WO2001006428A9 - Method and apparatus for choosing a stock portfolio, based on patent indicators - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for choosing a stock portfolio, based on patent indicatorsInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001006428A9 WO2001006428A9 PCT/US2000/017673 US0017673W WO0106428A9 WO 2001006428 A9 WO2001006428 A9 WO 2001006428A9 US 0017673 W US0017673 W US 0017673W WO 0106428 A9 WO0106428 A9 WO 0106428A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- company
- companies
- indicators
- portfolio
- predesired
- Prior art date
Links
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
- G06Q40/06—Asset management; Financial planning or analysis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
- G06Q40/04—Trading; Exchange, e.g. stocks, commodities, derivatives or currency exchange
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a financial data processing system and method for selecting an investment portfolio of companies with substantial price appreciation potential, based on a newly discovered association between stock price appreciation and the technological strengths of the companies, where technological strength is measured through indicators derived from the companies' patent portfolios. More particularly, the systems and methods of the present invention rank companies by a technology score derived from an analysis of at least the number and growth rates of company patents, citations to company patents from later patents, the references from company patents to earlier patents and research papers, and historical stock price appreciation.
- background research provides a strong rationale for the expectation that companies with strong patent portfolios would perform better in the market, and that if a method could be devised to accurately measure the quality of company technology, then one would expect that this have a significant predictive effect on company stock performance.
- information of this type should be particularly valuable because it is not currently available to market analysts, leading to a strong likelihood that the quality of company technology might not be properly valued in the market.
- a computer- implemented process for selecting a portfolio of company stocks for a client which is predicted to have future performance that achieves a predesired financial outcome.
- the weighting coefficients are selected so that companies which receive a high score are predicted to contribute to achieving the predesired financial outcome. Companies which receive a low score are predicted to not contribute to achieving the predesired financial outcome.
- the calculated scores are ranked from highest to lowest.
- recommendations are generated of which company stock to purchase for the portfolio based upon the ranking.
- the recommendations are displayed on a summary report for review by the client or the client's financial manager, or amounts of company stock are bought for the portfolio or sold from the portfolio in accordance with the recommendation.
- the recommendations of which company stock to purchase for the portfolio may be based upon the companies having the highest scores. Changes in scores over a selected time period may also be used to select stocks to buy and sell.
- the "client" referred to above may be a potential or actual investor, a broker or a fund manager.
- Figure 1 is a combined schematic block diagram/high level flowchart of the main elements/steps of the portfolio selecting process
- Figure 2 is database of a set of patent performance indicators for publicly traded companies with significant patent portfolios and a set of historical stock prices;
- Figure 3 is a detailed data flowchart of the stock selecting process
- Figure 4 is a spreadsheet showing scores for selected companies as determined by the stock selecting process of Fig. 3, as well as one year returns for the companies;
- Figures 5 and 6 show financial returns for companies analyzed using the stock selecting process, compared to benchmark financial return indicators
- FIG. 7 is a detailed flowchart showing how weighting coefficients are determined for use with the scoring equation
- Figure 8 is a spreadsheet showing financial returns associated with four different scoring equations; and Figure 9 shows graphs of financial returns vs. number of companies for three different scoring equations.
- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the present invention.
- MAIN EMBODIMENT Figure 1 is a combined flowchart/schematic block diagram of the main steps/elements of the portfolio selecting system in the most basic embodiment of the system.
- the system 10 includes a database 12 listing publicly traded companies along with various patent performance indicators. From this database, a scoring mechanism 14 is used to rank the companies based on technological strength as measured by the patent indicators. The top ranked companies are then selected to include in the stock portfolio
- the components of Figure 1 are discussed below in detail, and a simple example is provided that significantly outperforms the S&P 500 index.
- the underlying database 10 includes a set of patent performance indicators for publicly traded companies with significant patent portfolios and a set of historical stock prices.
- Figure 2 shows a view of the data contained in this database. A method is described below for building this database.
- Tech-Line® contains 1100+ companies with 50 or more U.S. patents in the last 5 years. This is a U.S. patent database, but there is no reason why this method will not work in other patent systems, and the scope of the present invention includes other patent systems.
- Patent growth measures the percentage change in the number of patents compared with the previous year. It is a measure of how the technological activity of a company is changing over time.
- the current CII for a particular company is calculated based upon the number of times patents issued this year cite the patents issued to the chosen company in each of the previous five years.
- the number of citations is then divided by the number of patents issued to the company in each of those five years, in order to produce an average citation rate.
- This rate is then divided by the average citation rate for all U.S. patents issued in each year during the same time period, in order to derive the Current Impact Index .
- Science Linkage measures the average number of citations that a company's patents make to scientific papers and similar research publications. Science Linkage is therefore an indicator of how closely a company's patents are linked to cutting-edge scientific research. Science Linkage is very industry dependent, ranging from close to zero in mechanical areas to 15 or more per patent in advanced biotechnology areas.
