WO2002072933A1 - Polyethylene glycol modified polyester fibers and method for making the same - Google Patents
Polyethylene glycol modified polyester fibers and method for making the same Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002072933A1 WO2002072933A1 PCT/US2002/004848 US0204848W WO02072933A1 WO 2002072933 A1 WO2002072933 A1 WO 2002072933A1 US 0204848 W US0204848 W US 0204848W WO 02072933 A1 WO02072933 A1 WO 02072933A1
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- fibers
- copolyester
- fiber
- polyethylene glycol
- fabric
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/66—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
- C08G63/668—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/672—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/66—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
- C08G63/668—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/78—Preparation processes
- C08G63/80—Solid-state polycondensation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L67/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
- D01F6/78—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolycondensation products
- D01F6/86—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from copolycondensation products from polyetheresters
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
- D03D15/40—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the structure of the yarns or threads
- D03D15/49—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the structure of the yarns or threads textured; curled; crimped
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/16—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
- C08G63/20—Polyesters having been prepared in the presence of compounds having one reactive group or more than two reactive groups
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2201/00—Cellulose-based fibres, e.g. vegetable fibres
- D10B2201/01—Natural vegetable fibres
- D10B2201/02—Cotton
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2201/00—Cellulose-based fibres, e.g. vegetable fibres
- D10B2201/20—Cellulose-derived artificial fibres
- D10B2201/22—Cellulose-derived artificial fibres made from cellulose solutions
- D10B2201/24—Viscose
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2201/00—Cellulose-based fibres, e.g. vegetable fibres
- D10B2201/20—Cellulose-derived artificial fibres
- D10B2201/28—Cellulose esters or ethers, e.g. cellulose acetate
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2321/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D10B2321/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polyolefins
- D10B2321/022—Fibres made from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds polyolefins polypropylene
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
- D10B2331/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
- D10B2331/04—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyesters, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate [PET]
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2401/00—Physical properties
- D10B2401/02—Moisture-responsive characteristics
- D10B2401/021—Moisture-responsive characteristics hydrophobic
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2401/00—Physical properties
- D10B2401/04—Heat-responsive characteristics
- D10B2401/046—Shape recovering or form memory
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2401/00—Physical properties
- D10B2401/14—Dyeability
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2501/00—Wearing apparel
- D10B2501/02—Underwear
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2509/00—Medical; Hygiene
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2915—Rod, strand, filament or fiber including textile, cloth or fabric
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2929—Bicomponent, conjugate, composite or collateral fibers or filaments [i.e., coextruded sheath-core or side-by-side type]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/637—Including strand or fiber material which is a monofilament composed of two or more polymeric materials in physically distinct relationship [e.g., sheath-core, side-by-side, islands-in-sea, fibrils-in-matrix, etc.] or composed of physical blend of chemically different polymeric materials or a physical blend of a polymeric material and a filler material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/689—Hydroentangled nonwoven fabric
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/69—Autogenously bonded nonwoven fabric
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the production of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified polyester compositions that are suitable for forming fibers.
- the present invention also relates to the making of yarns and fabrics from these copolyester fibers.
- Polyester filament is strong, yet lightweight, and has excellent elastic memory characteristics. Polyester fabric resists wrinkles and creases, retains its shape in garments, resists abrasions, dries quickly, and requires minimal care. Because it is synthetic, however, polyester is often considered to have an unacceptable appearance for garment purposes when the polyester is initially formed as a filament. Accordingly, polyester filaments require texturing to produce acceptable yarn and fabric characteristics with respect to appearance, hand, and comfort. Even then, polyester garments are often viewed unfavorably by consumers. In pursuit of improved polyesters, various chemical modifications have been attempted to obtain desirable textile features. Unfortunately, some such treatments can produce unexpected or unwanted characteristics in the modified polyester.
- Cotton like polyester, has certain advantages and disadvantages. Cotton is formed almost entirely of pure cellulose. Cotton fibers are typically about one inch long, but can vary from about one-half inch to more than two inches. Mature cotton fibers are characterized by their convolutions. Under a microscope, cotton appears as a twisted ribbon with thickened edges. Cotton is lightweight, absorbs moisture quicldy and easily, and has a generally favorable texture (i.e., hand) when formed into fabrics. Cotton, however, lacks strength characteristics and elastic memory. Consequently, garments formed entirely of cotton require frequent laundering and pressing.
- Blends of cotton and polyester fibers have found wide-ranging acceptance as they combine the desirable characteristics of each. Even so, there are continuing efforts to develop polyester filament, yarns, and fabrics that more closely resemble those of cotton, silk, rayon, or other natural fibers.
- polyester microfibers which are characterized by extremely fine filaments that offer exceptionally good aesthetics and hand, while retaining the benefits of polyester.
- Polyester microfibers have proved to be difficult to dye because of their high degree of molecular orientation and crystallinity. Accordingly, a need continues to exist for enhanced polyester compositions that have certain properties similar to those of cotton and other natural fibers, while retaining the advantages of polyester.
- One such composition and method for producing the same is disclosed by Nichols and Humelsine in commonly-assigned, pending U.S.
- the resulting PEG-modified polyester is then further polymerized in the solid phase until the copolyester is capable of achieving a melt viscosity sufficient to spin filaments.
- SSP solid state polymerization
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a PEG-modified copolyester fiber that possesses superior wicking, drying, and dyeing characteristics as compared to commercially-available polyester fibers.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a PEG-modified copolyester composition that includes an amount of branching agent sufficient to provide viscosity properties suitable for spinning in commercial spinning equipment.
- Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method of copolymerizing polyethylene glycol into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to achieve a PEG-modified copolyester composition that is readily spun into filaments.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- modifying conventional polyesters with polyethylene glycol can improve certain polyester characteristics yet can adversely affect others.
- adding polyethylene glycol to polyethylene terephthalate improves wicking, but slows melt-phase polymerization kinetics. It also depresses melt viscosity and renders the processing of such PEG- modified copolyesters somewhat impractical in commercial polyester spinning operations.
- the invention is a modified copolyester composition that is suitable for use in commercial polyester spinning operations.
- This composition is particularly well-suited for forming fibers that can be formed into exceptionally comfortable fabrics.
- the fibers include polyethylene terephthalate in an amount sufficient for the copolyester fibers to possess dimensional stability properties substantially similar to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the fibers also include polyethylene glycol in an amount sufficient for the copolyester fibers to possess wicking properties that are superior to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the polyethylene glycol has an average molecular weight of less than about 5000 g/mol.
- the fibers also include a chain branching agent in an amount between than about 0.0014 and 0.0113 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, the standardized polymer being unmodified polyethylene terephthalate.
- the copolyester fibers have a zero-shear melt viscosity of between about 1000 and 3500 poise when heated to 260°C.
- the invention is a PEG-modified copolyester fiber formed of particular polymer chains.
- this fiber can be formed into exceptionally comfortable fabrics that include polyethylene terephthalate in an amount sufficient for the copolyester fiber to possess dimensional stability properties substantially similar to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the modified copolyester fiber also includes polyethylene glycol in an amount sufficient for the copolyester fiber to possess wicking properties that are superior to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- polyethylene glycol has an average molecular weight of less than about 5000 g/mol.
- This modified copolyester fiber also includes a chain branching agent in an amount between about 0.0014 and 0.0113 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, the standardized polymer being unmodified polyethylene terephthalate.
- this copolyester fiber primarily includes polymer chains formed from structural units consisting essentially of diol monomers, aromatic non-substituted diacid monomers, and brandling agent monomers.
- the copolyester fiber has a zero-shear melt viscosity of between about 1000 and 3500 poise when heated to 260°C.
- the invention is a nonwoven fabric formed of PEG-modified copolyester fibers, such as staple fibers or continuous filaments, that provide exceptional moisture management characteristics.
- the copolyester fibers of this embodiment include polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene glycol, and chain branching agent.
- the invention includes a PEG-modified copolyester composition that is particularly suitable for fibers.
- the composition includes polyethylene terephthalate in an amount sufficient for a fiber made from the composition to possess dimensional stability properties substantially similar to those of conventional unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the composition also includes polyethylene glycol in an amount suffi ent for a fiber made from the composition to possess wicking properties that are superior to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers, wherein the polyethylene glycol has an average molecular weight of less than about 5000 g/mol.
- the copolyester composition also includes a chain branching agent that will copolymerize with polyethylene terephthalate, such as trifunctional alcohols, trifunctional acids, tetrafunctional alcohols, pentafunctional alcohols, pentafunctional acids, hexafunctional alcohols, or hexafunctional acids.
- the branching agent is present in the copolyester composition in an amount between about 0.0014 and 0.0113 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, the standardized polymer being unmodified polyethylene terephthalate.
- the invention is a method of preparing PEG-modified copolyester fibers that can be formed into exceptionally comfortable fabrics.
- the method includes copolymerizing polyethylene glycol and a chain branching agent into polyethylene terephthalate in the melt phase to form a copolyester composition having a zero-shear melt viscosity of between about 1000 and 3500 poise when heated to 260°C.
- the polyethylene terephthalate is present in the copolyester composition in an amount sufficient for fiber made from the copolyester composition to possess dimensional stability properties substantially similar to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the polyethylene glycol has an average molecular weight of less than about 5000 g/mol and is present in an amount sufficient for a fiber made from the copolyester composition to possess wicking properties that are superior to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the chain branching agent is present in the copolyester composition in an amount between about 0.0014 and 0.0113 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, the standardized polymer being unmodified polyethylene terephthalate. Thereafter, the copolyester composition is spun into filaments.
- the invention is a method of preparing PEG-modified copolyester fibers that can be formed with spandex fibers into exceptionally comfortable fabrics.
- the method includes copolymerizing polyethylene glycol and a chain branching agent into polyethylene terephthalate in the melt phase to form a copolyester composition that acliieves a zero-shear melt viscosity of between about 1000 and 3500 poise when heated to 260°C.
- the polyethylene terephthalate is present in the copolymer composition in an amount sufficient for a fiber made from the copolyester composition to possess dimensional stability properties substantially similar to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the method according to this embodiment includes forming copolyester fibers from the copolyester composition, blending the copolyester fibers with spandex fibers, and dyeing the blended copolyester fibers and the spandex fibers at a temperature of about 127°C (260°F) or less.
- Figure 1 depicts a typical exhaustion curve for fibers manufactured in accordance with the invention.
- Figure 2 depicts of dyeing characteristics of polyester fibers according to the present invention.
- Figure 3 schematically compares fabrics according to present invention with cotton fabrics.
- Figure 4 describes Multiple Insult Liquid Acquisition test results for a nonwoven fabric according to the present invention.
- Figures 5-6 describe strength properties of a nonwoven fabric according to the present invention as compared to strength properties of a conventional nonwoven fabric.
- Figures 7—8 describe strength properties of a polyester/rayon blended nonwoven fabric according to the present invention.
- Figure 9 describes Demand Wettability test results for a nonwoven fabric according to the present invention.
