WO2000071966A2 - Fragmented taggant ammunition coding system and method - Google Patents
Fragmented taggant ammunition coding system and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000071966A2 WO2000071966A2 PCT/US2000/013937 US0013937W WO0071966A2 WO 2000071966 A2 WO2000071966 A2 WO 2000071966A2 US 0013937 W US0013937 W US 0013937W WO 0071966 A2 WO0071966 A2 WO 0071966A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- taggant
- primer
- ammunition
- chemical
- serial number
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 69
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 230000000155 isotopic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims 18
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dysprosium atom Chemical compound [Dy] KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003721 gunpowder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001940 europium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AEBZCFFCDTZXHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Eu+3].[Eu+3] AEBZCFFCDTZXHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSEIMSPAXMNYFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Eu]O[Eu]=O RSEIMSPAXMNYFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003334 potential effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B35/00—Testing or checking of ammunition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/008—Tagging additives
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B5/00—Cartridge ammunition, e.g. separately-loaded propellant charges
- F42B5/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B5/00—Cartridge ammunition, e.g. separately-loaded propellant charges
- F42B5/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile
- F42B5/16—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile characterised by composition or physical dimensions or form of propellant charge, with or without projectile, or powder
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of identification taggants. More specifically, the
- present invention relates to the identification tagging of ammunition, such as small arms
- the method employs a fragmented coding scheme where a code is comprised of several
- the method employs a binary or related coding system wherein the value
- the method further employs an authentication code system.
- the method employs a taggant embedded in a thin layer between the primer
- the method further employs additional layers of material
- Figure 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of a primer adapted for use with preferred
- Figure 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of a cartridge case and projectile adapted for
- Distributed systems encode the taggant information in substances which are distributed
- taggants encode information either
- survivable and semi-survivable sub-categories are those in which the
- taggant information is encoded in substances which, preferably, will not be altered in any way
- the semi-survivable systems include chemicals which may be affected by the chemical reactions, but for which, preferably, the taggant information has a high
- the taggant information can be read.
- the semi-survivable systems include chemical tracer and isotopic substitution systems.
- the chemical tracer system using rare-earth elements, is considered semi-survivable because the
- taggant information is encoded in the relative concentration of different elements.
- the isotopic substitution system is considered semi-survivable because
- the chemicals containing the isotopes may be destroyed in the chemical reactions of the ammunition. Although the isotopes themselves cannot be destroyed, the information is encoded
- taggant information is lost. If the taggant information is encoded in the relative concentration of
- isotopes or compounds in a pre-defined set. This gives improved reliability over the concentration method, but there is still some uncertainty in that some chemical compounds which
- each bit in the binary code is represented by two chemicals, identified for illustration purposes as chemical A and chemical B.
- chemical A is represented by two chemicals, identified for illustration purposes as chemical A and chemical B.
- chemical B is represented by two chemicals, identified for illustration purposes as chemical A and chemical B.
- a useful system must be able to provide unique identifying information for far more than two
- serial number composed of arabic numerals, although other identification systems are possible.
- serial number composed of arabic numerals, although other identification systems are possible.
- triplets of chemicals could be used to encode
- a base- 10 system for example would require 60 chemicals to tag one million
- One survivable distributed tagging system of the present invention employs only stable
- the resulting mixture is added to the substance or product to be tagged.
- the isotopic abundance ratios can be more precisely measured than abundance ratios of elements or compounds. Second, the isotopic abundance ratio will not be modified by non-
- the element tin (Sn) has
- Tl Among the 40 elements having more than two stable isotopes, there are a total of 222
- isotopes are available commercially.
- the element europium (Eu) can be used. It has two stable isotopes with atomic
- concentration ratios such as 5/95, 15/85, 25/75, 35/65, 45/55, 55/45, 65/35, 75/25, 85/15,
- Nd neodymium
- the code can be any type of isotopes (e.g. 143 Nd and 146 Nd).
- the code can be
- the serial number, the remaining columns list the abundance ratios of each of the europium isotopes 151 Eu and 153 Eu; the neodymium isotopes 143 Nd and 146 Nd; and the dysprosium isotopes
- pairs of isotopes are each controlled and measured to within 1 % and combined in a single
- N pairs of isotopes each controlled and measured to within 1 % and combined in
- the particulate category comprises those systems where the taggant information is
- the taggant signal will be
- a solution to the second problem is to use a fragmented coding system in which each
- the master batch would contain identifying information about the factory and
- run and could be encoded using any of a number of identifying means as described above.
- the remaining 300 batches of particles would consist of particles coded with a three element
- ammunition batch number 576,039
- the second batch of particles would have yellow, blue, and black bands, and
- the taggant code could be read by finding a particle from each of the four
- the primary purpose of the particulate taggant would be to indicate the presence of the isotopic or chemical taggant.
- the particulate taggant may also encode some information, such
- the degree of improbability is determined by the number of unique authentication codes.
