WO2001057163A1 - Uses and methods with condensates - Google Patents
Uses and methods with condensates Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001057163A1 WO2001057163A1 PCT/GB2000/004735 GB0004735W WO0157163A1 WO 2001057163 A1 WO2001057163 A1 WO 2001057163A1 GB 0004735 W GB0004735 W GB 0004735W WO 0157163 A1 WO0157163 A1 WO 0157163A1
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- water
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- oil
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M159/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
- C10M159/12—Reaction products
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
- B01D17/04—Breaking emulsions
- B01D17/045—Breaking emulsions with coalescers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
- B01D17/04—Breaking emulsions
- B01D17/047—Breaking emulsions with separation aids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G33/00—Dewatering or demulsification of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G33/04—Dewatering or demulsification of hydrocarbon oils with chemical means
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G33/00—Dewatering or demulsification of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G33/06—Dewatering or demulsification of hydrocarbon oils with mechanical means, e.g. by filtration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1981—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M145/18—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M145/20—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/101—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones and phenols, e.g. Also polyoxyalkylene ether derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/251—Alcohol fueled engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
- C10N2040/253—Small diesel engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
- C10N2040/28—Rotary engines
Definitions
- the present invention relates to uses of condensates and methods involving their use, the condensates being in particular cyclic calixarene compounds containing within the calixarene ring at least one unit of salicylic acid or salt thereof
- condensates being in particular cyclic calixarene compounds containing within the calixarene ring at least one unit of salicylic acid or salt thereof
- These compounds are particularly suitable as thermal stabilising additives in fuel and for use in lubricating oil compositions for medium or low speed diesel engines, especially four stroke engines They are particularly useful in fuel compositions comprising said compounds, e g aviation fuel compositions
- the liquid fuel is combusted to produce power, but also is circulated in the aircraft as a heat exchange fluid to remove the excess heat generated at such speeds e g in lubricating oils
- the fuel is thus maintained for long periods at high temperatures, which results in discoloration and decomposition to produce soluble coloured products and insoluble products such as gums, sediments and granular material, insoluble products can form deposits that reduce the heat exchange capacity and can block filters potentially causing loss of power
- Soluble coloured by-products are unsightly and an indication of some decomposition
- the cause of discoloration etc may be from phenols, naphthenates and sulphur compounds and/or metals which are often present in the fuels
- kerosine oil fuel is passed down a narrow metal feed pipe to the combustion chamber where it is burnt Parts of the pipe are sufficiently near the hot chamber for them to be heated to significant temperatures, resulting in the risk of thermal degradation of the fuel in the pipe, especially with slow feed rates and high residence times in the pipe This degradation can form solid deposits which reduce the flow and ultimately stop it, causing the combustion to stop
- USP5478367 describes the addition to diesel or jet fuel of a substituted unsaturated polyamine derivative dispersant to reduce particulate emissions on combustion and to reduce fouling i e deposition of insoluble deposits
- Canadian Patent Publ 2067907 describes the addition to distillate jet fuels of hydroxylamines to stabilise them against degradation at elevated temperatures
- USP5468262 describes addition to jet fuels of thermal stability additives which are prepared by reacting a polyamine, aldehyde and phenol to form a condensate which is then reacted with a succinic anhydride containing a polyolefm derived unsaturated group
- the additives are effective at 0 2% by weight
- EP-A-678568 describes addition to jet engine fuels of anti deposition agents which are derivatives of (thio)phosphonic acids
- cyclic calixarenes which are cyclic phenolic aldehyde compounds having at least one structural unit in the cyclic ring derived from salicyclic acid or salts thereof These compounds, hereinafter called salixarenes, are described in WO 99/25677 for use in lubricating oil and gasoline and diesel in which they are stated to have detergent and thermal stabilising effects, while in WO 99 25793 we describe aviation fuels and/or kerosene compositions containing them also having a thermal stabilising effect
- the salixarene compounds are described in WO 99/25677 as cyclic compounds comprising m units of the formula la
- each of Y and Y 2 is a divalent bridging group which may be the same or different in each unit;
- R° is H or (d-C 6 ) alkyl or is a metal cation,
- R 5 is H or (C ⁇ -C 6 o) alkyl; and
- j is 1 or 2;
- R 3 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl or a hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl group; either R 1 is hydroxyl and R 2 and R 4 are independently either hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or hetero- substituted hydrocarbyl, or R 2 and R 4 are hydroxyl and R 1 is either hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl; and
- m + n is from 4 to 20, m is from 1 to 8 and n is at least 3.
- each of R 1 , R 2 and R 4 which may be the same or different, is hydroxyl, hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 is hydroxyl.
- the compounds of formula la/lb have now been shown to have improved water tolerance properties.
- Fuels often pick up water during transport or as a contaminant, in particular in storage or processing.
- the presence of the water in the fuel is a problem if the fuel contains additives having surface active properties, because the latter stabilise emulsions of water and fuel, especially those made in high speed pumps e.g. in fuel transport lines.
- the stabilised emulsions increase the viscosity of the fuel.
- the fuel is gasoline, e.g.
- the compounds of formula la/lb or Product A have a reduced tendency to stabilise emulsions of water, fuels and compound, compared to some known thermal stabilisers for aviation fuel, or detergents for formulated diesel or formulated gas oil (or for diesel base or gas base fuel (i.e. the hydrocarbon oil in the middle distillate boiling range)).
- thermal stabilisers for aviation fuel or detergents for formulated diesel or formulated gas oil (or for diesel base or gas base fuel (i.e. the hydrocarbon oil in the middle distillate boiling range)).
- the compounds of formula lb/lb the separation of water from the fuel is rendered more easy than with the other additives with less production of emulsions and intermediate phases between oil and water (according to the Institute of Petroleum IP 279/97 test), or faster breakage of dispersions (e.g. according to the ASTM D-1094 test).
