WO2002078597A2 - Oral absorbed drugs - Google Patents
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- WO2002078597A2 WO2002078597A2 PCT/IL2002/000252 IL0200252W WO02078597A2 WO 2002078597 A2 WO2002078597 A2 WO 2002078597A2 IL 0200252 W IL0200252 W IL 0200252W WO 02078597 A2 WO02078597 A2 WO 02078597A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/665—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans derived from pro-opiomelanocortin, pro-enkephalin or pro-dynorphin
- C07K14/70—Enkephalins
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
- C07H15/20—Carbocyclic rings
- C07H15/22—Cyclohexane rings, substituted by nitrogen atoms
- C07H15/222—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms
- C07H15/226—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms with at least two saccharide radicals directly attached to the cyclohexane rings
- C07H15/234—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms with at least two saccharide radicals directly attached to the cyclohexane rings attached to non-adjacent ring carbon atoms of the cyclohexane rings, e.g. kanamycins, tobramycin, nebramycin, gentamicin A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
- C07H15/20—Carbocyclic rings
- C07H15/22—Cyclohexane rings, substituted by nitrogen atoms
- C07H15/222—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms
- C07H15/226—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms with at least two saccharide radicals directly attached to the cyclohexane rings
- C07H15/234—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms with at least two saccharide radicals directly attached to the cyclohexane rings attached to non-adjacent ring carbon atoms of the cyclohexane rings, e.g. kanamycins, tobramycin, nebramycin, gentamicin A2
- C07H15/236—Cyclohexane rings substituted by at least two nitrogen atoms with at least two saccharide radicals directly attached to the cyclohexane rings attached to non-adjacent ring carbon atoms of the cyclohexane rings, e.g. kanamycins, tobramycin, nebramycin, gentamicin A2 a saccharide radical being substituted by an alkylamino radical in position 3 and by two substituents different from hydrogen in position 4, e.g. gentamicin complex, sisomicin, verdamycin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
- C07K7/23—Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone [LHRH]; Related peptides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to novel orally deliverable prodrugs derived from orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drugs, said prodrugs bearing functional groups sensitive to mild basic conditions such as 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
- Certain therapeutical drugs used in human therapy and/or in veterinary are not absorbed or poorly absorbed orally and must be administered by other routes e.g. by injection, in order to reach the blood circulation.
- Oral absorption of drugs is a highly desirable goal in the treatment of human diseases, particularly in prolonged therapeutical treatments.
- Major efforts are being made to convert orally non-absorbed or poorly absorbed drugs into orally absorbed drugs by encapsulation or by chemical modification.
- Structural alteration of drugs may result in an increase of the oral absorption, and, eventually, in biostability of the drugs.
- International PCT Publication No. WO 98/05361 of the present applicants describes a new conceptual approach for prolonging the half-life of drugs, particularly proteins such as insulin, in vivo, and suggests that this approach may represent alternative possibilities for drug administration, e.g. oral and transdermal, and for penetration of the drug through physiological barriers.
- a drug containing a group selected from free amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and/or mercapto is derivatized with a hydrophobic group such as 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) or 2-sulfo-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fms), chemical modifications which are reversible under physiological conditions.
- a hydrophobic group such as 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) or 2-sulfo-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fms)
- covalent modification renders the drugs, particularly proteins such as insulin, more stable towards enzymatic degradation, and increases the hydrophobicity index of the drug.
- Fmoc- and Fms-drug derivatives having increased resistance to proteolysis and increased lipophilicity may be candidates for use in orally active delivery systems
- polar hydrophilic molecules such as peptides, amino-sugars, amino acids and the like, that are not orally absorbed or are only poorly absorbed orally, will turn into orally absorbed species following enhancement of hydrophobicity.
- Fmoc- and Fms-modified drugs consist schematically of two domains: a polar domain and a hydrophobic domain, and the effect of each of these domains on oral delivery of the drug cannot be predicted, especially when the molecule has a high molecular weight.
- the present invention thus relates to an orally absorbed prodrug of the formula:
- Y is a moiety of an orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug bearing at least one functional group selected from free amino, hydroxyl, mercapto, phosphate and/or carboxyl, and
- X is a radical selected from radicals of the formulas (i) to (iv):
- R, and R j are each hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, halogen, nitro, sulfo (S0 3 H), amino, ammonium, carboxyl, P0 3 H 2 , or OP0 3 H 2 ;
- R 3 and R 4 are each hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; and
- A is a covalent bond when the radical is linked to a carboxyl, phosphate or mercapto group of the drug Y, or A is OCO- when the radical is linked to an amino or hydroxyl group of the drug Y, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
- At least one functional group of the drug molecule Y is attached to at least one radical X wherein said radical X is the radical (i), wherein either R 15 R ⁇ R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen and A is OCO-, i.e. the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl radical (herein designated "Fmoc") or R 1 is sulfo at position 2, R ⁇ R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen and A is OCO-, i.e. the 2-sulfo-9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl or 2-sulfo-Fmoc radical (herein designated "Fms").
