WO2001048649A1 - Business transaction method of the intangible property right through on-line - Google Patents

Business transaction method of the intangible property right through on-line Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2001048649A1
WO2001048649A1 PCT/KR2000/001548 KR0001548W WO0148649A1 WO 2001048649 A1 WO2001048649 A1 WO 2001048649A1 KR 0001548 W KR0001548 W KR 0001548W WO 0148649 A1 WO0148649 A1 WO 0148649A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
property right
intangible property
transaction
domain name
line according
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/KR2000/001548
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Eun-Bok Lee
Original Assignee
Ideaplaza, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ideaplaza, Inc. filed Critical Ideaplaza, Inc.
Publication of WO2001048649A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001048649A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00Commerce
    • G06Q30/06Buying, selling or leasing transactions
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q30/00Commerce
    • G06Q30/06Buying, selling or leasing transactions
    • G06Q30/0601Electronic shopping [e-shopping]
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/10Office automation; Time management
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06QINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q50/00Systems or methods specially adapted for specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
    • G06Q50/10Services
    • G06Q50/18Legal services; Handling legal documents
    • G06Q50/184Intellectual property management

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a business transaction method though on-line
  • Domain names are mainly classified as individual persons (pe), companies (co),
  • the types of the marketable domain names transaction may generally be
  • the 1 st type of transaction is to sell the domain name by requesting to the
  • This type is a transaction in which traditional broker roles are simply applied on
  • brokers are mediating transactions under
  • brokers are mainly using the auction type of sales under
  • Another method is that a person or company may register their wish-to-sell
  • the final sales transaction may
  • intangible property right through on-line comprises a
  • the virtual stock transaction may be maintained at least 6
  • the virtual stock transaction may be suspended at the time the purchase order is
  • the profits may be decided in the range of 5%-10% of the transaction amount
  • the beneficiary right purchaser may be a member who was paid prescribed
  • cyber money and the cyber money may be used for the virtual stock transactions.
  • the beneficiary right purchaser may be the member who injected a capital
  • the intangible property right may be able to list parts of its initial equities to the virtual
  • the owner of the intangible property right may receive the
  • the intangible property right comprises an Internet domain name, a patent
  • FIG.1 is the system overview that is to perform the business transaction method
  • FIG.2 is the conceptual drawing that illustrates the relationship between the
  • FIG.3a through 3c are the flowcharts that illustrate the domain name transaction
  • FIG.4 is a flowchart that illustrates the methods of a domain name transaction
  • FIG.5 through FIG.8 are the drawings that illustrate the web pages relating to the
  • FIG 1 is the overview that illustrates a system, as a practical embodiment, to
  • the internet communication network which links the
  • KFTC Kerrea Financial Telecommunication & Clearing Institute
  • the user computers comprise the intangible property right owner's
  • institutions comprise the transaction-designated banks and credit card companies.
  • institutions comprise the transaction-designated banks and credit card companies.
  • the users are classified as
  • the 'trader' means the registered member who owns intangible property
  • D/B server (18b) such as the data about seller/purchaser/ beneficiary right purchasers
  • code of ' 18a' illustrates the web Server, which may provide variety of web pages to the
  • FIG.2 is a conceptual drawing that illustrates the relationship between the
  • domain name may
  • a domain name owner may register his/her domain name on
  • the web server (18a) may save the domain name
  • the confirming banking institutions such as transaction-designated
  • banks and card companies (22a) may transmit the credit information to the settlement
  • the web server (18a) may identify the domain name owner's credit information
  • web server (18a) may transmit the debit information toward the domain name owner.
  • the domain name purchaser may search for the web page (18a) of the web
  • the D/B server (18b) may request a credit information of the domain name purchaser to the settlement system (20) such as KFTC.
  • the settlement system (20) such as KFTC.
  • card companies (22b) may transmit the credit information to the settlement system (20),
  • web server (18a) may identify the domain name purchaser's credit
  • the web server (18a) may transmit the information on the
  • the beneficiary right purchaser of a domain name may search for the
  • the web server (18a) may save the ordering information of the
  • (22c) may transmit the credit information to the settlement system (20) and may transmit
  • the web server (18a) may identify the credit information of the domain
  • the web server (18a) may transmit the
  • FIG 3c may be described as follows;
  • FIG 3a to FIG 3c are the flowchart that illustrates the business transaction
  • domain name is used as an example.
  • the membership participation may be registered not only through the web
  • the non-monetary valued cyber money that is to say non-
  • cashable cyber money may be paid comprehensively in its initial stage of membership
  • the users may share the same or newly registered member.
  • new information may be key-in on the new or changed
  • the prescribed commission may be imposed as a processing cost in
  • penalty clause may be established as an indemnity of a prescribed penalty amount.
  • the owner of the registered domain name is an appropriate owner or not by himself or
  • Publicly authorized registration offices such like an INTERNIC or a KORNIC
  • initial equity portion my be decided based on prescribed program and a database data, for
  • the initial equity portion is decided as KRW 50,000,000. After the decision of its initial equity portion, the initial equity portion is decided as KRW 50,000,000.
  • holder of the domain name may perform the virtual stock transaction (S14). At this
  • transaction amount is decided based on the total equity amount at the time of the virtual
  • one of the transactional method may be that by
  • owners may execute an exclusive right on its initial equity portion.
  • the owner may trade his/her initial equity at his own discretion, and
  • the beneficiary right holder of a domain name may contribute to the valuation at the time of actual transaction. That is to say, according to the sales of an owner's initial equity,
  • owner's initial equity portion may be decreased, however, the owner may acquire the
  • the total amount of stock may be reflected as a valuation criterion.
  • the transaction amount may be settled by allocating the remained amount to
  • the web site may be operated, however, the amount of
  • the domain name owner may choose one of
  • FIG 4 is the flowchart that illustrates the transaction method according to the
  • the domain owner may request domain name transaction and thereby the beneficiary right purchaser may perform the transaction by cash capital
  • the domain name owner may request the domain name transaction (SI 10), and
  • the ownership may not be wholly transferred.
  • the profit may occur from the domain name transfer (S122, S123, S124). Then, the profit may occur from the domain name transfer (S122, S123, S124). Then, the domain name transfer (S122, S123, S124). Then, the domain name transfer (S122, S123, S124).
  • the domain name purchaser may wait for another purchaser by utilizing the domain name
  • value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may be created by the utilization of the domain name.
  • the domain name may belong to the
  • domain name beneficiaries may be induced to inject cash capital as much as the cyber
  • the 3rd method may said to
  • example may be consigned to the web site operator.
  • domain name transaction may be prorated by the beneficiary right purchasers who hold
  • FIG.5 through FIG.8 are the drawings that illustrate the related web pages to the
  • FIG 5 is a web page (100) that is to be demonstrated in the case of domain name
  • selection window (104) is to select the desired transactions that covering not only the
  • the person who would like to register the domain name may key-in the domain
  • FIG 6 is an example that illustrates the input status in the case of registration of the patent as well as that of the domain name. It is clear that the input details are
  • FIG. 7 & FIG. 8 are the practical embodiment that illustrates the virtual stock
  • the domain name may be demonstrated and the data about the current price, the market
  • the final price and transactional volume may be keyed-in/generated out in a real
  • window (112) which is demonstrated as “detailed contents", may display other necessary
  • the business transaction As described above, according to the present invention, the business transaction
  • the recognition level of the publics may also be improved by using the
  • the present invention may induce all the people to participate in the

