WO2001003099A1 - Low power two-wire self validating temperature transmitter - Google Patents
Low power two-wire self validating temperature transmitter Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001003099A1 WO2001003099A1 PCT/US2000/018006 US0018006W WO0103099A1 WO 2001003099 A1 WO2001003099 A1 WO 2001003099A1 US 0018006 W US0018006 W US 0018006W WO 0103099 A1 WO0103099 A1 WO 0103099A1
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- temperature
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- microprocessor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08C—TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS FOR MEASURED VALUES, CONTROL OR SIMILAR SIGNALS
- G08C19/00—Electric signal transmission systems
- G08C19/02—Electric signal transmission systems in which the signal transmitted is magnitude of current or voltage
Definitions
- Process variables include pressure, temperature, flow, level, turbidity, density, concentration, chemical composition and other properties .
- a communication bus such as a 4-20 mA current loop is used to power the process variable transmitter.
- Examples of such current loops include a FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus connection or a connection in accordance with the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer - (HART) communication protocol.
- HART Highway Addressable Remote Transducer -
- a process temperature transmitter provides an output related to a sensed process substance temperature .
- the temperature transmitter output can be communicated over the loop to a control room, or the output can be communicated to another process device such that the process can be monitored and controlled.
- the transmitter In order to monitor a process temperature, the transmitter includes a sensor, such as a resistance temperature device (RTD) or a thermocouple.
- RTD resistance temperature device
- An RTD changes resistance in response to a change in temperature .
- temperature can be calculated.
- Such resistance measurement is generally accomplished by passing a known current through the RTD, and measuring the associated voltage developed across the RTD.
- thermocouple provides a voltage in response to a temperature change.
- the Seebeck Effect provides that dissimilar metal junctions create voltage due to the union of the dissimilar metals in a temperature gradient condition.
- the voltage measured across the thermocouple will relate to the temperature of the thermocouple.
- temperature transmitters have used two temperature sensors to detect sensor degradation. If the output from the two sensors is not in agreement, the temperature transmitter can provide an error output. However, this technique is not able to detect a degradation in the sensor output if both of the two temperature sensors degrade at the same rate and in the same manner.
- a two-wire temperature transmitter is coupleable to a two-wire process control loop for measuring a process temperature .
- the transmitter includes an analog to digital converter configured to provide digital output in response to an analog input .
- a two-wire loop communicator is configured to couple to the process control loop and send information on the loop.
- a microprocessor is coupled to the digital output and configured to send temperature related information on the process control loop with the two-wire loop communicator.
- a power supply is configured to completely power the two-wire temperature transmitter with power from the two-wire process control loop.
- a temperature sensor comprises at least two temperature sensitive elements having element outputs which degrade in accordance with different degradation characteristics .
- the element outputs are provided to the analog to digital converter, such that the microprocessor calculates temperature related information as a function of at least one element output from a first temperature sensitive element and at least as a function of one degradation characteristic of a second temperature sensitive element .
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of the environment of a process temperature transmitter.
- FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of the process temperature transmitter of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a system block diagram of a process temperature transmitter.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram of a neural network implemented in the transmitter of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a method of measuring process fluid temperature with a two-wire process temperature transmitter.
- FIGS . 1 and 2 illustrate the environment of a process temperature transmitter in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows process control system 10 including process temperature transmitter 12, two-wire process control loop 16 and monitor 14.
- two-wire process control loop means a communication channel including two wires that power connected process devices and provide for communication between the connected devices .
- FIG. 2 illustrates process control system 10 including process temperature transmitter 12 electrically coupled to monitor 14 (modeled as a voltage source and resistance) over two-wire process control loop 16.
- Transmitter 12 is mounted on and coupled to a process fluid container such as pipe 18.
- Transmitter 12 monitors the temperature of process fluid in process pipe 18 and transmits temperature information to monitor 14 over loop 16.
- FIG. 3 is a system block diagram of process temperature transmitter 12 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
- Process temperature transmitter 12 includes an analog to digital converter 20 configured to provide a digital output 22 in response to an analog input 24.
- a two-wire loop communicator 26 is configured to couple to two-wire process control loop 16 and to send information on loop 16 from a microprocessor 28.
- At least one power supply 30 is configured to couple to loop 16 to receive power ' solely from loop 16 and provide a power output (Pwr) to power circuitry in transmitter 12 with power received from loop 16.
- a temperature sensor 34 couples to analog to digital converter 20 through multiplexer 36 which provides the analog signal 24. Temperature sensor 34 includes temperature sensitive elements such as RTD 40 and thermocouples 42, 44 and 46.
- Temperature sensor 34 operates in accordance with the techniques described in U.S. Patent No. 5,713,668. In addition to the transmitter shown in FIG. 3, the teachings of U.S. Patent No. 5,828,567 to Eryurek et al . , entitled "DIAGNOSTICS FOR RESISTANCE BASED TRANSMITTER" can be used with sensor 34.
- Microprocessor 28 can be a low power microprocessor such as a Motorola 6805HC11 available from Motorola Inc.
- a memory 50 is included in the microprocessor which operates at a rate determined by clock 52.