- radical X is the radical (i), wherein either R 15 R ⁇ R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen and A is OCO-, i.e. the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl radical (herein designated "Fmoc") or R 1 is sulfo at position 2, R ⁇ R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen and A is OCO-, i.e. the
- the invention also relates to a method for converting an orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug to an orally absorbed drug suitable for oral delivery, which comprises attaching to at least one free amino, hydroxy, mercapto, phosphate and/or carboxyl group of said orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug at least one radical selected from the group consisting of the radicals of the formulas (i) to (iv) as described above.
- the invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration comprising a prodrug X - Y of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the invention provides a method for oral treatment of a disease or disorder that can be treated with an orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug Y, which comprises administering to an individual in need thereof a suitable amount of a prodrug X - Y of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- Fig. 1 shows that Fms-doxorubicin (Fms-Dox) is absorbed upon oral administration as demonstrated by fluorescence units in urine of rats.
- Rats received native doxorubicin (Dox) or Fms-Dox (10 ⁇ M/rat, namely lOmg/kg of Dox or 15 mg/kg of Fms-Dox) by oral administration.
- Urine was collected 1.5, 2.5, 4 and 6 hours after administration and the fluorescence units were detected by fluorometer.
- Fig. 2 shows that Fms-Dox kills cancer cells in vitro. Cells were treated with a range of concentrations of Dox and Fms-Dox and incubated for 96 hours before being assayed by crystal violet staining.
- Fig. 3 shows that Fmoc-Met-enkephalin has analgesic activity. Thirty minutes after subcutaneous administration of the appropriate treatment, acetylcholine (5.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (10 mice per group). The mice were then placed in large plastic boxes and observed for the occurrence of a single abdominal constriction.
- Fig. 4 shows that Fmoc-Met-enkephalin is orally absorbed. Thirty and 120 minutes after administration of the appropriate treatment, acetylcholine (5.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (10 mice per group). The mice were then placed in large plastic boxes and observed for the occurrence of a single abdominal constriction.
- orally absorbed prodrug derivatives obtained from orally non absorbed or poorly absorbed drugs may be prepared by reaction of the parent drug molecule with a suitable reagent comprising a radical (i) to (iv) as defined herein.
- R, and R j are each hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, halogen, nitro, sulfo (S0 3 H), amino, ammonium, carboxyl, PO 3 H 2 , or OP0 3 H 2 ; and R 3 and R 4 , the same or different, are each hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.
- alkyl as used herein in the terms “alkyl”, “alkoxy”, “alkoxyalkyl”, “alkaryl” and “aralkyl” denotes an alkyl radical of 1-8, preferably 1- 4 carbon atoms, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and butyl
- aryl as used herein in the terms “aryl”, “alkaryl” and “aralkyl” denotes a carbocyclic aryl radical of 6-10 carbon atoms, e.g. phenyl and naphthyl.
- halogen includes bromo, fluoro, chloro and iodo.
- the functional group is the radical (i), wherein R 15 R ⁇ R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen and A is OCO-, i.e. the 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc).
- the Fmoc group is widely used in peptide synthesis for the temporary and reversible protection of amino groups and is particularly suitable for peptide synthesis due to favorable synthetic manipulation for its introduction and removal, and preferential stability as a prerequisite for peptide synthesis and convenient purification.
- the functional group is the radical (i), wherein R, is sulfo at position 2, R ⁇ R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen and A is OCO-, i.e. the 2-sulfo-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl or 2-sulfo-Fmoc (Fms) radical. Sulfonation of the Fmoc group concomitantly introduces hydrophobic and substantial polar properties.
- the functional group is the radical (i), wherein R R ⁇ R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen and A is a covalent bond, i.e. the 9- fluorenylmethyl (herein designated "Fm") radical.
- Fm 9- fluorenylmethyl
- the Fm group is applicable for reversible masking of carboxylic functions of amino acids.
- the resulting 9- fiuorenylmethyl esters (Fm-esters) generate the parent free carboxylic functions following a ⁇ -elimination reaction pathway upon mild basic treatment, i.e., under physiological conditions, and thus can be employed for reversible masking of carboxylic functions of drugs.
- radicals (i) to (iv) belong to a general family of rare chemical entities that undergo hydrolysis at neutral or slightly alkaline pH and mild conditions, and can therefore be used for temporary reversible protection of ⁇ - and ⁇ - amino groups, for example in peptide synthesis, and can be removed from the amino function by a ⁇ -elimination reaction, under mild basic conditions.
- a radical (i) to (iv), preferably Fmoc and Fms, covalently linked to amino and/or hydroxyl moieties, or Fm covalently linked to carboxyl, phosphate and/or mercapto moieties may, but does not necessarily, undergo hydrolysis (via ⁇ -elimination) back to the free amino, hydroxy, mercapto, phosphate or carboxyl functions, under physiological conditions in the body fluid, namely at pH 7.4 and 37°C.
- At least one free amino and/or carboxyl group, and optionally at least one free hydroxyl group, of the parent drug molecule are substituted by at least one radical of the formula (i) above, more preferably, one or more amino groups are substituted by Fmoc (herein Fmoc-drug) or by Fms (herein Fms-drug).
- At least one carboxyl group of the parent drug molecule is substituted by Fm (herein Fm-drug); or at least one amino group is substituted by Fmoc and at least one carboxyl group is substituted by Fm (herein N-Fmoc, C-Fm-drug); or at least one carboxyl group is substituted by Fm and at least one hydroxyl group is substituted by Fmoc (herein C- Fm, O-Fmoc-drug); or at least one amino and at least one hydroxyl groups are substituted by Fmoc and at least one carboxyl group is substituted by Fm (herein N,0-Fmoc, C-Fm-drug).