Abstract

A business transaction method for the intangible property right through on-line is provided. The method comprises a step of registering details of intangible property right from the owner of the intangible property right who wishes to make the transaction, a step of reviewing the registered intangible property right and allocating the initial equities concerned to the owner of the intangible property right, a step of listing the registered intangible property right on a virtual stock market and settling the price that are necessary for the transaction of the intangible property right through the virtual stock transaction and a step of applying the settled price to the transaction of registered intangible property right and the virtual stock transaction is to be suspended at the requesting time of the purchase order and the settled price is decided based on the total amount of the stock at the suspension time of the virtual stock transaction.

Description

BUSINESS TRANSACTION METHOD OF THE INTANGIBLE PROPERTY
RIGHT THROUGH ON-LINE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a business transaction method though on-line,
more specifically, relates to a business transaction method for intangible properties such
as a internet domain name, a patent right, a trademark right, a utility model right and a
copyright through on-line.
Description of the Related Art
The value of the intangible property rights, such as a patent right, a trademark
right, a utility model right and a copyright have been being evaluated higher on gradually
manner, and there frequently happened the trials of the intangible property rights
transactions. However, the price calculating standard of intangible property right is
obscure and the value evaluation varies depend on the appraisers, therefore, the
intangible property right currently may not be the proper object of the business
transactions.
Firstly, as a practical embodiment, description may be made on the Internet
domain name that emerges as a major matter of concern and interest due to the recently
activated & popularized Internet. Internet domain name, jumping out of the previous meaning of an address or a name of which purpose is to differentiate each other among
the numerous numbers of web sites, is now taking its identical position as a valid
intangible property right.
Domain names are mainly classified as individual persons (pe), companies (co),
net operators (net), education centers (edu), countries (kr, jp, ca) and governmental
bodies (go, gov) and now it is seeking for the more segmented classification.
Accordingly, peoples are endeavoring many efforts to preempt the differentiated
prominent domain name in line with the increase of Internet site to occupy their superior
position in the business transactions. As such, the marketable domain names are
actively traded in the market.
The types of the marketable domain names transaction may generally be
classified as follows;
The 1st type of transaction is to sell the domain name by requesting to the
brokers. This type is a transaction in which traditional broker roles are simply applied on
the sales of domain name. Accordingly, brokers are mediating transactions under
commission basis. However, brokers are mainly using the auction type of sales under
which only the easily sellable & competitive domain names are enlisted from the rushed
numbers of sales requests under a selective basis. Purchasers used to buy the enlisted
domain names from the list by the auction type of purchasing method with paying
10-20% contingency commission when transactions are accomplished. Other type of transaction is the listing method, in which the domain names are
classified by their category and register them on the list by each category. This type
actually is an attractive method for transaction to the majority of peoples who wish to sell
his domain name with minimal registration fee, however, this type of listing method
currently is not become an activated one.
Another method is that a person or company may register their wish-to-sell
domain name on his/her own homepage. This method might be effective in case the
homepage is the well-known one, however, the marketability may be remote in case the
homepage is not the well-known one.
According to the above, the former method for the domain name transaction
currently has following problems;
Firstly, there is no reasonably decided sales price. The guideline of the sales
price is roughly decided by the mediator brokers, however, it may be resulted in different
consequences depend on the persons who are referring to the price guideline. Therefore,
if the sales price quoted by the owner at their discretion, the final sales transaction may
not easily be accomplished because of its overestimated wish-to-sell price. Of course,
in case that the seller is able to properly evaluate the price, there may not be this kind of
problems, however, it is practically difficult to properly estimate the fair price.
Secondly, the transactional method for using brokers has problems that the
brokers are deciding their preference level of the domain names at their own discretion. The distinctive features of the domain name should be presented by the words
representing certain contents, however, we may not ignore that some differences due to
sex, age, territory are actually existed. These problems affect significant influences on
deciding the domain name price.
Additionally, the domain name has little advertising effect. Most of the peoples
who visit a site for the purpose of selling/buying a domain name are the sellers rather
than the buyers. Majority of buyers used to visit the site on an occasional manner to
refer to the name listed on the special menu or to search for the keywords in his minds.
Actually, the users who are searching for the domain name are hardly aware of the
existence of the domain name until it starts its business services. This makes the
business owners who initiate their business with specific domain name to bear the
adverting costs. There also exists irrationality of repeatedly absorbing the advertising
cost even after highly paying for the good domain name purchase.
As described above, the former method for domain name sales tends to overlook
the importance of the domain name transaction, which becomes one of the critical
hurdles of the domain name sale activation. Therefore, we are under the situation of
demanding new type of domain name sales transactions. This also applies not only to
the domain name but also to the cases where there exist difficulties of evaluating the
realistic property values such as patent, new design right for practical use, design right,
trademark, copyright and other intellectual properties available, thus, became a serious hurdle against the activation of this kind of transactions.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a transactional
method for the intangible property right through on-line whereby the majority of people
may participate to decide the proper market price and be able to sell intangible property
rights.
To accomplish the above-described objects, the transactional method of the
intangible property right through on-line according to the present invention comprises a
step of registering details of intangible property right from the owner of the intangible
property right who wish to make the transaction; a step of reviewing the registered
intangible property right, and allocating the initial equities concerned to the owner of the
