invention can have any suitable thickness, such as from about 0.1 mm to 5 mm.
- thicknesses can be in the range of 0.2 mm to about 1 mm, more specifically from about 0.3 ⁇ mm to about 0.8 mm. Thickness can be controlled, for example, by the application of compaction rolls during or after web formation, by pressing after binder or wetting composition has been applied, or by controlling the tension of winding when forming a roll good.
- the use of the platen method to measure thickness gives an average thickness at the macroscopic level. Local thickness may vary, especially if the product has been embossed or has otherwise been given a three-dimensional texture.
- Cationic acrylate polymers were synthesized in Methanol, Ethanol or a 75/25 Acetone/Water mixture at 30%-40% total monomer solids.
- Vazo-52 DuPont was utilized as a free-radical initiator. A typical laboratory procedure is described below.
- ADAMQUAT MC-80 (Atofina Chemicals, Philadelphia, PA), 39.6 g, was diluted with 42.0 g of DI water and bubbled with nitrogen as it was fed into the reaction flask.
- Methyl acrylate (Atofina Chemicals, Philadelphia, PA), 267.7 g, and Vazo- 52, 0.6 g, were dissolved in 126.1 g of acetone. This solution was cooled in an ice bath and bubbled with nitrogen as it was fed into the reaction flask. Monomer solutions were fed into the reaction flask over a period of 4 hours using mechanical dosing pumps and held at reflux for an additional 2 hours. The acetone was removed by distillation over a period of approximately 5 hours, adding DI water as the acetone was removed; An aqueous solution with approximately 0.2% residual acetone at about 23% solids was obtained.
- a vacuum box is installed under the sample holder section to help draw the binder into the web during the application process.
- the hand-sheet is placed on the vacuum box and the spray head is moved across the substrate as the binder . is sprayed in a flat V-shaped pattern.
- the binder is contained in a pressurized storage vessel located outside of the spray cabinet and is delivered to the spray nozzles via high pressure flexible tubing.
- the spray header with its spray nozzle (Spraying Systems Company) assembly is moved over the sample by means of a belt driven slide assembly, providing the desired application uniformity and speed.
- the spray header could be operated at speeds close to 180 fpm and the spray atomization pressure could be set as high as 200 psig..
- the sample was manually removed and dried in a Werner Mathis, Model LTV Through-Air Dryer (TAD) at the indicated temperatures and for the indicated times. Final basis weight of the samples with binder was approximately 39-40 gsm.
- a weak, thermally-bonded air-laid (TBAL) nonwoven test substrate was fabricated from Weyerhauser NF405 wood pulp and KoSA T-255 binder fibers.
- the binder fiber had a polyester core and a polyethylene sheath that melts at approximately 130 °C.
- the air-laid web was formed using approximately 4% binder fiber and thermally bonded above the melting temperature of the sheath.
- the TBAL basesheet had an average basis weight of 51 gsm and an average caliper of 1.0 mm.
- the TBAL substrate had a residual CD wet tensile strength of approximately 30 g/in. in water. Application andi drying methods are as described for the UCTAD samples. Final basis weight of the samples with binder was approximately 63-64 gsm.
- a SinTech 1/D tensile tester with Testworks 3.03 version software was used for all sample testing.
- a 100 Newton load cell with pneumatic grips was utilized.
- a gauge length of 2 in. and a crosshead speed of 12 in./min. were employed.
- the peak load values (in g/in.) of sample replicates were recorded and averaged and reported as machine- direction wet tensile strength (MDWT) or cross-deckle wet tensile strength (CDWT), depending on how the measurement was made.
- MDWT machine- direction wet tensile strength
- CDWT cross-deckle wet tensile strength
- the in-use strength of each sample was simulated by either 1) soaking the tensile sample in a salt solution of desired salt type and concentration or a formulated wetting solution containing salt, or 2) applying one of the afore mentioned solutions at a fixed add-on (typically 200%-300%). The samples were allowed to equilibrate for several hours before measuring the tensile strength. Disposal strength or dispersibility was assessed by transferring samples treated as "in-use" into an excess (typically 800 mL) of deionized water or hard water of specified hardness level (as metal ion) and allowing them to soak for the indicated amount of time before the tensile strength was measured. Trigger Properties: UCTAD and TBAL Samples
- Tables 4 through 16 below demonstrate the performance of a variety of cationic binders on TBAL and UCTAD basesheets. Entry numbers in the tables refer to a particular binder with the a/b suffix denoting application of the binder on a TBAL (a) or UCTAD (b) basesheet.
