WO2000027945A1 - Invert emulsion drilling fluids having negative alkalinity - Google Patents
Invert emulsion drilling fluids having negative alkalinity Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000027945A1 WO2000027945A1 PCT/US1999/026639 US9926639W WO0027945A1 WO 2000027945 A1 WO2000027945 A1 WO 2000027945A1 US 9926639 W US9926639 W US 9926639W WO 0027945 A1 WO0027945 A1 WO 0027945A1
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- invert emulsion
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- oleaginous
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/32—Non-aqueous well-drilling compositions, e.g. oil-based
- C09K8/36—Water-in-oil emulsions
Definitions
- Invert emulsion fluids i.e. emulsions in which the non-oleaginous fluid is the discontinuous phase and the oleaginous fluid is the continuous phase, are employed in drilling processes for the development of oil or gas sources, as well as. in geothermal drilling, water drilling, geoscientif ⁇ c drilling and mine drilling.
- the invert emulsion fluids are conventionally utilized for such purposes as providing stability to the drilled hole, forming a thin filter cake, lubricating the drilling bore and the downhole area and assembly, and penetrating salt beds without sloughing or enlargement of the drilled hole.
- Oil-based drilling fluids are generally used in the form of invert emulsion muds.
- An invert emulsion mud consists of three-phases: an oleaginous phase, a non-oleaginous phase and a finely divided particle phase. Also typically included are emulsifiers and emulsifier systems, weighting agents, fluid loss additives, viscosity regulators and the like, for stabilizing the system as a whole and for establishing the desired performance properties. Full particulars can be found, for example, in the Article by P. A. Boyd et al entitled "New Base Oil Used in Low- Toxicity Oil Muds" in the Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1985, 137 to 142 and in the Article by R. B.
- the components of the invert emulsion fluids include an oleaginous liquid such as hydrocarbon oil which serves as a continuous phase, a non-oleaginous liquid such as water or brine solution which serves as a discontinuous phase, and an emulsifying agent.
- oleaginous liquid such as hydrocarbon oil which serves as a continuous phase
- non-oleaginous liquid such as water or brine solution which serves as a discontinuous phase
- emulsifying agent As used herein, emulsifying agent and surfactant are used interchangeably.
- the emulsifying agent serves to lower the interfacial tension of the liquids so that the non-oleaginous liquid may form a stable dispersion of fine droplets in the oleaginous liquid.
- the invert emulsion becomes so unstable that the oil wet solids become water wet and the phases of the invert emulsion "flip" thus rendering the invert emulsion fluid not suitable for use as a drilling fluid.
- the formation of flip mud is very undesirable.
- the beneficial properties of the drilling fluid have been lost, (i.e. viscosity, pumpability and the ability to suspend particles) the likelihood of a blowout is greatly increased.
- the maintenance of a alkalinity reserve is critical to the use of conventional invert emulsion drilling fluids and muds.
- the present invention is generally directed to an invert emulsion drilling fluid that is formulated so as to have a negative alkalinity as is defined herein.
- an illustrative fluid should include: an oleaginous phase; a non-oleaginous phase and an emulsifying agent capable of stabilizing the invert emulsion under conditions of negative alkalinity.
- the oleaginous phase may be mineral oil, synthetic oils, poly-alpha olefins, or esters of C ⁇ to C 12 alcohols and a C 8 to C 24 monocarboxylic acid, and preferably the ester is selected from C ⁇ to C 1 alkyl alcohol esters of oleic acid, Ci to C 1 alkyl alcohol esters of myristic acid, to C 1 alkyl alcohol ester of coco fatty acid, and mixtures thereof.
- the emulsifying agent should be capable of stabilizing the invert emulsion in the absence of an alkali reserve. That is to say the addition of an aqueous acidic solution to the invert emulsion should not cause the invert emulsion to break.
- the non- oleaginous phase should preferably have an hydroxide ion concentration of less than 1 x 10 " moles per liter.
- the illustrative drilling fluid may include a weighting agent selected from barite, calcite, mullite, gallena, manganese oxides, iron oxides, or combinations thereof.
- the non-oleaginous phase of the drilling fluid is preferably selected from aqueous solutions including fresh water, sea water, brine, aqueous solutions containing water soluble organic salts, water soluble alcohols or water soluble glycols or combinations thereof.
