WO2003059586A2 - Methods and apparatus for punching through egg shells with reduced force - Google Patents
Methods and apparatus for punching through egg shells with reduced force Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003059586A2 WO2003059586A2 PCT/US2002/035740 US0235740W WO03059586A2 WO 2003059586 A2 WO2003059586 A2 WO 2003059586A2 US 0235740 W US0235740 W US 0235740W WO 03059586 A2 WO03059586 A2 WO 03059586A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- punch
- egg
- shell
- actuators
- projectile
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 210000003278 egg shell Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 title description 44
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
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- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims description 15
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- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000002257 embryonic structure Anatomy 0.000 claims 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 125
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 27
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 27
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 5
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- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000286209 Phasianidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 210000001643 allantois Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000013020 embryo development Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 241000272525 Anas platyrhynchos Species 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000219104 Cucurbitaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000271571 Dromaius novaehollandiae Species 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000272534 Struthio camelus Species 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K45/00—Other aviculture appliances, e.g. devices for determining whether a bird is about to lay
- A01K45/007—Injecting or otherwise treating hatching eggs
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to eggs and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for processing eggs in ovo.
- An egg injection device conventionally is designed to operate in conjunction with commercial egg carrier devices or flats.
- the injection device may comprise a plurality of injection needles, which operate simultaneously or sequentially to inject a plurality of eggs, or a single injection needle used to inject a plurality of eggs.
- the injection device may comprise an "injection head" which comprises the injection needle or needles, and wherein each injection needle is in fluid communication with a source containing a treatment substance to be injected.
- a single fluid source may supply all of the injection needles in an injection device, or multiple fluid sources may be utilized.
- the illustrated apparatus 10 includes a flat 15 for carrying eggs 20, a stationary base 16, and a plurality of injection delivery devices, or heads, 25 with fluid delivery means such as lumens or needle (s) positioned therein in accordance with known techniques.
- the flat 15 holds a plurality of eggs 20 in a substantially upright position.
- the flat 15 is configured to provide external access to predetermined areas of the eggs 20.
- Each egg 20 is held by the flat 15 so that a respective end thereof is in proper alignment relative to a corresponding one of the injection heads 25 as the injection head 25 advances towards the base 16 of the apparatus .
- each injection head 25 of the apparatus of Fig. 1 includes a punch 26 and an injection needle 27 with the punch surrounding the needle 27 in coaxial relationship therewith as illustrated in Figs. 2A-2B.
- the punch 26 is configured to pierce the egg shell and the needle 27 is configured to deliver a substance into the egg (Fig. 2B) .
- Egg flats utilized in conjunction with in ovo injection devices contain an array of pockets that are .configured to support a respective plurality of eggs in a generally upright orientation.
- An exemplary egg flat 30 is illustrated in Figs. 3A-3B.
- the illustrated egg flat 30 includes a plurality of rows of pockets 32.
- Each pocket 32 is configured to receive one end 20a of a respective egg 20 so as to support the respective egg 14 in a substantially vertical position.
- Each pocket 32 of the illustrated egg flat 30 contains a plurality of tabs 34 (Fig. 3B) that are configured to support a respective egg as illustrated in Fig. 4.
- these support tabs 34 can damage eggs during in ovo processing.
- the force applied to an egg by an in ovo processing punch can push the egg downwardly against the support tabs 34 with sufficient force to cause the egg to crack.
- cracked eggs can lead to contamination of other eggs within an egg flat, as well as contamination of processing equipment .
- support tabs in conventional egg flats are somewhat flexible and can deflect when an egg supported thereby is punched.
- conventional egg flats are typically somewhat flexible.
- the egg flat structure can warp and/or twist. This warping and/or twisting of the egg flat can add to the deflection of the support tabs such that when the force of .punching is removed tne egg flat and tabs can grip an egg, thereby making removal from the egg flat difficult . Accordingly, it would be desirable to be able to punch through the shell of an egg supported within an egg flat without causing the egg to crack and without causing the egg to become stuck within the egg flat.
- methods and apparatus for forming an opening in a shell of an avian egg such that the potential for cracking is greatly reduced comprise moving a punch through an egg shell at speeds equal to or greater than thirty (30) inches per second.
- punch travel is stopped immediately upon entering an egg.
- punch travel is stopped via energy-absorbing material positioned between an egg and the housing or support structure of the punch.