- TCT Technology Cycle Time
- TCT Technology Cycle Time
- TCT is defined as the median age in years of the U.S. patents cited on the front pages of a company's patents. Technology Cycle Time is thus the time that has elapsed between the current patents and the previous generation of patents. Since the cited earlier technology represents the prior art, TCT is essentially the cycle time between the prior art and the current technology. A company with a low TCT is building upon relatively new technology, and is therefore innovating rapidly.
- Technology Cycle Time varies from technology to technology. Relatively hot technologies such as electronics have short cycle times of around four years, compared to slow moving technologies such as ship and boat building with TCT's of 15 or more years.
- the industry-normalized versions of the indicators are computed by taking the indicator value for each company and dividing by the industry average for the company's industry. For example, suppose there are 30 companies in the chemical industry with an average Science Linkage of 3.7, then the normalized Science Linkage for each chemical company will be that company's Science Linkage divided by 3.7. In this way, the industry effects can be removed from each company's indicators so that our portfolio will pick the best performing companies within each industry.
- the industry-normalized indicators used are:
- the industry-normalized indicators are useful for picking portfolios containing companies that come from more than one industry.
- the normalization is necessary since patent indicators vary by industry. For example, the average biotech company has a
- Science Linkage of 15 and the average automotive company has a Science Linkage of less than 1.
- companies can be identified that have above average Science Linkages for their industry. For example, relative to its industry, an automotive company with a Science Linkage of 4 is more science linked than a biotech company with a Science Linkage of 8.
- This information is publicly available from a number of sources.
- the main company table will have the fields listed in Figure 2, and the number of records will be the number of companies times the number of time periods covered.
- the patent indicators are computed yearly for 1989-98, but there is no reason why the indicators cannot be computed more often.
- Step 1 Using the known equation, compute the 1998 score for each listed company in the database.
- Step 2. Rank the companies by score.
- Step 3. Pick the top N companies based on Score.
- Step 4 Buy equal dollar amounts of each company and hold for a desired period of time, such as 1 year.
- step 1 is repeated to predict 1998 performance.
- Figure 4 is a spreadsheet which shows the computation of the score based on the above equation, for the top ranking companies of 1996 and 1997, and the return generated for 1997 and 1998 using the above scenario with $100 invested in each company.
- the top part of Figure 5 shows the annual return for this scenario for the top 25 companies compared with the S&P 500 for a 10 year period.
- the bottom part of Figure 5 shows the cumulative return for the 10 year period. Note that Figure 5 assumes that stocks are purchased on January 2 at the closing price of December 31 , and then held until the following December 31. This is a reasonable because the exchanges are closed on January 1. However, for practical reasons, one may have to wait until the first or second week of January to purchase the stock since the patents issued through December 31 will not be available to compute indicators until that time. An equivalent alternative process would be to base the rankings on patents issued through the third week of December, rather than for a full year. In either case, the performance shown in Figure 5 would not change significantly.
- Figure 6 shows the return of the entire 250+ companies versus the S&P 500. Note that these are rather similar, indicating that the companies in the original set do not necessarily beat the market, but that the method of the present invention consistently selects a subset that will beat the market.
- the S&P 500 index has outperformed 90% of all actively managed mutual funds over the last 3, 5, and 10 year periods. (See Peter Coy "Can You Really Beat the Market", Business Week, May 31, 1999).
- Figure 5 shows that the method of the present invention has significantly outperformed the S&P 500 in the last 3, 5 and 10 year periods, indicating that it has outperformed more than 90% of all actively managed funds in the periods.
- an average desktop computer can follow the algorithm in Figure 3 for a set of companies over a fixed time period and thus compute an average annual return in less than a second.
- an average desktop computer can follow the algorithm in Figure 3 for a set of companies over a fixed time period and thus compute an average annual return in less than a second.
- Normalized TCT -100 to 0 Normalized Science Linkage: -15 to 15 Normalized CH: 0 to 25
- FIG. 7 A block diagram showing an algorithm for deriving the equation is shown in Figure 7.
- Optimum coefficients may be found using more efficient and faster methods such as linear programming, dynamic programming, a fitting algorithm such as multiple regression, and other methods.
- the means of selecting the actual coefficients is not crucial to the present invention, and the scope of the invention includes any suitable method.
- Advantages of the Monte-Carlo method are that it is easy to understand and implement and it generates a number of above average solutions, rather than a single optimal solution. This is more desirable because it allows portfolio selections subject to additional constraints as discussed below.
- Patent indicators alone were used as a test case and for the purposes of illustration. Adding additional indicators, such as traditionally used financial indicators, (e.g., sales, earnings per share, R&D intensity, etc.) to the underlying database and scoring algorithm will improve the results.
- ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENT 2 e.g., sales, earnings per share, R&D intensity, etc.
- Computational speed can be gained by changing the equation derivation algorithm to a more efficient algorithm such as Linear Programming, Dynamic Programming, Multiple Regression, or other optimization methods.
- Additional constraints may be added to the portfolio selector such that instead of merely optimizing for overall performance, the algorithm will pick a portfolio that not only provides superior returns, but also has other desirable traits for a particular investment style. Some examples include picking portfolios that have a low amount of volatility, companies that are suitable for short term or long term investment, and companies that largely come from specific industries.
- Figure 8 examines 4 scoring equations that provide similar long-term returns. However, note that the simple equation -25 Normed TCT + 4 Normed CIJ, while providing a slightly less overall return than the equation -77 Normed TCT + 1 Normed Growth + 9 Normed CIJ - 3 Normed SL, is less volatile in terms of best year versus worst year.
- FIG. 9 Another example in Figure 9 shows that some scoring methods are more suitable for small portfolios than others.
- the equations in Figure 9 all have an average 10 year return above 31% for portfolios of 25 companies. However, note that for smaller portfolios (i.e. between 10 and 25 companies), the equation -55 Normed TCT + 1
- the main, basic embodiment describes a method of selecting stocks at a selected period. (The example above uses yearly selection.) This is based on choosing the top ranked companies in each period. An alternative method is to select companies as "buys” if they rise in the rankings from one period to the next and to hold these companies until they become “sells” by falling in future rankings.
- Patent indicators that were not used in the examples above, but which could easily be added include patent counts, other citation indicators such as citation frequency, citations per patent, citation percentile, internal or external citation frequency, number of foreign filings and grants, percentage of patents that are renewed, number or percentage of patents that are licensed, number of non-patent references, and others.
- the additional indicators can be normalized by industry in the same way that the indicators were normalized in the main embodiment above.
- the main, basic embodiment ranked companies such that the top N companies would be likely to receive superior stock returns.
- the bottom N ranked companies may be expected to perform poorly. This information may be used in a strategy for "selling short” or for generating a list of companies that should be avoided.
- the scope of the invention includes weighting exponents other than 1.
- the description above contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention.
- the underlying patent database need not be constrained to U.S. patents, the companies need not be constrained to U.S. exchanges, the time periods need not be 1 year, and the patent and financial indicators need not be restricted to those used above.
- the present invention provides a scheme for selecting a portfolio of company stocks for a client which is predicted to have future performance that achieves a predesired financial outcome.
- the predetermined financial outcome examples include a return over a predetermined period of time in excess of a predetermined percentage (e.g., a high return), a volatility below a predetermined value, change in market-to-book, or combinations of these outcomes or other investment strategy goals.
- the predesired financial outcome may be optimized for purchasing the stocks of a specified number of companies (e.g., a portfolio of 10 companies, 20 companies, etc..) or for holding stocks for a specified period of time (e.g., one year).
- the rankings are used to generate recommendations regarding which company stock to purchase for the portfolio. Changes in scores over a selected time period may also be used to select stocks to buy and sell.
- the recommendations are displayed on a summary report for review by the client or the client's financial manager, or are used directly in an automated manner to buy amounts of company stock for the portfolio, or to sell amounts of company stock from the portfolio in accordance with the recommendation.
- the buy/sell recommendations may be electronically communicated to the trade execution computer (not shown) which automatically performs the necessary transactions to execute the buy/sell recommendations.
- the trade execution computer may be any suitable computer for executing trade orders. One example of such a computer is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,819,238 (Fernholz), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
- the portfolio selection scheme of the present invention provides superior results to market indexes and is easily implemented using a general purpose computer by someone with average programming skills.
- the present invention can be included in an article of manufacture (e.g., one or more computer program products) having, for instance, computer useable media.
- the media has embodied therein, for instance, computer readable program code means for providing and facilitating the mechanisms of the present invention.
- the article of manufacture can be included as part of a computer system or sold separately.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU58939/00A AU5893900A (en) | 1999-07-14 | 2000-06-27 | Method and apparatus for choosing a stock portfolio, based on patent indicators |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/353,613 US6175824B1 (en) | 1999-07-14 | 1999-07-14 | Method and apparatus for choosing a stock portfolio, based on patent indicators |
US09/353,613 | 1999-07-14 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2001006428A1 WO2001006428A1 (en) | 2001-01-25 |
WO2001006428A9 true WO2001006428A9 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2000/017673 WO2001006428A1 (en) | 1999-07-14 | 2000-06-27 | Method and apparatus for choosing a stock portfolio, based on patent indicators |
Country Status (3)
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US (2) | US6175824B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU5893900A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001006428A1 (en) |
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