- copolyester fiber broadly refers to uncut filament (e.g., partially oriented yarn (POY), flat-drawn yarn, or textured yarn) and cut fiber (e.g., staple fiber).
- POY partially oriented yarn
- cut fiber e.g., staple fiber
- copolyester filament may include fibers, such as staple, that are subsequently cut from spun filament, it is generally used to refer to an extruded fiber of indefinite length.
- the meaning of the terms “copolyester fiber” and “copolyester filament” will be easily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the contextual use of these terms.
- “spinning” refers to the production of synthetic polymer filaments from a polymer melt. In its older, conventional use, the term “spinning” refers to the process of twisting a plurality of individual fibers into yarns. The use of the term “spinning” is well- understood in the art based upon the context of its use.
- the terms “melt viscosity” and “intrinsic viscosity” are used herein in their conventional sense. As used herein, the term “melt viscosity” refers to "zero-shear melt viscosity," unless indicated otherwise.
- Melt viscosity represents the resistance of molten polymer to shear deformation or flow as measured at specified conditions. Melt viscosity is primarily a factor of intrinsic viscosity, shear, and temperature.
- the zero-shear melt viscosity at a particular temperature can be calculated by employing ASTM Test Method D-3835-93A to determine melt viscosities at several shear rates between about 35 sec -1 and 4000 sec 1 , and thereafter extrapolating these melt viscosities to zero. In calculating zero-shear viscosity, it is recommended that several low shear rates (e.g., less than 100 sec -1 ) be included to ensure that the extrapolation to zero is accurate.
- Intrinsic viscosity is the ratio of the specific viscosity of a polymer solution of known concentration to the concentration of solute, extrapolated to zero concentration. Intrinsic viscosity is directly proportional to average polymer molecular weight. See, e.g., Dictionary of Fiber and Textile Technology, Hoechst Celanese Corporation (1990); Tortora & Merkel, Fairchild's Dictionary of Textiles (7 th Edition 1996).
- the intrinsic viscosity is determined by dissolving the copolyester in orthochlorophenol (OCP), measuring the relative viscosity of the solution using a Schott Autoviscometer (ANS Schott and ANS 500 Niscosystem), and then calculating the intrinsic viscosity based on the relative viscosity. See, e.g., Dictionary of Fiber and Textile Technology ("intrinsic viscosity").
- a 0.6-gram sample (+/- 0.005 g) of dried polymer sample is dissolved in about 50 ml (61.0—63.5 grams) of orthochlorophenol at a temperature of about 105°C. Fiber and yarn samples are typically cut into small pieces, whereas chip samples are ground. After cooling to room temperature, the solution is placed in the viscometer and the relative viscosity is measured. As noted, intrinsic viscosity is calculated from relative viscosity.
- average molecular weight refers to number-average molecular weight, rather than weight-average molecular weight.
- the present invention incorporates into polyester fibers, as well as yarns and fabrics (e.g., woven, knitted, and nonwoven fabrics) formed from such polyester fibers, the favorable properties of polyethylene glycol, such as its outstanding wicking properties.
- the successful incorporation of polyethylene glycol is accomplished, in part, by the addition of a sufficient quantity of branching agent into a copolyester composition to achieve a suitable melt viscosity. This compensates for the tendency of higher fractions of polyethylene glycol to lower the melt viscosity of the copolyester. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, a low melt viscosity hinders the processing of copolyester through conventional spinning equipment.
- the invention is a method of preparing PEG-modified copolyester fibers that can be formed into exceptionally comfortable woven and nonwoven fabrics having exceptional wicking, drying, and tactility characteristics.
- the method includes copolymerizing polyethylene glycol into polyethylene terephthalate in the melt phase to form a copolyester composition.
- the melt phase copolymerization of polyethylene glycol into polyethylene terephthalate preferably includes copolymerizing polyethylene glycol and a chain branching agent into polyethylene terephthalate in the melt phase to form a copolyester composition that achieves a zero-shear melt viscosity of between about 1000 and 3500 poise when heated to 260° C.
- the polyethylene terephthalate is present in the copolyester composition in an amount sufficient for fibers made from the copolyester composition to possess dimensional stability properties substantially s nilar to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the polyethylene glycol has an average molecular weight of less than about 5000 g/mol and is present in an amount sufficient for fibers made from the copolyester composition to possess wicking characteristics that are superior to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the weight fraction of polyethylene glycol in the fiber is between about 4 percent and 20 percent.
- a chain branching agent is present in the copolyester composition in an amount less than about 0.0113 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, preferably between about 0.0014 and 0.0113 percent mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, the standardized polymer being unmodified polyethylene terephthalate.
- the copolyester composition is spun into copolyester filaments, the copolyester filaments are formed (e.g., cut) into staple fibers, and the staple fibers are formed into woven, knitted, and nonwoven fabrics.
- the copolyester filaments can be formed into nonwoven fabrics, such as by melt-spun bonding or melt blowing, or into yarns, which themselves may be formed into fabrics (e.g., knit and woven fabrics).
- the term "branching agent” refers to a multifunctional monomer that promotes the formation of side branches of linked monomer molecules along the main polymer chain. See Odian, Principles of Polymerization, pp. 18-20 (Second Edition 1981).
- the chain branching agent is preferably selected from the group consisting of trifunctional, tetrafunctional, pentafunctional and hexafunctional alcohols or acids that will copolymerize with polyethylene terephthalate.
- a trifunctional branching agent has one reactive site available for branching
- a tetrafunctional branching agent has two reactive sites available for branching
- a pentafunctional branching agent has three reactive sites available for branching
- a hexafunctional branching agent has four reactive sites available for branching.
