WO2000051072A9 - Two-dimensional printed code for storing biometric information and apparatus for reading same - Google Patents
Two-dimensional printed code for storing biometric information and apparatus for reading sameInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000051072A9 WO2000051072A9 PCT/US2000/004282 US0004282W WO0051072A9 WO 2000051072 A9 WO2000051072 A9 WO 2000051072A9 US 0004282 W US0004282 W US 0004282W WO 0051072 A9 WO0051072 A9 WO 0051072A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- information
- error correction
- dimensional
- code
- printed code
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06046—Constructional details
- G06K19/06075—Constructional details the marking containing means for error correction
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06018—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking one-dimensional coding
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/06009—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking
- G06K19/06037—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code with optically detectable marking multi-dimensional coding
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
- G06K7/1404—Methods for optical code recognition
- G06K7/146—Methods for optical code recognition the method including quality enhancement steps
- G06K7/1473—Methods for optical code recognition the method including quality enhancement steps error correction
Definitions
- This invention relates to high-density printed codes and, in particular, to high-density printed codes that have improved damage- tolerance.
- the invention concerns high-density printed codes capable of storing multiple biometrics and text for positive identity identification.
- the invention concerns off-line positive identity identification apparatus capable of operating in combination with high- density printed codes storing multiple biometrics.
- error-corrected two-dimensional printed codes are far more robust than smart cards with respect to the ability to tolerate electromagnetic fields, radiation and mechanical stress and CD-ROM- based optical storage media with respect to the ability to withstand scuffing and scratching.
- Smart cards incorporate circuitry and chips that may be damaged should the card be flexed, limiting the suitability of the card for low-cost applications.
- PDF417 employs an (n, k) bar code encoding methodology based on 929 codewords.
- each PDF417 codeword has a data capacity of 9.25 bits. Given the length of the codeword (17 bits), this results in a substantial overhead (redundant portion of the code).
- PDF417 is capable of storing only about 1500 bytes of information with minimal levels of error correction, and much less in the case with acceptable levels of error correction.
- Another code is the data strip code disclosed and claimed in
- Patent No. 4,782,2221 The data strip code disclosed and claimed in Patent No. 4,782,221 is capable of storing up to a kilobyte or more of information in a small space but is vulnerable to data loss in the case of large area destruction due to the relatively limited error correction capability of the code.
- Two-dimensional printed codes include matrix codes, e.g., Datamatrix, or the UPS Maxicode, which have been used in small parts identification and package sortation. These codes have features that facilitate discrimination of the code from a background that is particularly useful when the code is being scanned by a reading device placed above a conveyer belt on which the part or parcel is moving. These codes, while particularly useful in such applications, have not been found to be suitable where large amounts of information are sought to be encoded in a relatively small amount of space.
- matrix codes e.g., Datamatrix, or the UPS Maxicode
- two-dimensional printed codes In order to function effectively in such off-line positive identity verification applications, two-dimensional printed codes must be capable of storing biometric information used in positive identity verification. In addition, the codes storing biometric information must be tailored to fit on standard-sized identity verification papers like, e.g., conventionally- sized ISO cards or passports. These standards are set forth in the International Civil Aviation Organization document entitled Machine Readable Travel Documents 9303 Parts 1 - 4. Document 9303 Parts 1 - 4 identifies a number of standard-sized travel documents including machine readable official travel document 1 (MROTD 1 ) card (the ubiquitous ISO CR-80 credit-card sized card which is 2.
- MROTD 1 machine readable official travel document 1
- known two-dimensional codes Due to the requirements of known compression techniques for compressing files storing biometric information, known two-dimensional codes have relatively limited capability for providing highly-accurate positive identity verification where such identification is dependent on storing multiple biometrics. For example, known data compression techniques create files that are on the order of 500 -750 bytes per fingerprint template (uncompressed) and 900 - 1 100 bytes (compressed) for a photographic image of a person. Thus, a government agency or private company interested in establishing a positive identity verification program based on encoding three fingerprint templates; a photograph; and text would be seeking to store on the order of 2800 bytes of information in a known two-dimensional code. There are no known two-dimensional printed codes capable of storing that much information in a single code symbol with a level of error correction that would provide robust, damage-tolerant performance.
