WO2002038027A2 - Hydroentangled nonwoven web containing recycled synthetic fibrous materials - Google Patents
Hydroentangled nonwoven web containing recycled synthetic fibrous materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002038027A2 WO2002038027A2 PCT/US2001/046761 US0146761W WO0238027A2 WO 2002038027 A2 WO2002038027 A2 WO 2002038027A2 US 0146761 W US0146761 W US 0146761W WO 0238027 A2 WO0238027 A2 WO 0238027A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fibers
- fiber
- nonwoven fabric
- recycled
- hydraulically entangled
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 200
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 28
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 244000144992 flock Species 0.000 description 6
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000006194 liquid suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010981 drying operation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003658 microfiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010009 beating Methods 0.000 description 2
- MJBPUQUGJNAPAZ-AWEZNQCLSA-N butin Chemical compound C1([C@@H]2CC(=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3O2)O)=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 MJBPUQUGJNAPAZ-AWEZNQCLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- MJBPUQUGJNAPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butine Natural products O1C2=CC(O)=CC=C2C(=O)CC1C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 MJBPUQUGJNAPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000207543 Euphorbia heterophylla Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219146 Gossypium Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001148717 Lygeum spartum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008577 Pinus radiata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000218621 Pinus radiata Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009172 bursting Effects 0.000 description 1
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYMGIIIPAFAFRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;ethene Chemical class C=C.CCCCOC(=O)C=C QYMGIIIPAFAFRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010061592 cardiac fibrillation Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002600 fibrillogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003698 laser cutting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002879 macerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005445 natural material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003655 tactile properties Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010784 textile waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H5/00—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H5/02—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length strengthened or consolidated by mechanical methods, e.g. needling
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/407—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties containing absorbing substances, e.g. activated carbon
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/425—Cellulose series
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
- D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
- D04H1/492—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H5/00—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H5/02—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length strengthened or consolidated by mechanical methods, e.g. needling
- D04H5/03—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length strengthened or consolidated by mechanical methods, e.g. needling by fluid jet
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/603—Including strand or fiber material precoated with other than free metal or alloy
- Y10T442/607—Strand or fiber material is synthetic polymer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
- Y10T442/666—Mechanically interengaged by needling or impingement of fluid [e.g., gas or liquid stream, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/689—Hydroentangled nonwoven fabric
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric containing recycled fibers and a method for making a nonwoven composite fabric.
- nonwoven webs of pulp fibers are known to be absorbent, nonwoven webs made entirely of pulp fibers may be undesirable for certain applications such as, for example, heavy duty wipers because they lack strength and abrasion resistance.
- Pulp fibers have been combined with staple length fibers and hydraulically entangled. However, adding staple fibers increases expense. In addition, suspensions containing staple fibers can be more difficult to process utilizing conventional paper-making or wet-laying techniques.
- One known technique for combining these materials is by hydraulic entangling. For example, U.S. patent No.
- 4,808,467 to Suskind discloses a high-strength nonwoven fabric made of a mixture of wood pulp and textile fibers entangled with a continuous filament base web. Laminates of pulp fibers with textiles and/or nonwoven webs are disclosed in
- bonded fibrous webs may be mechanically broken up into smaller pieces such as fiber bundles, threads and/or individual fibers and these pieces then be formed into a web by hydraulic entangling. This is normally accomplished by mechanical tearing and shredding dry material.
- flocks present partly in the form of discrete bits of the original fabric that may be characterized as "flocks" or fiber bundles. These flocks are described as providing non-uniformities that give webs containing such flocks a more textile-like appearance.
- Flocks and bits of fabric are difficult to process in subsequent operations such as, for example, a wet-laying process, air-laying process, hydraulic entangling process or other web-forming processes. Presence of these non-uniformities may reduce the value of the recycled fibers as well as degrade the appearance, strength, uniformity and other desirable properties of a web or fabric made with the recycled fibers. Removing the non-uniformities by screening or other techniques reduces the efficiency of the fiber recovery. Additional dry mechanical chopping, shredding, tearing, garnetting or picking operations to reduce the fiber bundles or flocks into fibers or fiber-like material having a length of less than 5 millimeters may be impractical. In addition, the additional mechanical work may transfer so much energy in the form of heat that the dry material may melt into unusable clumps and may diminish or eliminate any environmental or economic advantages initially presented by recycling the material.
- the present invention addresses the needs discussed above by providing a hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric that includes recycled synthetic fibers and fiber-like materials having at least one thread element composed of synthetic material and with at least one irregular distortion generated by hydraulic fracture of the thread element to separate it from a bonded fibrous material while the bonded fibrous material is suspended in a liquid.
- the thread element may have a length ranging from about 1 millimeter to about 15 millimeters.
- the thread element may have a length ranging from about 1.5 to about 10 millimeters.
- the thread element may have a length ranging from about 2 to about 5 millimeters.
- the thread element may have a diameter of less than 100 micrometers.