- Acceptable chain branching agents include, but are not limited to, trimesic acid (C6H3(COOH) 3 ), pyromellitic acid (C6H 2 (COOH) ), pyromellitic dianhydride, ttimellitic acid, ttimellitic anhydride, trimethylol propane (C 2 H5C(CH 2 OH)3), dittimethylol propane (C 2 H 5 C(CH 2 OH) 2 C 2 H 4 OC(CH 2 OH) 2 C 2 H 5 ), dipentaerythritol (CH 2 OHC(CH 2 OH) 2 C 2 H 4 OC(CH 2 OH) 2 CH 2 OH), pentaerythritol (C(CH 2 H) 4 ), ethoxylated glycerol, ethoxylated pentaerythritol (3EO/4OH and 15 EO/40H from Aldrich Chemicals), ethoxylated trimethylol propane (2.5EO/O
- Pentaerytl ritol is a preferred branching agent. Furthermore, if ethoxylated branching agents are used, experimental data suggests that use of polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of about 400 g/mol in weight fractions between about 4 percent and 15 percent provides excellent results.
- the branching agent is present in the copolyester fiber in an amount between about 0.0036 and 0.0051 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer (e.g., between about 1300 and 1800 ppm pentaerythritol).
- mole-equivalent branches refers to the reactive sites available for chain branching on a molar basis (i.e., the number of reactive sites in excess ⁇ of the two required to form a linear molecule).
- pentaerythritol is a tetrafunctional branching agent, so it possesses two available chain branching reactive sites.
- standardized polymer refers to the repeat unit of unmodified polyethylene terephthalate, which has a molecular weight of 192 g/mol.
- polyethylene terephthalate polyethylene glycol
- branching agent increasing the relative weight fraction of polyethylene glycol, which preferably has a molecular weight of less than 5000 g/mol, will decrease total moles.
- the chain branching agent concenttation of between about 0.0014 and 0.0113 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer is based on the repeat unit of unmodified polyethylene terephthalate.
- the weight fraction of branching agent should be calculated as if the polymer is made of only unmodified polyethylene terephthalate. Consequently, the weight fraction of polyethylene glycol (e.g., preferably between about 4 weight percent and 20 weight percent) and the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol (e.g., preferably less than about 5000 g/mol) can be disregarded in calculating mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer.
- an amount of pentaerythritol between about 0.0014 and 0.0113 mole-equivalent branches per mole of the copolyester composition is equivalent to a weight fraction of between about 500 and 4000 ppm when based on the standardized polymer of unmodified polyethylene terephthalate.
- the mole fraction of pentaerythritol relative to the polyethylene terephthalate is, therefore, 0.0705 mole percent (i.e., 0.00367 moles of pentaerythritol ⁇ 5.21 moles polyethylene terephthalate).
- pentaerythritol has two available chain branching reactive sites.
- the mole- equivalent branches per mole of unmodified polyethylene terephthalate is 0.14 percent (i.e., 0.0014 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer.)
- a pentaerythritol amount of about 0.0014 mole-equivalent branches per mole of the copolyester composition would be equivalent to a weight fraction of about 450 ppm when based on polyethylene terephthalate that is modified by 20 weight percent polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of about 400 g/mol.
- a pentaerythritol amount of about 0.0014 mole-equivalent branches per mole of the copolyester composition would be equivalent to a weight fraction of less than about 400 ppm when based on polyethylene terephthalate that is modified by 20 weight percent polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of about 5000 g/mol.
- a pentaerythritol amount of about 0.0014 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer is equivalent to a weight fraction of about 500 ppm regardless of the weight fraction or molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol.
- copolymerizing polyethylene glycol and branching agent into polyethylene terephthalate is conventionally achieved by reacting ethylene glycol and either terephthalic acid or dimethyl terephthalate in the presence of polyethylene glycol and branching agent.
- the copolymerization of polyethylene glycol and chain branching agent into polyethylene terephthalate yields a copolyester composition that includes polymer chains formed from structural units consisting essentially of diol monomers, non-substituted diacid monomers, and branching agent monomers.
- the copolymerization of polyethylene glycol and chain branching agent into polyetiiylene terephthalate yields a copolyester composition that includes polymer chains formed from structural units consisting essentially of diol monomers, aromatic non-substituted diacid monomers, and branching agent monomers.
- a copolyester composition that includes polymer chains formed from structural units consisting essentially of diol monomers, aromatic non-substituted diacid monomers, and branching agent monomers.
- such copolyester compositions are preferably formed into copolyester fibers.
- non-substituted diacid monomers refers to aromatic non-substituted diacid monomers and aliphatic non-substituted diacid monomers.
- aromatic non-substituted diacid monomers refers to aromatic carboxylic diacids and diesters, especially terephthalic acid (TA) and its dialkyl ester, dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), whose functional groups are limited to those that facilitate polymer chain growth and that can be used to prepare modified polyethylene terephthalate.
- aromatic non-substituted diacid monomers include single- ringed compounds, such as isophthalic acid and its dialkyl ester (i.e., dimethyl isophthalate), and polycyclic compounds, such as 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid or its dialkyl ester (i.e., dimethyl 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate).
- non-substituted aliphatic diacid monomer refers to aliphatic carboxylic diacids and diesters, such as adipic acid and its dialkyl (e.g., dimethyl) ester.
- various compounds may be included in copolymerization reactions to impart specific characteristics to the resulting copolymer.
- Adipic acid for example, can improve the dyeing characteristics of polyester.