- known off-line verification apparatus capable of operating with desired two-dimensional, high-density damage-tolerant printed codes are relatively bulky and depend on separate units for performing various operations necessary to positively verify identity, e.g., fingerprint scanning; fingerprint minutiae extraction; comparison of fingerprint minutiae with fingerprint record stored in printed code; and comparison of photographic images with stored images. These operations may require multiple, stand-alone units, thereby limiting the flexibility of the system, and they may effectively mandate fixed identity verification stations even in off-line positive identity verification applications.
- the foregoing objects are accomplished by the present invention of a two-dimensional, high-density, damage tolerant printed code suitable for encoding multiple biometrics and text for positive off-line identity verification.
- such a code comprises a horizontal header section; a vertical header section; a start pattern; a left row address pattern; an encoded user data portion; a right row address pattern; and a stop pattern.
- the horizontal header section encodes the number of bit areas in a transverse row of the encoded information portion; and the vertical header section encodes the vertical height of each bit area.
- the start and stop patterns of the code demarcate the lateral extent of the code (i.e., the beginning and end) from the adjacent quiet zone.
- Information is encoded into the encoded information portion in bit areas that may be printed or blank.
- the encoded user data is printed sequentially in the encoded user data portion from the top of the encoded information along each transverse row of bit areas to the next row of bit areas until the end of the encoded information portion.
- the user information to be encoded in the information portion is divided into a number of packets that represent sequential subunits of information.
- a subunit of each packet e.g., a byte comprising the most significant bits of each packet
- a conventional error correction algorithm is then applied to this first error correction packet for error correction purposes.
- a number of error correction bits are then created, and these are appended to the end of the user information portion.
- the process is then repeated by selecting the next most significant bits from each packet and combining them into an error correction packet for error correction purposes.
- the error correction algorithm is then applied to this second error correction packet to create a number of error correction bits.
- error correction bits are then appended to the user information and first collection of error correction bits. The process is repeated until all the information in each packet has been error corrected.
- the information is then formatted into a file that, when printed, will constitute a two-dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant, printed code.
- the user information to be encoded in the two-dimensional printed code is arrayed in computer memory in the row-column sequence in which it is to be printed in the two-dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed code.
- the row-column organized information is then divided into a number of two-dimensional packets of (n, m) dimension that represent contiguous bits to be printed in the two-dimensional printed code.
- a subunit of bits is selected from each of said two-dimensional packets of (n, m) dimension and combined into a first error correction packet for error correction purposes.
- An error correction algorithm is then applied to the first error correction packet.
- the error bits thus created in this first step are next formed into a two-dimensional collection of bits to be printed contiguously after the user data.
- the process is continued until error correction information is created for all user information.
- the control data indicating the length of the file encoded in the two-dimensional printed code and the level and manner of error correction are separately error corrected to create a number of error correction bits for use in case of catastrophic damage to that portion of the code encoding the control data.
- this information is interspersed at known locations throughout the code to provide robust damage tolerance.
- the header can store the location of the control data error correction bits by encoding a number corresponding to one from a number of options. This indicates where the reader should look for the error correction bits corresponding to the control data in the case of catastrophic damage to the control data portion of the code.
- Two-dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed codes made in accordance with the foregoing embodiments are capable of encoding 2800 bytes of information (sufficient for multiple biometrics (fmgerpints and image) and text) with a robust level of error correction resulting in an overall message length of 3400 bytes.
- the information would be printed in a code having an encoded user data portion of 0.84 inches by 2.87 inches (the minimum feature having a size of 0.0066 x
- a two- dimensional, high-density, damage tolerant printed code encoding multiple biometric information and text is imprinted on conventionally- sized ISO cards or other identification documents (e.g., passports) for use m off-line positiv e identity verification applications.