- Table 4 and Table 5 demonstrate the triggerable tensile properties of cationic binders made under batch polymerization conditions and based upon 5-10 mole % of the cationic monomer MADQUAT with the predominant monomer in the polymer composition being either methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate (6b).
- Table 6 and Table 7 show examples for binders synthesized via semibatch monomer addition methods which are preferable for large scale industrial practice.
- the binders in Table 6 provided in-use CDWTs in 4% NaCl on the TBAL basesheet ranging from 137 to 336 g/in, all with appreciable tensile decay over a 1 to 16 hour time period after transfer to 200 ppm hard water. Similar results were observed for the binders on UCTAD basesheets in Table 7.
- Table 8 and Table 9 demonstrate the influence of the cationic monomer counterion.
- Entries 1 la/1 lb demonstrate the trigger properties for a binder based upon the cationic ADAMQUAT monomer with a chloride counterion while entries 12a 12b demonstrate trigger properties for the same polymer, except with a methyl sulfate counterion.
- the chloride ion containing-binders perform better than the methyl sulfate materials. While the methyl sulfate counterion was not as effective as the chloride, useful and triggerable strength properties were still obtained with methyl sulfate, particularly on the UCTAD basesheet.
- Table 10 and Table 11 demonstrate the influence of changing the polymerization initiator level in the synthesis of a 5% ADAMQUAT/95% methyl acrylate binder composition.
- decreasing the initiator level typically results in higher molecular weight.
- Entries 13a/13b, 14a/14b, and 15a/15b show an increase in in-use CDWT values with decreasing initiator level, suggesting that increased molecular weight is favorable for higher in-use strength.
- a parallel increase in residual tensile strength was observed after 1 hour soaks in 200 ppm hard water. However, this residual strength is kinetic in origin as shown in entries 13b, 14b, and 15a/15b where after 24 hours, the residual CDWT values dropped substantially.
- Table 12 shows the influence of increasing the monomer solids in the synthesis of a 5% ADAMQUAT/95% methyl acrylate binder composition at a fixed initiator level. Increased monomer solids typically results in improved monomer conversion as well as increased polymer molecular weight. Entries 16a and 17a demonstrate higher in-use strengths over 13a by ca. 100 g/in. with slightly higher residual CDWTs in hard water after 1 hour. However, these residual strengths drop significantly after 24 hours of hard water exposure.
- Table 13 demonstrates the influence on the tensile properties of the binder upon further modification of the polymer composition from the 5% ADAMQUAT/95% methyl acrylate composition.
- changing the composition to 4% AD AMQU AT/96% methyl acrylate (18a) results in a relative increase in in-use CDWT as well as an initially higher residual CDWT in hard water (1 hour) that drops to acceptable levels after 24 hours.
- Similar binder performance to sample 18a is obtained through modification of the 13a composition by substitution of 15% of the methyl acrylate with methyl methacrylate.
- the change in properties of the 18a and 19a samples relative to sample 13a may be attributed to their more hydrophobic and/ ⁇ r more stiff (in the case of
- Table 15 demonstrates again the influence of polymer composition on in-use strength and dispersibility. Modification of the binder composition 15a to that of 20a which contains 1% more df the hydrophilic ADAMQUAT monomer, resulted in a binder with decreased in-use CDWT and slightly faster dispersibility kinetics after a 1 hour soak in hard water, but similar final residual CDWT values after a 24 hour soak. The decrease in in-use CDWT can be attributed to the more hydrophilic structure of the 20a binder relative to the 15a binder. Table 15
- Table 16 demonstrates the wet-tensile decay properties of a TBAL handsheet containing 25% of a 5% ADAMQUAT/95% methyl acrylate binder.
- Introduction of the dry basesheet to either DI. water or 200 ppm hard water resulted in a relatively slow CDWT decay from ca. 400 g/in to 70-100 g/in within 24 hours.
- the tensile decay profile and ultimate tensile strength can be further tailored by choice of binder composition, binder add-on level and basesheet structure.
- these new materials provide enhanced wettability of the basesheet or substrate due to the inherently more wettable nature of the short alkyl chains. This allows the wetting solution to be applied at a more rapid rate of operation and has positive implications for improving the rate of manufacturing operation.
- the first binder is a 75/25 (w/w) mixture of an ion-sensitive, sulfonate anion modified acrylic acid copolymer (SSB) disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,423,801 Bl (incorporated herein by reference) and a non-crosslinking ethylene-vinyl acetate latex, DUR-O-SET ® -RB, manufactured by National Starch and Chemical Co. of Bridgewater NJ.
- This binder package designated "SSB/RB” in the following discussion, is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,429,261 Bl (incorporated herein by reference).