- the present invention encompasses the copolymerization of polyethylene glycol and chain branching agent into polyethylene terephthalate to yield a copolyester composition that includes polymer chains formed from structural units consisting essentially of diol monomers, non- substituted diacid monomers (i.e., aromatic, aliphatic, or both), and branching agent monomers.
- the terminal ends of the copolyester chains may be structural units characterized by a lone, chain-propagating reactive site.
- chain terminating groups are within the scope of both the phrase “consisting essentially of diol monomers, non-substituted diacid monomers, and branching agent monomers," and the phrase “consisting essentially of diol monomers, aromatic non-substituted diacid monomers, and branching agent monomers.”
- copolyester characteristics can be tailored for specific applications by altering the polyethylene glycol content. This permits choice in designing yarns and fabrics made with copolyester or copolyester blends according to the present invention.
- the invention establishes a technology family.
- the weight fraction and the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol can be adjusted to produce specific effects, such as wicking, drying, dye rates, stretch, and softness.
- such modifications can improve the dye strike rate and reduce the dye usage.
- higher polyetiiylene glycol fractions (e.g., greater than about 4 weight percent), result in softer fabrics that wick faster, dry quicker, and dye darker as compared to conventional polyesters.
- the polyethylene glycol formulations include sufficient concentrations of antioxidants to prevent formaldehyde generation during spinning operations.
- the polyethylene glycol used in the development of the present invention includes about 1.36 weight percent of Irganox 245, an antioxidant that is available from Ciba-Geigy. The inclusion of this or similar antioxidants should not adversely affect the products or methods herein described.
- the polyethylene glycol is present in the copolyester composition in an amount between about 4 weight percent and 20 weight percent.
- polyethylene glycol amounts between about 10 weight percent and 20 weight percent are more preferred, and amounts between about 4 and about 6 weight percent are most preferred.
- polyethylene glycol may be used in amounts between about 15 weight percent and 20 weight percent. In another embodiment, polyethylene glycol is present between about 10 weight percent and 12 weight percent.
- copolyester of the present invention that is modified with about 4.5 weight percent polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 400 g/mol and branching agent in an amount of about 0.0036 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer (e.g., about 1300 ppm pentaerythritol), unless indicated otherwise.
- the equipment used to spin polyester into filaments is designed, built, and adjusted to process polymers -whose zero-shear melt viscosity falls within a certain range, typically between about 500 and 4000 poise.
- a certain range typically between about 500 and 4000 poise.
- such equipment runs most satisfactorily when the melt viscosity of the copolyester is within this viscosity range.
- Relatively significant amounts (i.e., more than about 4 weight percent) of polyethylene glycol can suppress melt viscosity, which in turn can hinder spinning productivity.
- polyethylene glycol and branching agent into polyetiiylene terephthalate continues until the PEG-modified polyester is capable of achieving sufficient melt viscosities for practical processing, and sufficient spinning tensions for a stable and high-throughput commercial process.
- copolyester filaments are preferably spun at a temperature between about 260°C and 300°C.
- This temperature range comports with that employed in conventional spinning equipment using Dowtherm A vapor heat transfer media, which is available from Dow Chemical Co. Those skilled in the art, however, will recognize that spinning temperatures outside this range may be utilized in conjunction with alternative heat transfer media.
- the method includes copolymerizing between about 4 and 20 weight percent polyethylene glycol and a chain branching agent, usually in an amount between about 0.0014 and 0.0113 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, preferably between about 0.0036 and 0.0051 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, into polyethylene terephthalate to form a copolyester composition that achieves a zero-shear melt viscosity of between about 1000 and 3500 poise when heated to 260°C. Thereafter, the composition may be spun into filaments. Filaments formed according to the invention may be cut into staple fiber. The staple fiber may be then formed into yarns, which may be formed into knitted or woven fabrics, or into nonwoven fabrics. Filaments may also be formed into nonwoven fabrics, typically via spinning the copolyester to form a fibrous web.
- a chain branching agent usually in an amount between about 0.0014 and 0.0113 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, preferably between
- the copolyester need not be spun immediately after undergoing melt polymerization. Rather, the copolyester may be formed into chips after the step of copolymerizing polyethylene glycol and a chain branching agent into polyethylene terephthalate in the melt phase and before the step of spinning the copolyester composition into a filament.
- PEG-modified copolyester fibers improves dyeing characteristics as compared to fabrics formed of an equivalent fraction of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the polyethylene glycol reduces melt temperature (T m ) and glass transition temperature (T g ).
- T m melt temperature
- T g glass transition temperature
- dyeing copolyester filaments broadly includes dyeing not only uncut filaments (e.g., partially oriented yarns or textured yarns), but also cut filaments (e.g., staple fibers). Moreover, this concept further includes dyeing copolyester fibers that are formed into yarns or fabrics, either alone or in blends with one or more other kinds of fiber (e.g., cotton or spandex fibers).
- the present invention facilitates dyeing the copolyester filaments (i.e., any kind of copolyester fiber according to the present invention) at a temperature of less than about 127°C (260°F). Above 127°C (260°F), fastness may somewhat decrease using certain dyes at high concentrations.
- the method includes dyeing the copolyester fibers at a temperature of less than about 121°C (250°F).
- Other embodiments include dyeing the polyester fibers at temperatures less than about 110°C (230°F), less than about 104°C (220°F), and preferably below the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure (i.e., 100°C).
- the invention is particularly advantageous because performing dye operations below the boiling point of water translates to significant energy savings.