- a yet further embodiment of the present inv ention comprises a fully-integrated, compact, hand-held (the apparatus can also be counter- mounted or w all-mounted), off-line positive identity verification apparatus having scanning means which may include a scanned one- dimensional charge-coupled device ( I D CCD); a CMOS contact image sensor or other I D sensors; or a two-dimensional charge-coupled device (2D CCD) for recovering biometric information stored in a two- dimensional, high-density, damage tolerant printed codes; real-time biometric capture capabilities (e.g., for capturing fingerprints); a microprocessor and associated programming for comparing real time biometric information captured from an individual whose identity is sought to be verified with biometric information recovered from a two- dimensional printed code; and indication apparatus to indicate w hether as a result of the biometric comparison process the indiv ldual has been identified as authentic or an impostor.
- scanning means which may include a scanned one- dimensional charge-coupled device ( I D CCD
- a yet further embodiment of the present invention comprises the combination of a two-dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed code and a fully-integrated, compact, hand-held (the apparatus can also be counter-mounted or wall-mounted) off-line positive identity verification apparatus.
- the fully-integrated, compact, hand-held off-line positiv e identity verification apparatus has a scanner for recovering biometric information from a tw o-dimensional, high-densitv . damage- tolerant printed code, and real-time biometric capture capability for capturing biometric information from the person whose identity is sought to be verified.
- the positive identity verification apparatus compares the biometric information to determine whether the individual is authentic or an impostor.
- the invention provides a two-dimensional, damage-tolerant, printed code with both improved total information capacity and improved high information density performance. This is accomplished through a code format that provides both a high information capacity and a robust level of error correction in a small space.
- the invention provides a two-dimensional, high- density, damage-tolerant printed code capable of storing multiple biometrics that makes possible a highly-accurate off-line positive identity verification by comparing biometrics captured in real-time from an individual whose identity is sought to be verified with biometrics recovered from the printed code.
- the invention provides a fully- integrated, compact, hand-held off-line positive identity verification apparatus that greatly increases the flexibility of positive identity verification operations by making both the identity verification information (stored in a small card) and identity verification apparatus (fully-integrated and hand-held) highly mobile. No longer are governments or private businesses interested in establishing positive identity verification programs relegated to storing such information in a central data base generally accessible only from fixed-site, dedicated positive identity verification installations. IV. Brief Description of the Drawings
- FIG. 1 A is a plan view of the prior art data strip code
- FIG. I B is an exploded view of the prior art data strip code
- FIG. 2A is a plan view of the two-dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed code of the present invention
- FIG. 2B is an exploded view of the two-dimesional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed code of the present invention
- FIG.3 is another view of the two-dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed code of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 depicts a portion of the encoded data portion section of the printed code of the present invention, and further depicts those noncontiguous bits that are error-corrected on a group basis;
- FIG. 5 depicts a portion of the encoded data portion section of the printed code of the present invention, and further depicts those noncontiguous bits that are error-corrected on a group basis;
- FIG. 6 depicts a portion of the encoded data portion section of the printed code of the present invention, and shows where control data error correction bits may be inserted into the user data;
- FIG. 7A depicts multiple portions as in FIG. 6, and further depicts those bit positions in which control data error correction bits are inserted
- FIG. 7B depicts multiple portions as in FIG. 6, and further depicts those bit positions in which control data error correction bits are inserted
- FIG. 7C depicts multiple portions as in FIG. 6, and further depicts those bit positions in which control data error correction bits are inserted
- FIG. 7D depicts multiple portions as in FIG. 6, and further depicts those bit positions in which control data error correction bits are inserted;
- FIG. 8 depicts how distributing the control data error correction bits throughout the code increases the damage large area damage tolerance of the code
- FIG. 9 depicts a conventionally-sized ISO card bearing a two- dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed code of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 depicts a front perspective view of a fully-integrated, compact, hand-held positive identity verification apparatus of the present invention
- FIG. 1 1 depicts a rear perspective view of a fully-integrated, compact, hand-held positive identity verification apparatus of the present invention
- FIG. 12 depicts a functional block diagram showing the functional elements of the fully-integrated, compact, hand-held positive identity verification apparatus of the present invention.
- the invention concerns in part a two-dimensional printed bar code or matrix code wherein the same user message can be printed in codes that vary in density.
- the fundamental unit for encoding information is called a "bit area.” which may be printed or blank.
- Information may be encoded using various encoding methodologies well-known in the art including (n. k) bar codes; dibit codes: other run-length-limited codes; and direct binary encoding.
- the two-dimensional, high-density, damage tolerant printed code of the invention is an improvement over the data strip printed code disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,782,221 , and made reference to in United States Patent No. 4,692,603. These two patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- FIGS. 1A-B The structure of the prior data strip 10 is depicted in FIGS. 1A-B, and comprises a horizontal header section: a vertical header section 12; a left giude bar 13; a rack 14; an encoded data portion 15; a checkerboard 16; and a right guide bar 17.
- the two-dimensional, high-density, damage tolerant printed code of the invention incorporates a number of improvements over the data strip disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,782,221.
- information in a preferred embodiment is encoded in the code using a direct binary encoding method wherein a bit area in the printed code may represent a bit of user data. This achieves a significant improvement in information density over the dibit encoding methodology used in U.S. Patent No.
- FIGS. 2A-B depict a first preferred embodiment made in accordance with the invention.
- the two-dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed code 100 comprises a left framing pattern 120; a horizontal header section 140; a vertical header section 160; a right framing portion 180: and an encoded user data portion 200.
- the two-dimensional, high-density, damage tolerant printed code 100 is depicted in FIGS. 2A-B as being printed on paper, but the code 100 can be printed, etched, or photographically formed on numerous substrates, both transparent and opaque, including transparent plastic; film; opaque vinyl; opaque plastic; metal; and semiconductor material.
- the left framing portion; the horizontal header section 140; the vertical header section 160; and the right framing portion 180 provide information to an optical scanner capable of operating with the printed code 100 to significantly ease data recovery.
- the left framing portion 120 and right framing pattern 180 are in turn comprised of a start pattern 125; a left row address pattern 130; a right row address pattern; and a stop pattern 185.
- the start pattern 125 and stop pattern 185 serve to demarcate the printed code 100 from the adjacent quiet zone 80 surrounding the code 100.
- the start and stop patterns 125, 185 and header sections 140, 160 serve to provide image orientation information to the area cpature device to facilitate decoding of the printed code 100.
- the left address pattern 130 and right row address pattern 190 are comprised of four-bit (sixteen state) gray codes.
- the row address patterns 130, 190 provide unique row address information that can be used by a flying spot scanner to track row position during decoding operations, or by a 2D CCD to facilitate decoding of the encoded user data portion 200 of the printed code.
- the pattern shown on each line is a 4 bit ( 16 state) reflected gray code.
- the pattern for each state is shown below:
- the central section of the two-dimensional, high-density, damage- tolerant printed code 100 is encoded user data portion 200.
- User data is encoded in portion 200 in bit areas which may be printed or blank in the case of opaque media, or transparent/opaque in the case of transparent media. These bit areas form a regular rectangular grid.
- the width of the grid is defined by the value encoded in the horizontal header 140.
- the length of the grid extends from the leading vertical header to the end of the code 100.
- the data on this grid is stored in rectangular blocks whose dimensions may be defined in the value encoded in the vertical header
- User data is encoded into the bit areas one bit at a time in sequential order starting from the upper rightmost portion of the encoded user data portion 200, in a line-by-line sequence to the bottom of the encoded user data portion 200. Following the user data encoded in data portion 200 is error correction information.
- Error detection and correction in the preferred embodiment is performed using the Reed-Solomon error correction algorithm.
- Reed-Solomon codes are based on the arithmetic of finite fields. Indeed, the 1960 paper
- a code begins by defining a code as "a mapping from a vector space of dimension m over a finite field K into a vector space of higher dimension over the same field.”
- a "message" $(a_0, a_l , . . ., a_ ⁇ m- 1 ⁇ )$, where each $a_k$ is an element of the field K
- a Reed-Solomon code produces $(P(0), P(g), P(g ⁇ 2), . . ., P(g ⁇ ⁇ N-l ⁇ ))$, where V is the number of elements in K, g is a generator of the (cyclic) group of
- the Reed-Solomon code specifies a polynomial by "plotting" a large number of points. And just as the eye can recognize and correct for a couple of "bad" points in what is otherwise clearly a smooth parabola, the Reed-Solomon code can spot incorrect values of P and still recover the original message. Combinatorial reasoning (and linear algebra) establishes that this approach can cope with up to s errors, as long as m, the message length, is strictly less than V - 2s.
- the error-correcting ability of a Reed-Solomon code depends on NN-KK, the number of parity symbols in the block. In the pure error-correcting mode the decoder can correct up to (N -KK)/2 symbol errors per block and no more.
- the decoder can correct more than (N - K)/2 errors if the calling program can say where at least some of the errors are. These known error locations are called "erasures". (Note that knowing where the errors are isn't enough by itself to correct them because the code is non-binary -- we don't know which bits in the symbol are in error.) If all the error locations are known in advance, the decoder can correct as many as NN- KK errors, the number of parity symbols in the code block. (Note that when this many erasures is specified, there is no redundancy left to detect additional uncorrectable errors so the decoder may yield uncorrected errors).
- each error counts as two erasures, i.e., the number of erasures plus twice the number of non-erased errors cannot exceed NN-KK.
- a(255,223) Reed-Solomon code operating on 8-bit symbols can handle up to 16 errors OR 32 erasures OR various combinations such as 8 errors and 16 erasures.
- FIG. 4 depicts in conceptual form the arrangement of user data bits as they will appear in the encoded user data portion 200 of the code 100 when printed.
- the error correction methods take the eventual printed arrangement into consideration.
- FIG. 4 depicts sixteen eight bit by eight bit regions. A subunit of eight bits from four of the eight bit by eight bit regions 210, 212, 214 and 216 (e.g., a byte comprising the most significant bits of each eight bit by eight bit region) are selected and then combined into an error correction packet for error correction purposes.
- a conventional error correction algorithm (e.g., Reed Solomon, although others may be substituted for Reed Solomon) is then applied to this first error correction packet for error correction purposes.
- a number of error correction bits are created, and these are appended to the end of the user information portion.
- the process is then repeated by selecting the next most significant bits from each eight bit by eight bit region and combining them into an error correction packet for error correction purposes.
- the error correction algorithm is then applied to this second error correction packet to create a number of error correction bits.
- These error correction bits are then appended to the user information and first collection of error correction bits.
- the process is repeated until all the information in the first four eight bit by eight bit regions has been error corrected.
- the process is then continued by selecting the four new eight bit by eight bit regions and repeating the process.
- the combined user data and error correction information is formatted into a file that, w hen printed, will constitute a two-dimensional, high-density, damage- tolerant, printed code.
- FIG. 5 like FIG. 4. depicts in conceptual form the arrangement of user data bits as they ill appear in the encoded user data portion 200 of the code 100 when printed.
- the error correction methods take the ev entual printed arrangement into consideration.
- FIG. 5 depicts sixteen eight bit by eight bit regions. A t o-dimensional ( four by four) subunit of sixteen bits from four of the eight bit by eight bit regions 220, 222, 224 and 226 (i.e., two bytes) are selected and then combined into an error correction packet for error correction purposes. A conventional error correction algorithm (e.g., Reed Solomon, although others may be substituted for Reed Solomon) is then applied to this first error correction packet for error correction purposes.
- Reed Solomon although others may be substituted for Reed Solomon
- a number of error correction bits are created, and these are appended to the end of the user information portion.
- another group of sixteen contiguous bits are selected from each of the four packets and combined and then error corrected to create error correction bits.
- the process is repeated until error correction information has been created for all user data in the first four eight bit by eight bit regions.
- the process is continued by performing the same operations on the next four eight bit by eight bit regions, and is completed when error correction information has been created for all user data.
- the user data is first arrayed in computer memory in the row-column sequence in which it is to be printed in the two-dimensional, high-density, damage- tolerant printed code.
- the row-column organized information is then divided into a number of two-dimensional packets of (n, m) dimension that represent contiguous bits to be printed in the two-dimensional printed code.
- a subunit of bits is selected from each of said two- dimensional packets of (n, m) dimension and combined into a first error correction packet for error correction purposes.
- An error correction algorithm is then applied to the first error correction packet.
- the error bits thus created in this first step are next formed into a two-dimensional collection of bits to be printed contiguously after the user data. The process is continued until error correction information is created for all user information.
- Non-contiguous bits and performing error correction on them are within the scope of this invention and may include selecting m bits every n bits; e.g.. selecting the bits 1 , 9, 17, 25 . . . in sequence and combining them for error correction purposes, and then selecting bits 2, 10, 18 , 26 . . . and combining them for error correction purposes, and repeating the sequence until bits 8, 16, 24 . . . are reached.
- FIG. 6 depicts in conceptual form one of a number of eight bit by eight regions that will constitute a part of the encoded user data portion 200 of the code 100.
- a portion of the error correction information associated with the control data may be inserted at bit positions labeled 1 , 2, 3 and 4.
- bit positions labeled 1 , 2, 3 and 4. For example, if a relatively low level of error correction were to be selected, a single error correction bit would be encoded at bit position labeled "1.”
- the error correction information associated with the control data is distributed throughout the code in the manner depicted in FIG. 7 A. If a relatively high level of error correction of the control data were to be selected, four error correction bits would be distributed in each eight bit by eight bit region of the code as depicted in FIG. 7D. Intermediate cases are depicted in FIG. 7B and 7C.
- the header can store the location of the control data error correction bits by encoding a number corresponding to one from a number of options. This indicates where the reader should look for the error correction bits corresponding to the control data in the case of catastrophic damage to the control data portion of the code.
- Two-dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed codes made in accordance with the foregoing embodiments are capable of encoding 2800 bytes of information (sufficient for multiple biometrics (fmgerpints and image) and text) with a robust level of error correction resulting in an overall message length of 3400 bytes.
- the information would be printed in a code having an encoded user data portion of 0.84 inches by 2.87 inches (the minimum feature having a size of 0.0066 x 0.010 inches).
- Such a printed code would easily fit on a portion of one side of a conventional 2.125 x 3.375 inch card, leaving substantial space for human readable information on the remaining portion of the card.
- Other minimum feature sizes that fall within the scope of the invention may be selected that achieve relatively lesser or greater density.
- FIG. 9 A preferred embodiment of the present invention showing its use in a positive identity verification application is depicted in FIG. 9.
- a conventionally-sized ISO card 300 bears a two-dimensional printed code
- printed code 100 and includes a region for a photograph 310 , and a region for text 320. Due to the increased information capacity of the two-dimensional, high-density, damage-tolerant printed code of the present invention, printed code 100 can store multiple fingerprint templates, photographic information and text.
- a yet further embodiment of the present invention comprises a fully-integrated, compact, portable or stationary, off-line positive identity verification apparatus having means for capturing an image of a two- dimensional, high-density, damage tolerant printed code; real-time biometric capture capabilities (e.g., fingerprints); a microprocessor and associated programming for comparing real-time biometric information captured from an individual whose identity is sought to be verified with the biometric information recovered from a two dimensional printed code; and indication apparatus to indicate whether as a result of the biometric comparison process the individual has been identified as authentic or an imposter.
- real-time biometric capture capabilities e.g., fingerprints
- microprocessor and associated programming for comparing real-time biometric information captured from an individual whose identity is sought to be verified with the biometric information recovered from a two dimensional printed code
- indication apparatus to indicate whether as a result of the biometric comparison process the individual has been identified as authentic or an imposter.
- the means for capturing the image of the two-dimensional, high density, damage tolerant code can comprise, for example, a two- dimensional charge-coupled-device (CCD) image sensor, two- dimensional CMOS image sensor or other suitable two-dimensional imaging device focused on the surface of a substrate bearing the two- dimensional printed code.
- CCD charge-coupled-device
- CMOS image sensor complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- linear sensor such as a linear CCD, linear CMOS image sensor, linear contact image sensor (CIS) or other suitable linear image sensor device can be focused on a substrate to capture a two-dimensional printed code and "swept" across the surface substrate to capture a two-dimensional image thereof.
- the "sweeping" action can be accomplished either by moving the substrate relative to the linear image sensor or by moving the linear sensor relative to the substrate, in the manner of a conventional fax machine or flatbed scanner.
- Yet another technique known in the art suitable for capturing a two-dimensional image of a two-dimensional printed code comprises capturing multiple images of the two-dimensional image of a two- dimensional printed code using a two-dimensional image sensor, wherein each of the images thus captured represents only a portion of the two- dimensional printed code, and "stitching" the multiple images together into a single image representative of the entire two-dimensional printed code.
- This can be accomplished by sweeping the two-dimensional printed code past a two-dimensional image sensor incapable of capturing the entire two-dimensional printed code in a single image.
- Multiple overlapping "snapshot" images are captured via the two-dimensional image sensor as the two-dimensional printed code is swept by.
- the image-to-image overlap (boundary correlation) is analyzed in software and the images of "fused” to produce a single, coherent image.
- This technique has been employed previously with "hand scanner” devices such as the "Logitech ScanMan.”
- Figure 10 is a front perspective view of one embodiment of a fully-integrated, compact, hand-held positive identity verification apparatus 400, including a fingerprint image scanner 410 (real-time biometric capture device), and audio transducer 420, a display unit 430, a keypad input device 440 and a two-dimensional image scanner 450.
- a fingerprint image scanner 410 real-time biometric capture device
- Figure 1 1 is rear perspective view of the same fully-integrated, compact, hand-held positive identity verification apparatus 400, further showing a PCMCIA card 460.
- the two-dimensional image scanner In the preferred embodiment, the two-dimensional image scanner
- 450 comprises a swept contact image sensor (CIS) device having sufficient resolution to reliably resolve and distinguish features as small as 0.0066 inches in any dimension (preferably 400 dpi or greater).
- CIS swept contact image sensor
- the fingerprint image scanner 410 is a commercially available, miniature unit such as the DFR-200 manufactured by Idenficator Technology of 1 150 Bayhill Dr., San Bruno, CA.
- the display device 430 is a full-color active-matrix display capable of displaying a color photographic image. In other embodiments, however, a monochrome display, text-only display, or simple indicators may be substituted depending upon application-specific display requirements. In access-control applications, for example, it may only be necessary to indicate a simple "pass" or "fail” condition, requiring no more than one or two indicator lights.
- the audio transducer 420 is a non-essential element provided to augment the user interface to the identity verification apparatus 400.
- the keypad input device 440 provides a user with text input and function selection capability, useful in applications where there are multiple modes of operation or where it is anticipated that entry of additional textual information relevant to the identity verification will be required (e.g., traffic ticket, voter registration, border control applications, etc.). In other applications where there is little or no need for additional text information, the keypad input device 440 could be replaced with a small set of function keys, or eliminated altogether.
- the PCMCIA card 460 shown in Figure 1 1 is representative of one of many possible external interfaces to the identity verification unit.
- a PCMCIA card may be used, for example, to add network connectivity for transaction logging, or to add peripheral devices such as printers, mass storage devices, magnetic stripe readers, etc..
- peripheral devices such as printers, mass storage devices, magnetic stripe readers, etc..
- Those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention most nearly pertains will readily understand the similar usefulness and applicability of other interfaces, such as serial communications, a parallel printer port, IrDA communications, Ethernet, etc.. and will immediately understand how to implement such interfaces.
- Figure 12 is a functional block diagram 500 of the preferred embodiment depicted in Figures 10 and 1 1 showing the major functional elements thereof.
- a processor 510 such an Intel S A 1 100 StrongARM microprocessor connects to other elements of the system via a microprocessor bus 5 12.
- Program memory 520 is preferably Flash EPROM, and is used to store programs and algorithms for governing the operation of the identity verification unit (ref 500). These programs and algorithms include: software for processing biometric information (e.g., fingerprint minutia extraction), software for biometric matching (e.g., fingerprint matching), software for decoding a two-dimensional printed code, and operating software (e.g., an operating system and code for machine control).
- Data memory 530 is random access memory (RAM), preferably of the DO or SDRAM type, and is used to store captured images, biometric data, and to store intermediate results of calculations.
- program memory 520 and data memory 530 are effectively combined into a single memory by copying all programs into RAM for execution. By doing this, slower and less expensive program memory can be used for storing programs and algorithms. When executed from RAM, which is typically much faster than Flash EPROM, it becomes economical to use the same data memory 530 for both program and data storage purposes.
- Non-volatile memory 535 is used for storing long-term information such as transaction logs, configuration information, authorization lists, etc.
- nonvolatile memory 535 is Flash EPROM, disk storage, or other non-volatile medium. In the event that Flash EPROM is used, non-volatile memory 535 and program memory 520 can be combined into a single memory.
- An Optical Scanner 540 provides means for capturing a two- dimensional image of a two-dimensional printed code, such as the high- density, error-corrected, damage-tolerant printed code described hereinabove.
- the optical image sensor 540 comprises a linear contact image sensor (CIS) with a transport mechanism for sweeping it across the surface of a substrate (in a near- contact therewith) bearing the aforementioned two-dimensional printed code.
- Scanner interface 550 processes signals from the optical scanner
- a Biometric Capture Unit 560 provides live biometric data from a subject individual to be verified.
- the Biometric Capture Unit 560 is finge ⁇ rint image scanner. Data captured by the Biometric Capture Unit 560 is ultimately stored and analyzed in data memory 530.
- a Display Device 570 provides visual information to a user of the identity verification unit 400.
- the display device is a full-color, active matrix, graphical display unit capable of displaying color text and graphical information such as a color photograph and associated descriptive text.
- Communications interfaces 580 are provided for the pu ⁇ ose of communicating with external devices or computers.
- the communications interfaces 580 include a serial port, a parallel port (both of the type commonly found on personal computers), and IrDA (infrared data access) port and a PCMCIA port.
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- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (9)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU34972/00A AU771943B2 (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2000-02-18 | Two-dimensional printed code for storing biometric information and apparatus for reading same |
MXPA01008579A MXPA01008579A (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2000-02-18 | Two-dimensional printed code for storing biometric information and apparatus for reading same. |
AT00913540T ATE274213T1 (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2000-02-18 | TWO-DIMENSIONAL CODE PATTERN FOR STORING BIOMETRIC INFORMATION AND DEVICE FOR READING SUCH INFORMATION |
DE60013101T DE60013101T2 (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2000-02-18 | TWO DIMENSIONAL CODEMUSTER FOR STORING BIOMETRIC INFORMATION AND DEVICE FOR READING THIS INFORMATION |
EP00913540A EP1157356B1 (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2000-02-18 | Two-dimensional printed code for storing biometric information and apparatus for reading same |
CA002362743A CA2362743C (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2000-02-18 | Two-dimensional printed code for storing biometric information and apparatus for reading same |
BR0008501-4A BR0008501A (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2000-02-18 | Two-dimensional printed code to store biometric information and device for reading it |
JP2000601602A JP2002538530A (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2000-02-18 | Two-dimensional print code for storing biometric information and device for reading it |
HK02107395.4A HK1046184A1 (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2002-10-10 | Two-dimensional printed code for storing biometric information and apparatus for reading same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/256,754 | 1999-02-24 | ||
US09/256,754 US6560741B1 (en) | 1999-02-24 | 1999-02-24 | Two-dimensional printed code for storing biometric information and integrated off-line apparatus for reading same |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2000051072A1 WO2000051072A1 (en) | 2000-08-31 |
WO2000051072A9 true WO2000051072A9 (en) | 2001-10-25 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2000/004282 WO2000051072A1 (en) | 1999-02-24 | 2000-02-18 | Two-dimensional printed code for storing biometric information and apparatus for reading same |
Country Status (12)
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US (2) | US6560741B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1157356B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002538530A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1344399A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE274213T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU771943B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR0008501A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2362743C (en) |
DE (1) | DE60013101T2 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1046184A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA01008579A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000051072A1 (en) |
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