- punch travel can be stopped by the punching tool body which can be clamped during punching.
- Punches may be driven via various devices including gravity-assisted devices, spring- assisted devices, solenoid-assisted devices, voice coil- assisted devices, and fluid-assisted (e.g., compressed air, compressed nitrogen, liquid, etc.) devices. Punches according ⁇ to embodiments of the present invention may also be configured to deliver treatment substances into eggs.
- the shell of an egg may be pierced without causing cracking by hurling one or more small projectiles at the egg shell at speeds in excess of 30 inches per second.
- a non-toxic, bio-degradable material e.g., ice
- a projectile may contain a predetermined dosage of a treatment substance.
- the shell of an egg may be pierced without causing cracking by moving a punch through an egg shell at speeds equal to or greater than thirty (30) inches per second and then hurling one or more small projectiles (e.g., ice) within an egg to penetrate the membrane at the floor of the air cell and/or to deliver a predetermined dosage of . a treatment substance.
- a punch through an egg shell at speeds equal to or greater than thirty (30) inches per second and then hurling one or more small projectiles (e.g., ice) within an egg to penetrate the membrane at the floor of the air cell and/or to deliver a predetermined dosage of . a treatment substance.
- a punch may be mounted on a piezoelectric actuator or electromagnetic actuator configured to vibrate at frequencies in a range of between about 1,000 Hz and about 100,000 Hz. These frequencies effectively cause a punch to move at speeds in excess of 30 inches per second. Downward motion of an egg due to egg flat and support tab deflection during punching increases the energy required for punching the egg. For example, eggs typically move downward about 1/8 inch to 3/16 inch during punching due to egg flat and support tab flexure caused by conventional punching forces averaging about six pounds per egg.
- Total punch work is therefore about 0.03 to 0.04 foot-pounds via conventional punching, techniques. Measurements of energy required to punch a rigidly supported egg are about 1/100 foot-pound. Thus conventional punching with the attendant flat deflection can increase the energy required to punch an egg by a factor of three to four.
- Embodiments of the present invention can be advantageous over conventional egg shell punching apparatus and methods because less energy may be required to form openings within egg shells.
- Fig. 1 is a side elevation view of an exemplary in ovo processing apparatus that is configured to form an opening in an egg shell and inject material into an egg and/or remove material from an egg.
- Figs. 2A-2B are cross-sectional views of a lower portion of an injector head of the apparatus of
- FIG. 1 wherein a punch is. about to pierce the shell of an egg (Fig. 2A) , ⁇ and wherein a needle is injecting material into an egg after an opening has been formed in the shell thereof (Fig. 2B) .
- Fig. 3A is a perspective view of a conventional egg . flat .
- Fig. 3B is a top plan view of the egg flat of Fig. 3A.
- Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an egg supported within a pocket of the egg flat of Fig. 3A.
- Fig. 5 illustrates a gravity-assisted device for forming an opening within an egg shell according to embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 6 illustrates a spring-assisted device for forming an opening within an egg shell according to embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 7 illustrates a solenoid-assisted device for forming an opening within an egg shell according to embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 8 illustrates a pneumatic-assisted device for forming an opening within an egg shell according to embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 9 illustrates a device for .hurling a projectile at an egg shell to form an opening therein in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 10 illustrates a punch mounted to a piezoelectric actuator that is configured to vibrate rapidly when electrical energy from an electrical power source is applied thereto in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
- Fig. 11 illustrates a voice coil-assisted device for forming an opening within an egg shell according to embodiments of the present invention.
- methods and apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention may be utilized to punch the shell of an egg at any time during the embryonic development period (also referred to as the incubation period) thereof.
- Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to a particular day during the embryonic development period.
- An exemplary egg injection device with which methods and apparatus for punching eggs according to embodiments of the present invention may be utilized, is the INOVOJECT® automated injection device (E brex, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina) .
- INOVOJECT® automated injection device E brex, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- embodiments of the present invention may be utilized with any in ovo processing device.
- Methods and apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention may be utilized to inject eggs in various orientations.
- Embodiments of the present invention are not limited only to in ovo injection devices that inject eggs in the illustrated orientation. Applicant has unexpectedly discovered that by moving a ' punch through the shell of an egg supported within an egg flat at speeds in excess of thirty (30) inches per second, and more particularly at speeds in excess of forty (40) inches per second, shell cracking resulting from conventional punching operations wherein punching speeds are less than or equal to about five (5) inches per second can be reduced significantly.