- the compounds are phase distinguishers helping to maintain a clear distinction between the water and oil phases, in contrast to the other additives which tend to reduce the distinction between or clarity
- the present invention provides a method of purifying a mixture of an oil Product which is a liquid fuel or lubricating oil composition, with at least one additive and water, at least part of the water being in the form of a dispersion of water in said Product, which method comprises providing said mixture in which said additive is an Additive (which herein means a compound of formula la/lb or product A hereinafter), coalescing at least part of said water in said dispersion into separable droplets of water and separating said droplet water from an oil phase comprising the oil Product and Additive of reduced non-dissolved water content, especially one substantially free of non- dissolved water, e.g. water droplets or dispersed droplets.
- Additive which herein means a compound of formula la/lb or product A hereinafter
- the separation there are preferably produced water droplets and an oil phase, and no significant amount of interface material of oil and water
- the method is preferably applicable when the oil Product is a hydrocarbon fuel, especially aviation fuel which may contain or may be substantially free of non-hydrocarbon performance additives (apart from the Additive) especially additives officially approved for aviation use
- the separation of water from fuels is performed at least once during the transport of the fuel from where it is made, in one part of a refinery, to the energy user, e g an engine of a means of transport on land, on or under sea, or in air, or an engine of a power or heat generator e g an electricity generator or heating boiler
- water may be separated once during the transport of fuel, e g in a refinery or blend terminal after it leaves storage, but because of the greater importance of use of substantially water free aviation fuels, water may be separated from aviation fuels more than once during the fuel transport e g 2-6 times, such as after any storage e g in a refinery, blend terminal or airport storage tank, especially just before the fuel is passed at the airport to refuel an aeroplane or helicopter or hovercraft
- the mixtures of water, fuel and Additive especially compound of formula la/lb, e g dispersions, are usually substantially free of anti-icing additives, especially for aviation fuel e g jet fuel, as are the fuels ready for combustion (i e as passed to the energy user) which comprises the purified fuel composition comprising fuel and said compound
- the presence of water is also a problem in lubricants, both for land based vehicles, such as cars, trucks, buses and trains, and sea based transport e g ships, where marine lubricants need to function in the presence of sea water
- the invention also provides the use of the Additive especially compound of formula la/lb to restrict the formation of emulsions of water in a lubricant oil
- the oil Product to be purified in the method of the invention may be a blend of a first oil Product, especially a hydrocarbon fuel comprising said Additive, and a second oil Product, especially a hydrocarbon Fuel, which may be the same or different from the first oil Product and may contain, but preferably does not contain said Additive, each of the first and second oil Products being contaminated with water or susceptible of contamination with water
- the present invention also provides a method of purifying an oil Product in which a first liquid oil Product comprising an additive is blended with a second liquid oil Product, at least one of said oil Products, and especially both, being contaminated with water or susceptible to subsequent contamination with water, water is mixed with one or both said oil Products if not already present therein, to produce a 2 phase mixture of said first and second oil Products, additive and water, at least some of the water being in a water in oil dispersion form, wherein said 2 phase mixture in which said additive is an Additive as herein before defined, is coalesced to produce water droplets, and the water is separated from an oil Product comprising said Additive of reduced water content.
- said oil Product is substantially free of undissolved water.
- the first oil Product is substantially free of non-dissolved water when it is blended with the second oil Product, which may or may not at that time contain undissolved water.
- the present invention also provides a blend of at least 2 liquid oil Products e.g. fuels, a first liquid oil Product comprising a first fuel or lubricant base, said Additive and dissolved water, and optionally undissolved water, and a second oil Product, e.g. fuel comprising a second fuel or lubricant base, which may be the same or different from the first base, and undissolved water.
- the fuel or lubricant bases may contain or may be substantially free of performance additives.
- the invention is also beneficial when the second oil Product is passed separately through a line down which the first oil Product has passed, because in many cases the first passage of first oil Product leaves trace of said oil Product and Additive in this line, and/or the walls of the line have adherent or adsorbed Additive, removed from said first oil Product.
- the second oil Product becomes contaminated with said Additive which in the case of other additives have adversely affected its water tolerance properties; this effect is greatly reduced with the Additives compared to the known thermal stabilisers.
- the present invention also provides a method of transporting at least 2 oil Products, e.g. fuels, separately along the same line, each oil Product e.g. fuel being contaminated with water or susceptible to contamination with water, wherein the earlier oil Product passing along the line comprises said Additive, and after passage down said line each oil Product containing water at least partly in dispersal form, is coalesced to produce droplets of water which are separated to leave an oil Product of reduced water content, especially substantially free of non-dissolved water, and preferably with substantially no interface e g less than 10% (based on the total value of separated water and interface)
- a benefit of the invention is that with some other thermally stabilising additives there are substantial interface problems of the stage of separation of the drops e g with an amount of interface of at least 20% (of the value of separated water and interface)
- the Additives have the effect of thermally stabilising the oil Products e g lubricant such as automative or marine lubricant and fuels e g aviation fuel, diesel, gas oil or gasoline, and also of not causing significant interfacial problems when water is separated from mixtures of the oil Product This latter property is very important commercially for reasons as explained above
- the present invention also provides the use (a) of the Additive to stabilise thermally a liquid oil Product e g fuel, especially a jet fuel, while at the same time rendering the stabilised oil Product substantially water immiscible or rendering it substantially non-emulsifiable to water
- the use is thus of a combined heat stabiliser and phase separator
- the invention also provides the use (b) of the Additive to stabilise thermally a liquid oil Product, e g fuel, especially a jet fuel, without substantially affecting its interfacial tension (e g by less than 20% of the value of the oil Product e g fuel without the Additive)
- This use is thus of a combined heat stabiliser and interfacial tension maintainer.
- This technical effect is in contrast to some other known thermal stabilisers, e g. for jet fuel that have a significant surface active effect and severely reduce the interfacial tension of the fuel (e g by more than 30% of the value of fuel without the stabiliser).
- the invention also provides the use (c) of the Additive to stabilise thermally a liquid oil Product e g fuel, while enabling it also to pass the single element test as defined as in the current edition of API 1581 (Specification and Clarification procedures for Aviation Jet Fuel Filter/Separators)
- the Additive also can have a dispersant effect in diesel and/or gasoline, instead of or as well as a thermal stabiliser effect, so the above uses a-c can also be expressed in a similar manner with the two technical effects being the dispersant effect (rather than the thermal stabilising effect) and the non-emulsion stabilising effect e.g. phase separator or interfacial tension maintainer effect.