- the second binder DUR-O-SET ® Elite-22, is a soft, self-crosslinking ethylene-vinyl acetate emulsion manufactured by National Starch and Chemical Co, of Bridgewater NJ. It provides high wet or in-use strength, but renders the basesheet non- dispersible. This binder is referred to as "Elite-22" in the following discussion.
- Air-laid substrate materials were formed continuously on an experimental air-laid machine having a width of 24 inches.
- a DanWeb air-laid former with two forming heads was utilized to produce substrates with the physical properties listed in Table 17.
- Weyerhauser NF405 bleached softwood kraft fiber in pulp sheet form was fiberized in a hammermill and deposited onto a moving wire at 200-300 fpm.
- the newly formed web was densified to the desired level by heated compaction rolls and transferred to an oven wire, where it was sprayed on the top side with the desired binder formulation, applying approximately half of the desired binder solids relative to the dry fiber mass of the web.
- Spray was applied via a series of Quick Veejet® nozzles, Nozzle type 600050, manufactured by Spraying Systems Co., Wheaton, IL, operating at approximately 100 psi.
- a spray boom over the web provided 5 such nozzles on 5.5 inch centers with a tip-to-wire distance of 8 inches. This arrangement yielded 100% overlap of the spray cones for the binder.
- Each binder was sprayed at approximately 15% binder solids with water as the carrier.
- the wet web was carried through an oven section of approximately 30 feet in length, operating at 395 °F to dry the binder.
- the web was then turned over, transferred onto another wire and passed under a second spray boom to add the other half of the desired binder solids, for a total weight percent of 20% binder solids relative to the dry fiber mass of the web.
- the web was then passed through a second oven section as described above, to complete the drying of the substrate.
- the center 12 inches of each code was slit in three 4 inch widths and was reserved for subsequent experiments.
- the polymer was prepared in acetone/water (75/25) at 30% total solids with 0.074% Vazo-52 initiator.
- each code had a basis weight of approximately 60 gsm, a caliper of approximately 0.8 mm, and an MD dry tensile strength (MDDT) of approximately 2,000 g/in. Therefore, differences in other dry and wet basesheet properties are attributed to differences in performance of the respective binders.
- MDDT MD dry tensile strength
- the dry basesheet materials described above were converted into wet, coreless rolls by applying a wetting solution to a 4 inch slit of each code and winding it into a roll by methods such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,429,261 (incorporated herein by reference).
- the wetting solution was applied via a hand-held aerosol or pump-action sprayer to a sheet of the desired dimensions.
- Target add-on was typically approximately 100% to 400% relative to the weight of the dry basesheet. More typically, add-on was approximately 200% to 300% relative to the weight of the dry basesheet. In most cases for the experimental samples, solution add-on was 200%-250%.
- the aqueous wetting solution should contain a sufficient amount of salt necessary to provide adequate wet strength for the wipe.
- the formulated wetting solution can contain other ingredients, including but not limited to: surfactants, preservatives, fragrances, emollients, pH adjusters, buffering agents, skin care additives, and odor control additives.
- surfactants including but not limited to: surfactants, preservatives, fragrances, emollients, pH adjusters, buffering agents, skin care additives, and odor control additives.
- a SinTech 1/D tensile tester with Testworks 3.03 version software was used for all sample testing.
- a 100 Newton load cell with pneumatic grips was utilized.
- a gauge length of 2 in. and a crosshead speed of 12 in./minute were employed.
- the peak load values (in g/in.) of sample replicates were recorded and averaged and reported as machine- direction wet tensile strength (MDWT) or cross-deckle wet tensile strength (CDWT), depending on how the measurement was made. For samples that were too weak to be handled and measured (typically less than 20 g/in.) a "0" was recorded for the peak load.
- MDWT machine- direction wet tensile strength
- CDWT cross-deckle wet tensile strength
- the in-use strength of each sample was simulated by applying a salt solution or formulated wetting solution at the desired add-on as described above. The samples were allowed to equilibrate for several hours before measuring the tensile strength. Disposal strength or dispersibility was assessed by transferring samples treated as "in-use” into an excess (typically 800 mL) of deionized water or hard water of specified hardness level (as metal ion) and allowed to soak for the indicated amount of time before the tensile strength was measured.
- Table 19 presents data for TBAL and UCTAD handsheet prototypes for the specified cationic binders. These data indicate that the TBAL handsheet yielded in excess of 300-400 g/in. of in-use tensile strength and decayed to ⁇ 50g/in. of residual strength in hard water, depending on binder preparation and composition.
- the UCTAD tissue- handsheet also yielded high levels of in-use tensile strength (500-600 g/in.) and decayed to approximately the same low levels of residual strength in hard water.