- the thread element may have a diameter of less than about 30 micrometers and, as a particular example, may have a fiber diameter of from about 10 micrometers to about 20 micrometers.
- the irregular distortions may be in the form of bends in the thread element, flattened segments of thread element, expanded segments of thread element and combinations thereof.
- the bends and/or twists provide more effective interlocking of the fibrous web in the entangling process.
- the irregular distortions cause the thread elements of the recycled materials to have greater surface area than thread elements in the bonded fibrous material prior to hydraulic fracture of the thread element to separate it from the bonded fibrous material.
- the surface areas of the recycled thread elements are at least about 5 percent greater.
- the recycled synthetic fibers and fiber-like materials may be a synthetic material selected from polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins, fiberglass and combinations thereof.
- the recycled synthetic fibers and fiber-like materials may be a synthetic thermoplastic material.
- the synthetic thermoplastic material may be a polyolefin such as polypropylene, polyethylene and combinations of the same.
- the synthetic thermoplastic material may be in the form of multicomponent fibers, filaments, strands or the like and may include fiber and/or filaments having various cross-sectional shapes, lobes or other configurations.
- the hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric may further include non- recycled natural fibrous materials, non-recycled natural synthetic materials, recycled natural fibrous materials, particulate materials and combinations thereof.
- hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric may further include pulp fibers.
- the hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric may contain from about 1 to about 85 percent, by weight of recycled synthetic fibers and fiber-like materials and from about 15 to about 99 percent, by weight of pulp.
- the pulp fiber component may be woody and/or non-woody plant fiber pulp.
- the pulp may be a mixture of different types and/or qualities of pulp fibers.
- the present invention also contemplates treating the hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric with small amounts of materials such as, for example, binders, surfactants, cross-linking agents, de-bonding agents, fire retardants, hydrating agents, pigments and/or dyes.
- materials such as, for example, binders, surfactants, cross-linking agents, de-bonding agents, fire retardants, hydrating agents, pigments and/or dyes.
- the present invention contemplates adding particulates such as, for example, activated charcoal, clays, starches, and superabsorbents to the nonwoven fabric.
- hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric may further include up to about 3 percent of a de-bonding agent.
- the hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric may be used as a heavy duty wiper.
- the nonwoven fabric may be a single-ply or multiple-ply wiper having a basis weight from about 20 to about 200 grams per square meter (gsm).
- the wiper may have a basis weight between about 25 to about 150 gsm or more particularly, from about 30 to about 110 gsm.
- the wiper desirably has a water capacity greater than about 450 percent, an oil capacity greater than about 250 percent, a water wicking rate (machine direction) greater than about 2.0 cm per 15 seconds, and oil wicking rate (machine direction) greater than about 0.5 cm per 15 seconds.
- the present invention also encompasses a method of making a hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric that includes the steps of: (a) providing a layer of recycled synthetic fibers and fiber-like materials having at least one thread element composed of synthetic material containing at least one irregular distortion generated by hydraulic fracture of the thread element to separate it from a bonded fibrous material while the bonded fibrous material is suspended in a liquid; (b) hydraulically entangling the layers to form a nonwoven web; and (c) drying the web.
- the step of providing the layer of recycled synthetic fiber and fiber-like materials may encompass depositing a layer of the recycled fibers on a hydraulic entangling fabric by dry forming or wet-forming techniques.
- the step of providing the layer of recycled synthetic fiber and fiber-like materials may include depositing a layer composed of recycled fibers and pulp fibers on a hydraulic entangling fabric by wet-forming techniques.
- the hydraulic entangling may be carried out by conventional hydraulic entangling techniques.
- the hydraulically entangled nonwoven composite fabric may be dried utilizing a non-compressive drying process.
- Through-air drying processes have been found to work particularly well.
- Other drying processes which incorporate infra-red radiation, yankee dryers, steam cans, vacuum de-watering, microwaves, and ultrasonic energy may also be used.
- machine direction refers to the direction of travel of the forming surface onto which fibers are deposited during formation of a nonwoven web.
- cross-machine direction refers to the direction which is perpendicular to the machine direction defined above.
- pulp refers to fibers from natural sources such as woody and non-woody plants. Woody plants include, for example, deciduous and coniferous trees. Non-woody plants include, for example, cotton, flax, esparto grass, milkweed, straw, jute, hemp, and bagasse.
- average fiber length refers to an average length of fibers, fiber bundles and/or fiber-like materials determined by measurement utilizing microscopic techniques.
- a sample of at least 20 randomly selected fibers is separated from a liquid suspension of fibers.
- the fibers are set up on a microscope slide prepared to suspend the fibers in water.
- a tinting dye is added to the suspended fibers to color cellulose-containing fibers so they may be distinguished or separated from synthetic fibers.
- the slide is placed under a Fisher Stereomaster II Microscope S19642/S19643 Series. Measurements of 20 fibers in the sample are made at 20X linear magnification utilizing a 0-20 mils scale and an average length, minimum and maximum length, and a deviation or coefficient of variation are calculated.