- thermal stabilisers e.g. for jet fuel
- thermal stabilisers also adversely affect the active surfaces of coalescers, in which the fuel with dispersed water contacts the active surface effecting coalescing of the dispersed water droplets causing then to grow from a size of less than 1 micron to produce droplets of size at least 1mm.
- the active surface of a successful coalescer is sufficiently hydrophilic to have the above effect, but in the presence of the known stabiliser the surface becomes more hydrophobic and tends to lose its coalescence power.
- the coalescer cannot fulfill its function of coalescing water in the fuel and has to be replaced.
- the Additives have a much reduced effect on the active surface of the coalescer compared to the known stabiliser, thereby increasing the lifetime of the coalescer.
- the present invention therefore also provides a method of increasing the lifetime of a coalescer, which is used to coalesce water present in a water dispersion in an oil Product, which comprises having in the oil Product an Additive.
- the dispersion of water oil Product and Additive is converted into droplets of water or a separate water phase, and an oil Product phase containing the Additive of reduced non-dissolved water content, and preferably substantially no interface of water and oil Product.
- the coalescer usually comprises a fibre bed, often of different fibre diameters, pore size or density.
- the overall bed may be a random mixture of the above fibres, but preferably is in graded layers, to coalesce dispersions of wide range of water droplet sizes.
- the fibres usually have an affinity for water but are not completely hydrophilic; they may be polymeric with polar groups e.g. CONH, -COO-, but not alcoholic OH, as in cellulose, or cellulose ethers or esters; these fibres are of non-cellulosic polar polymers.
- the fibres can be inorganic e.g.
- glass fibre especially glass treated with polar molecules such as glass treated with an organoxy-aminoalkyl silane or glass fibres bonded with phenolic resins e.g. phenol formaldehyde resins; these are hydrophobised inorganic fibres.
- polar molecules such as glass treated with an organoxy-aminoalkyl silane or glass fibres bonded with phenolic resins e.g. phenol formaldehyde resins; these are hydrophobised inorganic fibres.
- the term "Additive” means a cyclic compound with structural units of formula la lb as described and defined above with respect to WO 99/25793 and also with the option of R° being an ammonium cation (including quaternary ammonium cation), and also the reaction Product A hereinafter defined or a product separated from said reaction product
- the cyclic compound Additive comprises m units of formula la and n units of formula lb, wherein Y and Y 2 are divalent bridging groups, which may be the same or different, R 3 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl or a hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl group, each of R 1 , R 2 and R 4 , which may be the same or different, is hydroxyl, hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl, with the proviso that at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 4 ⁇ s hydroxyl, and m + n is 4 to 20, m is 1-8 and n
- the salicylic acid and phenol units may be distributed randomly, although this does not exclude the possibility that in some rings there may be several salicylic acid units joined together in a row
- the m and n units may be joined in block and/or randomly
- the cyclic compound consists essentially of units of formula la and lb
- Y and Y 2 may each independently be a hydrocarbyl bridging group or be a hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl group or up to 50% mole of the totality of Y and Y 2 group may be a hetero atom
- the hydrocarbyl bridging group is preferably aliphatic and has a chain of 1-4 carbon atoms, preferably the group is of formula (CR 7 R 8 )a, e g (CHR 8 ) d where each of R 7 and R 8 , which may be the same or different, represents hydrogen or hydrocarbyl e g of 1 -6 carbons, such as methyl or ethyl and d is an integer of 1-4 preferably 2 or especially 1 , advantageously the group is of formula (CHR 6 ) or (CHR 8 )d where R 8 is as defined above preferably methyl or especially hydrogen Y and/or Y 2 may also represent a hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl group with a hetero atom
- R 1 , R 2 and R 4 represents hydroxyl, hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or hetero- substituted hydrocarbyl with the proviso that at least one of R 1 , R and R 4 represents hydroxyl
- all three may represent hydroxyl as in a phloroglucinol derivative, or two as in a resorcinol derivative (i e the compound of formula I contains a resorcinarene group), or one as in a phenol derivative
- R 1 is hydroxyl and R 2 and R 4 are independently either hydrogen (which is preferred), hydrocarbyl or hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl, or R 2 and R 4 are hydroxyl and R 1 is either hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or hetero- substituted hydrocarbyl
- hydrocarbyl includes (C ⁇ -C 6 o) alkyl such as t-butyl, t-amyl, s-butyl, isopropyl, octyl, nonyl, dodecyl and octadecyl
- the hydrocarbyl group may be derived from a polyolefm, for example polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene or a polyolefm copolymer, for example an ethylene/propylene copolymer, preferably derived from a polyisobutene
- Alternatives include isoprene-butadiene, styrene-isoprene or styrene-butadiene block copolymers such as those disclosed in WO 96/40846, or ethylene-propylene and ethylene-butene-1 copolymers having molecular weights from 1500 to 2500 or 7500, as
- the hydrocarbyl group for R 1 , R 2 or R 4 usually has 1-14, e.g. 1-6 carbons and is preferably saturated, especially an alkyl group, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or hexyl group.
- the hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl group has at least one, e.g. 1-3, especially 1 hetero atom e.g. O, S or NH interrupting a chain of carbon atoms, e.g. 2-20, or 2-6 carbons as in an alkoxy alkylene group such as ethoxy ethyl.
- R 3 is hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or a hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl group.
- R 3 is hydrocarbyl or a hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl in at least R 3 group in the compound of formula I, especially with n such groups in the molecule.
- the hydrocarbyl group may be alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl and contains at least 1 especially at least 4 or at least 8 carbon atoms, e.g. 4-40 carbons, in particular with 8-20 carbons, in a chain.
- Preferred are linear or branched alkyl, e.g.
- 8-24 or 8-20 carbons such as decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, lauryl, myristyl, stearyl, palmityl, propylene trimer or tetramer, or alkenyl e.g. of 6-24 carbons such as oleyl, or cycloalkyl e.g. of 5-8 carbons such as cyclohexyl, aryl, e.g. of 6-24 carbons, such as phenyl, tolyl and alkylphenyl with 6-16 carbons in the alkyl, e.g.
