WO2004008509A1 - Defect reduction in semiconductor materials - Google Patents
Defect reduction in semiconductor materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004008509A1 WO2004008509A1 PCT/EP2003/007604 EP0307604W WO2004008509A1 WO 2004008509 A1 WO2004008509 A1 WO 2004008509A1 EP 0307604 W EP0307604 W EP 0307604W WO 2004008509 A1 WO2004008509 A1 WO 2004008509A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- etching
- epitaxial
- substrate
- growth
- layer
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/306—Chemical or electrical treatment, e.g. electrolytic etching
- H01L21/30604—Chemical etching
- H01L21/30612—Etching of AIIIBV compounds
- H01L21/30621—Vapour phase etching
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02367—Substrates
- H01L21/0237—Materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02367—Substrates
- H01L21/0237—Materials
- H01L21/02373—Group 14 semiconducting materials
- H01L21/02378—Silicon carbide
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02367—Substrates
- H01L21/0237—Materials
- H01L21/0242—Crystalline insulating materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H01L21/02439—Materials
- H01L21/02455—Group 13/15 materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H01L21/02439—Materials
- H01L21/02455—Group 13/15 materials
- H01L21/02458—Nitrides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
- H01L21/02521—Materials
- H01L21/02538—Group 13/15 materials
- H01L21/0254—Nitrides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02656—Special treatments
- H01L21/02658—Pretreatments
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic System or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/302—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to change their surface-physical characteristics or shape, e.g. etching, polishing, cutting
- H01L21/306—Chemical or electrical treatment, e.g. electrolytic etching
- H01L21/30604—Chemical etching
- H01L21/30612—Etching of AIIIBV compounds
- H01L21/30617—Anisotropic liquid etching
Definitions
- the invention relates to the production of epitaxial materials with a reduced defect density.
- Epitaxial wafer materials are widely used as starting materials in semiconductor device fabrication.
- the presence of defects in such wafer materials can seriously affect the subsequent device performance.
- GaN and its related compounds InGaN and AlGaN are widely used in the fabrication of short- wavelength semiconductor laser diodes.
- the performance of such laser diodes is seriously degraded by the presence of threading dislocations, which thread vertically through the epitaxial layers. Similar defects are found in other material systems, for example, when GaAs is grown on SiGe/Si. A reduced dislocation density on the epitaxial wafer materials is therefore desired.
- GaN shall also refer to its compounds (In)(Al)(Ga)N, and may be p-type, n-type or undoped.
- ELOG Epitaxial Layer Over-Growth
- Defect density in good ELOG growth is reduced from 10 l ⁇ cm “2 in standard GaN/Sapphire growth, to 10 8 cm “2 in 1 step ELOG, or to 5.10 5 cm “2 after multiple steps of ELOG.
- a defect density of 5.10 5 cm “2 corresponds to 1 defect per 14 ⁇ mxl4 ⁇ m square area. Therefore, the size of a defect-free area is still small in comparison to the 50mm diameter wafer area available for device fabrication.
- a second approach, described in US patent application US2002/0005593 is to grow standard GaN epitaxial layers at high temperature (1000 °C), then deposit a thin layer of GaN at a lower temperature (700 - 900 °C), then resume growth at the high temperature (1000 °C). It is claimed that this prevents defects from propagating vertically, and reduces the defect density from >10 10 cm 2 to 4.10 7 cm 2 . This approach suffers from insufficient removal of defects.
- a third approach is the direct production of GaN substrates from liquid gallium, and nitrogen at very high pressure (45,000 bar) (by Unipress in Poland). This approach suffers from the use of very highly specialised and expensive equipment, and the production of rather small ( ⁇ 1 cm 2 ) GaN crystals.
- the invention is therefore directed towards providing a method and system to produce large areas of epitaxial material with low defect density in a simple and effective manner, using relatively common and inexpensive equipment and materials.
- a method of producing a low-defect semiconductor wafer in which an epitaxial layer is grown on a substrate comprising the steps of:- (a) growing a layer of epitaxial material on the substrate,
- the step (b) is performed by exposing the surface to dry etching by RIE, or ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma etching), or chemically assisted ion beam etching, or other suitable dry etching process.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- ICP Inductively Coupled Plasma etching
- chemically assisted ion beam etching or other suitable dry etching process.