- a particular advantage of the present invention is that the disclosed copolyester fibers may be dyed at atmospheric pressure without a carrier (i.e., a dye bath additive that promotes the dyeing of hydrophobic fibers), although leveling and dispersing agents are recommended.
- a carrier i.e., a dye bath additive that promotes the dyeing of hydrophobic fibers
- leveling and dispersing agents are recommended.
- the present copolyester fibers do not require any pH modification, although such modification may enhance dye uptake in certain circumstances.
- copolyester fibers formed according to the present invention also possess a high exhaustion rate, which translates to reduced dye costs and fewer environmental issues.
- a typical exhaustion curve for fibers manufactured according to the invention and incorporating about 4.5 percent polyethylene glycol is shown in Figure 1. Fibers incorporating greater quantities of polyethylene glycol will exhibit similar curves, but with dye uptake increasing at even lower temperatures.
- Example 1 (below) discloses a typical jet dyeing procedure for a woven fabric made according to the invention.
- fibers made according to the invention may be dyed with spandex fibers, which can degrade at high temperatures.
- the dyeing of such spandex blended fabrics may be acceptable at a temperature of less than about 116°C (240°F), such as between about 104°C and 110°C (220°F and 230°F).
- the fibers of the present invention may be combined with other fibers, such as nylon, and then dyed.
- nylon is used as the second fiber, the fiber according to the invention may be formed into a POY and combined with the nylon to form a blended yarn. The blended yarn is then textured and dyed with a disperse dye which selectively dyes the copolyester component, and an acid based dye which selectively dyes the nylon component.
- Figure 2 is a plot of the Kubelka-Munk (K/S) reflectance value as against present polyetiiylene glycol in filaments according to the present invention, wherein pentaerythritol is employed as the branching agent.
- K/S is proportional to colorant concentration in a material.
- the K/S value can be calculated from the reflectance factor. It provides an important and generally well-understood technique for color matching.
- Figure 2 plots the K/S value against the percentage of polyethylene glycol in polyester yarns formed according to the present invention at various levels of pentaerythritol.
- Figure 2 also shows K/S value for control yarns in otherwise conventional FORTREL ® polyester, available from Wellman, Inc.
- Figure 2 illustrates that when the pentaerythritol level is raised to the preferred amounts of 0.0036 to 0.0051 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer (i.e., 1300 to 1800 ppm of pentaerythritol) the K/S value increases significantly, thus illustrating the greatly enhanced dyeing characteristics of fibers according to the present invention.
- a distinct advantage of the present method is that it produces a copolyester fiber possessing wicking, drying, soft hand, dye uptake and stretch properties that are superior to those of conventional polyethylene terephthalate fibers. Even so, the copolyester fiber can be processed using conventional textile equipment.
- the PET-modified copolyester can be spun into partially oriented yarns (POY).
- POY is often comprised of from tens to hundreds of intermingled filaments (e.g., between 30 and 200) that are extruded from a spinneret at speeds typically between about 2000 and 4000 meters per minute.
- the POY is then typically drawn to form a drawn yarn, (e.g., by draw texturing, flat drawing, or warp drawing). Thereafter, the drawn yarn is formed into fabric, which is typically finished as well.
- texturing POY can be effected in numerous ways, such as air jet texturing, gear crimping, and false-twist texturing. More generally, copolyester fibers of the present invention (i.e., staple or POY) may be textured according to various techniques, such as air jet, edge crimping, false-twist, gear crimping, l nit-de-l ⁇ iit, and sniffer box methods.
- staple or POY may be textured according to various techniques, such as air jet, edge crimping, false-twist, gear crimping, l nit-de-l ⁇ iit, and sniffer box methods.
- the method according to the invention encompasses forming yarns and fabrics (e.g., woven, knitted, and nonwoven fabrics) from the copolyester fibers of the present invention.
- the method includes forming drawn copolyester yarns into fabrics, and thereafter finishing the fabrics.
- the method includes forming the drawn copolyester yarns and a second kind of fiber into a blended yarn or blended fabric.
- additional fibers can include cotton fibers, rayon fibers, acetate fibers, other cellulosic fibers, polypropylene fibers, nylon fibers, spandex fibers, biconstituent fibers, and conventional polyester fibers.
- biconstituent fibers include fibers formed from a homogeneous blend of polymers and a non- homogeneous combination of polymers (e.g., a fiber having a polyester core surrounded by a sheath of polypropylene or low-melt polyester).
- One preferred embodiment of the invention encompasses blending fibers made in accordance with the invention with spandex fibers to form fabrics.
- the copolyester fibers according to the invention and spandex fibers can be blended into yarn. In one preferred embodiment, this includes core spinning copolyester staple fibers around a core of spandex filaments.
- filaments — preferably in the form of POY — are wrapped around spandex filaments.
- Fibers according to the invention and spandex fibers may also be formed into fabric using conventional techniques.
- the fabric may be formed, (e.g., woven or knitted), from a blended yarn that is spun from the copolyester fibers and spandex fibers.
- copolyester fibers and spandex fibers may be directly formed into a fabric, preferably a knit fabric. To accomplish this, the spandex is laid into a polyester knit by employing an appropriate knitting machine attachment.
- Fabrics formed according to the invention possess textile properties far superior to those of known fabrics.
- Figure 3 graphically illustrates several properties in which knitted fabrics formed according to the present invention exceed those exhibited by cotton fabrics.
- Perceived comfort was measured by the Ring Friction Force method.
- Home launder shrinkage was measured using AATCC Method 135.
- Moisture vapor transmission was measured using ASTM Method E 60.
- Wicking was measured using AATCC Method 79. Drying time was measured by introducing a fixed amount of water, subjecting the sample to 40°C and measuring moisture evaporated per second.