- R 3 may also represent a polymeric hydrocarbyl group e.g. from a polyolefm group, especially from one or more olefins of 2-6 carbons such as ethylene, propylene, butene, isobutene; the polymeric groups may be from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, an ethylene propylene copolymer or polyisobutene (which is preferred).
- Molecular weights of polymeric R 3 groups may be 300-6000, e.g. 500-2000.
- m is from 1 to 8, e.g. 1-4, especially 2, or in particular 1, while n is at least 3 e.g. 3-10, in particular 5-9 especially 6-8.
- the sum of m + n is 4-20, preferably 5-10 in particular 7-9, e.g. 6 or 8, or a mixture of compounds with m + n having the value of 6 and 8.
- m is 1 or 2 and m + n is 5-10 e.g. 8.
- Y 1 or Y 2 is CH 2 ;
- R 1 is hydroxyl;
- R 2 and R 4 are independently either hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl;
- R 3 is either hydrocarbyl or hetero-substituted hydrocarbyl;
- R° is H or is substituted by an alkali metal ion, in particular a potassium ion;
- R 5 is hydrogen or an alkyl group of 6 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 40 carbon atoms, more preferably of 6 to 25 carbon atoms;
- j is 2 or preferably 1;
- m + n has a value of at least 5, preferably at least 6, typically at least 8, where m is 1 or 2, preferably 1.
- R 2 and R 4 are hydrogen;
- R 3 is hydrocarbyl, preferably alkyl of 10 greater than 4, preferably greater than 9 carbon atoms;
- R 5 is hydrogen; and
- m + n is from 6 to 12 e.g. 8; m is 1 or 2.
- R 2 and R 4 are hydrogen, m is 1 or 2, n is 5, 6 or 7, m + n is 6 and/or 8, R 1 is hydroxyl, R 3 is alkyl of 8-20 carbons e.g. dodecyl or octadecyl, or polyisobutenyl.
- the metal in the salt form may be an alkali metal e.g. Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs, or an alkaline earth metal e.g. Mg or Ca, or the salt may be an ammonium or a quaternary ammonium salt, e.g. of formula NR J R 2 R 3 R 4 wherein R 1 -R 4 are as defined above, especially with at least 3 and in particular 4 of them of less than 10 carbons.
- salixarenes For convenience the cyclic compounds are herein referred to as "salixarenes”.
- Calixarenes having a substituent hydroxyl group or groups include homocalixarenes, oxacalixarenes, homooxacalixarenes and heterocalixarenes.
- Salixarenes for use in the present invention may be made by reacting together appropriate amounts of the optionally substituted salicylic acid (or carboxylic ester), an optionally substituted phenol, and a carbonyl compound which is preferably an aldehyde e.g. formaldehyde, or acetaldehyde, especially in the presence of a base and optionally a catalyst.
- the reaction may be performed in the presence of sulphur if the compound of formulae la/lb is to contain combined sulphur.
- the salixarenes may be made by a process comprising reacting together, usually in the presence of a basic catalyst, compounds of the formulas (Ha) and (lib)
- Preferred basic catalysts are alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide.
- a proportion of the product may comprise linear molecules.
- Linear molecules are also composed of units having formulas (la) and (lb) except that instead of the ends of the molecule being joined to form a ring, each end has a terminal group which is independently one of the following:
- the cyclic form comprises at least 40 %, more preferably at least 60 % and most preferably at least 80 % by weight of the reaction product.
- Product A also can include but may exclude products isolated from said reaction product, but preferably includes said isolated cyclic products, containing the COOR 0 group(s)
- the process may be performed with an amount of base which is 0 01-0 2 equivalents per mole of the salicylic acid, with the base being effectively in catalytic amount
- the process may be performed in a melt or in the presence of water or a solution or suspension
- the water may be added with the base, e g aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, and/or a possible solvent for the formaldehyde (e g 10- 30% formaldehyde solution), the amount of added water being usually 1-20% of the total S weight of the reactant e g 5-15%
- the process is performed with the water present initially, and then once reaction has started, then any water present as well as water produced as by product is removed, e g by evaporation or distillation, whether under reduced pressure, and/or heating at above 110°C
- the process may also be performed in the presence of an inert organic liquid which may be a solvent for at least one of the reactants, e g the phenol and/or salicylic acid and/or a solvent or non solvent for at least one of the phenolic products, especially a salixarene e g of formula la/ lb and/or a linear phenolic species
- the liquid is usually a hydrocarbon of atmospheric boiling point 100-160°C, such as toluene or a xylene or methylbenzene
- the amount of liquid may be 10-90% of the total weight of solvent and reactants, especially 50-90%
- the liquid is immiscible with water and can entrain water in its distillation and/or reflux, e g a Dean and Stark apparatus
- the solvent if any may be evaporated to leave a crude product, or the reaction product (optionally with solvent) treated or used as such
- the direct product of the process to make the salixarenes may be used as such (i e without purification from other phenolic compounds) or may be converted from one salt form to another, e g via ion exchange, or by way of acidification to form the free acids, and then if desired formation of a salt by neutralisation.
- the direct product is purified to increase its content of cyclic and/or carboxylic species
- the direct product may be distributed between a substantially water immiscible organic solvent, e g.
- an aliphatic liquid hydrocarbon such as kerosene or hexane or an aromatic hydrocarbon such as toluene or xylene
- the medium may be basic, e g with an alkali metal hydroxide or especially carbonate or bicarbonate, in which case the aqueous medium can extract the carboxylic species, while the non carboxylic species remains in the organic phase, the phases are then separated and then carboxylic salt recovered from the aqueous phase, or acidified to free carboxylic acid and recovered from an organic phase
- the direct product may also be purified, when dissolved in organic solvent, by addition of a compound capable of producing a salt insoluble in the solvent, e g addition of a barium salt (as such or in organic or aqueous solution) can cause precipitation of an insoluble barium carboxylate salt, which may be separated from the non carboxylic compounds Acidification of the barium salt enables the free carboxylic acid to be recovered
- the direct product in organic solution is e g an alkal
- the amount of base is at least 0.2 equivalents per mole of the salicylic acid, in particular 0.2-10, such as 0.9-5 especially 2-5 or about 1.