intangible property right; a step of listing the registered intangible property right on a
virtual stock market, and settling the price that are necessary for the transaction of the
intangible property right through the virtual stock transaction; and a step of applying the
settled price to the transaction of registered intangible property right.
It is desirable that the virtual stock transaction may be maintained at least 6
months to 1 year to fairly evaluate the value of the right.
The virtual stock transaction may be suspended at the time the purchase order is
requested by the purchaser of the intangible property right, and the settled price is
finalized based on the total stock amount at the time of the stock transaction suspension. Additionally, the transactional methods of the present invention further
comprises a step of allocating profits accrued from the transactional amount of the
registered intangible property right to the purchaser of the beneficiary right.
The profits may be decided in the range of 5%-10% of the transaction amount,
and also it is desirable that the profits may be prorated based on the virtual stock ratio
of the beneficiary right purchaser at the time of the suspension of virtual stock
transaction.
The beneficiary right purchaser may be a member who was paid prescribed
cyber money, and the cyber money may be used for the virtual stock transactions. The
cyber money stated in here may collectively be paid in its initial stage of membership
participation and of which feature is non-monetary.
Also, the beneficiary right purchaser may be the member who injected a capital
of cash or cash equivalent instruments in the real transaction market, and the owner of
the intangible property right may be able to list parts of its initial equities to the virtual
stock market, and may be able to list all of its initial equities to the virtual stock market,
and may be able to list the usage right of his initial equity portions of the intangible
property right. Further, the owner of the intangible property right may receive the
dividend for the share of his initial equity portion prior to the listing on the stock market
and furthermore, he may consign his right of disposal on the intangible property right to
the 3rd parties prior to the listing on the virtual stock market of the intangible property right.
Here, the intangible property right comprises an Internet domain name, a patent
right, a utility model right a trademark right, a design right, a copyright, a right to obtain
patent, a right to register a utility model, a right to register design or their combinations.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG.1 is the system overview that is to perform the business transaction method
for the intangible property right according to the present invention.
FIG.2 is the conceptual drawing that illustrates the relationship between the
Web/DB server operator and user in performing business transaction method for the
intangible property right according to the present invention.
FIG.3a through 3c are the flowcharts that illustrate the domain name transaction
as a practical embodiment of the business transaction method for the intangible property
right through on-line according to the present invention.
FIG.4 is a flowchart that illustrates the methods of a domain name transaction
about the transaction request of a domain name owner and the beneficiary right
purchaser's capital injection of cash according to the present invention.
FIG.5 through FIG.8 are the drawings that illustrate the web pages relating to the
business method transaction through on-line according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the appended drawings, the more detailed business transaction method for the intangible property right may be explained as follows.
FIG 1 is the overview that illustrates a system, as a practical embodiment, to
perform the business transaction method for the intangible property right according to the
present invention.
Referring to the FIG 1 , the necessary system to perform the present invention
comprises at least more than one server computer (18) that is to operate the transaction
method according to the present invention, multiple user computers (10,12,14) which are
to interface with the server computer (18) by both the owner who wishes for the
transaction of intangible property right and for participating members on the evaluation
for the intangible property right, the internet communication network which links the
server computer (18) with the user computers (10,12,14), the settlement system (20) such
as KFTC (Korea Financial Telecommunication & Clearing Institute) that is directly
connected with server computer or connected with internet communication network, and
the confirming banking institutions that is connected with the settlement system (20)
under leased line.
Here, the user computers comprise the intangible property right owner's
computer, the intangible property right purchaser's computer and the beneficiary right
purchaser's computer who enjoy the prescribed benefits through participating in the
evaluations or transactions of the intangible property right. And the confirming banking
institutions comprise the transaction-designated banks and credit card companies. Here, in terms of the relationship between the operator of an intangible property
right and the users according to the present invention, the users are classified as
intangible property right trader, intangible property right purchaser and beneficiary right
purchaser. The 'trader' means the registered member who owns intangible property
right and wishes the selling transactions, and the 'purchaser' means the registered
member who wish to buy the intangible property right, and 'the beneficiary right
purchaser' is the registered member who participates in the intangible property right
transaction to obtain the prescribed profits.
Based on this system, the transaction method for the intangible property right
according to the present invention may be framed by a prescribed program, installed in
the server computer (18) for execution. And various information may be saved in the
D/B server (18b) such as the data about seller/purchaser/ beneficiary right purchasers
who wishing for the transaction of the intangible property right, and some information
about the virtual stocks that are traded in the virtual stock market. Here, un-described
code of ' 18a' illustrates the web Server, which may provide variety of web pages to the
user computers (10,12,14).
FIG.2 is a conceptual drawing that illustrates the relationship between the
web/DB server operator and user in performing business transaction method for the
intangible property right according to the present invention. Here, domain name may
be used as a practical embodiment of the intangible property right. Referring to FIG. 2, a domain name owner may register his/her domain name on
the web-server (18a) of the sever computer (18) through his/her computer (10) and may
make the enlisting request of the domain name on the virtual stock market.
According to the above, the web server (18a) may save the domain name
ownership and listing information of the domain name in the D/B server (18b), and may
request on the credit information of the domain owner to the settlement system (20) such
as KFTC.
Accordingly, the confirming banking institutions, such as transaction-designated
banks and card companies (22a) may transmit the credit information to the settlement