- reagents such as N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide (Fmoc-OSu) and N-(2-sulfo-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy) succinimide (Fms-OSu), that are very specific for amino functions; 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl), that reacts with, and covalently attaches to, amino and hydroxyl groups; 9- chloromethylfluorene (Fm-Cl), that reacts with mercapto radicals to yield S-Fm derivatives; and 9-fluorenylmethanol (Fm-OH), that reacts with, and esterifies, carboxylic and phosphate functions.
- Fmoc-OSu N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide
- Fms-OSu N-(2-sulfo-9-fluorenylmeth
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug is a drug containing an amino-sugar moiety that can be derivatized according to the invention by substitution of at least one of the amino groups by Fmoc or Fms.
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug containing an amino-sugar moiety is an anthracycline antibiotic such as daunorubicin, used in the treatment of acute leukemia, or doxorubicin (previously known as adriamycin), used as antineoplastic agent in chemotherapy of different types of cancer.
- anthracycline antibiotic such as daunorubicin
- doxorubicin previously known as adriamycin
- Both drugs are presently administered intravenously. They can be converted according to the invention, for example, to orally absorbed Fmoc- or Fms- daunorubicin and Fmoc- or Fms-doxorubicin.
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug containing an amino-sugar moiety is an antibacterial aminoglycoside antibiotic such as streptomycin, tobramycin and gentamicin, which are presently administered intramuscularly or intravenously, and can be converted to orally absorbed Fmoc and
- Fms derivatives for example, to (Fms) 3 -gentamicin.
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug containing an amino-sugar moiety is an antifungal polyene antibiotic such as amphotericin B, which is presently administered intravenously and can be converted to orally absorbed Fms-amphotericin B.
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug is a drug containing at least one carboxyl group that can be derivatized according to the invention by substitution of at least one of the carboxyl groups by Fm.
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug containing at least one carboxyl group is a beta-lactam antibiotic such as the semi-synthetic third generation cephalosporine ceftazimide and the broad spectrum semi-synthetic penicillins meropenem.
- beta-lactam antibiotics such as the semi-synthetic third generation cephalosporine ceftazimide and the broad spectrum semi-synthetic penicillins meropenem.
- These antibiotics are used only in hospitals, in particular for treatment of hospital acquired infections due to resistant organisms. They are presently administered intravenously 3-4 times a day and can be converted to corresponding orally absorbed Fm-derivatives according to the invention by derivatization of the free carboxyl groups with Fm-OH.
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug is a peptide.
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed peptide is a peptide of the endorphin class.
- Endorphin is a generic name for a group of neuropeptides that are endogenous ligands of the opiate receptors and whose effects resemble those of opiates such as morphine and heroin because they bind to the same receptor in certain cells of the brain and induce, for example, analgesia.
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug is Met 5 -enkephalin or Leu 5 -enkephalin, two naturally occurring pentapeptides belonging to the endorphin class, of the sequences herein denoted as SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, respectively:
- Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin can be converted according to the invention to orally absorbed Fmoc and Fms derivatives.
- Fmoc and Fms radicals are linked to the amino terminal group of the Tyr residue, but for reasons of convenience the compounds are herein denoted as Fmoc-Met- enkephalin, Fms-Met-enkephalin, Fmoc-Leu-enkephalin and Fms-Leu-enkephalin.
- Preparation of the Fmoc derivatives can be carried out by automatic peptide chain assembly on solid support and then cleaving the peptide from the resin without deprotecting its amino-terminal i.e. keeping the Fmoc moiety bound.
- Fmoc-Met-enkephalin, Fms-Met-enkephalin, Fmoc-Leu-enkephalin and Fms-Leu-enkephalin have the sequences as denoted by SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4, respectively:
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed peptide is a peptide hormone selected from gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or an analogue thereof, and octreotide.
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone also known as gonadotropin-releasing factor, luteinizing-hormone releasing factor or gonadorelin, is a decapeptide found in all mammals, of the sequence herein denoted as SEQ ID NO: 5
- GnRH is a neurohormone produced in the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells that controls release of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. Divergent production of the two gonadotropins is controlled by the frequency of pulsatile GnRH secretion or administration and serum estradiol levels. GnRH is thus a key integrator between the neural and the endocrine system and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the reproductive system.
- LH gonadotropinizing hormone
- FSH follicle- stimulating hormone
- GnRH is presently administered subcutaneouly or intravenously for diagnostic use, for example to test pituitary LH responsiveness, or in the treatment of female or male infertility.
- Several synthetic analogs of GnRH are known in which the glycine residue at position 6 is replaced by a D-amino acid, hence making the peptide less susceptible to proteolytic degradation.
- the glycine at position 10 of GnRH may be deleted or replaced by an ethylamide or aminocarbonylhydrazide group.
- Leuprolide (6-D-Leu-9-(N-ethyl-L-prolinamide)- 10-degly cynamide-GnRH) is a synthetic nonapeptide agonist analog of GnRH used in the treatment of endometriosis and uterine fibroids, central precocious puberty and prostate cancer. It is administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.