- the following simplified example illustrates the technique. Assume that
- the second batch of powder is also tagged with europium, using the isotopes
- This batch also contains an authentication code in the form of neodymium, with the isotopes 143 Nd and 146 Nd in the ratio 5/95. If these two batches were mixed
- the taggant code of the europium in the combined batch would be read as
- a fragmented particulate identification taggant could be combined with an isotopic authentication taggant. Other combinations are also possible.
- the taggant must be applied to the ammunition
- the most useful taggant will be one that can be read from the smallest
- Gunshot residue typically consists of two types of particles. The first is recondensed
- the second type of particle is composed of the solid residue left behind
- the primer produces the majority
- propellant charge typically gunpowder
- ammunition results in mixing of the primer reaction products with the propellant, thereby igniting the propellant. If the taggant is carried in the primer reaction products, it will be blended with
- the concern is transferred to the primer, which may be even more sensitive to the taggant than
- the taggant would not be mixed with either the primer or propellant prior to firing the ammunition. This may be accomplished by placing the taggant between the primer and propellant.
- the primer chemicals produce hot reaction products which normally mix with and ignite the propellant. If the taggant is in a layer between
- the primer and the propellant it will be fragmented, and/or vaporized by the expansion of the hot
- taggant will be well dispersed in the gunshot residue.
- the taggant can be isolated from both by having it sandwiched between two layers of materials known to be compatible with primer and propellant exposure,
- taggant remains isolated from both the primer and the propellant until the ammunition is fired.
- the isolating layers can be made of any material which is easily shredded, vaporized, burned, or
- barrier materials include paper, wax, and certain plastics. Other materials useful for this
- Figure 1 is a diagram of a primer showing how this
- the primer cup 10 contains the primer reactants 12, over which is
- a primer is fabricated using a brass cup containing approximately
- the primer is inserted into an empty brass case, to which is added
- the primer chemicals will shred and vaporize the wax layers.
- the europium will be entrained in
- the primer vapor and will mix with the propellant as it is ignited.
- the europium will be oxidized
- primer material will contain at least 1 ppm of europium. Since the chemical reactions
- residue particles will have the same isotopic composition as the original taggant.
- residue particle might have a mass of 3xl0 "10 g, and will contain at least 3xl0 "16 g of europium.
- a small disk of paper would be wetted with
- pellets 22 are attached to the surface
- the pellet When the ammunition is fired, the pellet would be destroyed and the taggant would be entrained by the primer vapors, mix with the igniting propellant, and ultimately
- the taggant pellets 36 are distributed throughout
- the taggant pellets 38 can be added after the propellant, and remain
- the taggant In the pellet system, the taggant would be dispersed throughout the pellet, which acts as
- the taggant may be completely enclosed in a small capsule made of a material easily destroyed in firing the ammunition. This will further ensure that the taggant is
- taggant capsules could be
- the taggant may be deposited such that it is covered by
- the taggant may be deposited in the primer case prior to loading the primer
- taggant is easily vaporized, and is
- taggant vapor being mixed with the primer vapor as it is expelled into, and ignites, the propellants.
- the taggant will thus be incorporated in the gunshot residue as it condenses.
- taggant on the inner wall of the cartridge case, and cover it with a layer of material to isolate it
- a process which would eliminate this issue would be to print a small unique machine- readable label, such as a barcode, on each primer. A record is maintained of the correspondence
- each primer is read, and a record is maintained of each taggant code in any given box of ammunition.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/993,467 US7112445B1 (en) | 2000-05-19 | 2000-05-19 | Fragmented taggant coding system and method with application to ammunition tagging |
AU51500/00A AU5150000A (en) | 1999-05-25 | 2000-05-19 | Fragmented taggant coding system and method with application to ammunition tagging |
US11/523,469 US8158433B2 (en) | 1999-05-25 | 2006-09-18 | Fragmented taggant coding system and method with application to ammunition tagging |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13586699P | 1999-05-25 | 1999-05-25 | |
US60/135,866 | 1999-05-25 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/993,467 Continuation US7112445B1 (en) | 1999-05-25 | 2000-05-19 | Fragmented taggant coding system and method with application to ammunition tagging |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000071966A2 true WO2000071966A2 (en) | 2000-11-30 |
WO2000071966A3 WO2000071966A3 (en) | 2001-04-19 |
Family
ID=22470083
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/013937 WO2000071966A2 (en) | 1999-05-25 | 2000-05-19 | Fragmented taggant ammunition coding system and method |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU5150000A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000071966A2 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002086413A1 (en) * | 2001-04-23 | 2002-10-31 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Tagging of bullets with luminescent materials |
AU781959B2 (en) * | 1999-07-09 | 2005-06-23 | John P. Jasper | A stable isotopic identification and method for identifying products by isotopic concentration |
WO2010105326A1 (en) * | 2009-03-16 | 2010-09-23 | Universidade Federal De Pernambuco | Processes for producing luminescent ammunition and detecting gunshot residues |