- Memory 50 includes both programming instructions for microprocessor 28 as well as temporary storage for measurement values obtained from temperature sensor 34, for example. The frequency of clock 52 can be reduced to further reduce power consumption of microprocessor 28.
- Loop communicator 26 communicates on two-wire process control loop 16 in accordance with known protocols and techniques. For example, communicator 26 can adjust the loop current I in accordance with a process variable received from microprocessor 28 such that current I is related to the process variable. For example, a 4 mA current can represent a lower value of a process variable and 20 mA current can represent an upper value for the process variable.
- communicator 26 impresses a digital signal onto loop current I and transmits information in a digital format. Further, such digital information can be received from two-wire process control loop 16 by communicator 26 and provided to microprocessor 28 to control operation of temperature transmitter 12.
- Analog to digital converter 20 operates under low power conditions.
- One example of analog to digital converter 20 is a sigma-delta converter.
- Examples of analog to digital converters used in process variable transmitters are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,803,091, entitled “CHARGE BALANCE FEEDBACK MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT" issued January 21, 1992 and U.S. Patent No. 4,878,012, entitled “CHARGE BALANCE FEEDBACK TRANSMITTER, issued October 31, 1989, which are commonly assigned with the present application.
- Sensor 34 includes at least two temperature sensitive elements each having element outputs that degrade in accordance with different degradation characteristics. As illustrated, sensor 34 includes 5 conductors 60, 62, 64, 66 and 68. In one embodiment, at least some of conductors 60-68 are dissimilar conductors which have temperature related characteristics which change in a dissimilar manner. For example, conductors 60 and 62 can be of dissimilar
- thermocouple 10 metals such that they form a thermocouple at junction 42.
- multiplexer 36 various voltage and resistance measurements of sensor 34 can be made by microprocessor 28. Further, a four point Kelvin connection to RTD 40 through conductors 60, 62, 66 and
- Conductor 15 68 is used to obtain an accurate measurement of the resistance of RTD 40.
- current is injected using, for example, conductors 60 and 68 into RTD 40 and conductors 62 and 66 are used to make a voltage measurement .
- Conductor 64 can also be used to
- Voltage measurements can also be made between any pair of conductors such as conductors 60/62 60/64, 62/66, etc. Further still, various voltage or resistance measurements can be combined to obtain additional data
- microprocessor 28 For use by microprocessor 28.
- Microprocessor 28 stores the data points in memory 50 and operates on the data in accordance with the techniques described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,713,668 and 5,887,978. This is used to generate a process
- variable output related to temperature which is provided to loop communicator 26.
- one of the elements in sensor 34 such as RTD 40 can be the primary element while the remaining temperature related data points provide secondary data points .
- Microprocessor 28 can provide the process variable output along with an indication of the confidence level, probability of accuracy or a temperature range, i.e., plus or minus a certain temperature amount or percentage based upon the secondary data points .
- the process variable output can be output as an analog signal (i.e., between 4 and 20 mA) while the indication of confidence can be provided as a digital signal.
- the confidence indication can be generated by empirical measurements in which all of the data outputs are observed over a wide range of temperatures and as the elements begin to degrade with time or other failures.
- Microprocessor 28 can compare actual measurements with the characteristics stored in memory 50 which have been generated using the empirical tests. Using this technique, anomalous readings from one or more of the data measurements can be detected. Depending on the severity of the degradation, microprocessor 28 can correct the temperature output to compensate for the degraded element . For a severely degraded element, microprocessor 28 can indicate that the sensor 34 is failing and that the temperature output is inaccurate . Microprocessor 28 can also provide a process variable output as a function of the primary sensor element and one or more secondary sensor elements .
- the primary sensor element can be an RTD indicating a temperature of for example 98°C while a secondary sensor element, for example a type J thermocouple, may indicate a temperature of 100°C, giving each sensor an equal numeric weight would provide a process temperature output of 99°C.
- microprocessor 28 can be programmed to vary sensor element weighting based upon the process variable itself. Thus, as the measured temperature begins to exceed a useful range of one type of sensor, the weighting for that sensor can be reduced or eliminated such that additional sensors with higher useful temperature ranges can be relied upon.
- the weighting factors can be changed in response to a rate of change of the measured temperature.
- an RTD generally has more thermal mass than a thermocouple due to the sheer mass of wound sensor wire and the fact that the sensor wire is generally wound around a ceramic bobbin which provides yet additional .thermal mass.
- the thermocouple junctions may have significantly less thermal mass than the RTD and thus track rapid temperature changes more effectively than the RTD.
- microprocessor 28 begins to detect a rapid temperature change.
- the sensor element weights can be adjusted such that the process variable output relies more heavily upon thermocouples.
- FIG. 4 illustrates a multi-layer neural network.
- Neural network 100 can be trained using known training algorithms such as the back propagation network (BPN) to develop the neural network modules .
- the network includes input nodes 102, hidden nodes 104 and output node 106.
- Various data measurements D 1 -D N are provided as inputs to the input nodes 102 which act as an input buffer.
- the input nodes 102 modify the received data by various weights in accordance with a training algorithm and the outputs are provided to the hidden nodes 104.