- the average fiber length will be calculated as a weighted average length of fibers (e.g., fibers, fiber bundles, fiber-like materials) determined by equipment such as, for example, a Kajaani fiber analyzer Model No. FS-200, available from Kajaani Oy Electronics, Kajaani, Finland. According to a standard test procedure, a sample is treated with a macerating liquid to ensure that no fiber bundles or shives are present. Each sample is disintegrated into hot water and diluted to an approximately 0.001 % suspension. Individual test samples are drawn in approximately 50 to 100 ml portions from the dilute suspension when tested using the standard Kajaani fiber analysis test procedure.
- the weighted average fiber length may be an arithmetic average, a length weighted average or a weight weighted average and may be expressed by the following equation: k
- the average length represents an average based on lengths of all different types, if any, of fibers in the sample.
- spunbonded filaments refers to small diameter continuous filaments which are formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine, usually circular, capillaries of a spinnerette with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced as by, for example, eductive or mechanical drawing and/or other well-known spunbond mechanisms.
- the production of spun-bonded nonwoven webs is illustrated in patents such as, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,340,563 to Appel et al., and U.S. Patent No. 3,692,618 to Dorschner et al. The disclosures of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
- meltblown fibers means fibers formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into a high velocity gas (e.g. air) stream which attenuates the filaments of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be to microfiber diameters. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface to form a web of randomly disbursed meltblown fibers.
- a high velocity gas e.g. air
- microfibers means small diameter fibers having an average diameter not greater than about 100 microns; for example, having a diameter of from about 0.5 microns to about 50 microns, more particularly, microfibers may have an average diameter of from about 1 micron to about 40 microns.
- thermoplastic material refers to a polymer that softens when exposed to heat and returns to generally its un-softened state when cooled to room temperature. Natural substances which exhibit this behavior are crude rubber and a number of waxes.
- Other exemplary thermoplastic materials include, without limitation, polyvinyl chlorides, some polyesters, polyamides, polyfluorocarbons, polyolefins, some polyurethanes, polystyrenes, polyvinyl alcohols, caprolactams, copolymers of ethylene and at least one vinyl monomer (e.g., poly(ethylene vinyl acetates), copolymers of ethylene and n-butyl acrylate (e.g., ethylene n-butyl acrylates), polylactic acids, thermoplastic elastomers and acrylic resins.
- non-thermoplastic material refers to any material which does not fall within the definition of "thermoplastic material” above.
- FIG. 1 is a photomicrograph of a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber of the type used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph of a detail of an exemplary virgin synthetic staple fiber.
- FIG. 3 is a photomicrograph of a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber of the type used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- FIG. 4 is a photomicrograph of a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber of the type used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- FIG. 5 is a photomicrograph of a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber of the type used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- FIG. 6 is a photomicrograph of a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber of the type used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- FIG. 7 is a photomicrograph of a detail of an exemplary virgin synthetic staple fiber.
- FIG. 8 is a photomicrograph of a detail of multiple exemplary recycled synthetic fibers of the type used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- FIG. 9 is a photomicrograph of a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber of the type that may be used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- FIG. 10 is a photomicrograph showing details of exemplary recycled synthetic fibers of the type that may be used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- FIG. 11 is a photomicrograph showing details of exemplary recycled synthetic fibers of the type that may be used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- FIG. 12 is a photomicrograph showing details of exemplary recycled synthetic fibers of the type that may be used in the formation of an exemplary hydraulically entangled nonwoven web.
- the present invention encompasses a hydraulically entangled nonwoven fabric formed of recycled synthetic fibers and fiber-like materials.
- the synthetic fibers and fiber-like materials are recovered from bonded fibrous materials that are converted into substantially individual fibers and fiber-like materials.
- these bonded fibrous materials are materials that include synthetic fibers and may be bonded fibrous materials such as, for example, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, nonwoven webs and combinations thereof.
- the recycled fibers may come from nonwoven webs that are thermally bonded, adhesively bonded, mechanically entangled, solvent bonded, hydraulically entangled and/or combinations of such techniques and may contain synthetic fibrous materials, natural fibrous materials and combinations thereof.
- the synthetic fibrous material may include thermoplastic fibers and filaments.
- bonded fibrous webs are cut or shredded into pieces having sizes that are adapted for suspension in a liquid.
- the pieces are suspended in liquid and mechanical work is applied to the liquid suspension of discrete pieces to generate hydraulic pressure and mechanical shear stress conditions sufficient to hydraulically fragment the bonded fibrous materials into fibers and fiber-like components.
- the substantially individual fibers and fiber-like components are separated from the liquid.
- the bonded fibrous materials may be converted into discrete pieces by a conventional operation such as, for example, mechanical shredding, mechanical cutting, mechanical tearing, mechanical grinding, pulverizing, water jet cutting, laser cutting, garnetting and combinations thereof.