system (20), thereby, may send the credit/debit information to the settlement system (20)
after processing the domain name evaluation fee at the time of registration, debit request
for listing the domain and owner's settlement information.
The web server (18a) may identify the domain name owner's credit information
with confirming credited/debited amount to save them in the D/B server (18b). And the
web server (18a) may transmit the debit information toward the domain name owner.
Next, the domain name purchaser may search for the web page (18a) of the web
server to find the want-to-buy domain name by using the purchaser's computer (12) and
input the ordering information of the domain name to buy.
Accordingly, the web server (18a), after saving the purchaser's ordering
information in the D/B server (18b), may request a credit information of the domain name purchaser to the settlement system (20) such as KFTC. In line with the above, the
confirming banking institutions such as purchaser's transaction-designated banks and
card companies (22b) may transmit the credit information to the settlement system (20),
and may process the payment order for the purchase charge with receiving the
purchaser's settlement information in case the purchaser acquire the listed domain name,
then may transmit the debited/credited information toward the settlement system (20).
And the web server (18a) may identify the domain name purchaser's credit
information with confirming the credited/debited amount and may save them in the D/B
server (18b). Thereafter, the web server (18a) may transmit the information on the
debited amount toward the domain name purchaser.
Afterward, the beneficiary right purchaser of a domain name may search for the
domain name from which he wish to enjoy the beneficiary right through his computer
(14) in the web server (18a) and may input the ordering information of the domain name.
Accordingly, the web server (18a) may save the ordering information of the
beneficiary right purchaser in the D/B server (18b) and may request the credit
information of the beneficiary right purchaser of the domain name against the settlement
system (20) such as KFTC. In line with this, the confirming banking institutions, such
as the beneficiary right purchaser's transaction-designated banks or the card companies
(22c), may transmit the credit information to the settlement system (20) and may transmit
the debited information to the settlement system (20) after receiving the payment order on the equity investment charge and the equity sales commission of the listed domain
name.
And the web server (18a) may identify the credit information of the domain
name beneficiary right purchasers with confirming the credited/debited amount and save
them in the D/B server (18b). Thereafter, the web server (18a) may transmit the
information of the debited amounts toward the beneficiary right purchaser of the domain
name.
As per the business transaction method for intangible property right through on¬
line according to the present invention, one practical embodiment referring to FIG 3a
through FIG 3c may be described as follows;
FIG 3a to FIG 3c are the flowchart that illustrates the business transaction
method for intangible property right through on-line according to this invention in which
domain name is used as an example.
Referring to FIG 3a, in case a user try to interface (SI) the web site, may judge
whether the user is a registered member or not (S2).
If the user is not a registered member, may try to induce the user to perform a
prescribed procedure to become a registered member (S3). The prescribed procedures
are, for example, data input on the user name, address, telephone number, E-mail address,
credit cad number, certified number or registration date from an authorized institution of
certifying the domain name, and signing an agreement on the prescribed terms and conditions for utilization.
Here, the membership participation may be registered not only through the web
site but also through the traditional communication tools like fax, telephone, mail,
however, it is desirable to use the Internet for an operational convenience.
And it is desirable to make category-based database of the inputted domain
names through classifying the domain name by category for the purpose of its efficient
management. These categories can be, for example, made through classifying the
domain name by its industrial criterion.
Additionally, as described later, it is desirable to make a database for the data
that are acquired from the general market survey or for the data that are acquired from
the sales price condition of a similar domain names to initially allocate the equity for the
wish-to-sell domain names.
When registered as a participating member, may pay the cyber money to the
registered member (S3).
Here, the various method for cyber money payment are available, however, one
of the example may be that the non-monetary valued cyber money, that is to say non-
cashable cyber money, may be paid comprehensively in its initial stage of membership
registration to make the domain name owner freely trade his/her initially allocated capital
in virtual stock transactions.
And another example is to let the members invest actual cash or cashable instrument as a capital instead of paying cyber money comprehensively at the time of
membership registration, thereby, the users may receive the dividend on the beneficiary
right of the domain name when actual transaction happened.
In case the user is the existing or newly registered member, the users may
execute certification process by making them do login through ID and password (S5).
After the login, as per any changes (for example acquiring a domain name) or for
any necessity of input, new information may be key-in on the new or changed
membership information (S6, S7).
Next, may analyze the person who accessed the web site (S8).
Referring to FIG 3b, if the accessed person is the owner of a domain name (refer
to "B" of FIG 3a & FIG 3b), may register the domain name in the database as an object
of transaction when the domain name owner request to sell his/her domain name (S10).
At this moment, unless the accessed person is an owner of a domain name, he/she may be
the beneficiary right purchaser of the domain name (S25) or a domain name purchaser
(S26). In this case, the prescribed commission may be imposed as a processing cost in
relation to this domain name transaction, also, to fairly perform the domain name
evaluation, the maintenance period of domain name registration be as sufficient as 6
months or 1 year, for example, period of time. If a domain name owner individually
uses the registered domain name after the registration, to protect the infringement of
probable future profit that stems from the domain name usage, penalty clause may be established as an indemnity of a prescribed penalty amount. Moreover, the above-
described web site operator, as the main body in charge of domain name transaction, and
for the purpose of keeping the safety and fairness of the transaction, may be operated as a
limited corporation type of company.
When a domain name transaction is requested and thereby the domain name is
registered in a database as an object of transaction, the web site operator judges whether
the owner of the registered domain name is an appropriate owner or not by himself or
through an external institutions (Sl l).
Publicly authorized registration offices, such like an INTERNIC or a KORNIC,
may confirm this or by requesting the transmittal of the certificate that was issued by