- the hidden layer 104 is used to characterize and analyze the non-linear properties of the sensor 34.
- the output layer 106 provides an output 108 which is an indication of the accuracy of the temperature measurement. Similarly, an additional output can be used to provide an indication of the sensed temperature.
- the neural network 100 can be trained either through modeling or empirical techniques in which actual sensors are used to provide training inputs to the neural network 100. Additionally, a more probable estimate of the process temperature can be provided as the output based upon operation of the neural network upon the various sensor element signals.
- Another technique for analyzing the data obtained from sensor 34 is through the use of a rule based system in which memory 50 contains rules, expected results and sensitivity parameters.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a method of measuring process temperature with a two-wire process temperature transmitter. The method begins at block 120 where a primary sensor element is measured using a two-wire temperature transmitter, such as transmitter
- one or more secondary sensor elements are measured using the two-wire temperature transmitter. It should be noted that block 122 need not be performed after each and every primary sensor element measurement, but that block 122 can be performed periodically or in response to an external command.
- the primary sensor element and secondary sensor element signals are provided to a transmitter microprocessor, such as microprocessor 28 (shown in FIG. 3) .
- microprocessor 28 calculates a process variable output based upon one or more of the primary sensor element signal and secondary sensor element signals.
- the microprocessor calculates a confidence of the process variable output based upon the primary element sensor signal and one or more of the secondary sensor element signals.
- the process temperature output and an indication of output validation or confidence in the process temperature output are provided by the two-wire process temperature transmitter.
- Such indication can be in the form of a numeric value representing a tolerance, or probability of accuracy or a temperature range, i.e., plus or minus a certain temperature amount or percentage based upon one or more secondary sensor signals,- or the indication can also be an alarm or other user notification representative of the acceptability of the process variable output.
- the indication of confidence can be in the form of an estimation of time remaining until the two-wire process transmitter is unable to suitably relate the process variable output to the process temperature. Further, providing a validated process temperature allows validation and diagnostics of other process variables that can be affected by the process temperature.
- fuzzy logic Another analysis technique is fuzzy logic.
- fuzzy logic algorithms can be employed on the data measurements O ⁇ O ⁇ , prior to their input into neural network 100 of FIG. 4.
- neural network 100 can implement a fuzzy-neural algorithm in which the various neurons of the network implement fuzzy algorithms.
- the various analysis techniques can be used alone or in their combinations. Additionally, other analysis techniques are considered to be within the scope of the present invention so long as they reach the requirement that the system is capable of operating completely from power received from a two- wire process control loop.
- analog to digital converter 20 can comprise multiple analog to digital converters which can thereby either reduce or eliminate the amount of multiplexing performed when coupling the sensor 34 to the analog to digital converters.
- a general purpose processor programmed with instructions that cause the processor to perform the desired process elements, application specific hardware components that contain circuits wired to perform the desired elements and any combination of programming a general purpose processor and hardware components can be used.
- Deterministic or fuzzy logic techniques can be used as needed to make decisions in the circuitry or software. Because of the nature of complex digital circuitry, circuit elements may not be partitioned into separate blocks as shown, but components used for various functional blocks can be intermingled and shared. Likewise with software, some instructions can be shared as part of several functions and be intermingled with unrelated instructions within the scope of the invention.
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00943314A EP1247268B2 (en) | 1999-07-01 | 2000-06-29 | Low power two-wire self validating temperature transmitter |
JP2001508419A JP4824234B2 (en) | 1999-07-01 | 2000-06-29 | Two-wire temperature transmitter and process temperature measurement method |
DE60014709T DE60014709T3 (en) | 1999-07-01 | 2000-06-29 | TWO-WIRE TRANSMITTER WITH SELF-TESTING AND LOW POWER |
AU57803/00A AU5780300A (en) | 1999-07-01 | 2000-06-29 | Low power two-wire self validating temperature transmitter |
DK00943314T DK1247268T4 (en) | 1999-07-01 | 2000-06-29 | Self-validating two-wire low power temperature transmitter |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US14196399P | 1999-07-01 | 1999-07-01 | |
US60/141,963 | 1999-07-01 |
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WO2001003099A1 true WO2001003099A1 (en) | 2001-01-11 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2000/018006 WO2001003099A1 (en) | 1999-07-01 | 2000-06-29 | Low power two-wire self validating temperature transmitter |
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US (1) | US6473710B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1247268B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4824234B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU5780300A (en) |
DE (1) | DE60014709T3 (en) |
DK (1) | DK1247268T4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001003099A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2003504704A (en) | 2003-02-04 |
JP4824234B2 (en) | 2011-11-30 |
EP1247268B1 (en) | 2004-10-06 |
DK1247268T3 (en) | 2005-02-14 |
EP1247268B2 (en) | 2009-08-05 |
EP1247268A1 (en) | 2002-10-09 |
AU5780300A (en) | 2001-01-22 |
DK1247268T4 (en) | 2009-11-16 |
DE60014709T3 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
US6473710B1 (en) | 2002-10-29 |
DE60014709T2 (en) | 2005-10-13 |
DE60014709D1 (en) | 2004-11-11 |
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