- a liquid suspension of these pieces is exposed to conditions of hydraulic pressure, shear stress, and/or cavitational forces sufficient to fragment, rupture, rupture, burst or disintegrate pieces of bonded fibrous materials into useful free fibers and fiber bundles or fiber-like materials.
- These process conditions used to convert the shredded material to recycled fibers are more aggressive and stringent than those found in conventional pulping operations. As an example, normal pulping operations typically use less than about 3 horsepower-day (24 hours) per dry ton of material. Embodiments of the present invention may utilize much larger inputs of energy.
- the approximate amount of mechanical work applied to the liquid suspension may be greater than about 3 Horsepower - day (24 hours) per dry ton of bonded fibrous material - as determined by measuring the electric current drawn by the motor providing movement to the components generating hydraulic pressure and shear stress conditions. This number may be greater than 4 Horsepower - day per ton and may be even greater than 6 or more.
- the method of the invention may be practiced utilizing 35% more energy; 50% percent more energy, or even more to separate useful free fibers and fiber bundles from the bonded fibrous material. It is contemplated that, in some situations or under some conditions, the approximate amount of mechanical work may be less than 3 Horsepower - day per dry ton of bonded fibrous material.
- conventional beating and/or refining equipment is used to modify cellulose fibers to develop papermaking properties of hydration and fibrillation.
- conventional beaters and/or refiners may be configured or operated in an unconventional manner to provide the hydraulic pressure and shear stress conditions sufficient to fragment and fracture the bonded fibrous material into free fibers, fiber bundles and fiber-like materials.
- Exemplary beater devices are available from manufacturers such as Beloit Jones, E. D. Jones, Valley, and Noble & Wood.
- a liquid suspension of bonded fibrous material pieces is introduced into the beater device.
- bonded fibrous material pieces may be introduced directly into liquid in the beater vat.
- Various proportions of bonded fibrous materials and water may be used and one skilled in the art may determine appropriate proportions.
- a cylinder or beater roll is rotated at sufficient speed so that sufficient hydraulic pressure and shear stress are produced between the blades or vanes on the roll and separate blades mounted on a fixed plate beneath the roll.
- Rotation speed, consistency of the suspension in the vat and clearance between the rotating blades or vanes and the fixed blades is also adjusted to conditions that enhance "metal to fiber” interaction that cuts or controls the length of free fibers, fiber bundles and fiber-like particles.
- metal to fiber interaction is used to describe the contact between the bonded fibrous material and the fixed and/or rotating blades that may occur under conditions of hydraulic pressure and mechanical shear stress sufficient to sever, cut or break long fibers. According to the invention, this interaction should be controlled to cut long fibers without materially affecting or lowering the length and/or freeness of pulp or short fibers that may be present in the suspension.
- While equipment may be operated to provide fibers, fiber bundles and fiberlike materials having a wide range of lengths, it may also be used to generate fiber and fiber-like material having an average length distribution that spans approximately 7 millimeters or less. Generally speaking, a more uniform fiber distribution tends to enhance processing and hydraulic entangling. However, it is contemplated that a mix of longer fibers and shorter fibers may be desirable. The longer fibers may have advantages in providing strength and shorter fibers may have advantages in providing other useful characteristics such as, for example, absorbency, hand, drape and/or bulk.
- some "metal to fiber” interaction may generate deformations and distortions of synthetic components of the bonded fibrous material. While some deformations and distortions may be generated by hydraulic fragmentation of the bonded fibrous material others may be generated by tearing, slicing and breaking of fiber and/or filaments. These fiber deformations and irregularities are thought to help wet forming (or dry forming) of a web as well as subsequent hydraulic entangling. These characteristics of the recycled fibers and fiber-like materials enhance their utility in hydraulic entangling processes and make it practical to produce hydraulically entangled fabric that may exhibit the same or similar physical properties as one produced from 100 percent virgin fibers and potentially exceed those properties.
- FIGS. 1, 3-6, and 8-12 there are shown various exemplary recycled synthetic fibers, fiber bundles and/or fiber-like materials having at least one thread element composed of synthetic material having at least one irregular distortion generated by hydraulic fracture of the thread element to separate it from a bonded fibrpus material while the bonded fibrous material is suspended in a liquid.
- the thread element is discontinuous and, as an example, may have a length ranging from about 1 millimeter to about 15 millimeters.
- the thread element may have a length ranging from about 1.5 to about 10 millimeters.
- the thread element may have a length ranging from about 2 to about 5 millimeters.
- the thread element may have a diameter of less than 100 micrometers.
- the thread element may have a diameter of less than 30 micrometers. Generally speaking, these dimensions are similar to certain varieties of commercially available pulps and may be readily blended with commercial pulps.
- the thread elements may have a diameter of less than 10 microns and may even be less than 1 micron.
- the irregular distortions may be in the form of bends in the thread element, flattened segments of thread element, expanded segments of thread element and combinations thereof.
