WO2001069968A2 - Adaptive microphone matching in multi-microphone directional system - Google Patents
Adaptive microphone matching in multi-microphone directional system Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001069968A2 WO2001069968A2 PCT/US2001/008256 US0108256W WO0169968A2 WO 2001069968 A2 WO2001069968 A2 WO 2001069968A2 US 0108256 W US0108256 W US 0108256W WO 0169968 A2 WO0169968 A2 WO 0169968A2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R3/00—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R3/005—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones for combining the signals of two or more microphones
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R25/00—Deaf-aid sets, i.e. electro-acoustic or electro-mechanical hearing aids; Electric tinnitus maskers providing an auditory perception
- H04R25/40—Arrangements for obtaining a desired directivity characteristic
- H04R25/407—Circuits for combining signals of a plurality of transducers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R29/00—Monitoring arrangements; Testing arrangements
- H04R29/004—Monitoring arrangements; Testing arrangements for microphones
- H04R29/005—Microphone arrays
- H04R29/006—Microphone matching
Definitions
- the present invention relates to multi-microphone sound pick-up systems and, more particularly, to matching microphone sensitivity in multi- microphone sound pick-up systems.
- Suppressing interfering noise is still a major challenge for most communication devices involving a sound pick up system such as a microphone or a multi-microphone array.
- the multi-microphone array can selectively enhance sounds coming from certain directions while suppressing interference coming from other directions.
- FIG.1 shows a typical direction processing system in a two-microphone hearing aid.
- the two microphones pick-up sounds and convert them into electronic or digital signals.
- the output signal form the second microphone is delayed and subtracted from the output signal of the first microphone.
- the result is a signal with interference from certain directions being suppressed.
- the output signal is dependent on which directions the input signals come from. Therefore, the system is directional.
- the physical distance between the two microphones and the delay are two variables that control the characteristics of the directionality. For hearing aid applications, the physical distance is limited by the physical dimension of the hearing aid.
- the delay can be set in a delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (A/D) or by use of an all-pass filter.
- A/D analog-to-digital converter
- FIGs. 2(a), 2(b), 2(c) and 2(d) illustrate representative polar patterns for microphone sensitivity discrepancies of 0, 1, 2, and 3 dB, respectively. Note that the representative polar pattern shown in FIG. 2(a) is the desired polar pattern which offers maximized directionality. The representative polar patterns shown in FIGs.
- FIGs. 3(a), 3(b), 3(c) and 3(d) illustrate representative spectrum response for microphone sensitivity discrepancies of 0, 1 , 2, and 3 dB, respectively, with reference to a 1kHz pure tone in white noise. Note that the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of the spectrum shown in FIGs. 3(a) - 3(d) is 14, 11 , 9 and 7 dB, respectively. Accordingly, a good match of sensitivity between microphones is very important to good directionality.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a conventional two-microphone directional processing system 400 having a first microphone 402, a second microphone 404, a delay 406, a fixed filter 408, and a subtraction unit 410.
- the fixed filter 408 can serve to compensate for a mismatch in microphone sensitivity.
- the fixed filter approach is more cost- effective that the manual matching.
- the other problems e.g., drift over time and in-situ mismatch
- the invention relates to improved approaches to matching sensitivities of microphones in multi-microphone directional processing systems. These approaches operate to adaptively match microphone sensitivities so that directional noise suppression is robust. As a result, microphone sensitivities remain matched not only over time but also while in actual use. These approaches are particularly useful for hearing aid applications in which directional noise suppression is important.
- the invention can be implemented in numerous ways including as a method, system, apparatus, device, and computer readable medium. Several embodiments of the invention are discussed below.
- one embodiment of the invention includes at least: at least first and second microphones spaced apart by a distance, the first microphones producing a first electronic sound signal and the second microphone producing a second electronic sound signal; means for processing the second electronic sound signal to adaptively produce a compensation scaling amount that compensates for sensitivity differences between the first and second microphones; a scaling circuit operatively connected to the means for scaling and the second microphone, the scaling circuit operates to scale the second electronic sound signal in accordance with the compensation scaling amount; and a subtraction circuit operatively connected to the scaling circuit and the first microphone, the subtraction circuit producing an output difference signal by subtracting the scaled second electronic sound signal from the first electronic sound signal.