- Table 20 details the MDWT of the dispersible air laid codes in NaCl solution from 0.5% to 4.0% by weight.
- Code 202 with the SSB/RB binder exhibits much lower in-use MDWT below 2% NaCl. At 2% or above, it stays roughly constant. After placing the wetted strips in DI water or hard water, the MDWT drops to essentially zero regardless of the percent NaCl present in the wetting solution.
- the MU-5 code by contrast, still maintains a significant degree of in-use strength even as low as 0.5% NaCl. Also, at comparable salt level it gives increased in-use MDWT over the SSB/RB code. It is kinetically slower to disperse, and maintains a higher degree of residual strength in hard water versus DI water. The details of the effects are not completely understood at present, but may be due to a small amount of ester hydrolysis in the polymer backbone.
- the binders of the present invention may now maintain sufficient strength in the presence of urine, menses, and other biological fluids without the use of an external triggering agent. Therefore, they may be much more suitable for personal care applications beyond pre-wetted products.
- Tables 21 and 22 detail the MDWT values of the MU-5 Code #208 in various salt solutions. These data indicate that the performance is similar to that of NaCl and a variety of divalent and monovalent salts function well as triggering agents for the MU-5. In-use strength is at least approximately 500 g/in. in 4% salt and at least approximately 400 g/in. in 2% salt. Dispersibility is kinetically slower and the samples maintain a slightly higher degree of residual strength in hard water versus DI water.
- Table 23 details the MDWT of the air-laid codes in the formulated COl wetting solution.
- the MU-5 code showed approximately 25% higher strength than the SSB/RB code.
- the SSB/RB code was faster to disperse and the residual strength level was higher for the MU-5 code.
- the basesheet it is desirable for the basesheet to have a low stiffness both in the dry and wet state. In the dry state, it is desirable for the basesheet to remain more flexible for converting and handling, particularly with respect to wet-winding and fabrication of coreless rolls. Also, low product stiffness in the wet state is desirable. A more flexible wet product gives better feel and conformance to the body and hands when used. Also, a less stiff wiper sheet may be less resistant to turbulence and flow and be better able to clear household plumbing fixtures without clogging. Dry basesheet and wet product stiffness is characterized by a Cup Crush Test as described in the co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No.
- Table 24 gives Cup Crush results for the three basesheet codes.
- Code 202 with the SSB/RB binder is stiffer than the other codes indicated by the higher Total Crush Energy and Peak Load values.
- the cationic MU-5 binder gave dry Total Crush Energy and Peak Load results which were similar to the low Tg, Elite-PE binder.
- the code with the Elite-PE binder gave the highest Total Crush Energy and Peak Load due to the cross-linking nature of the binder.
- the MU- 5 and the SSB/RB codes gave values that are roughly comparable in the wet state. Table 24.
- cup crush is a measure of the softness and flexibility of the product, the lower the value, the softer and more flexible the wet wipe will be, and therefore the more desirable the product.
- the dry Peak Load In the dry state it is desirable to have a Peak Load of less than about 500 g and a Total Crush Energy of less than about 4000 g*mm. More desirably, the dry Peak Load would be less than about 400 g and a Total Crush Energy of less than about 3000 g*mm. Most desirably, the dry Peak Load would be less than about 300 g and a Total Crush Energy of less than about 2000 g*mm.
- the wet wipes of the present invention desirably have a cup crush of less than about 40 g and a wet Total Crush Energy of less than about 450 g*mm. More desirably, the wet wipes have a cup crush of less than about 30 g and a wet Total Crush Energy of less than about 350 g*mm. Even more desirably, the wet wipes have a cup crush of less than about 20 g and a wet Total Crush Energy of less than about 250 g*mm.
- the dry basesheet it is desirable for the dry basesheet to have a high degree of wettability. This is especially important with respect to wet-winding and fabrication of coreless rolls. Poor wettability leads to poor control of the web in the wetting operation and a reduction in the rate of operation in the wet-winding process.
- a Drop Shape Analyzer (DSA-10), Kruss USA, Charlotte, NC, with an automatic drop-dosing system and a CCD camera was used to evaluate dry basesheet wettability.
- the DSA captures drop contact and absorption into porous substrates using high-speed photography. These images can be evaluated with the software provided by the manufacturer and used to measure contact angles and fluid intake times for nonwovens, such as the air-laid substrates in the present invention.
- Table 25 indicates that the MU-5 code gives the best wettability, or shortest drop absorption time, for the basesheet codes with otherwise similar physical properties.
- the short absorption time for the MU-5 indicates that it has the highest probability of running at a higher rate of operation in the wet- winding process.