- the irregular distortions cause the thread elements of the recycled materials to have greater surface area than thread elements in the bonded fibrous material prior to hydraulic fracture of the thread element to separate it from the bonded fibrous material.
- the surface areas of the recycled thread elements may be at least about 5 percent greater. The increased surface area will often be the result of remaining fiber bond areas, cross over points, flat areas, fiber distortions and the like.
- FIG. 1 is a photomicrograph (approximately 500X linear magnification) showing a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber.
- the recycled fiber was recovered from a composite structure containing a thermally point bonded continuous polypropylene filament web and pulp fibers hydraulically entangled with the continuous filament web.
- the fiber visible in the center of the photomicrograph is a spunbonded polypropylene thread element having bends in the filaments and a relatively flattened segment. At least a portion of these distortions, e.g. flattened sections, are generated or exposed by hydraulic fracture of the thread element from the bonded continuous polypropylene fiber web along with the cellulose pulp (i.e., the composite structure).
- the material surrounding the thread element is cellulose pulp.
- FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph (approximately 500X linear magnification) showing conventional polypropylene staple fibers appearing in a conventional bonded carded web structure.
- these fibers appear relatively free of irregular distortions.
- the fibers have relatively smooth surfaces, even or uniform diameters, and lack the twists, bends, kinks and other irregular distortions that are evident in the thread element shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a photomicrograph (approximately 120X linear magnification) showing a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber recovered from the same type of composite structure as the thread element shown in FIG. 1.
- the fiber visible across the central region of the photomicrograph is a polypropylene thread element that exhibits a loop and bends as well as relatively flattened segments. At least a portion of these distortions are generated or exposed by hydraulic fracture of the thread element from the bonded fibrous material (i.e., the composite structure).
- the material surrounding the thread element is cellulose pulp.
- FIG. 4 is a photomicrograph (approximately 120X linear magnification) showing a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber recovered from the same type of composite structure as the thread element shown in FIG. 1.
- the fiber visible in the center of the photomicrograph is a polypropylene thread element.
- the arrow in the photomicrograph points to a sharp bend in the thread element.
- FIG. 5 is a photomicrograph (approximately 500X linear magnification) showing a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber recovered from the same type of composite structure as the thread element shown in FIG. 1.
- the fiber visible in the center of the photomicrograph is a polypropylene thread element that exhibits bends and/or twists as well as a roughened segment.
- FIG. 6 is a photomicrograph (approximately 500X linear magnification) showing a detail of an exemplary recycled synthetic fiber recovered from the same type of composite structure as the thread element shown in FIG. 1.
- the fiber visible across the center of the photomicrograph is a polypropylene thread element showing a cut end of the fiber that is flattened and expanded.
- FIG. 7 is a photomicrograph (approximately 500X linear magnification) showing a detail of a conventional polypropylene staple fiber.
- the fiber appears relatively free of irregular distortions and has an end that appears to be cut cleanly without evidence of expansion or other distortion.
- FIG. 8 is a photomicrograph (approximately 250X linear magnification) showing a detail of two exemplary recycled synthetic fibers recovered from the same type of composite structure as the thread element shown in FIG. 1.
- the fibers visible across the center and near the lower portion of the photomicrograph are polypropylene thread elements that exhibit bends as well as roughened segments.
- FIG. 9 is a photomicrograph (approximately 500X linear magnification) showing a detail of exemplary recycled synthetic fibers.
- the recycled fibers were recovered from Kimtex® brand wiper containing thermally point-bonded web of polypropylene meltblown fibers.
- the relatively fine meltblown fibers visible in the center of the photomicrograph are polypropylene thread elements having bends, twists, tangles and relatively flattened segments. At least a portion of these distortions are generated or exposed by hydraulic fracture of the thread elements from the bonded fibrous material (i.e., the Kimtex® wiper).
- the material surrounding the thread elements is cellulose pulp.
- FIG. 10 is a photomicrograph (approximately 100X linear magnification) showing a detail of exemplary recycled synthetic fibers recovered from the same type of material as the thread elements shown in FIG. 9.
- a bond point approximately 500 micrometers in length is visible in the center of the photomicrograph.
- Fibers radiate outward from the edges of the bond point in the form of polypropylene thread elements having bends, twists, tangles and relatively flattened segments. At least a portion of these distortions are generated or exposed by hydraulic fracture of the thread elements from the bonded fibrous material.
- Some of the material in the background of the thread elements is cellulose pulp.
- FIG. 11 is a photomicrograph (approximately 500X linear magnification) showing a detail of exemplary recycled synthetic fibers recovered from the same type of material as the thread elements shown in FIG. 10.
- a larger fiber-like material or fiber bundle is approximately 40 micrometers in width is visible in the center of the photomicrograph. Fibers surround and radiate outward from the edges of the fiber-like material or fiber bundle in the form of polypropylene thread elements having bends, twists, tangles and relatively flattened segments. At least a portion of these distortions are generated or exposed by hydraulic fracture of the thread elements from the bonded fibrous material.