- another embodiment of the invention includes at least: at least first and second microphones spaced apart by a predetermined distance, the first microphones producing a first electronic sound signal and the second microphone producing a second electronic sound signal; a first minimum estimate circuit operatively coupled to the first microphone, the first minimum estimate circuit produces a first minimum estimate for the first electronic sound signal from the first microphone; a second minimum estimate circuit operatively coupled to the second microphone, the second minimum estimate circuit produces a second minimum estimate for the second electronic sound signal from the second microphone; a divide circuit operatively connected to the first and second minimum estimate circuits, the divide circuit operates to produce a scaling signal from the first and second minimum estimates; a multiply circuit operatively connected to the divide circuit and the second microphone, the multiply circuit operates to multiply the second electronic sound signal by the scaling signal to produce a scaled second electronic sound signal; and a subtraction circuit operatively connected to the multiply circuit and the first microphone, the subtraction circuit producing an output difference signal by subtracting the scaled second electronic sound signal from the first electronic sound signal
- one embodiment of the invention includes at least: at least first and second microphones spaced apart by a distance, the first microphones producing a first electronic sound signal and the second microphone producing a second electronic sound signal; sensitivity difference detection circuitry operatively connected to the first and second microphones, the sensitivity difference detection circuitry adaptively produces a compensation scaling amount corresponding to sensitivity differences between the first and second microphones; a scaling circuit operatively connected to the sensitivity difference detection circuitry and the second microphone, the scaling circuit operates to scale the second electronic sound signal in accordance with the compensation scaling amount; and a subtraction circuit operatively connected to the scaling circuit and the first microphone, the subtraction circuit producing an output difference signal by subtracting the scaled second electronic sound signal from the first electronic sound signal.
- one embodiment of the invention includes at least the acts of: receiving first and second electronic sound signals from first and second microphones, respectively; determining a compensation scaling amount that compensates for acoustic differences with respect to the first and second microphones; scaling the second electronic sound signal in accordance with the compensation scaling amount; and producing a differential electronic sound signal by subtracting the scaled second electronic sound signal from the first electronic sound signal.
- FIG.1 shows a typical direction processing system in a two-microphone hearing aid
- FIGs. 2(a) - 2(d) illustrate representative polar patterns for various microphone sensitivity discrepancies
- FIGs. 3(a) - 3(d) illustrate representative Signal-to-Noise Ratio spectrums respectively corresponding to the representative polar patterns shown in FIGs. 2(a) - 2(d);
- FIG. 4 illustrates a conventional two-microphone directional processing system
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a two-microphone directional processing system according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a two-microphone directional processing system according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a minimum estimate unit according to one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a minimum estimate unit according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a multi-microphone directional processing system that operates to perform multi-band adaptive compensation for microphone mismatch
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a multi-microphone directional processing system according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a multi-microphone directional processing system according to another embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
- the invention relates to improved approaches to matching sensitivities of microphones in multi-microphone directional processing systems. These approaches operate to adaptively match microphone sensitivities so that directional noise suppression is robust. As a result, microphone sensitivities remain matched not only over time but also while in actual use. These approaches are particularly useful for hearing aid applications in which directional noise suppression is important.
- the invention operates to adaptively measure a sensitivity difference between microphones in a multi-microphone directional processing system, and then compensate (or correct) an electronic sound signal from one or more of the microphones.
- the microphones "effectively" become matched and remain matched over time and while in use.
- the invention enables multi-microphone directional processing systems to achieve superior directionality and consistent Signal-to- Noise Ratio (SNR) across all conditions.
- SNR Signal-to- Noise Ratio
- the invention is described below with respect to embodiments particularly well suited for use with hearing aid applications. However, it should be recognized that the invention is not limited to hearing aid applications, but is applicable to other sound pick-up systems.
- microphone matching is important for multi-microphone directional systems. Different and undesired responses will result when the sensitivities of the microphones are not matched.
- the acoustic delay between the microphones further complicates matching problems. For example, even if the microphones are perfectly matched, the instantaneous response of the microphones can be different because of the delay and/or fluctuation in the acoustic signals. Therefore, it is not enough to simply use the difference of the responses to correct the problem. More complex processing is necessary to eliminate the effects of acoustic delay between the microphones and/or the fluctuation in the acoustic signals.
- responses from each microphone are processed such that the resulting processed signals are not sensitive to the acoustic delay between the microphones and the fluctuation of acoustic conditions.
- a difference between the processed signals from the microphone channels can then be used to scale at least one microphone's response so as to compensate or correct for sensitivity differences between the microphones.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a two-microphone directional processing system 500 according to one embodiment of the invention.