- Leuprolide has the sequence denoted by SEQ ID NO: 6:
- D-Nal is D-3-(2-naphthyl)-alanine) ⁇ is another synthetic peptide agonist analog of GnRH used in the form of a nasal preparation in the treatment of endometriosis and central precocious puberty.
- Nafarelin has the sequence denoted by SEQ ID NO: 7:
- (aminocarbonyl) hydrazide ⁇ is a synthetic nonapeptide agonist analog of GnRH used in the treatment of endometriosis, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and breast and prostate cancer. It is available as in the form of implantable cylinders that are placed subcutaneously in the upper abdominal area. Goserelin has the sequence denoted by SEQ ID NO: 8:
- Histrelin ⁇ 6- [ 1 -(pheny lmethy l)-D-histidine] -9-(N-ethy 1-L-prolinamide)- 10- deglycynamide-GnRH ⁇ is another synthetic nonapeptide agonist analog of GnRH used in the treatment of central precocious puberty. It is administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. Histrelin has the sequence denoted by
- GnRH can stimulate pituitary function and is used to treat infertility caused by hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in both sexes.
- Synthetic GnRH analog agonists such as leuprolide, nafarelin, goserelin and histrelin induce hypogonadism when given continuously and are used, as mentioned above, for treatment of endometriosis, uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, central precocious puberty and as antineoplastic (hormonal) drugs for the treatment of prostate or breast cancer.
- GnRH and all known GnRH analogs currently used as drugs are administered by injection and there is interest in converting them to orally absorbed drugs.
- both GnRH and GnRH analogs can be converted to orally absorbed drugs by substitution of a free hydroxyl or amino group by Fmoc or Fms.
- leuprolide was converted to Fms-leuprolide by substitution of the free hydroxyl group of the tyrosine at position 5 by Fms and D-Lys 6
- GnRH was converted to Fms-D-Lys 6 -GnRH and Fmoc-D- Lys 6 -GnRH by substitution of the free amino group of the D-lysine at position 6 by Fms and Fmoc, respectively.
- the present invention further contemplates Fmoc and Fms derivatives of GnRH and analogs thereof of the sequence denoted by SEQ ID NO: 1 1 : R 5 -5-oxo-Pro-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-R 6 -Leu-Arg-Pro-R 7 wherein R 5 is a Fmoc or Fms substitution at a free amino or hydroxyl group of an amino acid residue; R is Gly or a D-amino acid residue selected from a natural or non-natural amino acid such as D-Leu, D-Lys, D-Nal [D-3-(2-naphthyl)- alanine], D-Ser(t-Bu) or D-His(N ⁇ -PhCH 2 ), and R 7 is Gly-NH 2 , NHCH 2 CH 3 or
- the Fmoc or Fms substitution may be, for example, at the free hydroxyl group of Ser or Tyr or at the free amino group of Lys when R ⁇ is D-Lys.
- the modified GnRH analog according to the invention is Fms-leuprolide, in which the free hydroxyl group of the tyrosine at position 5 is substituted by Fms, of the SEQ ID NO: 12:
- the modified GnRH analog according to the invention is Fmoc- or Fms-D-Lys 6 GnRH, in which the free amino group of the D-lysine at position 6 is substituted by Fmoc or Fms, of the SEQ ID NOs: 13 and 14, respectively:
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed hormone peptide is octreotide, a synthetic analogue of somatostatin having actions similar to somatostatin.
- Octreotide is a cyclic eight-amino acid peptide of the sequence denoted by SEQ ID NO: 15: D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-T ⁇ -Lys-Thr-Cys-Thr-O-Ac SEQ ID NO: 15
- Octreotide inhibits growth hormone release and is used to suppress or inhibit certain symptoms associated with hormone-secreting tumors in patients with acromegaly, carcinoid tumors, and other syndromes and also for the acute control of bleeding from esophageal varices.
- Octreotide is administered subcutaneously and can be converted to an orally absorbed derivative by functionalizing with Fmoc or Fms the free amino group of the Lys residue at position 5 of the sequence as shown below (SEQ ID NO: 16):
- X ⁇ is Fmoc or Fms.
- the orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed peptide is eptifibatide, a glycoprotein inhibitor of the antiplatelet family, which targets the platelet Ilb/IIIa receptor complex.
- Eptifibatide belongs to a new class of antiplatelet agents and is beneficial in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary angioplasty.
- Eptifibatide is administered parenterally and can be derivatized to an orally absorbed from according to the invention by substitution of the free amino group of the Lys residue with Fmoc or Fms.
- the present invention relates to oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising the orally absorbed prodrug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising the orally absorbed prodrug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the invention relates to a method for treatment of a disease or disorder that can be treated with a drug that is not orally absorbed or is only poorly absorbed, which comprises administering to an individual in need thereof an orally absorbed derivative of said drug according to the invention.
- the invention relates to a method for oral delivery of an orally nonabsorbed or poorly absorbed drug, which comprises attaching to at least one free amino, hydroxy, mercapto, phosphate and/or carboxyl group of said drug a radical selected from radicals of the formulas (i) to (iv) herein.
- N-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide (i) was purchased from Novabiochem (La ⁇ felfingen, Switzerland).
- Doxorubicin Dox was obtained from TEVA Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Petach-Tikva, Israel.