- the step (b) is performed by immersion in aqua regia, or a mixture of KOH/NaOH, or other suitable wet etching solution.
- an additional compound is added for the growth step (c) to improve surface smoothness.
- the additional compound is In(Ga)N, or Al(Ga)N, or magnesium doped (Al)(In)(Ga)N.
- the epitaxial material is GaN.
- the substrate is of sapphire material.
- the substrate is of Si, SiC, or diamond material.
- the epitaxial material is InP.
- the epitaxial material is GaAs.
- the method comprises the further steps of repeating steps (b) and (c) one or more additional times until a target defect density is achieved.
- the etching is performed in-situ within a growth chamber.
- the etching is performed under vacuum.
- the invention provides a semiconductor wafer whenever produced by a method as defined above.
- Figs. 1(a) to 1(d) are a series of diagrams showing a semiconductor growth method of the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a photograph illustrating the surface of etched GaN after RIE.
- a sapphire substrate 1 acts as the substrate for the epitaxial growth of device quality wafer material.
- an initial epitaxial layer 2 of GaN is grown on the substrate 1 in a conventional manner. However, there are many defects 3 which thread through the epitaxial layer 2.
- the epitaxial layer 2 is etched by wet or dry etching within the growth chamber.
- the etching acts preferentially on the epitaxial layer 2 at the defects 3, causing them to become enlarged cavities 5, which may or may not extend down to the substrate 1.
- These cavities 5 appear as black dots in the photograph of an etched surface shown in Fig. 2.
- the cavities 5 are too large in proportion to the crystal lattice to act as defects in the usual sense.
- Indium or magnesium may be added to the GaN to aid planarisation. Steps (c) and (d) may be repeated if removal of defects was not sufficient in step (c).
- Further epitaxial growth allows wafer materials for devices such as high power transistors, light emitting diodes, and laser diodes to be produced.
- GaN growth is initiated in the standard way by MOVPE or MBE. It has been found by other groups that after an initial three dimensional growth, a two dimensional growth mode takes over. Incorporated unintentionally in this two dimensional growth are many threading dislocations which propagate upwards through any subsequent growth.
- the wafer is removed from the growth chamber and placed in a reactive ion etch (RIE) chamber. Etching proceeds with a mixture of SiCl 4 /H 2 as the etchant. This has been found to preferentially etch macroscopic defects and threading dislocations.
- RIE reactive ion etch
- etching is left to the discretion of the operator, but should be long enough to cause substantial etching of the defects, which may or may not be etched all the way back to the substrate.
- the surface is heat treated at 300-1000°C in a N 2 or NH 3 ambient. GaN growth is then resumed in the growth reactor until a planar surface is achieved. The wafer is now ready for the subsequent growth of device epitaxial layers, as required.
- Example 2
- GaN growth is initiated in the standard way by MOVPE or MBE.
- MOVPE commonly sapphire, but may be SiC or other
- GaN growth is initiated in the standard way by MOVPE or MBE.
- MOVPE commonly sapphire, but may be SiC or other
- the wafer is removed from the growth chamber and placed in a beaker of boiling aqua regia solution (HC1:HN0 3 at 3:1).
- Etching has been found to leave the good quality GaN areas almost unaffected, but macroscopic defects and threading dislocations are substantially etched.
- the time of etching is left to the discretion of the operator, but should be long enough to cause substantial etching of the defects, which may or may not be etched all the way back to the substrate.
- the wafer is then removed from the solution, placed in boiling ammonia polysulfide solution for ten minutes, removed, rinsed in de-ionised water, then dried. Finally, GaN growth is resumed in the growth reactor until a planar surface is achieved. The wafer is now ready for subsequent device epitaxial layers, as required.
- the invention achieves a more effective reduction of defects with simpler processing than the prior art.
- the etching step is applied to the whole wafer surface there is no need for definition/ masking of surface areas as in the ELOG approach.
- the invention does not require the incorporation of a foreign material (such as Si0 2 or Si x N y in ELOG) as it effectively provides an homogenous GaN epitaxy over the substrate.
- defects are removed over the whole surface, rather than in strips as in ELOG.
- there is little material wastage as only about 1 micron is lost due to the dry etching, and almost no material is lost due to the wet etching. Regrowth may achieve planarisation in less than 1 micron of growth, due to the small size of the defects.