- a mineral-oil free invert emulsion drilling fluid which includes an oleaginous phase, a non-oleaginous phase and an emulsifying agent such that the mineral oil free invert emulsion drilling fluid has negative alkalinity.
- the oleaginous phase of this illustrative embodiment may comprise substantially of esters of CrC 1 alcohols and C 8 -C 24 monocarboxylic acids, and preferably the ester is selected from C to C 12 alkyl alcohol esters of oleic acid, Ci to C 12 alkyl alcohol esters of myristic acid, C ⁇ to C 12 alkyl alcohol ester of coco fatty acid, and mixtures thereof.
- the non-oleaginous phase is preferably selected from fresh water, sea water, brine, aqueous solutions containing water soluble organic salts, water soluble alcohols or water soluble glycols or combinations thereof.
- the emulsifying agent should be in sufficient amounts so as to stabilize an invert emulsion under conditions of negative alkalinity as is defined herein.
- an alkali reserve free invert emulsion drilling fluid that is formulated so that the drilling fluid includes: an oleaginous phase which may substantially composed of esters of C ⁇ to C 1 alcohols and a C to C 2 monocarboxylic acid; a non-oleaginous phase and a emulsifying agent capable of stabilizing the invert emulsion absent an alkali reserve.
- an invert emulsion drilling fluid of the present invention the formulation includes: an oleaginous phase comprising substantially of esters of Ci to C 12 alcohols and a C to C 24 monocarboxylic acid; a non-oleaginous phase; and an emulsifying agent capable of stabilizing the invert emulsion in the absence of an alkali reserve and wherein said fluid is absent an alkaline reserve. Also encompassed within the scope of the present invention are the methods of making and using the invert emulsion drilling fluids disclosed herein.
- one illustrative method embodiment of the present invention includes a method of drilling a subterranean well with an invert emulsion drilling fluid including: formulating a negative alkalinity invert emulsion drilling fluid such that the drilling fluid includes, an oleaginous phase, preferably comprising substantially of esters of Cj to C 12 alcohols and a C 8 to C 4 monocarboxylic acid; a non- oleaginous phase; and an emulsifying agent which is capable of stabilizing the invert emulsion in the absence of an alkali reserve; and drilling said well with said invert emulsion drilling fluid.
- invert emulsion is an emulsion in which a non-oleaginous fluid is the discontinuous phase and an oleaginous fluid is the continuous phase.
- novel invert emulsion fluids of the present invention are useful in a similar manner as conventional invert emulsion fluids which includes utility in preparation for drilling, drilling, completing and working over subterranean wells such as oil and gas wells.
- Such methods of use of conventional inverse emulsion fluids are described in, for example, Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids. 5th Edition, H. C. H. Darley, George R.
- negative alkalinity or “negative alkaline reserve” mean an the absence of an alkaline reserve or that condition of the invert emulsion which would require the addition of alkaline reserve material so as to establish a measurable value of alkalinity. That is to say one of skill in the art would consider the invert emulsion to be acidic in nature and thus require the addition of sufficient alkaline reserve material to neutralize any acidic components present as well to establish the desired alkaline reserve.
- negative alkalinity or negative alkaline reserve may be considered as being that state of an invert emulsion drilling fluid in which the non-oleaginous phase has a hydroxide ion (OH " ) concentration of less than 1 x 10 " moles per liter and more preferably a hydroxide ion concentration of less than 1 x 10 " moles per liter.
- OH " hydroxide ion
- a hydroxide ion concentration of 1 x 10 "8 may be expressed as a pOH value of 8 which in aqueous solution corresponds to a pH of 5.
- the hydroxide ion concentration may be tested by separating the two phases, for example by allowing the emulsion to separate over the course of several days to weeks, and then carefully measuring the hydroxide ion concentration of the non-oleaginous phase by conventional means which should be known to one of skill in the art.
- oleaginous liquid means an oil which is a liquid at 25°C and immiscible with water. Oleaginous liquids typically include substances such as diesel oil, mineral oil, synthetic oil, ester oils, glycerides of fatty acids, aliphatic esters, aliphatic ethers, aliphatic acetals, or other such hydrocarbons and combinations of these fluids.
- the oleaginous liquid is an ester material which provides environmental compatibility to the overall drilling fluid.
- esters are described in greater detail below.