- the larger fibrous materials near the thread elements are cellulose pulp fibers.
- FIG. 12 is a photomicrograph (approximately 500X linear magnification) showing a detail of exemplary recycled synthetic fibers recovered from the same type of material as the thread elements shown in FIG. 10. A mix of cellulose pulp and recycled fibers in the form of polypropylene thread elements having bends, twists, tangles and relatively flattened segments is shown.
- the hydraulically entangled web of recycled fibers and fiber-like materials may be made by conventional hydraulic entangling techniques.
- a dilute suspension of recycled fibers and fiber-like materials may be supplied by a head-box and deposited via a sluice in a uniform dispersion onto a forming fabric of a conventional papermaking machine.
- the suspension of fibers may be diluted to any consistency which is typically used in conventional papermaking processes.
- the suspension may contain from about 0.01 to about 1.5 percent by weight fibers suspended in water. Water is removed from the suspension of fibers to form a uniform layer.
- the recycled fibers may also include added pulp fiber and/or other types of fibers, particulates or other materials. It is contemplated that the recycled fibers and these various fibers and/or other material may be formed into a stratified or heterogeneous sheet or layer. Alternatively and/or additionally, these components may be blended or mixed to form a homogenous layer. Small amounts of wet-strength resins and/or resin binders may be added to improve strength and abrasion resistance if there is a cellulose component in the fibers.
- Useful binders and wet-strength resins include, for example, Kymene 557 H available from the Hercules Chemical Company and Parez 631 available from American Cyanamid, Inc. In some cases, it may be possible to add cross-linking agents and/or hydrating agents to the fibers. It is also possible to add debonding agents.
- One exemplary debonding agent is available from the Quaker Chemical Company, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, under the trade designation Quaker 2008.
- the fiber layer is then laid upon a foraminous entangling surface of a conventional hydraulic entangling machine.
- the layer of recycled fibers and fiber-like materials (and any added pulps, fibers and/or other materials) pass under one or more hydraulic entangling manifolds and are treated with jets of fluid to entangle the recycled fibers and fiber-like materials with one another. It is contemplated that hydraulic entangling may take place while the fiber layer is on the same foraminous screen (i.e., mesh fabric) on which the wet-laying took place.
- the hydraulic entangling may be accomplished utilizing conventional hydraulic entangling equipment such as may be found in, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,485,706 to Evans, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- the hydraulic entangling of the present invention may be carried out with any appropriate working fluid such as, for example, water.
- the working fluid flows through a manifold which evenly distributes the fluid to a series of individual holes or orifices. These holes or orifices may be from about 0.003 to about 0.015 inch in diameter.
- the invention may be practiced utilizing a manifold produced by Honeycomb Systems Incorporated of Biddeford, Maine, containing a strip having 0.007 inch diameter orifices, 30 holes per inch, and 1 row of holes.
- a manifold produced by Honeycomb Systems Incorporated of Biddeford, Maine, containing a strip having 0.007 inch diameter orifices, 30 holes per inch, and 1 row of holes.
- Many other manifold configurations and combinations may be used.
- a single manifold may be used or several manifolds may be arranged in succession.
- the working fluid passes through the orifices at a pressures ranging from about 200 to about 2000 pounds per square inch gauge (psig). At about 2000 psig, it is contemplated that the composite fabrics may be processed at speeds of about 1000 feet per minute (fpm).
- the fluid impacts the fiber layer which is supported by a foraminous surface which may be, for example, a single plane mesh having a mesh size of from about 40 X 40 to about 100 X 100.
- the foraminous surface may also be a multi-ply mesh having a mesh size from about 50 X 50 to about 200 X 200.
- vacuum slots may be located directly beneath the hydro- needling manifolds or beneath the foraminous entangling surface downstream of the entangling manifold so that excess water is withdrawn from the hydraulically entangled material.
- a differential speed pickup roll may be used to transfer the material from the hydraulic needling belt to a non- compressive drying operation.
- conventional vacuum-type pickups and transfer fabrics may be used.
- the entangled fabric may be wet-creped before being transferred to the drying operation.
- Non-compressive drying of the fabric may be accomplished utilizing a conventional rotary drum through-air drying apparatus.
- the temperature of the air forced through the hydraulically entangled fabric by the through-dryer may range from about 200 to about 500 F.
- Other useful through-drying methods and apparatus may be found in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 2,666,369 and 3,821 ,068, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- the fabric may be lightly pressed by calender rolls, creped or brushed to provide a uniform exterior appearance and/or certain tactile properties.
- chemical post-treatments such as, adhesives or dyes may be added to the fabric.
- the fabric may contain various materials such as, for example, activated charcoal, clays, starches, and superabsorbent materials.
- these materials may be added to the suspension of recycled fibers used to form the fiber layer.