- at least 2 micron growth is required to cover the Si0 2 strips and to achieve a planarised surface, often over 100 micron growth is used.
- the invention can be applied to the growth of other epitaxial layers for a wide variety of semiconductor devices, such as InP, GaAs, and Si. Further any other suitable substrate may be used such as Si, SiC, or diamond. Also, any suitable wet or dry etching method which preferentially etches the defects may be used.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004520620A JP2005532692A (en) | 2002-07-11 | 2003-07-11 | Defect reduction in semiconductor materials. |
AU2003254349A AU2003254349A1 (en) | 2002-07-11 | 2003-07-11 | Defect reduction in semiconductor materials |
EP03763842A EP1540713A1 (en) | 2002-07-11 | 2003-07-11 | Defect reduction in semiconductor materials |
US11/030,986 US7399684B2 (en) | 2002-07-11 | 2005-01-10 | Defect reduction in semiconductor materials |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IE2002/0574 | 2002-07-11 | ||
IE20020574 | 2002-07-11 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/030,986 Continuation US7399684B2 (en) | 2002-07-11 | 2005-01-10 | Defect reduction in semiconductor materials |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004008509A1 true WO2004008509A1 (en) | 2004-01-22 |
Family
ID=30011842
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2003/007604 WO2004008509A1 (en) | 2002-07-11 | 2003-07-11 | Defect reduction in semiconductor materials |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1540713A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2005532692A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100454486C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003254349A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004008509A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006064081A1 (en) | 2004-12-14 | 2006-06-22 | Optogan Oy | Semiconductor substrate, semiconductor device and method of manufacturing a semiconductor substrate |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101587831B (en) * | 2008-05-19 | 2013-01-16 | 展晶科技(深圳)有限公司 | Semiconductor component structure and method for manufacturing semiconductor component |
CN102005370B (en) * | 2010-10-12 | 2013-09-18 | 北京大学 | Method for preparing homoepitaxy substrate |
EP4181173A1 (en) * | 2011-11-21 | 2023-05-17 | IV Works Co., Ltd | Semiconductor substrate and method of forming |
CN102779787A (en) * | 2012-07-20 | 2012-11-14 | 江苏能华微电子科技发展有限公司 | Preparation method of III-nitride semiconductor devices |
CN103871849A (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2014-06-18 | 上海华虹宏力半导体制造有限公司 | Forming method of epitaxial layers |
CN106486339B (en) * | 2015-08-26 | 2020-03-13 | 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 | Preparation method of GaN film |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4404265A (en) * | 1969-10-01 | 1983-09-13 | Rockwell International Corporation | Epitaxial composite and method of making |
US6121121A (en) * | 1997-11-07 | 2000-09-19 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd | Method for manufacturing gallium nitride compound semiconductor |
EP1111663A2 (en) * | 1999-12-20 | 2001-06-27 | Nitride Semiconductors Co., Ltd. | GaN-based compound semiconductor device and method of producing the same |
US20010008299A1 (en) * | 1998-11-24 | 2001-07-19 | Linthicum Kevin J. | Pendeoepitaxial methods of fabricating gallium nitride semiconductor layers on silicon carbide substrates by lateral growth from sidewalls of masked posts |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3958818B2 (en) * | 1997-01-08 | 2007-08-15 | 三菱電線工業株式会社 | Semiconductor light emitting device and manufacturing method thereof |
JP3786544B2 (en) * | 1999-06-10 | 2006-06-14 | パイオニア株式会社 | Nitride semiconductor device manufacturing method and device manufactured by the method |
JP2001122693A (en) * | 1999-10-22 | 2001-05-08 | Nec Corp | Ground substrate for crystal growth and method of producing substrate using the same |
JP4556300B2 (en) * | 2000-07-18 | 2010-10-06 | ソニー株式会社 | Crystal growth method |
JP3988018B2 (en) * | 2001-01-18 | 2007-10-10 | ソニー株式会社 | Crystal film, crystal substrate and semiconductor device |
JP3583375B2 (en) * | 2001-03-02 | 2004-11-04 | 三菱電線工業株式会社 | GaN-based semiconductor substrate and method of manufacturing the same |
JP3690326B2 (en) * | 2001-10-12 | 2005-08-31 | 豊田合成株式会社 | Method for producing group III nitride compound semiconductor |
-
2003
