WO2002013459A2

WO2002013459A2 - Determining geographic locations of private network internet users

Info

Publication number: WO2002013459A2
Application number: PCT/US2001/024617
Authority: WO
Inventors: Sanjay M. Parekh
Original assignee: Digital Envoy, Inc.
Priority date: 2000-08-04
Filing date: 2001-08-06
Publication date: 2002-02-14
Also published as: WO2002013459A3; AU2001281106A1

Abstract

A method of determining a geographic location of an Internet user in a private network involves use of an internal server placed within the private network. The internal server determines the geographic location of the Internet user and returns this information to the requestor. The internal server can determine the geographic location in any suitable manner, such as through a table mapping the Internet user's internal address to external address or a database of Internet users' addresses. Preferably, the Internet user requesting information from a web site is redirected by that site to the internal server and then the internal server, after it determines the geographic location, redirects the Internet user back to the web site in order to supply the site with the geographic location information.

Description

DETERMINING GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF PRIVATE NETWORK INTERNET USERS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to systems and methods for determining geographic

locations of Internet users. According to other aspects, the invention relates to systems and methods for collecting geographic locations of Internet users, for profiling Internet

users, or for selectively delivering information based on the geographic locations or connection speeds of the Internet users.

BACKGROUND

The Internet consists of a network of interconnected computer networks. Each of these computers has an IP address that is comprised of a series of four numbers separated by periods or dots and each of these four numbers is an 8-bit integer which collectively

represent the unique address of the computer within the Internet. The Internet is a packet

switching network whereby a data file routed over the Internet to some destination is broken down into a number of packets that are separately transmitted to the destination. Each packet contains, inter alia, some portion of the data file and the IP address of the

destination.

The IP address of a destination is useful in routing packets to the correct

destination but is not very people friendly. A group of four 8-bit numbers by themselves do not reveal or suggest anything about the destination and most people would find it difficult to remember the IP addresses of a destination. As a result of tins shortcoming in just using IP addresses, domain names were created. Domain names consist of two or more parts, frequently words, separated by periods. Since the words, numbers, or other

symbols foirning a domain name often indicate or at least suggest the identity of a destination, domain names have become the standard way of entering an address and are more easily remembered than the IP addresses. After a domain name has been entered, a

domain name server (DNS) resolves the domain name into a specific IP address. Thus, for example, when someone surfing the Internet enters into a browser program a

particular domain name for a web site, the browser first queries the DNS to arrive at the

proper IP address.

While the IP address works well to deliver packets to the correct address on the

Internet, IP addresses do not convey any useful information about the geographic address of the destination. Furthermore, the domain names do not even necessarily indicate any

geographic location although sometimes they may suggest, correctly or incorrectly, such a location. This absence of a link between the IP address or domain name and the geographic location holds true both nationally and internationally. For instance, a country

top-level domain format designates .us for the United States, .uk for the United Kingdom, etc. Thus, by referencing these extensions, at least the country within which the computer is located can often be detenriined. These extensions, however, can often be deceiving

and may be inaccurate. For instance, the .md domain is assigned to the Republic of Moldova but has become quite popular with medical doctors in the United States. Consequently, while the domain name may suggest some aspect of the computer's

geographic location, the domain name and the IP address often do not convey any useful geographic information. In addition to the geographic location, the IP address and domain name also tell

very little information about the person or company using the computer or computer

network. Consequently, it is therefore possible for visitors to go to a web site, transfer

files, or send email without revealing their true identity. This anonymity, however, runs counter to the desires of many web sites. For example, for advertising purposes, it is

desirable to target each advertisement to a select market group optimized for the goods or services associated with the advertisement. An advertisement for a product or service that

matches or is closely associated with the interests of a person or group will be much more effective, and thus more valuable to the advertisers, than an advertisement that is blindly sent out to every visitor to the site.

Driven often by the desire to increase advertising revenues and to increase sales,

many sites are now profiling their visitors. To profile a visitor, web sites first monitor

their visitors' traffic historically through the site and detect patterns of behavior for different groups of visitors. The web site may come to infer that a certain group of visitors requesting a page or sequence of pages has a particular interest. When selecting

an advertisement for the next page requested by an individual in that group, the web site can target an advertisement associated with the inferred interest of the individual or

group. Thus, the visitor's traffic through the web site is mapped and analyzed based on the behavior of other visitors at the web site. Many web sites are therefore interested in

learning as much as possible about their visitors in order to increase the profitability of their web site.

The desire to learn more about users of the Internet is countered by privacy

concerns of the users. The use of cookies, for instance, is objectionable to many visitors. In fact, bills have been introduced into the House of Representatives and also in the

Senate controlling the use of cookies or digital ID tags. By placing cookies on a user's

computer, companies can track visitors across numerous web sites, thereby suggesting interests of the visitors. While many companies may find cookies and other profiling

techniques beneficial, profiling techniques have not won wide-spread approval from the

public at large.

A particularly telling example of the competing interests between privacy and

profiling is when Double Click, Inc. of New York, New York tied the names and addresses of individuals to their respective IP addresses. The reactions to Double Click's actions included the filing of a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) by

the Electronic Privacy Information Center and outbursts from many privacy advocates that the tracking of browsing habits of visitors is inherently invasive. Thus, even though

the technology may allow for precise tracking of individuals on the Internet, companies must carefully balance the desire to profile visitors with the rights of the visitors in remaining anonymous.

The difficulty in learning more about Internet users is further complicated when

the Internet users are part of a private network, such as America On-Line (AOL). AOL and other private networks act as an intermediary by operating a proxy server between its member users and the Internet. The proxy server helps to create a private community of members and also insulates and protects the members from some invasive inquiries that can occur over the Internet. As part of this protection and insulation, many of these

private networks assign its members a first set of IP addresses for routing only within the private network and do not reveal these IP addresses to entities outside of the private network, such as over the Internet. To communicate with the members, entities outside of

the private network do not have direct access to the members but instead must go through

the proxy servers. As should be apparent to those skilled in the art, profiling and otherwise gathering information on members of private networks can be made even more

difficult due to the proxy servers.

A need therefore exists for systems and methods by which more detailed information may be obtained on visitors without jeopardizing or compromising the

visitors' privacy rights.

SUMMARY

The invention addresses the problems above by providing systems and methods for determining the geographic location of an Internet user that is within a private

network. According to one aspect, a method of determining geographic location involves

receiving a request for the geographic location of the Internet user, with this request originating from a network outside of the private network, such as through the Internet. The request for the geographic location is preferably received by an internal server which

then determines whether the request has been redirected from an external network. Once the internal server confirms that the request has been redirected, it determines the

geographic location of the Internet user through any suitable method. The internal server then sends the geographic location of the Internet user out to the external network to the

requestor.

According to another aspect, the invention relates to an entity within the external network for requesting the geographic location of the Internet user in the private network.

The entity receives a request for information from the Internet user within the private network through a proxy server. After the entity determines that the request is through

the proxy server, the entity redirects the Internet user to an internal server within the

private network. The internal server then determines the geographic location of the

Intemet user and provides the entity with this information. After receiving the geographic location from the internal server, the entity uses the geographic location of the Internet

user in fulfilling the Internet user's request for information. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the entity may use the geographic location information in various ways, such as to select content, to target advertising, and/or to route the Internet user's

request.