- the basesheet have a DSA Absorption time of less than about 150 ms. Desirably, the basesheet has a DSA Absorption time of less than about 100 ms. More desirably, the basesheet has a DSA Absorption time of less than about 75 ms.
- Low product tackiness or stickiness is another desirable attribute. Low tackiness provides good consumer feel and tactile properties, as well as ease of product dispensing.
- Sheet-to-sheet adhesion of basesheet samples wetted with the COl wetting solution was measured with a Stable Microsystems TA-XT21 Texture Analyzer, Texture Technologies, Inc., Scarsdale, NY. A 5 kg load cell was used with a resolution of 0.1 g of force. The probe utilized was Texture Technologies TA-310 indexable Release Liner Rig for Tackiness and Adhesiveness of Flexible Materials. The bottom platen rig was not used, but was replaced with the platen rig from Texture Technologies TA-96 Double clamp set.
- a 0.25 cm thick stainless steel block was used as a material platform inside of the platen clamp rig.
- Each test rig was equipped with Plexiglas shims (approximately 2.5 cm x 4.4 cm by 0.25 cm) to provide maximum contact area with clamped testing material. The following test procedure was utilized.
- Tension was applied to the other side of the strip by sliding a second shim from the top surface of the block to the bottom surface. While maintaining tension, the block/sheet/shim apparatus was placed in the platen clamp. The assembly was centered and tightened into place with the clamp jaws contacting the Plexiglas shims. A second strip of sheet was draped over and centered on the TA-310 probe.
- the Texture Expert Exceed software was used to produce the Tack Force versus distance curve using the following parameters in Table 26.
- Peak Tack Force was determined using this method and the data appearing in Table 27. Code 202 with the SSS/RS binder had the highest Tack Force and was significantly higher than the MU-5 code. Code 213 exhibited the lowest tack force due to the non-dispersing, crosslinking nature of the binder. Table 27. ⁇ Peak Tack Force Data for the Air-laid Samples with COl Solution (225%)
- the wet basesheet have a Peak Tack Force of less than about 50 g. Desirably, the wet basesheet has a Peak Tack Force of less than about 35 g. More desirably, the wet basesheet has a Peak Tack Force of less than about 10 g.
- the pH of the wetting solution that may be rendered or expressed from the product.
- the purpose is to provide the proper or optimum pH for skin contact with the product.
- the pH range for normal skin is approximately 4.5-5.5 and an optimal wetting solution should be formulated within this range to assure mild cleansing.
- the pH of the expressed solution should remain close to the pH of the formulated solution. In other words, it is desirable to control the Expressed pH of the product solely by the pH of the wetting solution.
- the Elite-PE code gives a smaller, more moderate pH shift downward.
- the pH value for the MU-5 code gave a slight pH shift up, even though the binder pH was lower than SSB, as received. This indicates that the MU-5 had no inherent acid source and the. Expressed pH was easily controlled by the wetting solution pH.
- the MU-5 Air-laid code requires a low level of salt or triggering agent to produce trigger activity.
- the binders of the present invention may be suitable for providing wet strength and/or temporary wet strength in the absence of added salt for dry tissues, towels, and other products due to their solubility characteristics. This is illustrated by Table 29 below. Table 29 shows the immediate wet tensile strength and tensile sitesngth decay in various levels of hard water for the MU-5 air-laid code. Immediate wet tensile sitesngth of approximately 400 g in. was seen. After 24 hours or less, the wet tensile strength dropped to approximately 70-100 g/in., depending on water hardness level. The strength dropped to >20 g/in. in DI or soft water.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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AU2003228262A AU2003228262A1 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2003-05-23 | Improved ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
EP20030726961 EP1539880B1 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2003-05-23 | Improved ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
MXPA05002501A MXPA05002501A (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2003-05-23 | Improved ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same. |
BR0314099A BR0314099B1 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2003-05-23 | binder composition, nonwoven cloth, fibrous substrate and water dispersible article. |
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US10/251,656 US7141519B2 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2002-09-20 | Ion triggerable, cationic polymers, a method of making same and items using same |
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US7141519B2 (en) | 2006-11-28 |
US20040063888A1 (en) | 2004-04-01 |
AU2003228262A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
EP1539880B1 (en) | 2013-03-13 |
KR20050057204A (en) | 2005-06-16 |
KR100968655B1 (en) | 2010-07-06 |
BR0314099A (en) | 2005-06-21 |
MXPA05002501A (en) | 2005-05-27 |
AR041314A1 (en) | 2005-05-11 |
BR0314099B1 (en) | 2013-04-30 |
EP1539880A1 (en) | 2005-06-15 |
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