publicly authorized registration offices.
After confirming the proper owner's domain name registration, may perform the
review process to allocate the initial equity portion of the domain name (S12)
In this stage of review process, the initial equity portion (or a capital amount as
an initial valuation amount) of to-be-listed domain name on the virtual stock market is
decided based on the data from general market survey or data of a sales price condition
that is acquired from the similar domain name in the database. As such, the owner's
initial equity portion my be decided based on prescribed program and a database data, for
example, if decided as 10,000 number of stock with par value KRW 5,000, the capital
amount may be decided as KRW 50,000,000. After the decision of its initial equity portion, the initial equity portion is
allocated to the domain name owner, and then the domain name is listed on the virtual
stock market (SI 3).
If a domain name is listed on the virtual stock market, the beneficiary right
holder of the domain name may perform the virtual stock transaction (S14). At this
moment, the general information on the initial equity portion may be provided to the
member participants as a beneficiary right purchaser.
In the progress of virtual stock transaction, the web site operator analyzes and
evaluates the virtual stock transaction according to the progress (SI 5) to calculate the
total asset amount. And also, publicly announce any changes of the stockholder list and
the stockholders' equity portion status in real time or after the close of the virtual stock
market operation (SI 6). .
During the progress of virtual stock market transaction on the listed domain
name and when the actual purchase order of the domain name is ordered, all the virtual
stock transactions are suspended. And the actual transaction may be started to allocate
the profit amount with the settlement of the transaction amount (refer to SI 7 and SI 8,
S19, S20 of FIG 3c). In here, if the domain name transaction is performed, the
transaction amount is decided based on the total equity amount at the time of the virtual
stock transaction suspension, and the prescribed amount, for example 5-10% of the
actual transaction amount, may be decided as profit amount. And it is desirable to prorate the aforementioned profit based on the virtual stock ratio of the beneficiary right
purchaser at the time of the virtual stock transaction suspension. If needed, it is
necessary to fix a prior mutual agreement between the site operator and the domain name
owner for the safety of transaction.
As seeing in the above, in the business transaction through on-line according to
this invention, variety of transaction may exist depend on the type of payment or
utilization of cyber money between the users who perform a virtual stock transaction.
As seeing in the above-described transactional methods according to the present
invention, variety of the method are available depend on the type of payments and/or
utilization of the cyber money among the users who performing the virtual stock
transactions.
As the first example, one of the transactional method may be that by
comprehensively paying non-monetary cyber money to the members in its initial stage of
membership participation, let the members to perform a stock trading in the virtual stock
market as a beneficiary right purchaser of a domain name and let the domain name
owners, as a big shareholder, may execute an exclusive right on its initial equity portion.
At this moment, the actual ownership may belong to the owner despite the initial equity
on the domain name is listed on the virtual stock market.
In this case, the owner may trade his/her initial equity at his own discretion, and
the beneficiary right holder of a domain name may contribute to the valuation at the time of actual transaction. That is to say, according to the sales of an owner's initial equity,
owner's initial equity portion may be decreased, however, the owner may acquire the
cyber money, instead. Here, the owner may induce more cyber money investment on
his/her initial equity with his/her cyber stock by using competition method.
Consequently, the total amount of cyber money under this kind of cyber stock transaction
may be calculated by the total amount of the domain names.
Accordingly, when the transaction of the domain name is actually performed, the
total amount of stock at the suspension time of cyber stock transaction may be applied
directly to the actual transaction or be utilized as reference data at least. Therefore, by
analogizing the value in reality out of the transaction in the virtual stock market, and by
utilizing the value as a reference data when the domain name transaction is actually
performed, the total amount of stock may be reflected as a valuation criterion.
Also, in case the domain name transaction is actually performed, it is desirable
for the related members of the domain name transaction (beneficiary right purchaser of
the domain name) to prorate some portion of transaction amount as a dividend profit as
much as the contributed portion ratio for presenting the valuation criteria (for example,
the ratio of retained stocks at the suspension time of cyber stock and the valuation
amount). The transaction amount may be settled by allocating the remained amount to
the domain name owner.
Also, even in the case of comprehensively paying the non-monetary cyber money in its initial participation stage, since the paid cyber money is a limited being, it
may be increased or decreased depend on the stock transaction, and could be bankrupted
in case there have not been a transaction during some period of time (6 months to 1 year
of registration period). In case of bankruptcy decision, the cyber money on the stock
concerned should be nullified, thus, the cyber money that paid to the members may be
forfeited. As such, as per the cyber money that is bankrupted or forfeited through
virtual stock transaction, by crediting some cash to the members as a penalty and by
paying some cyber money, the web site may be operated, however, the amount of
crediting cash should be minimal as a symbolic penalty for the transaction failure. It
may be established that the penalty amount may belong to the web site operating
company.
As a second example, there is a method that let the member who performs stock
transaction in the virtual stock market (the domain name beneficiary) to inject cash as a
capital instead of non-monetary cyber money that comprehensively paid at the time of
membership participation. At this moment, the domain name owner may choose one of
the options among the method for selling some portion of the initially allocated equities,
the method for selling domain name ownership, and the method for permitting domain
usage right.
FIG 4 is the flowchart that illustrates the transaction method according to the
present invention in which the domain owner may request domain name transaction and thereby the beneficiary right purchaser may perform the transaction by cash capital
injection.
The domain name owner may request the domain name transaction (SI 10), and
in case of holding the beneficiary right by selling parts of the initially allocated equity,
the ownership may not be wholly transferred.
Despite the fact that an actual transaction is made through the proper acquisition
and assignment of the prescribed equity portion, the fund transfer, and the settlement of
prescribed commission (SI 12, S 113, S 114), it may not the ownership transfer of the