- Applicant believes that when the punching rate exceeds about 30 inches per second, the force necessary to produce a hole in an egg shell is sustained for such a short period of time that the mass of the egg does not permit the force to move into the- compliant support tabs of the .egg flat such that a counter force is developed by the support tabs. Moreover, Applicant has unexpectedly discovered that less energy is required to penetrate the shell of an egg when punching rates exceed about 30 inches per second and presumes this is because energy is not expended in deflecting egg flat supporting tabs or other portions of an egg. flat.
- a dynamic analysis of punching in excess of 30 inches per second models punching as a momentum transfer from a punch to an egg as the punch penetrates the egg, followed by. an energy analysis of egg motion into an flat .
- the momentum, mass times velocity (M*V) imparted to an egg by a punch is the time integral of punch force or impulse (Ft) .
- Egg flat deflection egg flat force
- the deflection is given by 0.5*F*F/K where F is peak force of the egg flat on the egg and K is egg flat stiffness.
- In ovo injection procedures may require that the depth of penetration of a punch into an egg be limited in order to protect the air cell, to avoid contamination, and, in the case of allantois sampling, to avoid penetrating an adjacent membrane.
- Limiting punch travel within an egg requires reducing punch velocity to zero inches per second (i.e., stopping the punch) immediately upon entering an egg.
- punch travel is limited through the use of energy-absorbing material positioned between the egg shell and the punching device.
- An exemplary urethane energy-absorbing material is Sorbothane® brand energy-absorbing material, available from Sorbothane, Inc., Kent Ohio.
- Sorbothane® brand energy-absorbing material is a visco-elastic material widely recognized for its excellent vibration and shock absorption characteristics. Sorbothane® brand energy- absorbing material also exhibits high damping properties over a broad temperature and frequency range. Other compliant materials such as Neoprene may be used to spread contact forces due to punch deceleration across an egg. Materials that dissipate energy rather than spring back are preferable. Conventional punching methods that clamp a punching tool while it punches can incur excessive punch penetration into an egg as the deflected egg moves back to its original position after the punch penetrates the shell. For situations where an egg is deflected downward during punching, the egg may rebound upward 1/8 of an inch or more as an egg flat springs back to it's original shape after the punch moves through the shell and the punch force goes from 6 pounds back to nil.
- punch travel may be limited by a stop integral with a punch tool.
- punch tool motion may be restricted either by clamping the punch tool or having a punch tool of sufficient mass to limit motion thereof .
- punching speeds in excess of 30 inches per second may be achieved in various ways including, but not limited to, gravity-assisted punching, spring-assisted punching, solenoid-assisted punching, voice coil-assisted punching, and fluid-assisted (e.g., compressed air, compressed nitrogen, liquid) punching.
- gravity-assisted punching a punch may be dropped from a predetermined height above an egg to achieve a punching speed in. excess of 30 inches per second.
- Fig " . 5 illustrates an exemplary gravity-assisted device 40 for forming an opening within an egg shell according to embodiments of the present invention.
- the illustrated device 40 includes a punch 26 fixedly attached to a member 42 that is configured to ' fall under the force of gravity to form an opening in an egg shell.
- member 42 has sufficient mass so that about 1/100 footpound of energy is available for punching. Thus, for a fall of d feet the member 42 would have a mass weighing 5 0.01/d. For example, a punch and mass that fall 1.2 inches (1/10 foot) to the shell should weigh at least 1/10 pound.
- a distance of about one to two inches (1-2 in.) above the shell of an egg should be sufficient to
- a gravity-assisted device may have various
- a punch may be spring-propelled to achieve a punching speed in excess of 30 inches per second.
- a spring 5 imparts energy to a punch around at least about 1/100 foot-pounds.
- Fig. 6 illustrates a spring-assisted device 50 for forming an opening within an egg shell according to embodiments of the present invention.
- the illustrated device 50 includes a punch 26 fixedly attached to a 0 member 52 that is urged downwardly by a spring 54 to form an opening in an egg shell.
- the punch 26 can be returned to its original position via any manner known to those skilled in this art including mechanically, electromagnetically, and/or via suction.
- a spring- 5 assisted device according to embodiments of the present invention may have various configurations and is not limited to the illustrated embodiment .