- the two- microphone directional processing system 500 includes a first microphone 502 and a second microphone 504.
- the first microphone 502 produces a first electronic sound signal and the second microphone 504 produces a second electronic sound signal.
- a delay unit 506 delays the second electronic sound signal.
- the two-microphone directional processing system 500 also includes a first minimum estimate unit 508, a second minimum estimate unit 510 and a divide unit 512.
- the first minimum estimate unit 508 estimates the minimum for the first electronic sound signal.
- the second minimum estimate unit 510 estimates the minimum of the second electronic sound signal. Typically, these minimums are measured over a time constant duration, such that the minimum is a relatively long-term minimum.
- the divide unit 512 produces a quotient by dividing the first minimum estimate by the second minimum estimate.
- the quotient represents a scaling amount that is sent to a multiplication unit 514.
- the second electronic sound signal is then multiplied with the scaling amount to produce a compensated sound signal.
- the compensated sound signal is thus compensated (or corrected) for the relative difference in sensitivity between the mismatched first and second microphones 502 and 504.
- a subtraction unit 516 then subtracts the compensated electronic sound signal from the first electronic sound signal to produce an output signal.
- the output signal has been processed by the two-microphone directional processing system 500 to have robust directionality despite a mismatch between the first and second microphones 502 and 504.
- the two-microphone directional processing system 500 uses a single- band adaptive compensation scheme to compensate for sensitivity differences between the microphones.
- minimum estimates and division calculations are performed.
- the minimum estimates can, for example, be performed by minimum estimate units shown in more detail below with respect to FIGs. 7 and 8.
- the delay unit 506 can be positioned within the two-microphone directional processing system 500 anywhere in the channel associated with the second electronic sound signal prior to the subtraction unit 516. Still further, it should be noted that a multiple- band adaptive compensation scheme could alternatively be utilized.
- the two-microphone directional processing system 500 uses minimum estimates of the electronic sound signals produced by the first and second microphones 502 and 504, other signal characteristics can alternatively be used.
- Root-Mean-Square (RMS) average of the electronic sound signals produced by the microphones could be used.
- RMS Root-Mean-Square
- the time constant can be set such that the average is relatively long- term so as to avoid impact of signal fluctuations.
- the time constant with an RMS approach is likely to be longer than the time constant for the minimum approach.
- the two-microphone directional processing system 500 operates to scale the intensity of an electronic sound signal from one or more of the microphones.
- the processing (including the scaling) is performed in a linear domain.
- the scaling or other processing can also be performed in a logarithm (or dB) domain.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a two-microphone directional processing system 600 according to another embodiment of the invention.
- the two- microphone directional processing system 600 includes a first microphone 602 and a second microphone 604.
- the first microphone 602 produces a first electronic sound signal and the second microphone 604 produces a second electronic sound signal.
- a delay unit 606 delays the second electronic sound signal.
- the two-microphone directional processing system 600 also includes a first minimum estimate unit 608 and a second minimum estimate unit 610.
- the first minimum estimate unit 608 estimates the minimum for the first electronic sound signal.
- the second minimum estimate unit 610 estimates the minimum of the second electronic sound signal. Typically, these minimums are measured over a time constant duration, such that the minimum is a relatively long-term minimum.
- the two-microphone directional processing system 600 also includes a first linear-to-log conversion unit 612, a second linear-to-log conversion unit 614, a subtraction unit 616, and a log-to-linear conversion unit 618.
- the first minimum estimate is converted from the linear domain to the logarithm domain by the first linear-to-log conversion unit 612
- the second minimum estimate is converted from the linear domain to the logarithm domain by the second linear-to-log conversion unit 614.
- the subtraction unit 616 then subtracts the second minimum estimate from the first minimum estimate to produce a difference amount.
- the log-to-linear conversion unit 614 then converts the difference amount to the linear domain.
- the converted difference amount produced by the log-to-linear conversion unit 614 represents a scaling amount that is sent to a multiplication unit 620.
- the second electronic sound signal is then multiplied with the scaling amount to produce a compensated sound signal.
- the compensated sound signal is thus compensated (or corrected) for the relative difference in sensitivity between the mismatched first and second microphones 602 and 604.
- a subtraction unit 622 then subtracts the compensated electronic sound signal from the first electronic sound signal to produce an output signal.
- the output signal has been processed by the two-microphone directional processing system 500 to have robust directionality despite a physical mismatch between the first and second microphones 602 and 604.
- the two-microphone directional processing system 600 is generally similar to the two-microphone directional processing system 500 illustrated in FIG. 5. Both use similar circuitry to produce a single- band adaptive compensation scheme for a multi-microphone directional processing system.
- the divide unit 512 shown in FIG. 5 is replaced by the linear-to-log conversion units 612 and 614, the subtraction unit 616 and the log-to-linear conversion unit 618 shown in FIG. 6.
- the divide unit 512 is equivalent to the combination of the linear-to-log conversion units 612 and 614, the subtraction unit 616 and the log-to-linear conversion unit 618.
- the design shown in FIG. 6 may be able to perform a "divide" operation more efficiently.
- the delay unit 606 in FIG. 6 can be positioned anywhere in the channel associated with the second electronic sound signal prior to the subtraction unit 622.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a minimum estimate unit 700 according to one embodiment of the invention.
- the minimum estimate unit 700 is, for example, suitable for use as the minimum estimate units discussed above with respect to FIGs. 5 and 6.
- the minimum estimate unit 700 receives an input signal (e.g., electronic sound signal) that is to have its minimum estimated.
- the input signal is supplied to an absolute value circuit 702 that determines the absolute value of the input signal.
- An add circuit 704 adds the absolute value of the input signal together with an offset amount 706 and thus produces an offset absolute value signal.
- the addition of the offset amount which is typically a small positive value, such as 0.000000000001 , is used to avoid overflow in division or logarithm calculations performed in subsequent circuitry in the multi-microphone directional processing systems.
- the offset absolute value signal from the add circuit 704 is supplied to a subtract circuit 708.
- the subtract circuit 708 subtracts a previous output 710 from the offset absolute value signal to produce a difference signal 712.
- the difference signal 712 is supplied to a multiply circuit 714.
- the difference signal 712 is supplied to a switch circuit 716.
- the switch circuit 716 selects one of two constants that are supplied to the multiply circuit 714. A first of the constants is referred to as alphaB and is supplied to the multiply circuit 714 when the difference signal 712 is greater than or equal to zero.
- a second constants is supplied to the multiply circuit 714 when the difference signal 712 is greater than or equal to zero.
- u constant, alphaA is supplied to the multiply circuit 714 when the difference signal 712 is not greater than or equal to zero.
- the constants, alphaA and alphaB are typically small positive values, with alphaA being greater than alphaB. In one implementation, alphaA is 0.00005 and alphaB is 0.000005.
- the multiply circuit 714 multiplies the difference signal 712 by the selected constant to produce an adjustment amount.
- the adjustment amount is supplied to an add circuit 718.
- the add circuit 718 adds the adjustment amount to the previous output 710 to produce a minimum estimate for the input signal.
- a sample delay circuit 720 delays the minimum estimate by a delay (1/z) to yield the previous output 710 (where 1/z represents a delay operation).
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a minimum estimate unit 800 according to another embodiment of the invention.
- the minimum estimate unit 800 is, for example, similar in design to the minimum estimate unit 700 illustrated in FIG. 7.
- the minimum estimate unit 800 further includes a linear-to- logarithm conversion unit 802 that converts the offset absolute value signal into a logarithmic offset signal before being supplied to the subtract circuit 708.
- the minimum estimate unit 800 is, for example, suitable for use as the minimum estimate units discussed above with respect to FIG. 6. Note that, however, the linear-to-logarithm conversion units 612 and 614 would not be needed when the minimum estimate unit 800 is used in the system because there is already a linear-to-logarithm conversion unit inside the minimum estimate unit 800.
- the two constants, alphaA and alphaB, are used in the minimum estimate units 700, 800 to determine how the minimum estimate changes with the input signal. Because the constant alphaA is greater than the constant alphaB, the minimum estimate tracks the value level (or minimum level) of the input signal. Since the value level is typically a good indicator of the noise level in the sound, the minimum estimate produced by the minimum estimate units 700, 800 is a good indicator of background noise level. As noted above, the present invention can also be implemented in circuits that utilize multi-band adaptive compensation for mismatch of microphone sensitivities.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a multi-microphone directional processing system 900 that operates to perform multi-band adaptive compensation for microphone mismatch.
- the multi-microphone directional processing system 900 uses three bands.