- the base chosen is usually the one which provides the cations required in the product, e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide or carbonate to provide sodium or potassium salixarene salt.
- the base for the reaction may be different, and then the reaction product salt may be converted into the desired salt e.g. via ion exchange.
- an alkali metal base can be used in the reaction and the salt converted to for example quaternary ammonium or calcium, salt form.
- a preformed salt thereof may be used, e.g. sodium or potassium salicylate, in the form for example of a solid or in aqueous solution.
- the process preferably involves reaction of the salicylic acid and the phenol in a molar percentage of at least 20% salicylic acid units based on the total of salicylic and phenol e.g. 20-90%, such as 20- 40%.
- the amount of base present is 0.2-8 equivalents, based on the equivalents of carboxyl groups in the salicylic acid e.g. 2-5 equivalents.
- the process usually involves the presence of a base with a cation of appropriate size, the larger the cation the larger the ring.
- a spread of salixarene ring sizes is obtained, the average is lower for Li e.g. 5-7, than Na e.g. 6-8, than K 7-9 and Cs 9-11.
- the fuel or lubricating composition e.g. jet fuel composition may also contain a non ring i.e. linear form of the compound of formula la/lb, i.e. with structural units as shown in the Formulae la/lb but terminated usually by the phenol and/or salicylic acid units.
- the present invention also provides the use of at least one of these "salixarenes" for the water tolerance effect as well as to reduce the discoloration on heating of fuel compositions e.g. jet fuel and fuel compositions comprising kerosine.
- the preferred Additive is dodecyl-salicylic calix[8]arene, which is a Salix[8]arene comprising 7 dodecyl substituted phenolic units and one salicylic acid unit joined by methylene bridges
- Another preferred Additive compound is the corresponding salixarene with 2 salicylic groups and 6 dodecylphenol " units preferably at least partially as an alkali metal salt e g potassium salt and especially in the form of the dipotassium salt
- the Additive may be present in the composition in amount of at least 1, at least
- the Additive may be mixed with the jet or other fuel composition in the form of a concentrate in solution, e g in an aliphatic aromatic hydrocarbon in 20-80% w/w solution, or it may be added as such to give a solution in the fuel More than one of the salixarenes may be present e g 2-4, especially differing only in the values of at least one of m and n, especially n
- the composition can comprise jet fuel
- the composition can comprise kerosine, in particular in jet fuel
- the main component of the jet fuel itself is usually a middle boiling distillate boiling point in the range 150-250°C at atmospheric pressure and the fuel is usually kerosine which may be mixed with gasoline and optionally light petroleum distillate as in mixtures of gasoline and kerosene
- the jet fuel may comprise mixtures of gasoline and light petroleum distillate, e g in weight amounts of 20-80 80-20 such as 50- 75 50-25 which weight amounts may also be used for mixtures of gasoline and kerosene
- the jet fuels for military use are designated JP4 to 8 e g JP4 as 65% gasoline/35% light petroleum distillate (according to US Mil Spec (MIL 5624G)), JP5, similar to JP4 but of higher flash point, JP7, a high flash point special kerosene for advanced supersonic aircraft and JP8, a kerosene similar to Jet Al (according to MJL 83 133C)
- Jet fuel for turbojet use may boil at 93-260°C (200-500°F) (ASTM D1655-59T) Further details on aviation fuels may be obtained from "Handbook of Aviation Fuel Properties", Coordinating Research Council Inc , CRC Report No 530 (Society of Automotive Engineers Inc , Warrendale, PA, USA, 1983) and on US military 25 fuels, from "Military Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels", MIL-T-5624P
- the jet fuel may be the straight run kerosene optionally with added gasoline, but preferably has been purified to reduce its content of components contributing to or encouraging formation of coloured products and/or precipitates Among such components are aromatics and olefins and mercaptans
- the fuels may be purified to reduce their mercaptan content e g Merox fuels and copper sweetened fuels or to reduce their sulphur content e g hydrofined fuels or Merifined fuels
- Merox fuels are made by oxidation of the mercaptans and have a low mercaptan S content (e g less than 0 005% wt S) such as 0 0001-0 005% but a higher disulphide S content (e g at most 0 4% or at most 0 3% wt S such as 0 05-0 25 e g 0 1-2%), their aromatic (e g phenolics) and olefins content are hardly changed Hydrofined jet
- the fuel comprising kerosine may also be a fuel for combustion especially for non motive purposes, e g power generation, steam generation, and heating, especially for use 15 in buildings and for cooking, e g as described above
- the fuel is particularly suitable for the devices e g boilers and slow cookers as described above in which there is localised preheating of the fuel before it is combusted
- Such fuels are known as burning kerosine and may have the same physical properties as the kerosine based jet fuels described above, e.g straight run kerosine, or kerosine modified to reduce its content of at least one of aromatics, olefins and sulphur compounds, as described above
- the fuel may also contain metals as described above
- the fuel compositions contains the cyclic compound of formula la/lb or I and may also contain at least one conventional additive e g for jet fuels or burning fuels such as an antioxidant, corrosion inhibitor, dispersant/detergent, (in particular in the case of hydroxy carboxylic acids (see below)), especially in amounts each of 1-lOOOppm, e g 20-200ppm.
- at least one conventional additive e g for jet fuels or burning fuels such as an antioxidant, corrosion inhibitor, dispersant/detergent, (in particular in the case of hydroxy carboxylic acids (see below)
- 1-lOOOppm e g 20-200ppm.