- the invention encompasses a PEG-modified copolyester composition that is particularly well-suited for forming polyester fiber from which exceptionally comfortable fabrics and other textiles are made.
- Polyethylene terephthalate is present in the copolyester composition in an amount sufficient for a fiber made from the copolyester composition to possess dimensional stability properties substantially similar to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- Polyethylene glycol is present in an amount sufficient for a fiber made from the copolyester composition to possess wicking properties that are superior to those of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the polyethylene glycol has an average molecular weight of less than about 5000 g/mol, preferably between about 300 g/mol and 1000 g/mol, and more preferably around 400 g/mol.
- the weight fraction of polyethylene glycol in the fiber is between about 4 percent and 20 percent.
- a chain branching agent is present in the copolyester composition in an amount less than about 0.0113 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, and more preferably in an amount between about 0.0014 and 0.0113 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, the standardized polymer being unmodified polyethylene terephthalate.
- the copolymer composition is polymerized until the composition achieves a zero-shear melt viscosity of between about 1000 and 3500 poise when heated to 260°C, preferably between about 2000 and 3500 poise.
- the copolyester fiber is preferably comprised of polymer chains formed from structural units consisting essentially of diol monomers, aromatic non-substituted diacid monomers, and brandling agent monomers, such as those discussed previously.
- the polyethylene glycol is present in the copolyester composition in an amount between about 4 weight percent and 20 weight percent. When amounts of polyethylene glycol greater than about 20 weight percent are present, the resulting copolyester does not polymerize efficiently. In one preferred embodiment, polyethylene glycol is present in an amount between about 4 and about 6 weight percent. In another preferred embodiment, polyethylene glycol is present in an amount between about 10 weight percent and 12 weight percent. To maximize copolyester fiber wickability, polyethylene glycol may be included in amounts greater than about 10 weight percent, preferably between about 15 and 20 weight percent.
- the weight fraction of polyethylene glycol in the composition is about 4.5 percent and the chain branching agent is present in an amount of about 0.0036 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer (i.e., about 1300 ppm pentaerythritol).
- a semi-dull, optically-brightened, 1.3 denier fiber made from such a composition possessed a tenacity of about 3.2 g/ denier, a modulus at ten-percent elongation of 2.2. g/ denier, an elongation at break of about 55 percent, and hot-air shrinkage at 204°C (400°F) of about 8.3 percent.
- the composition according to the invention is spun into filaments having a mean tenacity of less than 3 grams per denier.
- a tenacity of less than 3 grams per denier accentuates the superior tactility (i.e., soft hand) of the copolyester filament and staple fiber, and reduces the tendency of staple fiber to pill.
- the yarns and fabrics of the present invention may include, for example, blends of copolyester fibers and other fibers, such as cotton fibers, rayon fibers, acetate fibers, polypropylene fibers, nylon fibers, spandex fibers, biconstituent fibers, and conventional polyester fibers.
- nonwoven fabrics formed from copolyester fibers according to the present invention have been found to provide exceptional moisture management characteristics (e.g., wicking), as compared with conventional nonwoven fabrics of a similar construction.
- the nonwoven fabrics of the present invention are useful as durable goods, and are especially useful as personal hygiene products, such as disposable diapers, undergarments, or wipes.
- the surge layer in diapers must efficiently wick moisture from skin to an absorbent core.
- nonwoven fabrics formed of 100-percent copolyester fibers of the present invention are superior to nonwoven fabrics formed of 100-percent conventional polyester fibers.
- disposal wipes must be very absorbent.
- polyester is often added to rayon blends to increase strength, improve processing performance, and reduce product costs.
- polyester fibers in disposable wipes can inhibit absorbency.
- the superior wicking of the copolyester fibers according to the present invention will improve the overall absorption rate in 50/50 polyester/rayon blended nonwoven fabrics. This is significant in disposable wipes, where absorbency is so desirable.
- the PEG- modified copolyester fibers facilitate the movement of moisture to the rayon fibers.
- the nonwoven fabric of the present invention is further characterized by an improved ability to retain its inherent wicking properties even after several liquid insults, as compared to a nonwoven fabric formed of an equivalent fraction of conventional, unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
- the modified nonwoven sample according to the present invention was formed from copolyester staple fibers having about 4.5 weight percent polyethylene glycol and about 0.0036 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, whereas the conventional nonwoven sample fabric was formed from polyester staple fibers having no polyethylene glycol.
- the Multiple Liquid Insult Acquisition Test includes sequentially applying 50 ml dosages of a 0.9 percent saline solution to a horizontal sample, and observing each dosage for 12 seconds.
- Each nonwoven sample is placed over an industry-standard, super-absorbent core having a basis weight of about 600 grams per square meter.
- the super-absorbent core essentially provides finite absorption within the constraints of the Multiple Liquid Insult Acquisition Test. It is desirable for the surge layer fabric to immediately pass the liquid through to the super-absorbent core with rriinimal liquid overflow.
- Figure 4 depicts the amount of liquid overflowing versus time, indicating the amount of liquid that did not successfully make it through to the core.
- the modified product shows appreciably less overflow of liquid when insulted by saline solutions.
- the modified product shows considerably less liquid overflow- — and hence appreciably better performance — than does the nonwoven formed from conventional polyester fibers.
- a finish may be apphed to the nonwoven fabric to complement its inherent wickability. This is a conventional technique to enhance fabric performance, but generally results in nonpermanent enhancement of wicking.