- These materials may also be deposited on the fiber layer prior to the fluid jet treatments so that they become incorporated into the hydraulically entangled fabric by the action of the fluid jets.
- these materials may be added to the hydraulically entangled fabric after the fluid jet treatments.
- Trapezoidal tear strengths of samples were measured in accordance with ASTM Standard Test D 1117-14 except that the tearing load is calculated as an average of the first and the highest peak loads rather than an average of the lowest and highest peak loads.
- the absorptive capacity refers to the capacity of a material to absorb liquid over a period of time and is related to the total amount of liquid held by a material at its point of saturation. Absorptive capacity is determined by measuring the increase in the weight of a material sample resulting from the absorption of a liquid. Absorptive capacity may be expressed, in percent, as the weight of liquid absorbed divided by the weight of the sample by the following equation:
- Total Absorptive Capacity [(saturated sample weight - sample weight)/sample weight] X 00.
- sample size was at least 20 square inches (130 cm 2 ); and 2) a minimum of three random specimens were tested for each sample.
- the tester was equipped with a 56.42 mm diameter foot having an area of 2500 mm 2 .
- a stack of 10 samples was tested at a load of 2.00 kPa and a dwell time of 3 seconds.
- Abrasion resistance testing was conducted utilizing a Taber Abraser, Model
- This example relates to recycling a bonded and entangled composite material containing natural fibers and synthetic filaments, introducing the material into the furnish stream of a wet forming process, depositing the material onto a nonwoven continuous filament substrate and then hydraulically entangling the materials together.
- the composite contained approximately 80% by weight pulp and about 20 percent, by weight, polypropylene filaments.
- the material was shredded utilizing a shredder available from the East Chicago Machine Tool Company.
- the pieces were transferred to a conventional Hollander-type industrial beater manufactured by E.D. Jones & Sons, Pittsfield, MA.
- the beater was a "Number 3 Jones Beating Unit" equipped with a 45 degree diagonal bed plate.
- the beater had a rotating roll with blades or vanes generally aligned on the roll.
- the blades or vanes were approximately 1/4 inch ( ⁇ 6 mm) wide, approximately 1/2 inch ( ⁇ 12 to 13 mm) high. These were spaced approximately 1/2 inch ( ⁇ 12 to 13 mm) apart on the exterior of the roll perpendicular to the direction or plane of rotation.
- a fixed plate was mounted just below the rotating roll and was equipped with blades or "knives” that were approximately 1/8 inch ( ⁇ 3mm) wide, 1/4 inch ( ⁇ 6 mm) high, spaced approximately 3/8 inches ( ⁇ 9 to 10 mm) apart. These were aligned at an angle of 45 degrees to the direction or plane of rotation.
- the rotating roll had a diameter of 72 inches, a width of 72 inches, 192 blades each having a length of 72 inches and spaced one-half inch apart.
- the roll weighed approximately 16 tons. Generally speaking, the speed of rotation is constant and the variable that is modified is the pressure or load on the roll.
- the roll was mounted such that a gauge pressure reading of 0 psi corresponded to very little or no portion of the weight of the roll ( ⁇ 0 tons) counteracting the force generated by fibers and pieces of bonded fibrous material as they squeezed as they passed through the gap existing between the blades at the bottom of the rotating roll and the fixed blades mounted underneath the roll.
- a gauge pressure reading of 50 psi corresponded to approximately one-half of the weight of the roll ( ⁇ 8 tons) counteracting the pressure generated fibers and pieces of bonded fibrous material as they squeezed through the gap existing between the blades at the bottom of the rotating roll and the fixed blades mounted underneath the roll.
- a gauge pressure reading of 100 psi corresponded to approximately the full weight of the roll ( ⁇ 16 tons) counteracting the pressure generated by fibers and pieces of bonded fibrous material as they squeezed through the gap existing between the blades at the bottom of the rotating roll and the fixed blades mounted underneath the roll.
- Hydraulic pressure and shear stress was controlled by adjusting the load on the roll as it rotated.
- hydraulic pressure and shear stress is generated by a "paddle wheel" type pumping action produced when the beater roll rotates and its attached blades or vanes force liquid and wet material against a fixed plate with blades mounted diagonally to the direction or plane of rotation.
- a greater load applied to the rotating roll produces less clearance between the rotating roll and the fixed plate. This corresponds to greater levels of hydraulic pressure and shear stress.
- the pressure or load against the rotating roll was 0 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) for 10 minutes. Essentially, no load was applied and the "paddle wheel" action of the rotating roll squeezed the pieces in the suspension through a gap of about 1 cm or more between blades of the rotating roll and blades mounted on the fixed plate. Generally speaking, the first stage was used to wet the shredded material and separate the natural fibers from the synthetic fibers. The consistency was adjusted to be about 3.3 percent (the percentage by weight of air or oven dry fibrous material in the suspension).
- average fiber length was determined as previously described - by manually separating a random sample of 20 synthetic fibers and 20 pulp fibers, measuring the length of individual fibers utilizing a microscope, and then calculating an average length.