According to another aspect, the invention relates to a collection and determination

system for obtaining the geographic location of an Internet user in a private network. The collection and determination system receives a request for information from a requestor

residing outside the private network of the Internet user. Next, the collection and determination system determines whether the request for the geographic location is for an Internet user who resides within the private network having a proxy server. If the Internet

user does reside within the private network, the collection system redirects the Internet user to an internal server within the private network of the Internet user. The internal server determines the geographic location of the Internet user and provides this information to the collection system. After receiving the geographic location information from the internal server, the collection and determination system sends the geographic

location of the Internet user to the requestor.

According to yet another aspect, the invention relates to methods and systems for

using a DNS server as part of a method of determining geographic location information of Internet users. The DNS server receives an inquiry as to how a particular domain name should be resolved. The DNS server deteπnines if the inquiry originated from an Internet

user who is part of a private network and, if so, resolves the inquiry by providing an IP

address for an entity within that private network. If the DNS server determines that the inquiry did not originate from Internet user who is part of a private network, then the

DNS server resolves the inquiry by returning an IP address of an entity outside of the private network. After the DNS server resolves the inquiry, either the entity within the private network or the entity outside the private network determine the geographic location of the Internet user and make this information available. By using the DNS

server, Internet users within a private network are more directly routed to an internal

server.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention and, together with

the description, disclose the principles of the invention. In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a block diagram of a network having a collection system according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

Figure 2 is a flow chart depicting a preferred method of operation for the collection system of Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a flow chart depicting a preferred method of obtaining geographic information through an Internet Service Provider (ISP);

Figure 4 is a block diagram of a network having a collection system and determination system according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

Figure 5 is a flow chart depicting a preferred method of operation for the

collection and determination system;

Figure 6 is a block diagram of a web server using a position targeter connected to the collection and determination system;

Figure 7 is a flow chart depicting a preferred method of operation for the web

server and position targeter of Figure 6;

Figure 8 is a block diagram of a web server using a position targeter having access to a local geographic database as well as the collection and determination system;

Figure 9 is a flow chart depicting a preferred method of operation for the web

server and position targeter of Figure 8;

Figure 10 is a block diagram of a network depicting the gathering of geographical

location information from a user through a proxy server;

Figure 11 is a flow chart depicting a preferred method of operation for gathering geographic information through the proxy server;

Figure 12 is a block diagram of a traffic manager according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

Figure 13 is a block diagram of a network including a profile server and a profile discovery server according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

Figures 14(A) and 14(B) are flow charts depicting preferred methods of operation for the profile server and profile discovery server of Figure 13;

Figure 15 is block diagram of a network having a collection system according to a second embodiment of the invention; Figure 16 is a flow chart depicting a preferred method of operation for the

collection system of Figure 15;

Figure 17 is a block diagram of a network having a collection system and DNS

server according to a third embodiment of the invention; and

Figure 18 is a flow chart depicting a method for resolving domain name inquiries

according to another embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to preferred embodiments of the invention, non-limiting examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

I. COLLECTING, DETERMINING AND DISTRIBUTING GEOGRAPHIC

LOCATIONS

According to one aspect, the present invention relates to systems and methods of collecting, detennining, and distributing data that identifies where an Internet user is likely to be geographically located. Because the method of addressing on the Internet, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, allows for any range of addresses to be located anywhere in the world, determining the actual location of any given machine, or host, is not a

simple task.

A. Collecting Geographic Location Data

A system 10 for collecting geographic information is shown in Figure 1. The

system 10 uses various Internet route tools to aid in discovering the likely placement of newly discovered Internet hosts, such as new target host 34. In particular the system 10

preferably uses programs known as host, nslookup, ping, traceroute, andwhois in determining a geographic location for the target host 34. It should be imderstood that the

invention is not limited to these programs but may use other programs or systems that

offer the same or similar functionality. Thus, the invention may use any systems or methods to determine the geographic location or provide further information that will

help ascertain the geographic location of an IP address.

In particular, nslookup, ping, traceroute, and whois provide the best source of information. The operation of ping and traceroute is explained in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request For Comments (RFC) numbered 2151 which

may be found at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2151.txt, nslookup (actually DNS lookups) is

explained in the IETF RFC numbered 2535 which may be found at

http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2535.txt, and whois is explained in the IETF RFC numbered 954 which may be found at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0954.txt A brief explanation of each of host, nslookup, ping, traceroute, andwhois is given below. In explaining the operation

of these commands, source host refers to the machine that the system 10 is run on and

target host refers to the machine being searched for by the system 10, such as target host 34. A more detailed explanation of these commands is available via the RFCs specified or manual pages on a UNIX system.

host queries a target domain's DNS servers and collects information about the

domain name. For example, with the "-/" option the command "host -I digitalenvoy.net"

will show the system 10 all host names that have the suffix of digitalenvoy.net.

nslookup will convert an IP address to a host name or vice versa using the DNS lookup system. ping sends a target host a request to see if the host is on-line and operational, ping can also be used to record the route that was taken to query the status of the target host

but this is often not completely reliable. traceroute is designed to determine the exact route that is taken to reach a target

host. It is possible to use traceroute to determine a partial route to a non-existent or non-

online target host machine. In this case the route will be traced to a certain point after

which it will fail to record further progress towards the target host. The report that is provided to the system 10 by traceroute gives the IP address of each host encountered from the source host to the target host, traceroute can also provide host names for each

host encountered using DNS if it is configured in this fashion. whois queries servers on the Internet and can obtain registration information for a

domain name or block of IP addresses.

A preferred method 100 of operation for the system 10 will now be described with reference to Figures 1 and 2. At 102, the system 10 receives a new address for which a geographic location is desired. The system 10 accepts new target hosts that are currently not contained in its database 20 or that need to be re- verified. The system 10 requires

only one of the IP address or the host name, although both can be provided. At 103, the

system 10 preferably, although not necessarily, verifies the IP address and host name. The system 10 uses nslookup to obtain the host name or IP address to verify that both pieces of information are correct. Next, at 104, the system 10 determines if the target host 34 is on-line and operational and preferably accomplishes this function through aping. If

the host 34 is not on-line, the system 10 can re-queue the IP address for later analysis, depending upon the preferences in the configuration of the system 10.

At 106, the system 10 deteπnines ownership of the domain name. Preferably, the

system 10 uses a whois to determine the organization that actually owns the IP address.

The address of this organization is not necessarily the location of the IP address but this information may be useful for smaller organizations whose IP blocks are often geographically in one location. At 107, the system 10 then deteπnines the route taken to

reach the target host 34. Preferably, the system 10 uses a traceroute on the target host 34.

At 108, the system 10 takes the route to the target host 34 and analyzes and maps it geographically against a database 20 of stored locations. If any hosts leading to the target host, such as intermediate host 32, are not contained in the database 20, the system 10

makes a determination as to the location of those hosts.

At 109, a determination is then made as to the location of the target host and a

confidence level, from 0 to 100, is assigned to the determination based on the confidence level of hosts leading to and new hosts found and the target host 34. All new hosts and their respective geographic locations are then added to the database 20 at 110.

If the host name is of the country top4evel domain foπnat (.us, .uk, etc.) then the

system 10 first maps against the country and possibly the state, or province, and city of

origin. The system 10, however, must still map the Internet route for the IP address in case the address does not originate from where the domain shows that it appears to

originate. As discussed in the example above, the .md domain is assigned to the Republic of Moldova but is quite popular with medical doctors in the United States. Thus, the

system 10 cannot rely completely upon the country top-level domain foπnats in determining the geographic location. The method 100 allows the system 10 to deteπnine the country, state, and city that

the target host 34 originates from and allow for an assignment of a confidence level against entries in the database. The confidence level is assigned in the following manner.

In cases where a dialer has been used to deteπnine the IP address space assigned by an Internet Service Provider to a dial-up modem pool, which will be described in more detail

below, the confidence entered is 100. Other confidences are based upon the neighboring entries. If two same location entries suπound an unknown entry, the unknown entry is

given a confidence of the average of the known same location entries. For instance, a location determined solely by whois might receive a 35 confidence level.

As an example, a sample search against the host "digitalenvoy.net" will now be

described. First, the system 10 receives the target host "digitalenvoy.net" at 102 and does a DNS lookup on the name at 103. The command nslookup returns the following to the

system 10:

> nslookup digitalenvoy.net Name: digitalenvoy.net Address: 209.153.199.15

The system 10 at 104 then does aping on the machine, which tells the system 10 if the target host 34 is on-line and operational. The "-c 1" option tells ping to only send one

packet. This option speeds up confirmation considerably. The . ing returns the following

to the system 10:

> ping -c 1 digitalenvoy.net

PING digitalenvoy.net (209.153.199.15): 56 data bytes

64 bytes from 209.153.199.15: icmp_seq=0 ttl=241 time=120.4 ms digitalenvoy.net ping statistics

1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 120.4/120.4/120.4 ms The system 10 next executes a whois at 106 on "digitalenvoy.net" . In this example, the whois informs the system 10 that the registrant is in Georgia.

> whois digitalenvoy.net

Registrant:

Some One (DIGITALENVOY-DOM)

1234 Address Street

ATLANTA, GA 33333

US

Domain Name: DIGITALENVOY.NET

Administrative Contact:

One, Some (SO0000) some@one.net

+1 404 555 5555 Technical Contact, Zone Contact: myDNS Support (MS311-0RG) support@MYDNS.COM

+1 (206) 374.2143 Billing Contact:

One, Some (SOOOOO) some@one.net

+1 404 555 5555

Record last updated on 14-Apr-99.

Record created on 14-Apr-99.

Database last updated on 22-Apr-99 11:06:22 EDT .

Domain servers in listed order:

NS1.MYD0MAIN.COM 209.153.199.2

NS2.MYDOMAIN.COM 209.153.199.3

NS3.MYDOMAIN.COM 209.153.199.4

NS4.MYD0MAIN.COM 209.153.199.5

The system 10 at 107 executes a traceroute on the target host 34. The traceroute on

"digitalenvoy.net" returns the following to the system 10:

> traceroute digitalenvoy.net traceroute to digitalenvoy.net (209.153.199.15), 30 hops max,

40 byte packets

1 130.207.47.1 (130.207.47.1) 6.269 ms 2.287 ms 4.027 ms

2 gatewayl-rtr.gatech.edu (130.207.244.1) 1.703 ms 1.672 ms 1.928 ms

3 fl-0.atlanta2-cr99.bbnplanet.net (192.221.26.2) 3.296 ms 3.051 ms 2.910 ms

4 fl-0.atlanta2-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.2.90) 3.000 ms 3.617 ms 3.632 ms

5 s4-0-0.atlantal-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.149) 4.076 ms s8- l-0.atlantal-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.2.157) 4.761 ms 4.740 ms 6 h5-l-0.paloalto-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.3.142) 72.385 ms 71.635 ms 69.482 ms

7 p2-0.paloalto-nbr2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.2.197) 82.580 ms 83.476 ms 82.987 ms

8 p4-0.sanjosel-nbrl.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.2) 79.299 ms 78.139 ms 80.416 ms

9 pl-0-0.sanjosel-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.82) 78.918 ms 78.406 ms 79.217 ms

10 NSanjose-coreO.nap.net (207.112.242.253) 80.031 ms 78.506 ms 122.622 ms

11 NSeattlel-coreO.nap.net (207.112.247.138) 115.104 ms 112.868 ms 114.678 ms

12 sea-atmO.starcom-accesspoint.net (207.112.243.254) 112.639 ms 327.223 ms 173.847 ms

13 van-atml0.10.starcom.net (209.153.195.49) 118.899 ms 116.603 ms 114.036 ms

14 hume.worldway.net (209.153.199.15) 118.098 ms * 114.571 ms

After refeπing to the geographic locations stored in the database 20, the system 10

analyzes these hops in the following way:

The system 10 assigns a confidence level of 99 indicating that the entry is contained in the database 20 and has been checked by a person for confirmation. While confirmations may be performed by persons, such as an analyst, according to other aspects of the invention the confirmation may be performed by an Artificial Intelligence

system or any other suitable additional system, module, device, program, entities, etc. The system 10 reserves a confidence level of 100 for geographic infomiation that has

been confirmed by an Internet Service Providers (ISP). The ISP would provide the

system 10 with the actual mapping of IP addresses against geography. Also, data

gathered with the system 10 through dialing ISPs is given a 100 confidence level because of a definite connection between the geography and the IP address. Many of these hosts,

such as intermediate host 32, will be repeatedly traversed when the system 10 searches for new target hosts, such as target host 34, and the confidence level of their geographic

location should increase up to a maximum 99 unless confirmed by an ISP or verified by a system analyst. The confidence level can increase in a number of ways, such as by a set amount with each successive confirmation of the host's 32 geographic location.

The system 10 takes advantage in common naming conventions in leading to reasonable guesses as to the geographic location of the hosts. For example, any host that contains "sanjose" in the first part of its host name is probably located in San Jose,

California or connected to a system that is in San Jose, California. These comparison rule

sets are implemented in the system 10 as entries in the database 20. The database 20 may

have look-up tables listing geographic locations, such as city, county, regional, state, etc, with coπesponding variations of the names. Thus, the database 20 could have multiple listings for the same city, such as SanFrancisco, SanFran, and Sfrancisco dl for San Francisco, California.

Often a block of IP addresses are assigned and sub-assigned to organizations. For example, the IP block that contains the target address 209.153.199.15 can be queried: > whois 209.153.199.15@whois.arin.net [whois . ari . net]

Starcom International Optics Corp. (NETBLK-STARCOM97) STARCOM97

209.153.192.0 - 209.153.255.255 WORLDWAY HOLDINGS INC. (NETBLK-WWAY-NET-01) WWAY-NET-01

209.153.199.0 - 209.153.199.255

From the results of this query, the system 10 determines that the large block from

209.153.192.0 to 209.153.255.255 is assigned to Starcom International Optics Corp.

Within tins block, Starcom has assigned Worldway Holdings Inc. the 209.153.199.0 to

209.153.199.255 block. By further querying this block (NETBLK-WWAY-NET-01) the

collection system 10 gains insight into where the organization exists. In this case the

organization is in Vancouver, British Columbia, as shown below.

> whois NETBLK-WWAY-NET-01@whois.arin.net [whois . arin . net]

WORLDWAY HOLDINGS INC. (NETBLK-WWAY-NET-01) 1336 West 15th Street North Vancouver, BC V7L 2S8 CA

Netname: WWAY-NET-01

Netblock: 209.153.199.0 - 209.153.199.255

Coordinator:

WORLDWAY DNS (WD171-ORG-ARIN) dns@WORLDWAY.COM +1 (604) 608.2997

Domain System inverse mapping provided by:

NS1.MYDNS.COM 209.153.199.2

NS2.MYDNS.COM 209.153.199.3

With the combination of the trace and the IP block address infoπnation, the

collection system 10 can be fairly certain that the host "digitalenvoy.net" is located in

Vancouver, British Columbia. Because the collection system 10 "discovered" this host

using automatic methods with no human intervention, the system 10 preferably assigns a confidence level slightly lower than the confidence level of the host that led to it. Also,

the system 10 will not assume the geographic location will be the same for the

organization and the sub-block of IP addresses assigned since the actual IP address may

be in another physical location. The geographic locations may easily be different since IP blocks are assigned to a requesting organization and no indication is required for where

the IP block will be used.

B. Obtaining Geographic Location Data from ISPs

A method 111 for obtaining geographic locations from an ISP will now be described with reference to Figure 3. At 112, the collection system 10 obtains access numbers for the ISP. The access numbers in the prefeπed embodiment are dial-up numbers and may be obtained in any suitable manner, such as by establishing an account

with the ISP. Next, at 113, the collection system 10 connects with the ISP by using one

of the access numbers. When the collection system 10 establishes communications with the ISP, the ISP assigns the collection system 10 an IP address, which is detected by the collection system 10 at 114.

The collection system 10 at 115 then determines the route to a sample target host

and preferably determines this route through a traceroute. The exact target host that forms the basis of the traceroute as well as the final destination of the route is not

important so any suitable host may be used. At 116, the collection system 10 analyzes the route obtained through traceroute to deteπnine the location of the host associated with the ISP. Thus, the collection system 10 looks in a backward direction to determine the

geographic location of the next hop in the traceroute. At 117, the collection system 10 stores the results of the analysis in the database 20.

With the method 111, the collection system 10 can therefore obtain the geographic locations of IP addresses with the assistance of the ISPs. Because the collection system 10 dials-up and connects with the ISP, the collection system 10 preferably performs the

method 111 in a such a manner so as to alleviate the load placed on the ISP. For instance,

the collection system 10 may perfomi the method 111 during off-peak times for the ISP,

such as during the night. Also, the collection system 10 may control the frequency at which it connects with a particular ISP, such as establishing connections with the ISP at 10 minute intervals.

C. Determining Geographic Location Data

With reference to Figure 4, according to another aspect, the invention relates to a geographic determination system 30 that uses the database 20 created by the collection system 10. The determination system 10 receives requests for a geographic location and

based on either the IP address or host name of the host being searched for, such as target

host 34. A geographic information requestor 40 provides the request to, and the response

from, the determination system 30 in an interactive network session that may occur through the Internet 7 or through some other network. The collection system 10, database 20, and determination system 30 can collectively be considered a collection and

determination system 50.

A prefeπed method 120 of operation for the determination system 30 will now be described with reference to Figure 5. At 122, the system 30 receives a request for the geographic location of an entity and, as discussed above, receives one or both of the IP address and domain name. At 123, the deteπriination system 30 searches the database 20

for the geographic location for the data provided, checking to see if the information has

already been obtained. When searching for an IP address at 123, the system 30 also tries

to find either the same exact IP address listed in the database 20 or a range or block of IP addresses listed in the database 20 that contains the IP address in question. If the IP

address being searched for is within a block of addresses, the determination system 30 considers it a match, the information is retrieved at 125, and the geographic information is delivered to the requestor 40 at 126. If the information is not available in database 20, as determined at 124, then at 127 the system 30 informs the requestor 40 that the

infoπnation is not known. At 128, the system 30 then determines the geographic location of the unknown IP address and stores the result in the database 20. As an alternative at 125 to stating that the geographic location is unknown, the system 30 could determine the

geographic information and provide the information to the requestor 40.

The determination system 30 looks for both the IP address in the database 20 and also for the domain name. Since a single IP address may have multiple domain names,

the determination system 30 looks for close matches to the domain name in question. For instance, when searching for a host name, the system 30 performs pattern matching

against the entries in the database 20. When a match is found that suggests the same IP address, the determination system 30 returns the geographic data for that entry to the

requestor 40.

An ambiguity may arise when the requestor 40 provides both an IP address and a

domain name and these two pieces of data lead to different hosts and different geographic locations. If both data pieces do not exactly match geographically, then the system 30 preferably responds with the information that represents the best confidence. As another

example, the system 30 may respond in a manner defined by the requestor 40. As some

options, the determination system 30 can report only when the data coincide and agree

with each other, may provide no information in the event of conflicting results, may provide the geographic infomiation based only on the IP address, may provide the

geographic information based only on the host name, or may instead provide a best guess based on the extent to which the address and host name match.

A sample format of a request sent by the requestor 40 to the determination system 30 is provided below, wherein the search is against the host "digitalenvoy.net" and the items in bold are responses from the geographic determination system 30:

Connecting to server.digitalenvoy.net...

; digitalenvoy. net;

Vancouver;british Columbia;can; 99 ;

The format of the request and the format of the output from the determination system 30 can of course be altered according to the application and are not in any way limited to the

example provided above.

D. Distributing Geographic Location Data

A system for distributing the geographic location information will now be described with reference to Figures 6 and 7. According to a first aspect shown in Figure

6, the geographic infoπnation on IP addresses and domain names is collected and

determined by the system 50. A web site 60 may desire the geographic locations of its visitors and would desire this information from the collection and determination system 50. The web site 60 includes a web server 62 for receiving requests from users 5 for certain pages and a position targeter 64 for at least obtaining the geographic information of the users 5.

A prefeπed method 130 of operation of the network shown in Figure 6 will now

be described with reference to Figure 7. At 132, the web server 62 receives a request

from the user 5 for a web page. At 133, the web server 62 queries the position targeter 64 that, in rum, at 134 queries the collection and determination system 50 for the geographic location of the user. Preferably, the position targeter 64 sends the query through the Internet 7 to the collection and determination system 50. The position targeter 64,

however, may send the query through other routes, such as tlirough a direct connection to the collection and determination system 50 or through another network. As discussed above, the collection and determination system 50 accepts a target host's IP address, host name, or both and returns the geographic location of the host in a format specified by the

web site 60. At 135, the position targeter obtains the geographic location from the collection and determination system 50, at 136 the information that will be delivered to

the user 5 is selected, and is then delivered to the user 5 at 137. This information is preferably selected by the position targeter based on the geographic location of the user 5. Alternatively, the position targeter 64 may deliver the geographic information to the web

server 62 which then selects the appropriate information to be delivered to the user 5. As discussed in more detail below, the geographic location may have a bearing on what

content is delivered to the user, what advertising, the type of content, if any, delivered to the user 5, and/or the extent of content.

As another option shown in Figure 8, the web site 60 may be associated with a

local database 66 storing geographic information on users 5. With reference to Figure 9, a prefeπed method 140 of operation begins at 142 with the web server 62 receiving a

request from the user 5. At 143, the web server 62 queries a position targeter 64' for the

geographic location information. Unlike the operation 130 of the position targeter 64 in Figures 6 and 7, the position targeter' next first checks the local database 66 for the desired geographic information. If the location information is not in the database 66, then at 145 the position targeter 64' queries the database 20 associated with the collection and

determination system 50.

After the position targeter 64' obtains the geographic information at 146, either locally from database 66 or centrally through database 20, the desired information is selected based on the geographic location of the user 5. Again, as discussed above, this

selection process may be performed by the position targeter 64' or by the web server 62. In either event, the selected information is delivered to the user 5 at 148.

For both the position targeter 64 and position targeter 64', the position targeter may be configured to output HTML code based on the result of the geographic location query. An HTML code based result is particularly useful when the web site 60 delivers

dynamic web pages based on the user's 5 location. It should be understood, however, that

the output of the position targeter 64 and position targeter 64' is not limited to HTML code but encompasses any type of content or output, such as JPEGs, GIFs, etc.

A sample search against the host "digitalenvoy.net" is shown here (items in bold are responses from the position targeter 64 or 64':

> distributionprogram digitalenvoy . net Vancouver ;british Columbia ; can ; 99 ;

The format of the output, of course, may differ if different options are enabled or disabled. End users 5 may elect a different geographic location as compared to where they have been identified from by the system 50 when it possibly chooses an incoπect

geographic location. If this information is passed backed to the position targeter 64 or

64', the position targeter 64 or 64' will pass this information to the determination system

30 which will store this in the database 20 for later analysis. Because this information cannot be trusted completely, the collection and determination system 50 must analyze and verify the information and possibly elect human intervention.

E. Determining Geographic Locations Through A Proxy Server

One difficulty in providing geographic infoπnation on a target host is when the target host is associated with a caching proxy server. A caching proxy will make requests on behalf of other network clients and save the results for future requests. This process reduces the amount of outgoing bandwidth from a network that is required and thus is a

popular choice for many Internet access providers. For instance, as shown in Figure 10, a

user 5 may be associated with a proxy server 36.

In some cases, this caching is undesirable since the data inside them becomes stale. The web has coπected this problem by having a feature by which pages can be marked uncacheable. Unfortunately, the requests for these uncacheable pages still look as

if they are coming from the proxy server 36 instead of the end-user computers 5. The geographic information of the user 5, however, may often be required.

A method 150 of determining the geographic information of the user 5 associated with the proxy server 36 will now be described with reference to Figure 11. In the prefeπed embodiment, the user 5 has direct mutable access to the network; e.g. a system using Network Address Translation will not work since the address is not a part of the

global Internet. Also, the proxy server 36 should allow access through arbitrary ports whereby a corporate firewall which blocks direct access on all ports will not work.

Finally, the user 5 must have a browser that supports Java Applets or equivalent such

functionality.

With reference to Figure 11, at 152, a user 5 initiates a request to a web ssrver 60, such as the web server 60 shown in Figure 6 or Figure 8. At 153, the HTTP request is

processed by the proxy server 36 and no hit is found in the proxy's cache because the pages for this system are marked uncachable. On behalf of the user 5, the proxy server 38 connects to the web server 60 and requests the URL at 153. At 154, the web server 60

either through the local database 60 or through the database 20 with the collection and determination system 50, receives the request, determines it is coming from a proxy

server 36, and then at 155 selects the web page that has been tagged to allow for the determination of the user's 5 IP address. The web page is preferably tagged with a Java applet that can be used to determine the IP address of the end-user 5. The web server 60

embeds a unique applet parameter tag for that request and sends the document back to the proxy server 36. The proxy server 36 then forwards the document to the user 5 at 156.

At 157, the user's 5 browser then executes the Java Applet, passing along the unique parameter tag. Since by default applets have rights to access the host from which

they came, the applet on the user's 5 browser opens a direct connection to the client web server 60, such as on, but not limited to, port 5000. The web server 60, such as through a

separate server program, is listening for and accepts the connection on port 5000. At 158,

the Java applet then sends back the unique parameter tag to the web server 60. Since the connection is direct, the web server 60 at 159 can determine the coπect IP address for the user 5, so the web server 60 now can associate the session tag with that IP address on all future requests coming from the proxy server 38.

As an alternative, at 155, the web server 155 may still deliver a web page that has

a Java applet. As with the embodiment discussed above, the web page having the Java

applet is delivered to the proxy server at 156 and the user 5 connects with the web server 60 at 157. The Java applet according to this embodiment of the invention differs from the Java applet discussed above in that at 158 the Java applet reloads the user's browser with

what it was told to load by the web server 60. The Java applet according to this aspect of the invention is not associated with a unique parameter tag that alleviates the need to

handle and to sort the plurality of unique parameter tags. Instead, with this aspect of the invention, the web server 60 at 159 determines the IP address and geographic location of the user 5 when the Java applet connects to the web server 60.

II. TAILORING AN INTERNET SITE BASED ON GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF ITS VISITORS

The web site 60 can tailor the Internet site based upon the geographic location or Internet connection speed of an Internet user 5. When the user 5 visits the Internet site

60, the Internet site 60 queries a database, such as local database 60 or central database 20, over the Internet which then returns the geographic location and or Internet connection speed of the user based upon the user's IP address and other relevant

inforaiation derived from the user's "hit" on the Internet site 60. This information may be derived from the route to the user's 5 machine, the user's 5 host name, the hosts along the route to the user's machine 5, via SNMP, and/or via NTP but not limited to these techniques. Based on this information the Internet site 60 may tailor the content and/or

advertising presented to the user. This tailoring may also include, but not be limited to,

changing the language of the Internet site to a user's native tongue based on the user's location, varying the products or advertising shown on an Internet site based upon the geographic information and other information received from the database, or preventing

access based on the source of the request (i.e. "adult" content sites rejecting requests from

schools, etc.). This tailoring can be done by having several alternative screens or sites for

a user and having the web server 62 or position targeter 64 or 64' dynamically select the proper one based upon the user's geographic information. The geographic information can also be analyzed to effectively market the site to potential Internet site advertisers and

external content providers or to provide media-rich content to users that have sufficient

bandwidth.

The methods of tailoring involve tracing the path back to the Internet user's machine 5, determining the location of all hosts in the path, making a determination of the likelihood of the location of the Internet user's machine, determining other information about the hosts, which may or may not be linked to its geographic location, in the path to

and including the Internet user's machine by directly querying them for such information

(by using, but not limited by, SNMP or NTP for example), or alternatively, there is a complete database that may be updated that stores information about the IP addresses and host names which can be queried by a distant source which would then be sent information about the user.

The web site 60 dynamically changes Internet content and/or advertising based on the geographic location of the Internet user 5 as determined from the above methods or

processes. The web site 60 presents one of several pre-designed alternative screens, presentations, or minor sites depending on the information sent by the database as a result

of the user 5 accessing the web site 60.

As discussed above, the selection of the appropriate information to deliver to the

user 5 base on the geographic location can be perfomied either by the web server 62 or the position targeter 64 or 64'. In either case, the web site can dynamically adapt and tailor Internet content to suit the needs of Internet users 5 based on their geographic

location and/or connection speed. As another option, the web site 60 can dynamically

adapt and tailor Internet advertising for targeting specific Internet users based on their

geographic location and/or connection speed. Furthermore, the web site 60 can dynamically adapt and tailor Internet content and/or advertising to the native language of Internet users 5 which may be determined by their geographic location. Also, the web site 60 can control access, by selectively allowing or disallowing access, to the Internet

site 60 or a particular web page on the site 60 based on the geographic location, IP Address, host name and/or connection speed of the Internet user. As another example, the web site can analyze visits by Internet users 5 in order to compile a geographic and/or connection speed breakdown of Internet users 5 to aid in the marketing of Internet sites.

A. Credit Card Fraud

In addition to using geographic location information to target infoπnation to the user, the web site 60 or the collection and determination system 50 can provide a mechanism for web sites owners to detect possible cases on online credit card fraud. When a user 5 enters information to complete an on-line order, he/she must give a shipping and billing address. This information cannot cuπently be validated against the physical location of the user 5. Tlirough the invention, the web site 60 determines the

geographic location of the user 5. If the user 5 enters a location that he is detemiined not to be in, there could be a possible cause of fraud. This situation would require follow up by the web site owner to determine if the order request was legitimate or not.

B. Site Management

In addition to using geographic infonnation to detect credit card fraud, the geographic infoπnation can also be used in managing traffic on the Internet 7. For example, with reference to Figure 12, a traffic manager 70 has the benefit of obtaining the

geographic infomiation of its users or visitors 5. The traffic manager 70 may employ the local database 60 or, although not shown, may be connected to the collection and

deteπriination system 50. After the traffic manager 70 detects the geographic location of the users 5, the traffic manager 70 directs a user's 5 request to the most desirable web

server, such as web server A 74 or web server B 72. For instance, if the user 5 is in Atlanta, the traffic manager 70 may direct the user's request to web server A 74 which is based in Atlanta. On the other hand, if the user 5 is in San Francisco, then the traffic

manager 70 would direct the user 5 to web server B, which is located in San Francisco. In this manner, the traffic manager 70 can reduce traffic between intermediate hosts and direct the traffic to the closest web server.

III. PROFILE SERVERAND PROFILE DISCOVERY SERVER As discussed above, the collection and deteπnination system 50 may store geographic information on users 5 and provide this information to web sites 60 or other requesters 40. According to another aspect of the invention, based on the requests from

the web sites 60 and other requestors 40, information other than the geographic location of the users 5 is tracked. With reference to Figure 13, a profile server 80 is connected to

the web site 60 through the Internet and also to a profile discovery server 90, which may

also be through the Internet, through another network comiection, or a direct connection. The profile server 80 comprises a request handler 82, a database server engine 83, and a database 84. As will be more apparent from the description below, the database 84

includes a geography database 84A, an authorization database 84B, a network speed

database 84C, a profile database 84D, and an interface database 84E. The profile discovery server 90 includes a discoverer engine 92, a profiler 93, and a database 94. The database 94 includes a common geographic names database 94A, a global geographic structure database 94B, and a MAC address ownership database 94C.

A. Profiler

In general, the profile server 80 and profile discovery server 90 gather infoπnation about specific IP addresses based upon the Internet users' interactions with the various

web sites 60 and other requestors 40. This information includes, but is not limited to, the

types of web sites 60 visited, pages hit such as sports sites, auction sites, news sites, e- commerce sites, geographic information, bandwidth information, and time spent at the web site 60. All of this infoπnation is fed from the web site 60 in the network back to the database 84. This information is stored in the high performance database 84 by IP address and creates an elaborate profile of the IP address based on sites 60 visited and actions taken within each site 60. This profile is stored as a series of preferences for or

against predetermined categories. No interaction is necessarily required between the web

site 60 and the user's 5 browser to maintain the profile. Significantly, tins method of profiling does not require the use of any cookies that have been found to be highly objectionable by the users. While cookies are not prefeπed, due to difficulties induced by network topology, cookies may be used to track certain users 5 after carefully considering

the privacy issues of the users 5.

As users 5 access web sites 60 in the network, profiled information about the IP address of the user 60 is sent from the database 84 to the position targeter 64 or 64' at the

web site 60. As explained above, the position targeter 64 or 64' or the web server 62 allows pre-set configurations or pages on the web site 60 to then be dynamically shown to the user 5 based on the detailed profile of that user 5. In addition preferences of users 5

similar to those of a cuπent user 5 can be used to predict the content that the current user 5 may prefer to view. The information profiled could include, but is not limited to, the

following: geographic location, connection speed to the Internet, tendency to like/dislike any of news, weather, sports, entertainment, sporting goods, clothing goods, etc.

As an example, two users are named Alice and Bob. Alice visits a web site,

www.somerandomsite.com. This site, asks the profile server 80, such as

server.digitalenvoy.net, where Alice is from and what she likes/dislikes. The database 84 has no record of Alice but does know from geography database 84A that she is from Atlanta, GA and notifies the web site to that effect. Using Alice's geographic

mformation, the web site sends Alice a web page that is tailored for her geographic location, for instance it contains the Atlanta weather forecast and the new headlines for

Atlanta. Alice continues to visit the web site and buys an umbrella from the site and then terminates her visit. The web site lets the profile server 80 and database 84 know that Alice bought an umbrella from the site. Bob then visits the site

www.somerandomsite.com. The site again asks the profile server 80, such as a

server.digitalenvoy.net, about Bob. The server 80 looks in the database 84 for

information on Bob and finds none. Again though, the server 80 looks in the geography database 84A and determines that he is from Atlanta, GA. Also, based on the data gathered in part from Alice and stored in profile database 84D, the profile server 80 infers that people from Atlanta, GA may like to buy umbrellas. The site uses Bob's geographic

inforaiation and the fact that Atlantans have a propensity to buy umbrellas to send Bob a web page with Atlanta infomiation, such as the weather and news, and an offer to buy an umbrella. Bob buys the umbrella and the site sends this inforaiation to the server 80, thereby showing a greater propensity for Atlantan's to buy umbrellas.

In addition, if the profile stored in the profile database 84D in profile server 80

shows that an IP Address has previously hit several e-commerce sites and sports sites in the network and that the address is located in California, the web site can be dynamically tailored to show sports items for sale that are more often purchased by Califomians, such as surfboards. This method allows for more customized experiences for users at e-

commerce and information sites.

This information can also be compiled for web sites in the network or outside the network. Web sites outside of the network can develop profiles of the users typically hitting their web site. Log files of web sites can be examined and IP Addresses can be compared against the profiled IP Address information stored on the central server. This will allow web sites to analyze their traffic and determine the general profile of users

hitting the site.

In order to remove "stale" infomiation, the database server engine 83 occasionally

purges the database 84 in the profile server 80. For example, a user 5 that is interested in

researching infomiation about a trip will probably not want to continue seeing promotions for that trip after the trip has been completed. By purging the database 84, old

preferences are removed and are updated with current interests and desires.

B. Content Registry

In addition to the examples provided above, the profile server 80 can provide a mechanism for end users 5 to register their need for certain types of information content to be allowed or disallowed from being served to their systems. Registration is based on

IP address and registration rights are limited to authorized and registered owners of the IP addresses. These owners access the profile server 80 through the Internet and identify classes of Internet content that they would want to allow or disallow from being served to

their IP addresses ranges. The classes of Internet content that a particular IP address or

block of addresses are allowed or disallowed from receiving is stored by the profile server 80 in the authorization database 84B. Intemet content providers, such as web sites 60,

query the profile server 80, which in turn queries the authorization database 84B, and identify users 5 that do or do not want to receive their content based on this IP address

registry.

For example, a school registers their IP ranges and registers with the profile server 80 to disallow adult content from being sent to their systems. When an access is made

from machines within the school's IP range to an adult site, the adult site checks with the

profile server 80 and discovers that content provided by the adult site is disallowed from being sent to those IP addresses. Instead of the adult content, the adult site sends a notice

to the user that the content within the site cannot be served to his/her machine. This series of events allows end IP address owners to control the content that will be

distributed and served to machines within their control.

C. Bandwidth Registry

The profile server 80 preferably is also relied upon in determining the amount of

content to be sent to the user 5. Web sites 60 dynamically determine the available bandwidth to a specific user and provide this infoπnation to the profile server 80, which stores this information in the network speed database 84C. In addition, the web site 60 examines the rate and speed by which a specific user 5 is able to download packets from the web site 60, the web site 60 determines the available bandwidth from the web site 60

to the end user 5. If there is congestion at the web site 60, on the path to the end user 5, or at the last link to the user's 5 terminal, the web site 60 limits the available bandwidth

for that user 5. Based on this information, the web site 60 can dynamically reduce the amount of information being sent to the user 60 and consequently increase download

times perceived by the user 5. The bandwidth information is preferably sent to the profile server 80 and stored in the network speed database 84C so that other sites 60 in the network have the benefit of this bandwidth information without having to necessarily measure the bandwidth themselves. In order to remove "stale" bandwidth information, the database server engine 83 occasionally purges the information in the network speed database 84C. For example,

congestion between a web site 60 and a user 5 will usually not persist.

D. Interface Registry

Web sites 60 also preferably are able to dynamically determine the interface that a user 5 has to view the web site 60. This user interface information may be placed in the database 84E through a registration process, may be known from the ISP, or may be detected or discovered in other ways. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) users are shown a

web site 60 with limited or no graphics in order to accommodate the PDAs limited storage capabilities. Web sites 60 query the profile server 80 when accessed by a user 5. The profile server 80, in turn, queries the interface database 84E and, if available, retrieves the type of interface associated with a particular IP address. The profile server

80 stores in the database 84E all users and informs the web site 60 of the display interface that the user 5 has. Based on this information, the web site 60 tailors the inforaiation that is being sent to the user 5.

E. Methods Of Operation

A prefeπed method 160 of operation for the profile server 80 and profile

discovery server 90 will now be described with reference to Figures 14(A) and 14(B). At 162, the profile server 80 is given an IP address or host name to query. At 163, the profile server 80 determines whether the requestor is authorized to receive the

information and, if not, tells the requestor at 166 that the information is unknown. The inquiry as to whether the requestor is authorized at 163 is preferably performed so that

only those entities that have paid for access to the profile server 80 and profile discovery

server 90 obtain the data. If the requestor is authorized, then the profile server at 164

determines whether the profile of the address is known. If the profile for that address is known, the profile server 80 sends the requested information to the requestor at 165,

otherwise the profile server 80 at 166 informs the requestor that the information is

unknown.

For information that is unknown to the profile server 80, the profile server 80 passes the information to the profile discovery server 90 at 167. At 168, the profile discovery server determines the route to the address, at 169 obtains known information about all hosts in route from the profile server 80, and then decides at 170 whether any

unknown hosts are left in the route. If no unknown hosts are left in the route, then at 171

the profile discovery server 90 returns an eπor condition and notifies the operator.

For each host name left in the route, the profile discovery server 90 next at 172 determines whether a host name exists for the unknown host. If so, then at 173 the profile

discovery server attempts to determine the location based on common host name naming

conventions and/or global country based naming conventions. At 174, the profile discovery server 90 checks whether the host responds to NTP queries and, if so, at 175 attempts to determine the time zone based on the NTP responses. At 176, the profile discovery server 90 checks whether the host responds to SNMP queries and, if so, at 177 attempts to determine the location, machine type, and connection speed based on public

SNMP responses. Next, at 178, the profile discovery server 90 checks whether the host has a MAC address and, if so, attempts to determine machine type and connection speed based on known MAC address delegations.

At 180, the profile discovery server 90 determines whether any additional

unknown hosts exist. If so, the profile discovery server 90 returns to 172 and checks

whether a host name is available. When no more unknown hosts exist, the profile

discovery server 90 at 181 interpolates information to determine any remaining information, at 182 flags the interpolated data for future review, and at 183 saves all discovered and interpolated data at the profile server 80.

IV. DETERMINING GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS WITHIN A PRIVATE NETWORK

A network according to a second embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to Figure 15. The network includes both an external network 7,

such as the Internet 7, and an internal network 9. The internal network 9 is constructed in such a way that each machine within the network is given an internal IP address that is paired with an external IP address. All traffic and data transportation within the internal

network 9 is done via the internal IP address while any traffic that is destined to go to or come from outside of the network, such as to or from the Internet 7, uses the external IP address. In this type of network 9, at a minimum, the user 5 and the proxy server 36 or other interface to the Internet 7 must know the internal and external IP pairing in order to

allow traffic to pass through the internal network 9. The private network may comprise private networks such as a commercial entity's LAN or WAN or may be a semi-private network, such as AOL's network.

In this network 9, any specific external IP address can be arbitrarily paired with any internal IP address so long as the intemal network 9 knows how to transport traffic to

the internal IP address. As long as the internal network 9 knows the coπespondence

between internal and external IP addresses, any method of mapping internal to external

addresses can be employed.

Because the external addresses can be arbitrary, this network 9 presents specific

problems in attempting to deteπnine the geographic location of the user 5 based on its external address. For example, an effect of this network architecture is that anyone trying to trace the network to the user 5 will see the user's IP address as being one hop away

from the proxy server 36 and will not see any intermediate routers within the internal network 9. This inability to trace within the internal network 9 may defeat the

determination of the geographic location of the user 5 on that network 9 because all users 5 will look like they are located at the location of the proxy server 36.

According to the invention, to detennine the geographic location of the user 5 within this type of network 9, the internal network 9 must be generally stable. In other

words, the numbering scheme within the internal network 9 must not change dramatically

over time. Normally, for efficient routing of information within this type of network 9, internal IP addresses are allocated to exist at a certain point so that the entire internal

network 9 knows how to route information to them. If this is not the case, then announcements are made in an ongoing fashion throughout the internal network 9 as to the location of the internal addresses. These continual "announcements" induce an

unnecessary network overhead.

According to this embodiment of the invention, the network 9 includes an internal server 99, which may comprise a machine or set of machines, that services requests from users 5 in the internal network 9. In general, the intemal server 99 accepts requests for information and accurately identifies the internal IP address of the requesting machine,

such as user 5. By being able to accurately identify the internal IP address of a requesting machine, the internal server 99 maps the internal IP address of the requesting machine

with the geographic location of that internal IP address in order to identify accurately the

geographic location of the requesting machine.

A method 200 by which the geographic location of the user 5 within the internal network 9 will now be described with reference to Figure 16. At 202, the user 5 having

an internal IP address IP_{I TERNAL} ^and external IP address IP_EXTERNAL requests information from a server outside the internal network 9. At 203, the proxy server 36 receives the

request and forwards the request to the web site 60 with the user's external IP address. The web site 60 determines that the request is from a private internal network at 204. At

205, based on the IP_EXTERNA of the user 5, the web site 60 determines that within the network 9 the internal server 99 exists for assisting in locating the geographic location of the user 5 and redirects the user 5 to the mtemal server 99. Thus, as a result of this redirect, the user 5 sends a request for information to the internal server 99. At 206, the internal server 99 sees the request from the user 5 and determines that the request was

redirected from the web site 60. The intemal server 99 can detect the redirect based on the information requested from the internal server 99, such as based on the URL of the

redirect, through the refeπal URL contained in the header, or in other ways.

At 207, the internal server 99 determines the geographic location of the user 5. The internal server 99 can determine the geographic location of the user 5 tlirough the

methods according to the invention. Once the internal IP address is known, the internal server 99 performs a lookup in a database having mappings between the internal private IP address and the geographic location. The database can be derived tlirough user

registration and may be maintained by the provider of the network or by some other

entity. The internal server 99 can therefore query this database to obtain the geographic

location of any user 5 in the network 9.

The internal server 99 may obtain geographic location information on the users 5 in other ways. For example, the internal server 99 can obtain a route to the user within

the network 9, derive geographic locations of intermediate hosts, and then analyze the route to determine the geographic location of a host or user 5. As another example, the internal server 99 can obtain the geographic location directly from a database within the network 9. A database having each user's geographic location may be maintained by the proxy server 36, by the internal server 99, or by some other machine within the network

9. The internal server 99 can therefore query this database in responding to a request for the geographic location of a user and/or in building its own database of geographic locations for users 5. As yet another example, the internal server 5 may also use method

111 described with reference to Figure 3. For example, this database may be filled in through a relationship with a provider of the network 9 who provides all of the data. The

database may be derived at least in part by automatically dialing all of the network provider's dial-in points of presence (POP) and deteπnining which private IP addresses are being used at each dial in POP. The internal server 99 can therefore determine the geographic location of the user 5 based on its IP_mTERNAL address and geographic location

mapping.

At 208, the internal server 99 redirects the user 5 back to the web site 60 with added information about the geographic location of the user 5. Tins geographic

information may be sent to the web site by encoding the URL, through the use of cookies, or through methods. As discussed above, the web site 60 can adjust the information delivered to the user 5 based on its geographic information. The web site 60 may tailor

the content, advertising, etc. before presenting such information to the user 5. The method 200 requires no intervention from the user 5 with all redirections and analysis

being done automatically. Also, the method 200 of determining the geographic location of private IP addresses has no bearing on how an individual user's IP address is

determined.

As explained above with reference to Figures 15 and 16, a request from the user 5

within the private network 9 is sent through the proxy server 36 to the web site 60 which then deteraήnes if the request originated from within the private network 9. An

alternative method 220 of redirecting requests to the internal server will now be described with reference to Figures 17 and 18. At 221, the user 5 initiates a request and this request

is passed to the proxy server 36 which first sends an inquiry to a DNS server 8 in order to obtain the IP address associated with the request. In general, the DNS server 8 receives domain name inquiries and resolves these inquiries by returning the IP addresses. With

the invention, however, at 223, the DNS server 8 does not perform a strict look-up for an IP address associated the inquiry from the user 5 but instead first determines if the inquiry

originated from within the private network 9. If the inquiry did not originate within the private network 9, then at 225 the DNS server 8 resolves the inquiry by returning the IP

address for the external server 50. The user 5 is therefore directed to the external server 50 which determines the geographic location of the user 5 at 226 and redirects the user 5 to the web server 60 along with the geographic location infoπnation. At 234, the web

server 60 uses the geographic location information in any one of a myriad of ways, such as those described above.

If the DNS server 8 decides that the inquiry did originate within the private network 9, then at 230 the DNS server 8 resolves the inquiry by returning the IP address

for the internal server 99. Consequently, instead of being directed to the external server by the DNS server 8, the user 5 is directed to the internal server 99. The internal server

99 determines the geographic location of the user 5 at 231 and redirects the user 5 to the

web server 60 along with the geographic location information at 232 so the web server 60 can use the information at 234. Thus, with the invention, rather than directing the user 5

from the proxy server 36 to the web server 60 and then to the internal server 99, the method 220 is more direct and efficient by having the DNS server 8 do the redirecting of

the user 5.

The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the mvention has been presented only for the purpose of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.

The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and their practical application so as to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention and various embodiments and with various modifications as are

suited to the particular use contemplated.

Claims

1. A method for obtaining a geographic location of an Intemet user that accesses

the Internet from a private network through a proxy server, comprising:

receiving a request for information from an Intemet user through the proxy server;

determining that the request for infomiation is through the proxy server;

redirecting the request for information to an internal server of the private network, the

internal server determining the geographic location of the Internet user;

receiving the geographic location from the internal server within the private network;

and

using the geographic location of the Internet user in handling the request for

information from the Internet user.

2. The method as set forth in claim 1 , wherein redirecting the request for

information to the internal server comprises sending the request for information to the

Internet user's machine, the Internet user's machine directing the request for information to

the internal server.

3. A method for determining a geographic location of an Internet user that

accesses the Internet from a private network through a proxy server, comprising:

receiving a request for the geographic location of the Internet user within the private

network, the request originating from an external network outside of the private network;

detecting that the request for the geographic location of the Intemet user was redirected from the external network;

determining the geographic location of the Intemet user; and

sending the geographic location to the external network.

4. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein receiving the request for the

geographic location originating from the external network comprises receiving the request

from the Internet user's machine.

5. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein determining the geographic

location comprises determining the geographic location based on the Internet user's internal

address and a geographic location/internal IP address mapping table contained within the

private network.

6. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein determining the geographic

location comprises:

determining an internal address of the Internet user; and

accessing a geographic location/internal IP address mapping table contained within

the private network.

7. The method as set forth in claim 3, wherein sending the geographic location to

the external network comprises:

sending the geographic location to the Internet user's machine; and redirecting the Internet user's machine to the external network.

8. A method for obtaining a geographic location of an Intemet user that accesses

the Internet from a private network through a proxy server, comprising:

receiving a request for the geographic location of the Internet user from a requestor

outside of the private network;

determining that the request for the geographic location is from the Internet user

located inside the private network having the proxy server;

redirecting the request for the geographic location to an internal server in the private

network, the internal server determining the geographic location of the Internet user;

and

sending the geographic location to the requestor who is outside the private network.

9. The method as set forth in claim 8, wherein redirecting the request for

the internal server

10. A method for resolving a domain name inquiry to assist in gathering

geographic location of an Internet user, comprising:

receiving the domain name inquiry, the domain name inquiry being issued by the Intemet user;

determining if the inquiry originated from within a private network;

resolving the inquiry by returning a first IP address if the inquiry did not originate

from within the private network, the first IP address being associated with an external server

located outside of the private network; and

resolving the inquiry by returning a second IP address if the inquiry did originate

from within the private network, the second IP address being associated with an internal

server located inside the private network;

wherein the internal server and the external server are for determining the geographic

location of the Internet user and for making this geographic location information available.

11. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein receiving the inquiry on the

domain name comprises receiving the inquiry at a domain name server.

12. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein the resolving by returning the

first IP address and the resolving by returning the second IP address are perforated by a

domain name server.