- the "salixarene" additives of formula I or la/lb may be present in the composition especially with a dispersant, the dispersant is in particular one for solids known for use in fuels e g automotive burning or aviation fuels
- the dispersant usually have a polymeric carbon backbone with pendant groups containing nitrogen, which may be primary, secondary or tertiary, in cyclic or acyclic systems, and especially in amine, amide or imide groupings, in particular cyclic imide groups
- the dispersants may also contain 1-5 polymer chains which are bridged by the nitrogen containing groups Examples of such dispersants are the reaction products of polyisobutene succiic anhydride (PIBSA) and polyamines
- PIBSA polyisobutene succiic anhydride
- Such dispersants are known compounds for dispersing particles of in non aqueous systems e g hydrocarbon systems
- the weight ratio of "salixarene" to dispersant may be 99 1
- the fuel compositions containing the compounds of formula la/lb or Product A have an improved thermal stability as shown by a reduced tendency to discolour and/or produce solids on heating compared to the fuel alone (in the isothermal corrosion and oxidation test (ICOT based on ASTM D487 1))
- the combination of the compounds of formula I and certain other hydroxy carboxylic acid derivatives imparts to some fuels further improved stability still, better than either additive alone
- This synergistic behaviour is found with combinations of the compound of formula la lb and the hydroxycarboxylic acid in Merox fuels
- a blend comprising at least one compound of formula la/lb or Product A and at least one hydroxy carboxylic acid (different from said compound) with at least one chain of at least 8 carbon atoms
- a fuel composition comprising said blend and a fuel comprising kerosine and/or a jet fuel which is a Merox fuel, especially one which has a mean deposit forming tendency in the ICOT test according to ASTM D4871 of 80-120mg deposit per litre of fuel, in particular 80-105mg/l
- the weight ratio of the compound (c) of formula la/lb to hydroxycarboxylic acid is usually 10-90 90-1, in particular 30-85 70-15 and especially 35-65 65-35
- the amount of the blend in the fuel is usually 10-lOOOppm e g 30- 200ppm
- the hydroxycarboxylic acid contains in total at least 1 hydroxyl group e g 1-4 such as 2 or 3 but preferably 1 hydroxyl group. It usually contains a hydroxyl group on a carbon atom alpha, beta or gamma to the carbon atom to which the carboxylic acid group is bonded and may optionally have 1 or more hydroxyl groups elsewhere in the molecule: preferably the only hydroxyl group in the molecule is in the alpha, beta or gamma especially the beta position.
- the hydroxy acid may be of formula,
- each of R 10 , R 12 and R 14 which may be the same or different, represents hydrogen or an organic group, bonded via carbon or a heteroatom, which is O, N or S, with the proviso that at least one, and preferably only one of R 10 -R 14 represents an organic group containing a carbon chain of at least 8 carbon atoms.
- the organic groups, bonded via carbon are alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl or aryl, e.g.
- the organic group bonded via nitrogen are amino groups with long chain hydrocarbyl group e.g. 8-24 carbons, or amido or imido groups from long chain carboxylic acids with 8-3000 carbons, e.g. 8-24 carbons such as fatty acids e.g. stearic and palmitic acids, or 50-3000 carbons e.g.
- polyolefinyl such as from a carboxylic derivative from polyisobutene such as PIBSA.
- R 11 preferably represents hydroxyl/or hydrogen
- R 10 represents hydrogen or a long chain hydrocarbyl group of at least 8 carbons, especially 8-24 or 50-3000 carbons
- R 12 represents hydrogen or alkyl of 1-6 carbons e.g. methyl or ethyl
- R 13 represents hydroxyl or hydrogen
- R 14 represents hydrogen or a amino, amido or imido group with a long chain aliphatic group or long chain mono or di acyl group, in particular a long chain succinic imide e.g. PIBSA.
- R 10 or R 14 contains a long chain aliphatic group but not both.
- hydroxy carboxylic acid are N(long chain acyl) derivatives of beta hydroxy amino acids e.g. serine and threonine and long chain hydrocarbyl alpha hydroxy acids e g 1 -hydroxy dodecanoic, 1 -hydroxypalmitic and 1-hydroxystea ⁇ c acids, 1- hydroxyl polyiso butenyl-1 -carboxylic acid (from PIB aldehyde)
- the use or method of the invention can also involve a fuel composition comprising liquid hydrocarbons, at least a majority of which boil at atmospheric pressure at 251- 350°C (according to ASTM D86)
- the hydrocarbon fuel may be diesel oil (e g as defined in European Standard EN590 1993, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference), but is preferably gas oil (e g as defined in its European Standard the dislcosure of which is herein incorporated by reference), especially with a boiling range of 251-410°C
- the gas oil is a hydrocarbon fraction boiling between kerosine and light lubricating oil
- the gas oil may be straight run gas oil, from direct distillation of crude oil under atmospheric pressure, cracked gas oil, which has the above boiling range and is made by distillation of the product of cracking high boiling or other oils either thermally or catalytically, or vacuum gas oil, with the above boiling range made by vacuum distillation of a residue, e g from a crude oil distillation or cracked oil distillation, or visbroken gas oil,
- the fuel composition can thus contain at least a majority of a gas oil e g 51-100% (of the liquid hydrocarbons) e g at least 70% such as 70-90%, with usually up to 30% by weight (of total liquid hydrocarbons) of liquid hydrocarbons boiling above or below the gas oil, e g kerosine bp 150-250°C and heavy gas oils of Final Boiling Point 350- 410°C Blends comprising a majority of gas oil with a minority of kerosene, or a majority of gas oil with a minority in total of kerosine and the heavy gas oil are preferred
- the fuel composition may contain one or more of the types of gas oil discussed above, preferably with straight run gas oil and at least one other gas oil, especially with at least 50% or at least 70% of the straight run gas oil and up to 30% in total of one or more other gas oils e g cracked gas oil
- the fuel may comprise diesel fuel itself e g for use in diesel engines for motive use such as automobiles, trucks and buses, rather than the cruder gas oil, which contains diesel and a wide range of liquid hydrocarbons of boiling point above and below diesel
- the gas oil is preferred for non motive uses
- the fuel may also comprise biofuel from vegetable and/or animal sources, such as rapeseed oil esters e g the methyl ester, especially in weight ratios to liquid hydrocarbons of bp " 251-350°C of 5-30 95-70