- a solenoid-assisted punching device 60 is illustrated in Fig. 7 and includes a housing 61 operably associated with a pole piece 62.
- a punch 26 is rigidly attached to the pole piece 62 and moves with the pole piece 62.
- the housing 61 is attached to a support arm 64 which is configured to- move the housing 61 into contacting relationship with an egg 20 prior to punching and away from the egg after punching.
- Arm 64 may have' various configurations and may operate in various ways . For example, support arm 64 may move the housing 61 into and out of contact with an egg in a linear motion, in an arcuate motion, or in a combination of linear and arcuate motions .
- the illustrated housing 61 is operably associated with the pole piece 62 via lugs 65 and clip 66, as would be understood by those skilled in the art of solenoid actuators.
- a spring 67 within the housing 61 keeps the pole piece 62 and punch 26 in an elevated position in the absence of electrical current through the solenoid coil 68.
- energy- absorbing, compliant material 69 is attached to the bottom portion 61a of the housing 61.
- the energy- absorbing, compliant material 69 deflects (squashes) to absorb the motion of the housing 61 as well as deforms to spread these forces from stopping the punch 26 over a wide area of the shell to minimize cracks.
- the momentum of the housing 61 is imparted to the energy-absorbing, compliant material 69 as the energy-absorbing, compliant material 69 halts the motion of the punch 26.
- the energy- absorbing material 69 reduces the speed of the pole piece 62 and punch 26 immediately upon piercing of the egg shell by the punch 26.
- the energy-absorbing material 69 may have various shapes and configurations . and is not limited to the illustrated configuration.
- a solenoid- assisted device according to embodiments of the present invention may have various configurations and is not limited to the illustrated embodiment .
- a punch may be assisted by air or other compressed gases to achieve a punching speed in excess of 30 inches per second.
- Fig. 8 illustrates a pneumatic-assisted device 70 for forming an opening within an egg shell according to embodiments of the present invention.
- the illustrated device 70 includes a punch 26 fixedly attached to a piston 72 that is urged downwardly by compressed air (or other fluids/gases) entering the cylinder 74 from a source 73 to form an opening in an egg shell.
- the punch 26 can be returned to its original position via any manner known to those skilled in this art including mechanically, electromagnetically, and/or via suction.
- a pneumatic-assisted device according to embodiments of the present invention may have various configurations and is not limited to the illustrated embodiment.
- a punch may be configured to deliver a treatment substance into an egg after forming an opening in a shell thereof. Treatment substance delivery may occur via a delivery needle disposed within the punch as is known to those skilled in the art .
- the shell of an egg may be pierced without causing cracking by hurling one or more small projectiles at the egg shell at speeds in excess of 30 inches per second.
- a non-toxic, bio-degradable material e . g. , ice
- ice e. g. , various types of materials may be utilized.
- Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the use of ice projectiles.
- Projectiles may be hurled at an egg via various mechanisms, including mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic mechanisms.
- Fig. 9 illustrates a projectile 80 (e.g., ice) being hurled at an egg shell from a device 82 in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
- the projectile is powered by compressed air from a compressed air source 83.
- a projectile may contain a treatment substance to be injected within an egg.
- an ice projectile may include a treatment substance to be injected within an egg.
- one or more projectiles may be hurled into an egg after an opening has been formed via a punch.
- Projectiles may be configured to penetrate one or more membranes within an egg and/or to deliver one or more treatment substances within an egg. These projectiles may be delivered via the punch or another device inserted within the opening or positioned adjacent the opening, Projectiles according to embodiments of the present invention may have various shapes, sizes and configurations. For example, projectiles configured to form an opening within an "egg shell may have an elongated, cylindrical shape similar to that of a conventional punch. Projectiles configured to be hurled within an egg after an opening has been formed may have a generally . spherical shape. A first projectile utilized to form an opening within an egg shell may have a different shape and/or configuration than subsequent projectiles.
- a first projectile may have an elongated, cylindrical shape for forming an opening and subsequent projectiles may have a spherical shape for delivering one or more treatment substances within an egg and/or for penetrating one or more membranes within an egg.
- a punch may be mounted on a piezoelectric actuator configured to vibrate at frequencies in a range of between about 1,000 Hz and about 100,000 Hz. These frequencies effectively cause a punch to move at speeds in excess of 30 inches per second.
- the shell may be' pierced by successive impacts, each imparting small cracks at the point of impact until the shell cracks with a small net punch force.
- a piezoelectric actuator is a solid state device that converts electrical energy directly into motion. Fig.
- FIG. 10 illustrates a punch 26 mounted to a piezoelectric actuator 90 that is configured to vibrate rapidly when electrical energy from an electrical power source 91 is applied thereto in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
- a piezoelectric device according to embodiments of the present invention may have various configurations and is not limited to the illustrated embodiment.
- a punch may be assisted by a voice coil device to achieve a punching speed in excess of 30 inches per second.
- Voice coil actuators are direct drive, limited motion devices that utilize a permanent magnet field and coil winding (conductor) to produce a force proportional to the current applied to the coil.
- Voice coil devices that may be utilized in accordance with embodiments of the present invention are available from BEI Technologies, Inc., Kimco Magnetics Division, 804-A Rancheros Drive, San Marcos, GA.
- Fig. 11 illustrates an exemplary voice coil- assisted device 100 for forming an opening within an egg shell according to embodiments of the present invention.
- the illustrated device 100 includes a ferromagnetic cylinder housing 102 that includes a cylinder 103.
- a permanent magnet 104 is attached to the inside wall of the cylinder 103 as illustrated.
- a coil holder 106 is slidably disposed within the cylinder 103 along the longitudinal axis of the cylinder 103.
- a tubular coil of wire 108 is situated within the coil holder 106 as illustrated.
- An inner core of ferromagnetic material 110 set along the axial centerline of the coil completes the magnetic circuit. The force generated axially upon the coil 108 when current flows through the coil 108 will produce relative motion between the coil holder 106 and the cylinder housing 102, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
- voice coil device 100 includes a punch 26 fixedly attached to the coil holder 106 that can be urged downwardly at speeds greater than or equal to 30 inches per second when current flows through the coil 108 as described above to form an opening in an egg shell.
- the punch 26 can be returned to its original position via any manner known to those skilled in this art.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02778766A EP1463616A4 (en) | 2002-01-09 | 2002-11-07 | Methods and apparatus for punching through egg shells with reduced force |
BRPI0215472-2A BR0215472A (en) | 2002-01-09 | 2002-11-07 | methods and apparatus for forming an opening in a poultry egg shell and for treating poultry embryos in ovo |
AU2002340406A AU2002340406A1 (en) | 2002-01-09 | 2002-11-07 | Methods and apparatus for punching through egg shells with reduced force |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/043,025 | 2002-01-09 | ||
US10/043,025 US6601534B2 (en) | 2002-01-09 | 2002-01-09 | Methods and apparatus for punching through egg shells with reduced force |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003059586A2 true WO2003059586A2 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
WO2003059586A3 WO2003059586A3 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
Family
ID=21925047
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2002/035740 WO2003059586A2 (en) | 2002-01-09 | 2002-11-07 | Methods and apparatus for punching through egg shells with reduced force |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6601534B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1463616A4 (en) |
CN (2) | CN1612834A (en) |
AR (1) | AR034830A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002340406A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR0215472A (en) |
TW (1) | TWI235032B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003059586A2 (en) |
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- 2002-07-19 AR ARP020102735A patent/AR034830A1/en unknown
- 2002-07-24 TW TW091116486A patent/TWI235032B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-11-07 EP EP02778766A patent/EP1463616A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-11-07 CN CNA028269039A patent/CN1612834A/en active Pending
- 2002-11-07 CN CN2007100077770A patent/CN1989802B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-07 BR BRPI0215472-2A patent/BR0215472A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-11-07 WO PCT/US2002/035740 patent/WO2003059586A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1989802A (en) | 2007-07-04 |
EP1463616A2 (en) | 2004-10-06 |
BR0215472A (en) | 2006-06-06 |
EP1463616A4 (en) | 2007-12-26 |
AU2002340406A1 (en) | 2003-07-30 |
CN1989802B (en) | 2010-05-26 |
US6601534B2 (en) | 2003-08-05 |
TWI235032B (en) | 2005-07-01 |
WO2003059586A3 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
AU2002340406A8 (en) | 2003-07-30 |
AR034830A1 (en) | 2004-03-17 |
US20030127054A1 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
CN1612834A (en) | 2005-05-04 |
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