domain name since the acquisition and assignment is only for the equity portion.
Therefore, in case there happened future domain name transaction, the beneficiary right
that enabling to receive the profit in an actual transaction may be achieved.
Later, in a domain name ownership transfer case relating to the domain name
ownership transaction (SI 20), the procedure of acquisition, assignment and fund transfer
may be processed after the complete performance of the domain name transaction, and
finally, the profit may occur from the domain name transfer (S122, S123, S124). Then,
the domain name purchaser may wait for another purchaser by utilizing the domain name
in his/her own business or by reregistering the name on the web site. In such case, more
value may be created by the utilization of the domain name. That means, the value may
be enhanced more through the domain name utilization in real transaction
And there may be the case of the usage right establishment for some period of time with maintaining the ownership of the domain name (SI 30). The domain name
ownership may not wholly be transferred, however, the domain name usage right may be
transferred based on the agreement for the establishment (SI 32) instead. Therefore,
the allocation of profits that accrued from the case may be performed (S133). Later,
when the contract period of usage right terminated, the domain name may belong to the
original owner again, and the domain name may be listed on the virtual stock market to
start to begin a virtual stock transaction. In case the domain name usage right holder
value-add the domain name through performing an actual business, of which the profits
may be shared by the virtual stock members. Of course, the opposite situation may be
occurred. It is possible for the virtual stock investors who are participating the virtual
stock market to create a profit by performing the procedures as described above.
In the above-described case, it is desirable for the web site operator to make a
prior agreement with the domain name owner for any a legal measurement for the
purpose of transactional safety.
As the 3rd practical embodiment, as seeing in the 2nd practical embodiment, the
members who are performing the stock transaction in the virtual stock market (the
domain name beneficiaries) may be induced to inject cash capital as much as the cyber
money. Then, they may be permitted to perform the stock transaction as per the equity
portion of the domain name owners. In that point of view, the 3rd method may said to
be as same as the 2nd one. However, the difference between them lies in the fact that the domain name owners in this 3rd method may be prepaid a prescribed amount of dividend
as much as the domain name owner's initial equity portion prior to listing the domain
name on the virtual stock market. Then the disposal right of the domain name, for
example, may be consigned to the web site operator.
In this case, there proceeds the procedure of acquisition, assignment and fund
transfer after the domain name transaction is completely performed. And consequently,
there may occur a profit from the domain name transfer. However, since the domain
name owner have received the dividend on their initial equity portion prior to the listing
on the virtual stock market, the profits that occurred after the completion of an actual
domain name transaction may be prorated by the beneficiary right purchasers who hold
equities through participating in the domain name transaction.
All of above have described by the domain name as an example. However, it is
clear that the method for the present invention is also applicable to the other intangible
property rights other than the domain name, for example, a patent right, a trademark right,
a design right, a utility model right, a copyright and other types of intangible property
rights. The object of the transaction in these methods may also be applied not only to
the individual intangible property right like a patent right and a utility model right but
also to the collectively composed intangible property rights; for example (a patent right
with a utility model right), (a patent right with a design right), (a design right with a
trademark right) and (a domain name with a copyright) FIG.5 through FIG.8 are the drawings that illustrate the related web pages to the
method for intangible property right transaction according to the present invention.
These web pages should be recognized as an illustrated example and it is clear that the
multiple web pages on the different transactional status may be manufactured under
different posting status.
FIG 5 is a web page (100) that is to be demonstrated in the case of domain name
transaction, which comprehend the menu window of a domain transaction (102), the
menu selection window (104), the data input window (106). The menu window (102)
indicates that currently selected transactional status is "domain name". The menu
selection window (104) is to select the desired transactions that covering not only the
domain name but also the other intellectual property rights, for example, a character, a
patent right, a design right, and a trademark right.
The person who would like to register the domain name may key-in the domain
name that he/she owned and the license number of an authorized officer in the data input
window (106), and transmit them to the server computer (18). If needed cases, it is
possible to additionally install the input column in which other essential data of domain
name can be keyed-in. In the case of domain name registration, the web site operation
company, as described above, may perform confirmation on whether he/she is a proper
domain name owner or not through KONIC and/or LNTERINC.
FIG 6 is an example that illustrates the input status in the case of registration of the patent as well as that of the domain name. It is clear that the input details are
available to change to key-in the essential details about the individual property right. It
is also possible to directly confirm the registration details of an intellectual property right
like patent by the license documents or by the web site operating company.
FIG. 7 & FIG. 8 are the practical embodiment that illustrates the virtual stock
sales/purchase status of both a domain name and a patent right. As illustrated above,
the domain name may be demonstrated and the data about the current price, the market
price, the final price and transactional volume may be keyed-in/generated out in a real
time basis. The users who would like to perform the virtual stock sales/purchases
(restrictively permitted to the member participants) may transmit the sales/purchase order
in a written form. At this time, it is desirable to simultaneously transmit the data of
certifying instrument for proving the properly qualified member. The detail inquiry
window (112) which is demonstrated as "detailed contents", may display other necessary
detailed data except others that are presented in the screen, for example, the total number
of issued virtual stock, total amount of virtual stock, etc. Additionally, although not
illustrated here, it is also possible to line up the web page by which both a member or an
intangible property right purchaser can declare his/her intention to buy the intangible
property rights.
As described above, according to the present invention, the business transaction
method for intangible property right through on-line have some advantages as follows; All users who are making use of the Internet may participate to the domain name