- the amount of oleaginous liquid in the invert emulsion fluid may vary depending upon the particular oleaginous fluid used, the particular non-oleaginous fluid used, and the particular application in which the invert emulsion fluid is to be employed. However, generally the amount of oleaginous liquid must be sufficient to form a stable emulsion when utilized as the continuous phase. Typically, the amount of oleaginous liquid is at least about 30, preferably at least about 40, more preferably at least about 50 percent by volume of the total fluid.
- non-oleaginous liquid mean any substance which is a liquid at 25°C and which is not an oleaginous liquid as defined above.
- Non-oleaginous liquids are immiscible with oleaginous liquids but capable of forming emulsions therewith.
- Typical non- oleaginous liquids include aqueous substances such as fresh water, sea water, brine containing inorganic or organic dissolved salts, aqueous solutions containing water-miscible organic compounds and mixtures of these.
- the non-oleaginous fluid is brine solution including inorganic salts such as calcium halide salts, zinc halide salts, alkali metal halide salts and the like.
- the amount of non-oleaginous liquid in the invert emulsion fluid may vary depending upon the particular non-oleaginous fluid used and the particular application in which the invert emulsion fluid is to be employed.
- the amount of non-oleaginous liquid is at least about 1, preferably at least about 3, more preferably at least about 5 percent by volume of the total fluid.
- the amount should not be so great that it cannot be dispersed in the oleaginous phase.
- the amount of non-oleaginous liquid is less than about 90, preferably less than about 80, more preferably less than about 70 percent by volume of the total fluid.
- surfactant and “emulsifier” or “emulsifying agent” are used interchangeably to indicate that component of the invert emulsion drilling fluid that stabilizes the invert emulsion.
- emulsifying agent acts at the interface of the oleaginous and the non-oleaginous fluids and lowers the differences in surface tension between the two layers.
- the emulsifying agent is not adversely affected by the presence of acid in the non- oleaginous component of the invert emulsion.
- the ability of any particular emulsifying agent to stabilize the invert emulsion can be tested by using the invert emulsion test disclosed below.
- the emulsifying agent is to be useful in the formulation of a drilling fluid, the emulsifier should be thermally stable. That is to say, the emulsifier must not break down or chemically degrade upon heating to temperatures typically found in a downhole environment. This may be tested by heat aging the emulsifier as is done in the Examples.
- a suitable emulsifier within the scope of the present invention should be capable of stabilizing the invert emulsion under conditions of negative alkalinity and heat aging.
- the emulsifying agent is a combination of an amidoamine primary emulsifier, such as a diethylene triamine fatty acid, commercially available as Ecogreen-P from M-I L.L.C., a fatty acid based secondary emulsifier, such as a tall oil fatty acid, commercially available as Ecogreen-S from M-I L.L.C. and a polymeric fluid loss control agent, such as a oil dispersible polystyrene butdiene copolymer, commercially available as Ecogreen-F from M-I L.L.C.
- an amidoamine primary emulsifier such as a diethylene triamine fatty acid
- Ecogreen-P such as Ecogreen-P from M-I L.L.C.
- a fatty acid based secondary emulsifier such as a tall oil fatty acid
- Ecogreen-S from M-I L.L.C.
- a polymeric fluid loss control agent such as a oil dispersible polystyren
- the selection of this combination of specific emulsifiers is but one of many possible combinations of emulsifiers having similar properties and characteristics.
- the process of testing any particular selection of a suitable emulsifier or emulsifier package may depend upon the conditions and components of the drilling fluids and thus the use of the Invert Emulsion test disclosed herein should be utilized.
- the emulsifying agent is a protonated amine.
- amine refers to compounds having the structure R-NH 2 wherein R represents a C 12 -C 22 alkyl group, a C 1 -C 22 alkenyl group, a C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl group substituted with a C -C 14 alkyl or alkenyl group, or a C 9 -C 14 alkyl or alkenyl group substituted with a C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl group.
- Preferable R groups include straight or branched dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nodecyl, eicosyl, heneicosyl, docosyl, as well as, mixtures and unsaturated derivatives thereof.
- Preferable unsaturated derivatives include soyaalkylamine (Armeen STM available from Akzo Chemicals Inc.) and tallowalkylamine (Armeen TTM available from Akzo Chemicals Inc.). Many of the other above amines are also commercially available from Akzo Chemicals Inc. under the tradename ArmeenTM.