US8367414B2 (en) | 2006-05-30 | 2013-02-05 | Jasper John P | Tracing processes between precursors and products by utilizing isotopic relationships |
US11231687B2 (en) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-01-25 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Isotope detecting devices |
Citations (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1650908A (en) * | 1924-09-03 | 1927-11-29 | Ramsey George | Method and apparatus for identifying ammunition |
US3772200A (en) * | 1971-04-30 | 1973-11-13 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Method of tagging with microparticles |
US4018635A (en) * | 1971-05-17 | 1977-04-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Phosphor combination, particularly adapted for use with explosives, for providing a distinctive information label |
US4131064A (en) * | 1977-07-15 | 1978-12-26 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Tagging particles which are easily detected by luminescent response, or magnetic pickup, or both |
US4222330A (en) * | 1978-08-16 | 1980-09-16 | General Electric Company | Magnetically tagging ammunition cartridges |
US4329393A (en) * | 1980-05-21 | 1982-05-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coating compositions for retrospective identification of articles |
US4359399A (en) * | 1980-08-27 | 1982-11-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Taggants with explosive induced magnetic susceptibility |
US4359353A (en) * | 1981-05-18 | 1982-11-16 | Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. | Polypeptides as chemical tagging materials |
US4363678A (en) * | 1980-12-17 | 1982-12-14 | Tohoku Metal Industries | Explosives having powdered ferrite magnet as a tracer dispersed therethrough and a method for producing the same |
US4399226A (en) * | 1978-09-28 | 1983-08-16 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Tagging with microcapsules containing perfluoroalkyl pentafluorosulfide |
US4455179A (en) * | 1980-11-11 | 1984-06-19 | Tohoku Metal Industries, Ltd. | Method for the preparation of magnetically traceable explosives |
WO1997021067A1 (en) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-06-12 | Orica Trading Pty Ltd | Electronic explosives initiating device |
US5646365A (en) * | 1994-01-18 | 1997-07-08 | Collier; William E. | Bullet identification |
US6082264A (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 2000-07-04 | Sasol Mining Initiators (Proprietary) Limited | Connectors for wired networks for detonators |
-
2000
- 2000-05-19 AU AU51500/00A patent/AU5150000A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-05-19 WO PCT/US2000/013937 patent/WO2000071966A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1650908A (en) * | 1924-09-03 | 1927-11-29 | Ramsey George | Method and apparatus for identifying ammunition |
US3772200A (en) * | 1971-04-30 | 1973-11-13 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Method of tagging with microparticles |
US4018635A (en) * | 1971-05-17 | 1977-04-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Phosphor combination, particularly adapted for use with explosives, for providing a distinctive information label |
US4131064A (en) * | 1977-07-15 | 1978-12-26 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Tagging particles which are easily detected by luminescent response, or magnetic pickup, or both |
US4222330A (en) * | 1978-08-16 | 1980-09-16 | General Electric Company | Magnetically tagging ammunition cartridges |
US4399226A (en) * | 1978-09-28 | 1983-08-16 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Tagging with microcapsules containing perfluoroalkyl pentafluorosulfide |
US4329393A (en) * | 1980-05-21 | 1982-05-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coating compositions for retrospective identification of articles |
US4359399A (en) * | 1980-08-27 | 1982-11-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Taggants with explosive induced magnetic susceptibility |
US4455179A (en) * | 1980-11-11 | 1984-06-19 | Tohoku Metal Industries, Ltd. | Method for the preparation of magnetically traceable explosives |
US4363678A (en) * | 1980-12-17 | 1982-12-14 | Tohoku Metal Industries | Explosives having powdered ferrite magnet as a tracer dispersed therethrough and a method for producing the same |
US4359353A (en) * | 1981-05-18 | 1982-11-16 | Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. | Polypeptides as chemical tagging materials |
US5646365A (en) * | 1994-01-18 | 1997-07-08 | Collier; William E. | Bullet identification |
WO1997021067A1 (en) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-06-12 | Orica Trading Pty Ltd | Electronic explosives initiating device |
US6082264A (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 2000-07-04 | Sasol Mining Initiators (Proprietary) Limited | Connectors for wired networks for detonators |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU781959B2 (en) * | 1999-07-09 | 2005-06-23 | John P. Jasper | A stable isotopic identification and method for identifying products by isotopic concentration |
AU781959C (en) * | 1999-07-09 | 2006-03-02 | John P. Jasper | A stable isotopic identification and method for identifying products by isotopic concentration |
WO2002086413A1 (en) * | 2001-04-23 | 2002-10-31 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Tagging of bullets with luminescent materials |
US8367414B2 (en) | 2006-05-30 | 2013-02-05 | Jasper John P | Tracing processes between precursors and products by utilizing isotopic relationships |
WO2010105326A1 (en) * | 2009-03-16 | 2010-09-23 | Universidade Federal De Pernambuco | Processes for producing luminescent ammunition and detecting gunshot residues |
US11231687B2 (en) | 2016-10-31 | 2022-01-25 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Isotope detecting devices |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2000071966A3 (en) | 2001-04-19 |
AU5150000A (en) | 2000-12-12 |
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