- the resulting recycled fibers and fiber-like materials had the following characteristics:
- the average length of the synthetic fiber was approximately the same length as the wood pulp fibers. Average length of the synthetic fibers was 4.21 mm. The length of individual fibers in the sample ranged from 2.54 to 7.11 mm. It should be noted that, prior to processing, the synthetic fibers initially were substantially continuous polypropylene filaments having indeterminate lengths or lengths at least far exceeding 7.11 mm. The average fiber length for the pulp component was 2.7 mm. The length of individual pulp fibers in the sample ranged from 1.52 to 3.94 mm.
- Substantial numbers of synthetic fibers have increased surface area as a result of the remaining individual fiber bond areas, cross overs, and flat areas.
- the treated recycled fiber stream (containing wood pulp fibers and synthetic fibers) were introduced into the furnish stream of a wet forming process.
- the recycled fibers were blended inline with virgin radiata pine pulp fibers (Laja 10 available from CMPC Celulosa of Chile) at a level of 20% by dry weight.
- This blend of fibers was formed into a wet sheet having a basis weight of 50 grams per square meter (gsm) utilizing a forming wire available from Albany
- the wet sheet was then laid on top of a layer of continuous filament polypropylene spunbond having a basis weight of approximately 24 gsm.
- the two layers were supported on an hydroentangling wire available from Albany International under the designation 90 BH.
- the layers were entangled utilizing five manifolds. Each manifold was equipped with a jet strip having one row of 0.005 inch holes at a density of 40 holes per inch.
- the water pressure was 1100 pounds per square inch gauge and the total time the web was exposed to pressure was 213 microseconds.
- the structure of the recycled fibers and fiber-like materials offer additional advantages because they are readily adapted to wet-forming processes and have good retention in the forming section. Furthermore, the relative ease with which these recycled fibers can be processed by wet-forming techniques provides a suitably uniform starting material for hydraulic entangling.
- a highly uniform fabric offers advantages.
- a fabric that is highly uniform in appearance tends to be aesthetically pleasing.
- Less pulp material and/or lighter basis weight substrates may be used without sacrificing the material's ability to mask or cover.
- certain tensile properties and other physical characteristics may be less likely to have strong variations or localized spots of non-uniformity.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
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BR0115259-9A BR0115259A (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2001-11-07 | Hydro-tangled nonwoven web containing recycled synthetic fibrous materials |
JP2002540619A JP2004513256A (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2001-11-07 | Hydraulic entangled nonwoven web containing recycled synthetic fiber material |
EP01990862A EP1358375A2 (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2001-11-07 | Hydroentangled nonwoven web containing recycled synthetic fibrous materials |
AU3062702A AU3062702A (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2001-11-07 | Hydroentangled nonwoven web containing recycled synthetic fibrous materials |
KR10-2003-7006326A KR20030051792A (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2001-11-07 | Hydroentangled Nonwoven Web Containing Recycled Synthetic Fibrous Materials |
CA002426027A CA2426027A1 (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2001-11-07 | Hydroentangled nonwoven web containing recycled synthetic fibrous materials |
MXPA03003768A MXPA03003768A (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2001-11-07 | Hydroentangled nonwoven web containing recycled synthetic fibrous materials. |
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US7891898B2 (en) | 2005-01-28 | 2011-02-22 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Cleaning pad for wet, damp or dry cleaning |
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JP5539661B2 (en) * | 2008-03-24 | 2014-07-02 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | Wet wiper containing disinfectant |
MX2011010344A (en) * | 2009-04-30 | 2011-10-28 | Kimberly Clark Co | Nonwoven composite including post-consumer recycled material. |
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- 2001-11-07 AU AU3062702A patent/AU3062702A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-11-07 CA CA002426027A patent/CA2426027A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-11-07 WO PCT/US2001/046761 patent/WO2002038027A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2001-11-07 CN CNA018186246A patent/CN1473217A/en active Pending
- 2001-11-07 BR BR0115259-9A patent/BR0115259A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-11-07 JP JP2002540619A patent/JP2004513256A/en active Pending
- 2001-11-07 MX MXPA03003768A patent/MXPA03003768A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-11-07 EP EP01990862A patent/EP1358375A2/en not_active Withdrawn
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2002038027A3 (en) | 2002-11-07 |
KR20030051792A (en) | 2003-06-25 |
ZA200302953B (en) | 2004-04-15 |
AU3062702A (en) | 2002-05-21 |
BR0115259A (en) | 2004-01-20 |
CA2426027A1 (en) | 2002-05-16 |
EP1358375A2 (en) | 2003-11-05 |
CN1473217A (en) | 2004-02-04 |
MXPA03003768A (en) | 2003-07-28 |
AR032772A1 (en) | 2003-11-26 |
US20020115370A1 (en) | 2002-08-22 |
JP2004513256A (en) | 2004-04-30 |
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