- oleophillic amines may be used in the practice of the present invention so long as their protonated salt stabilizes the invert emulsion.
- Such amines can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art by trial and error testing of the protonated amine and its ability to form a stable invert emulsion under conditions of negative alkalinity.
- the aforementioned amines of the formula R-NH are protonated for use in the present invention.
- protonated means that the amine is converted to the structure R-N + -H 3 B " . Typically, such protonation occurs due to reaction of the amine with a water-soluble acid as discussed below.
- the type of counter-ion, B " is not particularly critical so long as it does not adversely affect the performance and characteristics of the resulting emulsion as is disclosed herein.
- the counter-ion include the conjugate bases of the acids described below.
- the protonated amine functions in the instant invention as a surfactant to lower the interfacial tension of the liquids so that the non-oleaginous liquid may form a stable dispersion of fine droplets in the oleaginous liquid (i.e. form an invert emulsion). Therefore, the amount of protonated amine should be sufficient to enable the formation of an invert emulsion.
- the amount of protonated amine is at least about 0.1, preferably at least about 5, more preferably at least about 10 percent by weight to volume of the total fluid.
- the amount should not be so great that the protonated amine interferes with the stability of the invert emulsion fluid or the performance of the invert emulsion as a drilling fluid.
- the term "acid” refers to water-soluble, i.e. at least 10 percent by volume of the acid dissolves in water, compounds which form "acidic solutions".
- a solution is considered to be an "acidic solution" if it is capable of protonating the amine and render a stable non-oleaginous fluid in oleaginous fluid emulsion.
- the term acid refers to both inorganic acids such as sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric and phosphoric acid and organic acids such as citric, acetic, formic, benzoic, salicyclic, oxalic, glycolic, lactic, glutaric acid, halogenated acetic acids, boric acid, organosulfonic acids, organophosphoric acids and the like.
- Fatty acids such as oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid are less desirable as acids because such acids are not water- soluble.
- acids Compounds that generate acidic solutions upon dissolution in water are also considered “acids" as the term is used herein.
- acids may include, acetic anhydride, hydrolyzable esters, hydrolyzable organosulfonic acid derivatives, hydrolyzable organophosphoric acid derivatives, phosphorus trihalide, phosphorous oxyhalide, acidic metal salts, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and similar such compounds.
- the acidic solution is formed by the dissolution of an acidic metal salt in water.
- the resulting solution is capable of protonating the amine and render a stable non- oleaginous fluid in oleaginous fluid emulsion.
- the acidic solution is a brine formed by the dissolution of a neutral metal salt and an acidic metal salt in water.
- an acidic solution may be formed by the dissolution of a acid compound and a neutral salt.
- the amount of acid will necessarily vary with the strength of the acid and the particular amine to be protonated. Nevertheless, one skilled in the art having the benefit of this specification may readily determine the necessary amount of acid via routine experimentation by systematically adjusting the amount and type of acid to be used with any particular amine and then testing to see if the resulting protonated amine is capable of forming and stabilizing an invert emulsion.
- the term "ester” has been used in relation to the oleaginous fluid component of the invert emulsions of the present invention. Such use of the term “ester” should be broadly construed to include all esters that are suitable for use in drilling fluids.
- esters generally includes esters formed in the esterification reaction of a C ⁇ to C 12 alcohol and a C 8 to C monocarboxylic acid.
- the ester may be the product of the esterification reaction between a to C 12 alcohol and a C 4 to C 12 polycarboxylic acid.
- An illustrative example of a poly-functional carboxylic acid may be succinic acid which would form a di-ester in the esterification reaction with a C ⁇ to C 12 alcohol.
- the esters suitable for use in the present invention should be oleaginous and capable of forming invert emulsion with water or other aqueous based fluids.
- esters which may be utilized in the present invention may be broadly selected from esters formed from C[- C 12 alcohols and mono-functional or poly-functional carboxylic acids, so long as the ester flow and can be pumped at temperatures in the range from about 0° to about 25° C.
- esters should also be selected so that the flash point of the ester does not create a combustion hazard on the drilling rig. Therefore the esters of the present invention should be selected so as to have a flash point greater than about 100° F and preferably a flash point greater than about 130° F. In one preferred embodiment the flash point of the ester is in the range from about 125° F to about 150° F.