- nonwoven fabrics may be formed from any conventional technique, calendar bonding, hydroentangling, needlepunching, through-air-bonding, stitch- bonding, melt spun-bonding, and melt blowing are especially preferred.
- calendar bonding the formation of copolyester fibers into a nonwoven fabric includes calendar bonding the copolyester fibers at a temperature of less than about 220°C. Although this is at least about 20°C below conventional calendar bonding temperatures, fabric strength is maintained. Strength properties of the nonwoven fabric according to the present invention were also evaluated.
- Figures 5 and 6 compare a modified nonwoven sample, which was formed from copolyester staple fibers having about 4.5 weight percent polyethylene glycol and about 0.0036 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, with a conventional nonwoven sample fabric that was formed from polyester staple fibers having no polyethylene glycol.
- One-inch strips of these nonwoven fabrics 50 grams per square meter and produced from carded webs) were tested according to ASTM test procedure D5035-95, "Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)."
- Figures 5 and 6 indicate that nonwovens possessing identical strength to conventional polyester nonwovens can be obtained at a reduced bonding temperature (i.e., 15-20°C less).
- polyester fibers typically cannot be processed on equipment configured to bond olefin fibers, which bond at much lower temperatures. Data indicate that equipment that is configured for olefins can be employed to bond polyester fibers without extensive modification.
- blended nonwoven samples would probably not be commercially viable without employing a binder fiber. Nevertheless, the comparison shows the better sttength and elongation of the blended nonwoven that was formed from rayon fibers and PEG-modified copolyester staple fibers as compared to conventional blends. More specifically, Figures 7 and 8 indicate that blended nonwovens according to the present invention are stronger than conventional blended nonwovens. Moreover, to achieve better results, the polyethylene glycol fraction within the copolyester component may be increased. For example, as disclosed in commonly- assigned, pending application Serial No.
- a blended modified nonwoven formed from rayon fibers and copolyester staple fibers having about ten weight percent polyethylene glycol is commercially viable without employing a binder fiber. While that particular blended modified nonwoven included lower fractions of branching agent (i.e., chain branching agent in an amount less than about 0.0014 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer), it is thought that branching agent fraction, without more, does not significantly affect sttength in nonwovens. As will be known by those familiar with nonwovens, binder fiber is generally expensive and, aside from fabric strength, enhances no meaningful fabric property.
- branching agent i.e., chain branching agent in an amount less than about 0.0014 mole-equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer
- the nonwoven fabric is a blended nonwoven fabric including at least one additional kind of fiber.
- the copolyester fibers preferably staple fibers
- the nonwoven fabric includes at least cellulosic fibers (e.g., rayon or cotton) in addition to the copolyester fibers, typically staple fibers.
- the copolyester/ cellulosic blends preferably include between about 5 percent and 95 weight percent cellulosic fibers with the remainder comprising the copolyester fibers. Most preferably, the blend includes between about 30 weight percent and 70 weight percent cellulosic fibers with the remainder comprising the copolyester fibers.
- nonwoven fabrics having exceptional moisture management properties may be formed from cellulosic fibers, which are present in the nonwoven fabric in an amount sufficient to provide excellent absorbency, and copolyester fibers, which are present in the nonwoven fabric in an amount sufficient to provide excellent wickability.
- a 50/50 blend of rayon and copolyester has been found to provide excellent properties for wipes and other absorbent articles.
- Figure 9 compares the absorbency rate of a blended modified nonwoven sample, which was formed from rayon fibers and copolyester staple fibers having about 4.5 weight percent polyethylene glycol and about 0.0036 mole equivalent branches per mole of standardized polymer, with the absorbency rate of a conventional blended nonwoven sample fabric that was formed from rayon fibers and polyester staple fibers having no polyethylene glycol.
- the nonwoven according to the present invention offers significantly increased absorbency as compared to the conventional nonwoven.
- the enhanced wicking characteristics of the present copolyester fibers facilitate the movement of moisture to the highly absorbent rayon. This enables the fabric surface to absorb more liquid.
- a blend of the polyethylene glycol modified polyester staple fibers and highly absorbent fibers may be thermally bonded to form a desirable nonwoven product.
- a nonwoven fabric including PEG-modified copolyester fibers and other fibers having low-melt temperatures can be formed by calendar bonding copolyester fibers and low-melt fibers at temperatures well below conventional calendar bonding temperatures.
- Such low-melt fibers preferably include polypropylene fibers, low-melt polyester fibers, or biconstituent fibers of the same, all of which can be calendar bonded at a temperature of less than about 170°C.
- the copolyester nonwoven fabric further includes biconstituent fibers, such as a polyester core surrounded by a sheath of polypropylene or low-melt polyester.
- Nonwoven fabrics of the present invention possess improved dyeing characteristics as compared to nonwoven fabric formed of an equivalent fraction of conventional unmodified polyethylene terephthalate fibers.
Abstract
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WO2007103098A2 (en) | 2006-03-01 | 2007-09-13 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Fibers formed of ester condensates and process for forming fibers from ester condensates |
US20110174452A1 (en) * | 2008-07-22 | 2011-07-21 | Peizhi Heng | Base paper of aramid fiber honeycomb core and manufacturing method thereof |
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US8764941B2 (en) * | 2008-07-22 | 2014-07-01 | Longpoint Co., Ltd. | Base paper of aramid fiber honeycomb core and manufacturing method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US6623853B2 (en) | 2003-09-23 |
EP1366222A1 (en) | 2003-12-03 |
MXPA03008090A (en) | 2003-12-12 |
TW585942B (en) | 2004-05-01 |
US20030134117A1 (en) | 2003-07-17 |
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