transaction directly or indirectly without any restriction. Especially, more accurate
evaluation can be achieved than the other types of domain name evaluations that used to
be performed by the former brokers, since the multiple users are investing their cyber
money after directly judging the fair value of the domain name.
Also, by participating the domain name transaction, in case there occurs an
actual domain name transaction, it may have an advantage of generating a side income as
much as the contributed portion of the valuation by using the cyber money.
Moreover, since the multiple netizens who are using Internet may participate
the domain name transaction according to the present invention, it has the effect that
multiple peoples are familiarized with the newly registered domain name. It has the
advertising effect of the domain name without investing much for the advertisement of
the domain name. That is to say, it is clear that there exist an enormous ascension
effect in view of the cost/benefit effect.
Also, it has the effect of deciding the fair price of a domain name that can be
calculated by the stock transaction of using cyber money. That is to say, it has the effect
of enabling the fair evaluation since the domain name is evaluated based on the principle
of market competition. This enables the domain name owner to fairly judge the value
of his/her property right.
Also, it may achieve the effect of investment by allocating a profit concerned at the time of domain name selling. Additionally, since it makes possible to announce the
domain name through Internet, it may be the foundation of worldwide outgrowing
activities out of the restricted community. And, the assignee of the domain name may
maintain high effects of advertisement and achieve the reduction of advertisement costs
by acquiring the domain name that was publicized toward the multiple netizens without
investing separate advertisement expenses. It has the merit of keeping continuous
effects of advertisement because of the continuous interest of the investors. Also, in
case a new company purchases a domain name, the value of the newly purchased domain
name may be highly evaluated at the time of listing in the stock market due to its
upgraded recognition level. And it also may achieve the continuity of an investment
based on the continuous interests and the stock purchases of the investors who invested
cyber money. The recognition level of the publics may also be improved by using the
publicly proved domain name, breaking through from the discretionary trend of broker's
preference on special types of brand.
Although the present invention has been shown and described with reference to
certain practical embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that
various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the
spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the true protection scope of the
invention should be decided by the appended claims. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention, as described above, may induce all the people to participate in the
transaction of such an intangible property right as the domain name, and may reallocate
the profit through formatting an appropriate market price, and may also lead the
operational principle of a coexisting cyber market.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
comprising:
a step of registering details of intangible property right from the owner of the
intangible property right who wish to make the transaction;
a step of reviewing the registered intangible property right, and allocating the
initial equities concerned to the owner of the intangible property right;
a step of listing the registered intangible property right on a virtual stock market,
and settling the price that are necessary for the transaction of the intangible property right
through the virtual stock transaction; and
a step of applying the settled price to the transaction of registered intangible
property right.
2. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 1 , the virtual stock transaction is maintained 6 months to 1 year at
least.
3. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 1 , the virtual stock transaction is suspended at the time of purchase
order from a purchaser of the intangible property right.
4. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 3, the settled price is decided based on the total amount of stock at the suspension time of the virtual stock transaction.
5. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 4, the method further comprises a step of allocating profits accrued
from the transactional amount of the registered intangible property right transaction to
the beneficiary right purchaser.
6. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 5, the profits are decided within the range of 5%~10% of the
transactional amount.
7. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 5, the profits are prorated based on the virtual stock ratio of the
beneficiary right purchaser at the suspension time of virtual stock transaction.
8. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 5, the purchaser of the beneficiary right is a member to whom
prescribed cyber money was paid, and the cyber money is used for the virtual stock
transaction.
9. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 8, the cyber money is paid in bulk at the step of membership
participation.
10. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 8, the cyber money is non-monetary exchangeable.
11. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 5, the beneficiary right purchaser is the member who has invested
cash or cash-convertible instruments.
12. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 11, the owner of intangible property right lists parts of his/her initial
equities on the virtual stock market.
13. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 11, the owner of intangible property right lists all of his/her initial
equities on the virtual stock market.
14. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 11, the owner of intangible property right lists the usage right about
the registered intangible property right as much as his/her initial equities portion of the
intangible property right on the virtual stock market.
15. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 11 , the owner of intangible property right receives the dividend for the
portion of his/her initial equity of the intangible property right prior to listing on the
virtual stock market.
16. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 15, the owner of intangible property right consigns the disposal right
of the intangible property right prior to listing the intangible property right on the virtual stock market.
17. A transactional method for an intangible property right through on-line
according to claim 1 , the intangible property right comprises a Internet domain name, a
patent right, a utility model right a trademark right, a design right, a copyright, a right to
obtain patent, a right to register a utility model, a right to register design or their
combinations.
PCT/KR2000/001548 1999-12-28 2000-12-28 Business transaction method of the intangible property right through on-line WO2001048649A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1019990063266A KR20000012802A (en) 1999-12-28 1999-12-28 The method for selling a intellectual property on internet site
KR1999-63266 1999-12-28