- the multi-microphone directional processing system 900 is generally similar in operation to the two-microphone directional processing system 500 illustrated in FIG. 5.
- the multi-microphone directional processing system 900 further includes band split filters 902 and 904 that divide or separate the electronic sound signals from each of the microphones into different frequency ranges. Typically, the band split banks would be the same for each microphone.
- the band split filters 902 split the first electronic sound signal into first, second and third partial sound signals that are respectively delivered to minimum estimate circuits 508-1 , 508-2 and 508-3.
- the minimum estimates produced by the minimum estimate circuits 508-1 , 508-2 and 508-3 are respectively supplied to the divide circuits 512-1 , 512-2 and 512-3.
- the divide circuits 512-1 , 512-2 and 512-3 yield first, second and third scaling amounts.
- the first, second and third scaling amounts produced by the divide circuits 512-1 , 512-2 and 512-3 are respectively supplied to the multiply circuits 514-1 , 514-2 and 514-3.
- the multiply circuits 514-1 , 514-2 and 514-3 respectively multiply the first, second and third partial sound signals for the second electronic sound signal by the corresponding first, second and third scaling amounts to produce first, second and third partial scaled second electronic sound signals.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a multi-microphone directional processing system 1000 according to one embodiment of the invention.
- the multi- microphone directional processing system 1000 illustrated in FIG. 10 is generally similar to the multi-microphone directional processing system 900 illustrated in FIG. 9.
- the multi-microphone directional processing system 1000 further includes a sum circuit 1002.
- the sum circuit 1002 operates to sum each of the partial first electronic sound signals produced by the band split filters 902 prior to being supplied to the subtraction circuit 518.
- the multi-microphone directional processing system 1000 thus compensates for delay induced by the band split filters 902 and 904 by addition of the sum circuit 1002 to the multi-microphone directional processing system 1000.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a multi-microphone directional processing system 1100 according to another embodiment of the invention.
- the multi- microphone directional processing system 1100 includes the band split filters 902 and 904 as discussed above with respect to FIG. 9, and optionally includes the sum circuit 1002 as discussed above with respect to FIG. 10.
- the multi-microphone directional processing system 1100 utilizes the logarithm domain to effectively perform division operations in a multi-band adaptive manner.
- FIG. 11 represents a multi-band adaptive compensation scheme using the approach discussed above with respect to FIG. 6.
- the invention is preferably implemented in hardware, but can be implemented in software or a combination of hardware and software.
- the invention can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium.
- the computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data which can be thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, magnetic tape, optical data storage devices, carrier waves.
- the computer readable medium can also be distributed over a network coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion.
- One advantage of the invention is that directional noise suppression is not affected by microphone mismatch. Another advantage of the invention is that the directional noise suppression is not affected by the drift of microphone sensitivity over time. Still another advantage of the invention is that directional noise suppression is not affected by the non-uniform distribution of sound pressure in real-life application.
- SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU4574001A AU4574001A (en) | 2000-03-14 | 2001-03-14 | Adaptive microphone matching in multi-microphone directional system |
DE10195933T DE10195933T1 (en) | 2000-03-14 | 2001-03-14 | Adaptive microphone adjustment in a directional system with several microphones |
JP2001566588A JP2003527012A (en) | 2000-03-14 | 2001-03-14 | Adaptive microphone matching in multi-microphone directional systems |
AU2001245740A AU2001245740B2 (en) | 2000-03-14 | 2001-03-14 | Adaptive microphone matching in multi-microphone directional system |
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US18928200P | 2000-03-14 | 2000-03-14 | |
US60/189,282 | 2000-03-14 |
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WO2001069968A2 true WO2001069968A2 (en) | 2001-09-20 |
WO2001069968A3 WO2001069968A3 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
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PCT/US2001/008256 WO2001069968A2 (en) | 2000-03-14 | 2001-03-14 | Adaptive microphone matching in multi-microphone directional system |
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US (1) | US7155019B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003527012A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1418448A (en) |
AU (2) | AU4574001A (en) |
DE (1) | DE10195933T1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001069968A2 (en) |
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DE10195933T1 (en) | 2003-04-30 |
US7155019B2 (en) | 2006-12-26 |
WO2001069968A3 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
JP2003527012A (en) | 2003-09-09 |
AU4574001A (en) | 2001-09-24 |
AU2001245740B2 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
US20020034310A1 (en) | 2002-03-21 |
CN1418448A (en) | 2003-05-14 |
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