- Doxorubicin (Dox)-HCl (5 mg) and Na 2 C0 3 (2 mg) were dissolved in 0.5 ml double-distilled water (DDW).
- Fms-Osu (1.5 mg) was dissolved in 0.5 ml dioxane:DDW (1 : 1) and added into the reaction mixture.
- the pH was adjusted to 8.5 with Na 2 C0 3 .
- the remaining reagent was freshly dissolved (1 : 1 DDW: dioxane, 0.5ml) and added.
- the reaction was monitored by analytical HPLC: C18 column, flow 0.8 ml/min.
- doxorubicine 50 mg, MW 543, 1 equivalent
- Fms-OSu 43 mg, MW 417, 1.2 equivalent
- the pH was adjusted to 8-8.5 with IN Na 2 C0 3 and the solution was stirred for 3 hours.
- the resulting mixture was analyzed by HPLC employing the binary system described above at a flow of 0.8 ml/min. Two peaks appeared at around 22 and 24 minutes corresponding to two isomers of Fms-Dox.
- Fms-daunorubicin is prepared in the same way and tested for its activity as described below for Fms-doxorubicin.
- Rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) Control untreated rats; (2) rats treated with native Dox(10 ⁇ g/g) administered intraperitoneally (I.P); (3) rats treated with Fms- Dox (15 ⁇ g/g) administered I.P.; (4) rats treated with native Dox (10 ⁇ g/g) administered orally; and (5) rats treated with Fms-Dox (15 ⁇ g/g) administered orally.
- Urine was collected several times after administration and the fluorescence emission was measured by a fluorometer. The urine collected from the untreated groups was used as a blank. The experiments were repeated with mice. As expected, native Dox and Fms-Dox (15 ⁇ g/g) administered orally.
- Dox were absorbed in both species following I.P. administration. Moreover, it was demonstrated that Fms-Dox is absorbed orally in both species, unlike native doxorubicin when administered orally (not shown). Thus, an orally nonabsorbed drug turned into an absorbed prodrug.
- rats received either native Dox or Fms-Dox (10 ⁇ M/rat, namely 10 mg/Kg of Dox and 15 mg/Kg of Fms-Dox) by oral administration.
- Urine was collected at 1.25, 2.5, 4 and 6 hours after administration and fluorescence intensity was measured in a fluorometer (SPECTRAmax GEMINI of Molecular Devices Sunnyvale Fluorometer, CA, USA).
- doxorubicin is a fluorescent material, when it absorbs light energy at a wavelength of 488 nm (excitation), it undergoes an electronic state change and instantaneously emits light at 595 nm (emission).
- the Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) shown in Fig. 1 indicate the peaks of light emitted at 595 nm resulting from the abso ⁇ tion of Dox at 488 nm.
- the results depicted in Fig. 1 represent the average of 5 experiments and show that Fms-Dox (gray columns) is orally absorbed.
- Example 3. Fms-Dox is potent against F10.9 melanoma cell line in vitro.
- IC 50 (the concentration at which cell growth is inhibited by 50%) was determined.
- the results in Fig. 2 show IC 50 values of 0.03 ⁇ M and 0.09 ⁇ M for native Dox and Fms-Dox, respectively.
- Fms-Dox shows efficacy comparable to the native doxorubicin in inhibiting proliferation of F 10.9 melanoma cell line in vitro.
- the Fms-Dox activity is due to its cleavage in the cell medium and full recovery of the native doxorubicin. This was confirmed by HPLC analysis whereby the compound found in the growing cell medium after 96 hr corresponded to native doxorubicin.
- mice Female C57BL/6 mice (one control group and 6 treatment groups of 10 mice each) are injected intravenously (i.v.) on day (0) with 5x106 B16F10.9 melanoma tumor cells/mouse. Mice are divided into 7 groups: (1) control untreated mice (PBS); (2) mice treated with native Dox (3 mg/kg/day) administered I.P. starting on day (1) for 5 consecutive days; (3) mice treated with Fms-Dox (4.5 mg/kg/day) administered I.P. starting on day (1) for 5 consecutive days; (4) mice treated with Fms-Dox (45 mg/kg/day) administered I.P.
- PBS control untreated mice
- mice treated with native Dox 3 mg/kg/day
- mice treated with Fms-Dox 4.5 mg/kg/day
- mice treated with Fms-Dox 45 mg/kg/day
- Met-enkephalin was prepared by conventional solid phase peptide synthesis, with ABIMED AMS-422 automated solid phase multiple peptide synthesizer (Langenfeld, Germany). In each reaction vessel, 12.5 ⁇ mol of Wang resin was used which contained the first, i.e. methionine, covalently bound, corresponding amino acid (typical polymer loadings of 0.3-0.7 mmols/g resin were employed). The side chain protecting group tert-butyl-ether (t-But) was used for tyrosine.
- Coupling was achieved, as a rule, using corresponding Fmoc-amino acids (50 ⁇ mol, 4 eqv.) and PyBop (benzotriazole- 1 -oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium-hexafluoro-phosphate) (50 ⁇ mol, 4 eqv.) as a reagent, and 100 ⁇ mol of N-methyl-mo ⁇ holine (NMM), all dissolved in DMF, typically for 20-45 min at room temperature.
- NMM N-methyl-mo ⁇ holine
- the N-terminal Fmoc protecting group was not removed and cleavage of the peptide from the polymer was achieved by reacting the resin with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/H 2 0/triethylsilane (90:5:5) for 1.5 hours at room temperature.
- TFA trifluoroacetic acid
- the peptide was purified by using a prepacked LiChroCart RP-18 column (250X10 mm, 7 ⁇ m bead size), employing a binary gradient formed from 0.1% TFA in H 2 0 (solution A) and 0.1 % TFA with 25% H 2 0 in acetonitrile (Solution B).
- the column effluents were monitored by UV absorbance at 220 nm. Electrospray mass spectrometry confirmed the expected molecular weight: m/z 794.
- Leu-enkephalin is prepared in the same way and is tested for its antinociceptive (analgesic) properties as described below for Fmoc-Met-enkephalin.
- Example 6 Fmoc-Met-enkephalin has analgesic activity
- the pu ⁇ ose of the following experiment was to evaluate the potential antinociceptive (analgesic) properties of Fmoc-Met-enkephalin as compared to its parent native Met-enkephalin peptide, that is known to have an analgesic effect but is not very effective when administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV), probably due to its very rapid destruction by peptidases.
- the method used in the experiments herein for evaluating the antinociceptive properties of Fmoc-Met-enkephalin is a standard method for evaluating compounds having analgesic activity such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opioids, and other analgesics, and consists in administering acetylcholine I.P. to mice, treating the mice with the test compound and evaluating the inhibition of abdominal constriction induced by the acetylcholine.
- mice 120 healthy CD-I, Swiss derived, albino male mice (obtained from Charles River Breeding Labs, Wilmington, MA) were weighed, examined for health and equally distributed into one of the 12 test groups shown in Table 1 :
- SC administration was carried out with a standard syringe and needle and given in a volume of 10 ml per kg. Oral administration was performed using a standard curved oval gavage needle and given in a volume of 10 ml per kg.
- acetylcholine 5.5 mg/kg was injected I.P.
- the mice were then placed in large plastic boxes and observed for the occurrence of a single abdominal constriction (defined as a wave of construction and elongation passing caudally along the abdominal wall, accompanied by a twisting of the trunk and followed by extension of the hind limbs).
- Antinociceptive activity was indicated by a statistically significant decrease in the number of mice showing abdominal constriction induced by acetylcholine.
- Acetylcholine-induced abdominal constriction was repeated again at approximately 120 minutes after test compound administration.
- mice were observed for signs of gross toxicity and/or behavioral changes during the experimental period. Observations included gross evaluation of the skin and fur, eyes and mucous membranes, respiratory, circulatory, autonomic and central nervous system, somatomotor activity and behavioral patterns. Particular attention was directed to observation of tremors, convulsions, salivation, diarrhea, sleep and coma. A non-parametric analysis of quantal data (Fisher exact test) was used to determine statistical significance of results. A difference from the placebo control with p ⁇ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
- Fmoc-Met-enkephalin was tested against acetylcholine-induced abdominal constriction in mice. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated at 30 and 120 minutes after subcutaneous or oral administration. The results are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Effect of SC and PO administered compounds on acetylcholine- induced abdominal constriction.
- Fmoc-Met-enkephalin was found to produce a statistically significant inhibition of acetylcholine-induced abdominal constriction at 50 and 25 mg/kg SC and 25 and 12.5 mg/kg PO.
- Fmoc-Ala 25 mg/kg
- Met-enkephalin 50 mg/kg
- Fmoc-Met-enkephalin was active at 25 mg/kg SC.
- Fmoc-Met- enkephalin did not show statistically significant activity at any dose when compared to Fmoc-Ala after oral administration at 120 minutes.
- the 50-mg/kg dose produced an inhibition of acetylcholine-induced abdominal constriction that was not statistically significant when compared to Fmoc-Ala but would be statistically significant if compared to 120 minute subcutaneous controls.
- Fmoc-Met-enkephalin shows significant antinociceptive activity in the mouse, while neither Met-enkephalin nor Fmoc-Ala is active at comparable doses. The effect is similar in character to that observed after ICV administration of Met- enkephalin and indicates that the Fmoc-Met-enkephalin complex improves or facilitates access of the active agent into the brain.
- a dose response of Fmoc-Met-enkephalin against acetylcholine-induced writhing was tested in mice with 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg Fmoc-Met-enkephalin in comparison to the native peptide Met-enkephalin (50 mg/kg) or vehicle (PBS, 10 ml/kg - control).
- acetylcholine 5.5 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally (10 mice per group). The mice were then placed in large plastic boxes and observed for the occurrence of a single abdominal constriction. The results are shown in Fig. 3.
- Fmoc-Met- enkephalin was found to produce a statistically significant (p ⁇ 0.05) inhibition of acetylcholine-induced abdominal constriction at 50 and 25 mg/kg SC.
- Fmoc-Met- enkephalin showed significant antinociceptive activity in the mouse, while the native peptide was not significantly active. The effect was similar in character to that observed after ICV (direct cerebral injection) administration of the native parent peptide.
- Fmoc-Met-enkephalin was tested for antinociceptive activity after oral administration in 3 different doses - 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. Thirty and 120 minutes after administration of the appropriate treatment, acetylcholine (5.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (10 mice per group). The mice were then placed in large plastic boxes and observed for the occurrence of a single abdominal constriction. The results are shown in Fig. 4. Fmoc-Met-enkephalin was found to produce a statistically significant inhibition of acetylcholine- induced abdominal constriction at 25 and 12.5 mg/kg after 30 minutes and at 50 mg/kg after 120 minutes, when administered orally. The native peptide is known to be active only after direct injection into the brain. This experiment indicates that the Fmoc moiety protects the native parent peptide from destruction in the gastrointestinal track and in some way facilitates transport through the intestinal mucosa.
- the crude product was purified by preparative HPLC employing binary gradient: 0-10 min, 10% B; 10-90 min, 10-40% B; 90-100 min, 40-60% B; 100-105 min, 60-100% B, at a flow rate of 12.5 ml/min and with a detection at 220 nm. Mass spectroscopy gave a molecular ion at m/z 875.
- Fms-Met-enkephalin is prepared in the same way. Both Fms-Leu-enkephalin and Fms-Met-enkephalin are tested for analgesic activity in the same way as described for Fmoc-Met-enkaphelin in Example 6 above.
- Gentamicin sulphate (10 mg, 20 ⁇ mole) was dissolved in 1.0 ml of 0.5M
- a suspension of Escherichia coli (E. coli strain N-4156-W.T, 1% V/V in L.B. medium) is divided into plastic tubes (0.5 ml per tube) and incubated in a shaking water bath at 37°C, in either the absence or the presence of increasing concentrations of gentamicin (0.02-50 ⁇ M) and increasing concentrations of (Fms) 3 -gentamicin (0.02-50 ⁇ M).
- E. coli replication is evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 600 nm. Incubation is terminated when O.D 60 o nm m the tubes containing no gentamicin reaches a value of 0.6 ⁇ 0.1.
- native gentamicin inhibited half-maximally E. coli replication at a concentration of 0.22 ⁇ 0.02 ⁇ M (0.1 ⁇ g/ml).
- a Fmoc- or Fms-gentamicin showing an I.C 50 value of 2.2 ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ M in this assay is considered having 10% the antibacterial potency of native gentamicin.
- Amphotericin B (1 equiv) is reacted with Fmoc-OSu (2 equiv) in DMF or DMSO to which 2-3 equivalents of diisopropyl ethylamine (DIPEA) are added to apparent pH 8.
- DIPEA diisopropyl ethylamine
- the reaction mixture is then stirred for at least 2 hours until analytical HPLC indicates that the reaction is over.
- Retention time (amphotericin): 5.3 min aprox.
- Method a Fungizone was used as source of amphotericin B, where it is formulated as deoxycholate.
- Amphotericin B in an aqueous solution 27 ⁇ mol, 5 mg/ml
- FMS-OSu 92 mg, 170 ⁇ mol
- the reaction mixture was stirred for a total of 3 hours.
- the pH was kept at 8-8.5 with 1M Na 2 C0 3 .
- the crude material was checked by analytical HPLC, isocratic run (0.038M ammonium acetate /acetonitrile, 60/40), 20 minutes, and detection at 405 nm, column C18.
- Example 13 Evaluation of the activity of Fmoc- and Fms-D-Lys 6 -GnRH
- Fmoc-D- Lys 6 -GnRH or Fms-D- Lys 6 -GnRH are orally absorbed
- the effect of these GnRH derivatives on the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in circulating blood of rats was tested.
- the experiment was carried out with 55 female Wistar 8-week old rats, equally distributed into one of the eleven test groups as detailed in the following Table 3 :
- the compounds were administered either orally (PO) or intraperitoneally (IP) in a molar concentration of 0.4 nmol/rat (equivalent to 0.5 ⁇ g/rat of D-Lys 6 - GnRH and to 0.6 ⁇ g/rat of Fms- or Fmoc-D-Lys 6 -GnRH), or of 40 nmol/rat (equivalent to 50 ⁇ g/rat of D-Lys 6 -GnRH and to 60 ⁇ g/rat of Fms- or Fmoc-D- Lys 6 -GnRH), in 0.5 ml PBS.
- PO orally
- IP intraperitoneally
- Fms-D-Lys -GnRH causes an elevation of the LH levels in the blood circulation measured 90 and 180 min after administration.
- both Fmoc-D-Lys 6 -GnRH and Fms-D-Lys 6 -GnRH are active when administered IP.
- Pyro-Glu-WHSYdLLRP was prepared in the laboratory of the inventors by conventional solid phase peptide synthesis with ABIMED AMS-22 automated solid phase synthesizer (Langenfeld, Germany) with 2-chlorotrityl resin (25 ⁇ mol scale) as a polymeric support, following the company's protocol for the Fmoc strategy.
- the protected peptide was removed from the resin following the company's protocol.
- the protected peptide was reacted with excess ethylamine using PyBOP as coupling agent.
- the C-terminal amidated protected peptide thus obtained was treated with TFA/Triethylsilane(TES)/water for 2 hours.
- the deprotected C-terminal aminated peptide, Leuprolide was purified by HPLC and analyzed structurally ascertained by mass spectra and by amino acid hydrolysis.