- the liquid hydrocarbons in the fuel for use in the invention may have at least one of and preferably all of the following distillation properties 220-250°C an initial bp (IBP) of 140-220°C, a 10% distillation point of 190-250°C, 50% distillation point of 220-250°C, 90% distillation point of 280-380°C (e g 300-350°C) 95% distillation point of 320- 380°C (e g 340-360°C) and a Final Boiling Point of 290-385°C (such as 330-360°C)
- the hydrocarbons may have Conradson Carbon contents (by weight) of 0 01-1 e g 0 01-0 1 or 0 1-1 They may have aniline points of 40-80°C e g 60-75°C (as in gas oils) or 10-40 e g 15-30 (as in diesel oil) They may have a Specific Gravity of 0 80-0 90, e g 0 82-0 88 or 0 82-0 86, and a minimum Flash Point of at least 38°C (Closed, Abel ) or at least 55°C such as 75-95°C (Closed Pensky Martens)
- the cetane Number may be at least 40, 45, 49 or 51 such as 40-55, e g 45-48 or 49-54, but especially 40-49 or 45- 49 as in gas oil
- the sulphur chemical analysis may be less than 0 5% sulphur compounds (expressed as elemental S) such as 0 0001-0 5%, preferably less than 0 2% or
- the liquid hydrocarbons e g gas oil or diesel preferably have been purified to reduce their content of components contributing to or encouraging formation of coloured products and/or precipitates or sulphur oxides on combustion Among such components are aromatics and olefins and sulphur compounds
- the fuels may be purified to reduce their sulphur content e g hydrofined fuels or Merifined fuels
- Hydrofined fuels are ones in which the original fuel has been hydrogenated to remove at least some of sulphur compounds e g thiols and under severe conditions to saturate the aromatics and olefins, hydrofined fuels have very low sulphur contents (e g less than 0 01% S by weight)
- Merifined fuels are fuels that have been extracted with an organic extractant to reduce or remove their contents of sulphur compounds and/or phenols
- the fuel of the invention may also contain metals, either following contact with metal pipes or carried over from the crude oil, examples of such
- the fuel compositions, in particular diesel or gasoline, and/or dehazer can comprise the Additive in the substantial absence of a demulsifier and yet able to meet a rating level less than 4 in test IP 289/97 parts (a), (b), and (c).
- the "salixarene" Additives may be present in the composition especially with a dispersant; the dispersant is in particular one for solids known for use in fuels e.g. heating or burner fuels.
- a dispersant usually have a polymeric carbon backbone with pendant groups containing nitrogen, which may be primary, secondary or tertiary, in cyclic or acyclic systems, and especially in amine, amide or imide groupings, in particular cyclic imide groups.
- the dispersants may also contain 1-5 polymer chains which are bridged by the nitrogen containing groups. Examples of such dispersants are the reaction products of polyisobutene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) and polyamines.
- PIBSA polyisobutene succinic anhydride
- Such dispersants are known compounds for dispersing particles of in non aqueous systems e.g. hydrocarbon systems.
- the weight ratio of "salixarene" to dispersant may be 99: 1 to 10:90, especially 30:70 to 70:30.
- the additives and the fuel composition are preferably substantially ashless.
- the fuel compositions containing the compounds of formula la/lb or Product A have an improved thermal stability as shown by a reduced tendency to discolour and/or produce solids on heating compared to the fuel alone.
- the combination of the compounds of formula la/lb and certain other hydroxy carboxylic acid derivatives imparts to some fuels further improved stability still, better than either additive alone in particular with Merox fuels.
- the fuel composition may also include at least one hydroxy carboxylic acid (different from said compound) with at least one chain of at least 8 carbon atoms, such as is described above.
- the fuels may be used in combustion apparatus for motive use or in particular for non motive use in which the fuel is subjected to heating to a temperature e.g. of 100- 400°C such as 200-300°C before combustion e.g. by proximity to the combustion chamber or otherwise (which may be at 500-700°C).
- the feed pipes to the combustion chamber are usually made of metal e.g. copper or steel such as stainless steel, which may become corroded resulting in metal leaching into the oil encouraging degradation.
- the oil may be emitted into the chamber via a nozzle which becomes hot.
- the combustion may be in a vaporising burner in which metal in the burner chamber is heated by the flame and in turn vaporises the fuel; examples of such burners are vaporising and pot burners.
- the combustion is preferably in an atomising burner in which the fuel is atomised either directly, as in pressure jet burners (of low, medium or high pressure) (including simple and wide range burners) and blast burners, or indirectly as in rotary cup burners in which a sheet of fuel is made first and then atomised by contact with air.
- the atomising burners usually have a hot nozzle on and in which degradation deposits can form.
- the combustion apparatus may be used to produce heat directly as in industrial furnaces, e.g. for metals or ceramics, or industrial or domestic central heating or cooking as in slow cookers (e.g. of the Aga type) or for raising steam, e.g. process steam.
- the apparatus is used for raising power as in gas turbines for electrical power generation.
- the invention also provides methods and use of lubricating oil compositions suitable for 'medium- or low-speed diesel engines, typically the four-stroke trunk-piston engine comprising said cyclic compound. Details of suitable lubricating oils and their other additives in addition to the cyclic compound are described in WO 9925677, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, and the corresponding salts e.g. overbased calcium salts of the cyclic compound may be used in the methods/uses of the invention. The invention is illustrated in the following Examples.
- a reaction apparatus was then set up incorporating the 5L flange flask, a flange lid and clip, overhead stirrer with paddle and PTFE stirrer gland, and double surface condenser and distillate collector.
- the reactor contents were heated by an electric mantle/thermocouple/Endotherm temperature controller system.
- the glassware from just above the mantle to just below the condenser was lagged with wool.
- the reaction mixture was rapidly heated to 90°C, and the temperature then further increased very slowly at a rate of approximately 1°C every 10 minutes. Water (77ml) was collected over period of 7 hours, at the end of which the temperature had reached 140°C.
- the mixture was then allowed to cool overnight before being heated at about 140°C for a further 2.5 hours.
- the product, a crude brown residue was the crude cyclic compound.
- the fractions were analysed by TR, NMR (H and C Scanning electron microscopy and also tested for their thermal stabilising effect on a B99/1 11 aviation base fuel, which was POSF 2827 (from USAF).