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001048649A1 true WO2001048649A1 (en) 2001-07-05

Family

ID=19630625

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/KR2000/001548 WO2001048649A1 (en) 1999-12-28 2000-12-28 Business transaction method of the intangible property right through on-line

Country Status (2)

Country Link
KR (1) KR20000012802A (en)
WO (1) WO2001048649A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20000030620A (en) * 2000-03-08 2000-06-05 한인 Reverse-Advertising Method using the Domain of Internet Business Model
KR20010107330A (en) * 2000-05-26 2001-12-07 김성욱 System for evaluating and improving the value of an enterprise and Method thereof
KR20000063354A (en) * 2000-06-29 2000-11-06 원종성 Method for Managing Site for Stocks Investment on Movie in Internet
KR20000058981A (en) * 2000-07-07 2000-10-05 차종근 System and Method of dealing Intelectual Property
KR20000059060A (en) * 2000-07-12 2000-10-05 노종면 an internet auction system of intellectual property
KR100456604B1 (en) * 2000-08-05 2004-11-10 한국기술거래소 The method for technology auction by online
KR20020016174A (en) * 2000-08-24 2002-03-04 홍성범 Method for counter-auction of intellectual property using internet
KR20020020013A (en) * 2000-09-06 2002-03-14 이성영 Estimating and evaluating service providing method of domain
JP2002117223A (en) * 2000-10-10 2002-04-19 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Method for providing information
KR20020042036A (en) * 2000-11-29 2002-06-05 장주성 Method for predicting/picking out bestseller and providing culture-products portal service by imitative stocks-investment game over the internet
KR20010016427A (en) * 2000-12-09 2001-03-05 조달현 Stocks of manufactured goods to trade system
KR20010067485A (en) * 2001-01-12 2001-07-13 박정균 How to sell and broker new technologies, patents, utility models, trademark rights, design rights, ideas related to construction work using the Internet
KR20020092023A (en) * 2001-06-01 2002-12-11 강준환 Intermediation method for the right of free domain lease and the web hosting
KR20040011044A (en) * 2002-07-26 2004-02-05 삼성에스디에스 주식회사 Method of dealing the intellectual property through market place
KR100854535B1 (en) * 2006-12-15 2008-08-26 건국대학교 산학협력단 System and method for fund raising based on patent pool
KR102295142B1 (en) 2019-11-18 2021-08-30 양홍선 Online Sharing System For Warrant To Receive And Sharing Method of Receivable Right

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5500793A (en) * 1993-09-02 1996-03-19 Equitrade Computerized system for developing multi-party property equity exchange scenarios
KR20000007074A (en) * 1999-11-24 2000-02-07 최강수 Method for dealing in cyber idea stocks
US6058379A (en) * 1997-07-11 2000-05-02 Auction Source, L.L.C. Real-time network exchange with seller specified exchange parameters and interactive seller participation
KR20000036345A (en) * 2000-02-14 2000-07-05 차종근 System and Method of dealing Intelectual Property

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5500793A (en) * 1993-09-02 1996-03-19 Equitrade Computerized system for developing multi-party property equity exchange scenarios
US6058379A (en) * 1997-07-11 2000-05-02 Auction Source, L.L.C. Real-time network exchange with seller specified exchange parameters and interactive seller participation
KR20000007074A (en) * 1999-11-24 2000-02-07 최강수 Method for dealing in cyber idea stocks
KR20000036345A (en) * 2000-02-14 2000-07-05 차종근 System and Method of dealing Intelectual Property

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR20000012802A (en) 2000-03-06

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7401043B2 (en) Method and system for issuing securities and fixed rate financing instruments, method for establishing a market with the system
US20080228627A1 (en) Electronic bartering system
US20070276744A1 (en) Systems and methods for facilitating completion of repurchase agreements
US20100268667A1 (en) Venture exchange system
JP2014160518A (en) Storage medium with recorded lease transaction program for financial product and the like, and lease transaction system for financial product and the like
WO2001048649A1 (en) Business transaction method of the intangible property right through on-line
Ali et al. Survey on Sharīʿah non-compliant events in Islamic banks in the practice of tawarruq financing in Malaysia
JP2014089745A (en) System and methods for valuing and trading intangible properties and intangible instruments
US20090077092A1 (en) Method and System for Implementing an Invention Exchange
US20060190396A1 (en) Real estate sales/financing plan
JP2002032587A (en) System and method for anonymous electronic commerce with credit function
Kobayashi Private contracting and business models of electronic commerce
KR20010081791A (en) Trading system of a right of contract
WO2001033447A1 (en) Auction fee processing method using computer network system
Hayes What the general intellectual property practitioner should know about patenting business methods
KR20010100755A (en) Insolvent bonds dealing system and management method thereof
JP2014029742A (en) Storage medium on which financial products lease transaction program is recorded, financial products lease transaction system, and financial products lease transaction method
JP2014056620A (en) Recording medium recording intermediary exclusion financial transaction program, intermediary exclusion financial transaction system and intermediary exclusion financial transaction method
KR100431063B1 (en) Business transaction method of the intangible property right through on-line
US20120221426A1 (en) Marketplace auction system and method for purchasing meetings and events
WO2014093558A1 (en) Method and system for structured settlement auctions and trading
Donnelly et al. The Distance Selling Directive-A Time for Review
JP4471228B2 (en) Lease transaction server, lease transaction program, and lease transaction support method
KR100473634B1 (en) Internet credit-card settlement system linked with used-car sales report system
KR20030034798A (en) Financial instruments buying and selling method using internet

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): CN JP US

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP