WO2000050731A1 - Drilling method - Google Patents
Drilling method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000050731A1 WO2000050731A1 PCT/GB2000/000642 GB0000642W WO0050731A1 WO 2000050731 A1 WO2000050731 A1 WO 2000050731A1 GB 0000642 W GB0000642 W GB 0000642W WO 0050731 A1 WO0050731 A1 WO 0050731A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- pressure
- formation
- fluid
- drilling fluid
- drilling
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 104
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 50
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014676 Phragmites communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004941 influx Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B4/00—Drives for drilling, used in the borehole
- E21B4/02—Fluid rotary type drives
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/08—Controlling or monitoring pressure or flow of drilling fluid, e.g. automatic filling of boreholes, automatic control of bottom pressure
- E21B21/085—Underbalanced techniques, i.e. where borehole fluid pressure is below formation pressure
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/10—Valve arrangements in drilling-fluid circulation systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a drilling method, and to a drilling apparatus.
- Embodiments of the invention relate to a drilling method and apparatus where the effective circulating density (ECD) of drilling fluid (or drilling "mud") in communication with a hydrocarbon-bearing formation is lower than would be the case in a conventional drilling operation.
- the invention also relates to an apparatus for reducing the buildup of drill cuttings or other solids in a borehole during a drilling operation; and to a method of performing underbalance drilling.
- drilling mud is pumped from surface down a tubular drillstring to the drill bit, where the mud leaves the drillstring through jetting ports and returns to surface via the annulus between the drillstring and the bore wall.
- the mud lubricates and cools the drill bit, supports the walls of the unlined bore, and carries dislodged rock particles or drill cuttings away from the drill bit and to the surface.
- the pressure of the drilling mud at the drill bit and, most importantly, around the hydrocarbon- bearing formation has tended to rise as well depth, length and deviation increase; during circulation, the pressure across the formation is the sum of the hydrostatic pressure relating to the height and density of the column of mud above the formation, and the additional pressure required to overcome the flow resistance experienced as the mud returns to surface through the annulus .
- the mud pressure at the bit must also be sufficient to ensure that the mud flowrate through the annulus maintains the entrainment of the drill cuttings.
- the mud pressure in a bore is often expressed in terms of the effective circulating density (ECD) , which is represented as the ratio between the weight or pressure of mud and the weight of a corresponding column of water.
- ECD effective circulating density
- the hydrostatic pressure or ECD at a drill bit may be around 1.05SG, whereas during circulation the mud pressure, or ECD, may be as high as 1.55SG.
- the ECD of the drilling mud at the lower end of the bore where the bore intersects the hydrocarbon-bearing formations is placing a limit on the length and depth of bores which may be drilled and reservoirs accessed.
- the increase in ECD at the formation may reach a level where the mud damages the formation, and in particular reduces the productivity of the formation.
- the mud pressure is higher than the fluid pressure in the hydrocarbon-bearing formation, such that the formation fluid does not flow into the bore.
- the pressure differential exceeds a certain level, known as the fracture gradient, the mud will fracture the formation and begin to flow into the formation.
- fracturing In addition to loss of drilling fluid, fracturing also affects the production capabilities of a formation. Attempts have been made to minimise the effects of fracturing by injecting materials and compounds into bore to plug the pores in the formation. However, this increases drilling costs, is often of limited effectiveness, and tends to reduce the production capabilities of the formation.
- High mud pressure also has a number of undesirable effects on drilling efficiency.
- the drillstring may lie in contact with the bore wall, and if the bore intersects a lower pressure formation the fluid pressure acting on the remainder of the string will tend to push the string against the bore wall, significantly increasing drag on the string; this may result in what is known as "differential sticking" .
- a drilling method in which a drill bit is mounted on a tubular drill string extending through a bore, the method comprising: drilling a bore which extends through a formation containing fluid at a predetermined pressure; circulating drilling fluid down through the drill string to exit the string at or adjacent the bit, and then upwards through an annulus between the string and bore wall; and adding energy to the drilling fluid in the annulus at a location above said formation such that the pressure of the drilling fluid above said location is higher than the pressure of the drilling fluid below said location and there is a predetermined differential between the pressure of the formation fluid and the pressure of the drilling fluid in communication with the formation.
- the invention also relates to apparatus for use in implementing this method.
- the method of the present invention allows the pressure of the drilling fluid in communication with the formation, typically a hydrocarbon-bearing formation, to be maintained at a relatively low level, even in relatively deep or highly deviated bores, while the pressure in the drilling fluid above the formation may be maintained at a higher level to facilitate drilling fluid circulation and cuttings entrainment .
- the differential between the drilling fluid pressure and the formation fluid pressure may be selected such that the drilling fluid pressure is high enough to prevent the formation fluid from flowing into the bore, but is not so high as to fracture or otherwise damage the formation.
- the pressure differential may be varied during a drilling operation to accommodate different conditions, for example the initial pressure differential may be controlled to assist in formation of a suitable filter cake.
- the drilling fluid pressure may be selected to be lower than the formation fluid pressure, that is the invention may be utilised to carry out "underbalance" drilling; in this case the returning drilling fluid may carry formation fluid, which may be separated from the drilling fluid at surface.
- energy is added to the drilling fluid by at least one pump or fan arrangement.
- the pump is driven by the fluid flowing down through the drillstring, such as in the arrangements disclosed in US Patents Nos. 4,049,066 and 4,744,426.
- Fluid driven downhole pumps are also produced by Weir Pumps Limited of Cathcart, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
- the preferred pump form utilises a turbine drive, that is the fluid is directed through nozzles onto turbine blades which are rotated to drive a suitable impeller acting on the fluid in the annulus.
- Such a turbine drive is available, under the TurboMac trade mark, from Rotech of Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
- the initial pump pressure at surface will be relatively high, as energy is taken from the fluid, as it flows down through the string, to drive the pump.
- the pump may be driven by a downhole motor, to be electrically powered, or indeed driven by any suitable means, such as from the rotation of the drillstring.
- Energy may be added to the drilling fluid in the annulus at a location adjacent the drill bit, but is more likely to be added at a location spaced from the drill bit, to allow the bore to be drilled through the formation and still ensure that the higher pressure fluid above said location is spaced from the formation.
- a proportion of the circulating drilling fluid may be permitted to flow directly from the drillstring bore to the annulus above the formation, and such diversion of flow may be particularly useful in boreholes of varying diameter, the changes in diameter typically being step increases in bore diameter.
- drilling fluid flow speed in the annulus will normally decrease, and the additional volume of fluid flowing directly from the drillstring bore into the annulus assists in maintaining flow speed and cuttings entrainment.
- This may be achieved by provision of one or more bypass subs in the string.
- the bypass subs may be selectively operable to provide fluid bypass only when considered necessary or desirable.
- the drill string may also incorporate means for isolating sections of one or both of the drill string bore and annulus when there is no fluid circulation. This is of particular importance when the pressure of the circulating drilling fluid at the formation is lower than hydrostatic pressure; the isolating means will support the column of fluid above the formation, allowing lower sections of the bore to be maintained at relatively low pressures. Alternatively, or in addition, the isolating means may serve to prevent fluid flowing from the formation and then up the bore in underbalance conditions.
- the isolating means may be in the form of one or more valves, packers, swab cups or the like.
- the drillstring may also be provided with means for agitating cuttings in the annulus, such as the flails disclosed in US Patent No. 5,651,420 (Tibbets et al) , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Tibbets et al propose mounting flails on elements of the drillstring, which flails are actuated by the rotation of the string or the flow of drilling fluid around the flails.
- the agitating means are mounted on a body which is rotatable relative to the string.
- the body is preferably driven to rotate by drive means actuated by the flow of drilling fluid through the string, but may be driven by other means. This feature may be provided in combination with or separately of the main aspect of the invention.
- Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a conventional wellbore drilling operation
- Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the pressure of circulating drilling mud at various points in the wellbore of Figure 1 ;
- Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a wellbore drilling operation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 4 is a enlarged sectional view of a pump arrangement of Figure 3 ;
- Figure 5 is a graph illustrating the pressure of circulating drilling mud at various points in the wellbore in a drilling operation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 of the drawings illustrates a conventional drilling operation.
- a rotating drill string 12 extends through a borehole 14, and drilling mud is pumped from the surface down the drill string 12, to exit the string via jetting ports in a drill bit 16, and returns to the surface via the annulus 17 between the string 14 and the bore hole wall.
- Figure 2 of the drawings is a sketch graph of the pressure of the drilling mud at various points in the wellbore 14 as illustrated in Figure 1.
- the mud enters the drillstring at surface at a relatively high pressure P 1# and emerges from the bit 16 at a lower pressure P 2/ reflecting the pressure losses resulting from the passage of the mud through the string 12 and bit 16.
- the drilling mud returns to the surface via the annulus 17 and reaches surface at close to atmospheric pressure P 3 .
- Figure 3 of the drawings illustrates a drilling operation in accordance with an embodiment of a first aspect of the present invention, a drill string 32 being shown located in a drilled bore intersecting a hydrocarbon- bearing formation 33.
- Pump assemblies 34 Mounted on the drillstring 32 are two pump assemblies 34, 36 which serve to assist the flow of drilling mud through the annulus, and to allow a reduction in the ECD at various points in the wellbore, with the lowermost pump 36 being located above the formation 33.
- One of the pumps 34 is shown schematically in Figure 4 of the drawings, and comprises a turbine motor section 46, such as is available under the TurboMac trade mark from Rotech of Aberdeen, United Kingdom, and a pump section 48.
- the motor section 46 is arranged to be driven by the flow of mud downhole through the string bore 44, rotation of the motor section 46 being transferred to the pump section 48, which includes vanes 49 extending into the annulus 50.
- the pump vanes are arranged to add energy to the mud in the annulus 50, increasing the mud pressure as it passes across the pump section 48.
- Figure 5 is a sketch graph of the pressure of circulating drilling mud in a drilling operation utilising a single pump assembly 36 as described in Figure 4, the pump 36 being located in the string such that the pump 36 remains above the hydrocarbon-bearing formation during the drilling operation.
- the solid line is the same as that of the graph of Figure 2, and illustrates the circulating mud pressure profile in a comparable conventional wellbore drilling operation.
- the dashed line illustrates the effect on the circulating mud pressure resulting from the provision of a pump assembly 36 in the drillstring, as will be described.
- the mud pressure must be higher than conventional, shown by point 52, and then drops gradually due to pressure losses to point 54, where the fluid in the drill string passes through the pump turbine motor section 46 and transfers energy to the fluid in the annulus 50, as reflected by the rapid loss of pressure, to point 56.
- point 54 where the fluid in the drill string passes through the pump turbine motor section 46 and transfers energy to the fluid in the annulus 50, as reflected by the rapid loss of pressure, to point 56.
- the pressure or ECD of the mud, at point 58 is lower than would be the case in a conventional drilling operation, despite the higher initial mud pressure 52.
- the return mud passes up through the annulus 50 it loses pressure gradually until reaching the pump 36, at point 60, whereupon it receives an energy input in the form of a pressure boost 62 , to ensure that the mud will flow to the surface with the cuttings entrained in the mud flow.
- the mud exits the string at close to atmospheric pressure, at point 64.
- the pressure of the fluid in the formation 33 will have been determined previously by surveys, and the location of the pump 36 and the mud pressure between the points 58, 60 is selected such that there is a predetermined pressure differential between the drilling fluid pressure and the formation fluid pressure. In most circumstances, the drilling fluid pressure will be selected to be higher than the formation fluid pressure, to prevent or minimise the flow of formation fluid into the bore, but not so high to cause formation damage, that is at least below the fracture gradient .
- the present invention provides a means whereby the ECD in the section of wellbore intersecting the hydrocarbon-bearing formation may be effectively reduced or controlled to provide a predetermined pressure between the drilling fluid and the formation fluid without the need to reduce the mud pressure elsewhere in the wellbore or impact on cuttings entrainment.
- This ability to reduce and control the ECD of the drilling mud in communication with the hydrocarbon- bearing formation allows drilling of deeper and longer wells while reducing or obviating the occurrence of formation damage, and will reduce or obviate the need for formation pore plugging materials, thus reducing drilling costs and improving formation production.
- the pump assemblies may be electrically or hydraulically powered, and may only be actuated when the pressure of the drilling mud in communication with the formation rises above a predetermined pressure; a predetermined detected pressure may activate a fluid bypass causing fluid to be directed to drive an appropriate pump assembly.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (14)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/914,338 US6719071B1 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2000-02-25 | Apparatus and methods for drilling |
EP00905200A EP1155216B1 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2000-02-25 | Drilling method |
CA002362209A CA2362209C (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2000-02-25 | Drilling method |
AU26827/00A AU2682700A (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2000-02-25 | Drilling method |
DE60017367T DE60017367D1 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2000-02-25 | METHOD OF DRILLING |
NO20013584A NO317534B1 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2001-07-20 | Procedure for drilling |
US10/775,048 US7311148B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2004-02-09 | Methods and apparatus for wellbore construction and completion |
US10/822,530 US6968911B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2004-04-12 | Apparatus and methods for drilling |
US10/958,734 US7111692B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2004-10-05 | Apparatus and method to reduce fluid pressure in a wellbore |
US11/535,419 US7395877B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2006-09-26 | Apparatus and method to reduce fluid pressure in a wellbore |
US11/932,112 US8066069B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2007-10-31 | Method and apparatus for wellbore construction and completion |
US13/306,592 US8403078B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2011-11-29 | Methods and apparatus for wellbore construction and completion |
US13/851,021 US20140034311A1 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2013-03-26 | Methods and apparatus for wellbore construction and completion |
US14/289,433 US9637977B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2014-05-28 | Methods and apparatus for wellbore construction and completion |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9904380.4 | 1999-02-25 | ||
GBGB9904380.4A GB9904380D0 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 1999-02-25 | Drilling method |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/156,722 Continuation-In-Part US6837313B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2002-05-28 | Apparatus and method to reduce fluid pressure in a wellbore |
Related Child Applications (6)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/914,338 A-371-Of-International US6719071B1 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2000-02-25 | Apparatus and methods for drilling |
US09914338 A-371-Of-International | 2000-02-25 | ||
US10/156,722 Continuation-In-Part US6837313B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2002-05-28 | Apparatus and method to reduce fluid pressure in a wellbore |
US10/331,964 Continuation-In-Part US6857487B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2002-12-30 | Drilling with concentric strings of casing |
US10/775,048 Continuation-In-Part US7311148B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2004-02-09 | Methods and apparatus for wellbore construction and completion |
US10/822,530 Continuation US6968911B2 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2004-04-12 | Apparatus and methods for drilling |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000050731A1 true WO2000050731A1 (en) | 2000-08-31 |
Family
ID=10848511
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2000/000642 WO2000050731A1 (en) | 1999-02-25 | 2000-02-25 | Drilling method |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US6719071B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1155216B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2682700A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2362209C (en) |
DE (1) | DE60017367D1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB9904380D0 (en) |
NO (1) | NO317534B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000050731A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1155216B1 (en) | 2005-01-12 |
NO20013584L (en) | 2001-09-20 |
CA2362209A1 (en) | 2000-08-31 |
US6719071B1 (en) | 2004-04-13 |
AU2682700A (en) | 2000-09-14 |
US7395877B2 (en) | 2008-07-08 |
EP1155216A1 (en) | 2001-11-21 |
US20070068705A1 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
CA2362209C (en) | 2007-07-10 |
DE60017367D1 (en) | 2005-02-17 |
US20040188145A1 (en) | 2004-09-30 |
NO317534B1 (en) | 2004-11-08 |
GB9904380D0 (en) | 1999-04-21 |
US6968911B2 (en) | 2005-11-29 |
NO20013584D0 (en) | 2001-07-20 |
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