- the stability tests were Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tests (JFTOT) and were performed as described in EP-A-660077 the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
- JFTOT Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tests
- the fuel contacts a heated standard aluminium tube under limited oxygen to produce deposits on the tube surface, the thickness of the deposits being determined either by colour (according to ASTM 3241) or ellipsometry according to EP- A-660077.
- the tubes were heated at 335°C for 5hr, and the deposit volume found from the thickness profile by ellipsometry.
- Fractions 2-5 are non carboxylic fractions of high or low molecular weight and of poor activity, compared to Fraction 1 Examples 3-5
- Hazy blends were made of a diesel base fuel with lOOmg/1 of the reaction product of Ex 1, (Ex 3) and also separately a known diesel detergent additive sold by Ethyl as Hitec 9654 (Comp. Ex.3).
- the diesel base fuel which was a commercial summer grade low S fuel meeting the standard EN 590 and with properties as follows, density 0.8342 hg/1, S 0.05% w/w KV at 40°C 1.74 cSt. boiling properties °C 1BP156°, T10 199°, T50 277°, T90 351° and FBP 388°C, CFPP -4°C, Cloud Pt 1°C.
- the blends were tested for demulsification according to IP289/97 and in the Texaco haze test in which a sample of the fuel to be tested is circulated through a glass reservoir via a pump in the presence of a fixed volume of water.
- the degree of haze is defined by transferring the fuel to a 500 ml wide neck jar and comparing the haze with a set of standard photographs rated 1-6 in order of increasing haze content.
- the blend was tested to determine how many days it took for the blends to clear at room temperature. The results were as follows.
- the results e.g. 3/2/0 means the ratings allocated respectively to the (a) nature of the interface, the (b) degree of separation of the phases, and (c) the volume of interface.
- 3 means loose lace or slight scum or both, while 4 means tight lace or heavy scum or both.
- 2 means complete absence of all emulsions or precipitates within the oil or water layer or upon the oil layer, apart from small air bubbles or small water droplets in the oil layer.
- 3 means emulsions or precipitates within either layer or upon the oil layer, or droplets in the water layer, or adhering to the cylinder wall (excluding the walls above the oil layer).
- Example 7 The hazy fuel composition of Ex 4 with lOOOppm water and 41 9mg/l of the additive of Ex 2 is coalesced in a coalescer, which has a central longitudinally extending hollow core surrounded concentrically by layers of phenolic resin coated glass fibres of progressively outwardly decreasing fibre thickness and increasing packing density The core is closed at one end distant from the other end to ⁇ Vhich the hazy fuel composition which is an emulsion of water in fuel, is passed The emulsion moves into the fibres where the emulsified droplets causing the haziness are converted to droplets of larger diameter and leave a clear fuel The mixture of fuel and droplets is passed to a separator and the water removal to give an aviation fuel for combustion substantially free of undissolved water
- Example 8 The hazy fuel composition of Ex 4 with lOOOppm water and 41 9mg/l of the additive of Ex 2 is coalesced in a coalescer, which has a central longitudinally extending hollow core surrounded concentrically
- the diesel fuel used in Ex 3 was mixed with the product of Ex 1 at a treat rate of 100 ml/m 3 of the fuel and tested for detergency and the inhibition of crude coking in the XUD-9 nozzle coking tests The results were as follows % coked at 0 1mm left Blank (fuel) Average 90 0, Ex 8 Average 78 1, 0 1-0 5 mm left Blank Average 57 1, Ex 8 Average 53 4 Thus the product of Ex 1 has both detergency effect and water tolerance (see Ex 3)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP00981477A EP1254200A1 (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2000-12-11 | Uses and methods with condensates |
AU2001218712A AU2001218712A1 (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2000-12-11 | Uses and methods with condensates |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GBGB0002778.9A GB0002778D0 (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2000-02-07 | Uses and methods with condensates |
GB0002778.9 | 2000-02-07 | ||
US18904000P | 2000-03-14 | 2000-03-14 | |
US60/189,040 | 2000-03-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2001057163A1 true WO2001057163A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
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PCT/GB2000/004735 WO2001057163A1 (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2000-12-11 | Uses and methods with condensates |
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EP (1) | EP1254200A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2001218712A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001057163A1 (en) |
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WO1999025677A1 (en) * | 1997-11-13 | 1999-05-27 | Lubrizol Adibis Holdings (Uk) Limited | Salicyclic calixarenes and their use as lubricant additives |
WO1999025793A1 (en) * | 1997-11-13 | 1999-05-27 | Bp Oil International Limited | Fuel composition and blend |
WO1999061498A1 (en) * | 1998-05-22 | 1999-12-02 | Infineum Usa L.P. | Additives and oil compositions |
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2000
- 2000-12-11 WO PCT/GB2000/004735 patent/WO2001057163A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-12-11 AU AU2001218712A patent/AU2001218712A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-12-11 EP EP00981477A patent/EP1254200A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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US2499367A (en) * | 1947-03-07 | 1950-03-07 | Petrolite Corp | Chemical manufacture |
GB1455680A (en) * | 1974-04-09 | 1976-11-17 | British Petroleum Co | Treatment of petroleum residues |
US4116644A (en) * | 1975-03-24 | 1978-09-26 | Jackisch Philip F | Gasoline compositions |
US4054554A (en) * | 1975-03-31 | 1977-10-18 | Petrolite Corporation | Dehazing compositions |
US5262073A (en) * | 1978-08-30 | 1993-11-16 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Lubricant composition |
WO1996026996A1 (en) * | 1995-02-28 | 1996-09-06 | Bp Chemicals (Additives) Limited | Lubricating oil compositions |
WO1999025677A1 (en) * | 1997-11-13 | 1999-05-27 | Lubrizol Adibis Holdings (Uk) Limited | Salicyclic calixarenes and their use as lubricant additives |
WO1999025793A1 (en) * | 1997-11-13 | 1999-05-27 | Bp Oil International Limited | Fuel composition and blend |
WO1999061498A1 (en) * | 1998-05-22 | 1999-12-02 | Infineum Usa L.P. | Additives and oil compositions |
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AU2001218712A1 (en) | 2001-08-14 |
EP1254200A1 (en) | 2002-11-06 |
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