- 2003-07-11 CN CNB038197944A patent/CN100454486C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-07-11 JP JP2004520620A patent/JP2005532692A/en active Pending
- 2003-07-11 AU AU2003254349A patent/AU2003254349A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-11 WO PCT/EP2003/007604 patent/WO2004008509A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-07-11 EP EP03763842A patent/EP1540713A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4404265A (en) * | 1969-10-01 | 1983-09-13 | Rockwell International Corporation | Epitaxial composite and method of making |
US6121121A (en) * | 1997-11-07 | 2000-09-19 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd | Method for manufacturing gallium nitride compound semiconductor |
US20010008299A1 (en) * | 1998-11-24 | 2001-07-19 | Linthicum Kevin J. | Pendeoepitaxial methods of fabricating gallium nitride semiconductor layers on silicon carbide substrates by lateral growth from sidewalls of masked posts |
EP1111663A2 (en) * | 1999-12-20 | 2001-06-27 | Nitride Semiconductors Co., Ltd. | GaN-based compound semiconductor device and method of producing the same |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
WEYHER J L ET AL: "Study of individual grown-in and indentation-induced dislocations in GaN by defect-selective etching and transmission electron microscopy", MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B, ELSEVIER SEQUOIA, LAUSANNE, CH, vol. 80, no. 1-3, 22 March 2001 (2001-03-22), pages 318 - 321, XP004234721, ISSN: 0921-5107 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006064081A1 (en) | 2004-12-14 | 2006-06-22 | Optogan Oy | Semiconductor substrate, semiconductor device and method of manufacturing a semiconductor substrate |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1675746A (en) | 2005-09-28 |
CN100454486C (en) | 2009-01-21 |
EP1540713A1 (en) | 2005-06-15 |
AU2003254349A1 (en) | 2004-02-02 |
JP2005532692A (en) | 2005-10-27 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7399684B2 (en) | Defect reduction in semiconductor materials | |
KR100401898B1 (en) | Base substrate for crystal growth and manufacturing method of substrate by using the same | |
US7795146B2 (en) | Etching technique for the fabrication of thin (Al, In, Ga)N layers | |
US9147733B2 (en) | Method for the reuse of gallium nitride epitaxial substrates | |
JP3139445B2 (en) | GaN-based semiconductor growth method and GaN-based semiconductor film | |
JP5180050B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of semiconductor device | |
JP5461773B2 (en) | Growth of flat and low dislocation density m-plane gallium nitride by hydride vapor deposition | |
US8212287B2 (en) | Nitride semiconductor structure and method of making same | |
US8247249B2 (en) | Semi-polar nitride-based light emitting structure and method of forming same | |
JP2003249453A (en) | Manufacturing method for gallium nitride substrate | |
JP2008177586A (en) | GaN SYSTEM SEMICONDUCTOR AND ITS MANUFACTURING METHOD | |
JP3441415B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of semiconductor crystal | |
US10892159B2 (en) | Semipolar or nonpolar group III-nitride substrates | |
WO2004008509A1 (en) | Defect reduction in semiconductor materials | |
JP2001102668A (en) | Manufacturing method of semiconductor substrate | |
JP2001148348A (en) | Gab SEMICONDUCTOR ELEMENT AND MANUFACTURING METHOD | |
US20210175077A1 (en) | Semipolar or nonpolar group iii-nitride substrates | |
KR102126186B1 (en) | Method for manufacturing a gallium nitride substrate | |
JP2003257879A (en) | 3-5 group compound semiconductor and method for preparing the same | |
Mirin et al. | Morphology and optical properties of strained InGaAs quantum wires | |
JP2005094029A (en) | GaN SYSTEM SEMICONDUCTOR AND MANUFACTURING METHOD | |
KR101660735B1 (en) | method for growing nitride semiconductor film | |
JP4369782B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of semiconductor substrate | |
CN116210071A (en) | Semiconductor structure and preparation method thereof | |
JPH06232045A (en) | Manufacture of crystalline substrate |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 11030986 Country of ref document: US |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2004520620 Country of ref document: JP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2003763842 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 20038197944 Country of ref document: CN |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2003763842 Country of ref document: EP |