- the reaction mixture was purified by preparative HPLC on a C4column, 250 x 25 mm, with a binary gradient: A (water), B (acetonitrile) - 0 to 10 min: 10 %> B; 10 to 70 min: 10 to 80% B, and 70 to 80 min: 100% B.
- Flow 10 ml/min.
- UV detector 220 nm.
- Retention time R t (FMS-leuprolide) ⁇ 43 min.
- Mass spectrometry m/z 1511. Yield 30
- Fms-leuprolide is tested for oral abso ⁇ tion as described above for Fmoc-D- Lys 6 -GnRH and Fms-D-Lys 6 -GnRH.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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EP02720426A EP1383538A2 (en) | 2001-04-01 | 2002-03-26 | Oral absorbed drugs |
AU2002251448A AU2002251448A1 (en) | 2001-04-01 | 2002-03-26 | Oral absorbed drugs |
IL15806902A IL158069A0 (en) | 2001-04-01 | 2002-03-26 | Orally absorbed drugs |
US10/473,721 US20050004000A1 (en) | 2001-04-01 | 2002-03-26 | Oral absorbed drugs |
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IL14235301A IL142353A0 (en) | 2001-04-01 | 2001-04-01 | Oral absorbed drugs |
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IL14638301A IL146383A0 (en) | 2001-11-07 | 2001-11-07 | Oral absorbed drugs |
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EP (1) | EP1383538A2 (en) |
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005067939A1 (en) * | 2004-01-16 | 2005-07-28 | Oxoid Limited | Therapeutically useful antibacterial compounds |
US7759312B2 (en) | 2005-03-11 | 2010-07-20 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Delivery of dry formulations of octreotide |
US7803773B2 (en) | 2005-03-11 | 2010-09-28 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Controlled release formulations of octreotide |
WO2011013128A2 (en) | 2009-07-31 | 2011-02-03 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. | Vectors for delivery of neurotherapeutics to the central nervous system |
US7960335B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-06-14 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Octreotide implant having a release agent and uses thereof |
US8062652B2 (en) * | 2004-06-17 | 2011-11-22 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Compositions and methods for treating precocious puberty |
US8071537B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-12-06 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Implantable device for the sustained release of a polypeptide |
US9120249B2 (en) | 2007-04-27 | 2015-09-01 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Implant device release agents and methods of using same |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2013136338A1 (en) * | 2012-03-14 | 2013-09-19 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd At The Weizmann Institute Of Science | Modified kisspeptin peptides and uses thereof |
US9150615B2 (en) * | 2013-12-18 | 2015-10-06 | Scinopharm Taiwan, Ltd. | Process for the preparation of leuprolide and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts |
Citations (1)
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EP0624377A2 (en) * | 1993-05-14 | 1994-11-17 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Lysosomal enzyme-cleavable antitumor drug conjugates |
-
2002
- 2002-03-26 WO PCT/IL2002/000252 patent/WO2002078597A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-03-26 AU AU2002251448A patent/AU2002251448A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-03-26 EP EP02720426A patent/EP1383538A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-03-26 US US10/473,721 patent/US20050004000A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
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EP0624377A2 (en) * | 1993-05-14 | 1994-11-17 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Lysosomal enzyme-cleavable antitumor drug conjugates |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
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GERSHONOV ET AL.: 'A novel approach for a water soluble long acting insulin prodrug: design preparation and analysis of ((2-sulfo)-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-insu lin' J. MED. CHEM. vol. 43, 2000, pages 2530 - 2537, XP002955163 * |
OH ET AL.: 'Conjugation of drug to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) for controlled release from biodegradable microspheres' JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE vol. 57, no. 3, 1999, pages 269 - 280, XP002959515 * |
ROSOWSKY N. ET AL.: 'epsilon-((2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethoxysilyl)et hoxy)carbon) derivatives of tri-L-lysine and tetra-L-lysine as potential intermediates in the block polymer synthesis of macromolecular drug conjugates' J. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY vol. 54, 1989, pages 5551 - 5558, XP002959514 * |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005067939A1 (en) * | 2004-01-16 | 2005-07-28 | Oxoid Limited | Therapeutically useful antibacterial compounds |
US8062652B2 (en) * | 2004-06-17 | 2011-11-22 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Compositions and methods for treating precocious puberty |
US7759312B2 (en) | 2005-03-11 | 2010-07-20 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Delivery of dry formulations of octreotide |
US7803773B2 (en) | 2005-03-11 | 2010-09-28 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Controlled release formulations of octreotide |
US9120249B2 (en) | 2007-04-27 | 2015-09-01 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Implant device release agents and methods of using same |
US7960335B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-06-14 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Octreotide implant having a release agent and uses thereof |
US8071537B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-12-06 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Implantable device for the sustained release of a polypeptide |
US9072786B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2015-07-07 | Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc. | Method of manufacturing an implantable device |
WO2011013128A2 (en) | 2009-07-31 | 2011-02-03 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. | Vectors for delivery of neurotherapeutics to the central nervous system |
WO2011013128A3 (en) * | 2009-07-31 | 2011-03-24 | Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd. | Vectors for delivery of neurotherapeutics to the central nervous system |
Also Published As
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AU2002251448A1 (en) | 2002-10-15 |
US20050004000A1 (en) | 2005-01-06 |
WO2002078597A3 (en) | 2003-02-27 |
EP1383538A2 (en) | 2004-01-28 |
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