- Another property of the esters of the present invention is that of viscosity.
- the ester should be selected so that it has a viscosity that is suitable for use in a drilling fluid.
- the viscosity should be less than about 15 centistokes at about 100 ° C and more preferably less than about 10 centistokes at about 100 ° C.
- Esters which may be utilized in the practice of the present invention do not show the same in-use behavior as the ester based drilling fluids reported prior to the present invention. In practical application, the esters of C ⁇ to C 1 alcohol and C 8 to C 4 monocarboxylic acid undergo hydrolysis in the presence of hydroxide ion (OH " ), resulting in the formation of the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid.
- the amine compound serves as a "buffer" for the alkaline reserve and prevents it's consumption by the fatty acids generated by the hydrolysis reaction.
- an invert emulsion drilling fluid may be based on ester oils despite the difficulties of hydrolysis inherent in the use of ester based materials in a conventional ester based invert emulsion drilling fluid.
- the negative alkalinity of the invert emulsion drilling fluids of the present invention greatly reduces the hydrolysis reaction.
- carboxylic acid has no deleterious effect on the protonated amine surfactant which stabilizes the invert emulsion.
- the present invention greatly reduces the hydrolysis of the ester by substantially eliminating the source of hydroxide ion, i.e. the alkaline reserve.
- the choice of esters which may be utilized in the invention disclosed herein may be selected from the general class of reaction products of mono functional carboxylic acids with monofunctional alcohols.
- the carboxylic acids may be derived from unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chains, preferably linear chains and may be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsatutrated.
- Selected individual esters formed from an alkyl monocarboxylic acid and a monoalcohol can be used as the ester oil in accordance with the invention. So far as the rheology of the system is concerned and/or for reasons of availability, it is frequently desirable to use esters from acid mixtures. This is of importance so far as meeting the above-stated specifications of the two-classes for preferred ester oils is concerned. Economically the selection of the ester utilized in the present invention becomes very important because the present invention allows the use of primary alcohol esters and secondary alcohol esters which previously had a limited application due to their rapid rate of hydrolysis in the presence of hydroxide ion.
- the selection of the alcohol portion of the esters utilized in the present invention may be based on economic considerations of cost and availability and not necessarily on the rate of hydrolysis of the ester.
- the broad group of C ⁇ -C 12 alcohols includes alcohols selected from: primary alkyl alcohols such as for example, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, and the like, branched primary alcohols such as 2- methylpropan-1-ol.
- esters of the present invention may be preferably selected from: Ci to C 1 alkyl alcohol esters of oleic acid, Ci to C 1 alkyl alcohol esters of myristic acid, Ci to C 12 alkyl alcohol ester of coco fatty acid, combinations and mixtures thereof.
- esters which afford especially high economic cost savings and thus are more preferred include: oleate methyl ester, isopropyl meristate ester, methyl ester of coco fatty acid.
- the selection of any particular ester, as previously noted may depend upon availability and economic considerations such as cost.
- Various supplemental surfactants and wetting agents conventionally used in invert emulsion fluids may optionally be incorporated in the fluids of this invention.
- Such surfactants are, for example, fatty acids, soaps of fatty acids, amido amines, polyamides, polyamines, oleate esters, imidazoline derivatives, oxidized crude tall oil, organic phosphate esters, alkyl aromatic sulfates and sulfonates, as well as, mixtures of the above.
- surfactants are employed in an amount which does not interfere with the fluids of this invention being used as drilling fluids.
- Viscosifying agents for example, organophillic clays, may optionally be employed in the invert drilling fluid compositions of the present invention.
- other viscosifying agents such as oil soluble polymers, polyamide resins, polycarboxylic acids and fatty acid soaps may also be employed.
- the amount of viscosifying agent used in the composition will necessarily vary depending upon the end use of the composition. Usually such viscosifying agents are employed in an amount which is at least about 0.1, preferably at least about 2, more preferably at least about 5 percent by weight to volume of the total fluid.
- NG-69TM and NG- PLUSTM are organoclay materials and Versa HRPTM is a polyamide resin material manufactured and distributed by M-I L.L.C. which are suitable viscosifying agents.
- the invert emulsion drilling fluids of this invention may optionally contain a weight material. The quantity and nature of the weight material depends upon the desired density and viscosity of the final composition.
- the preferred weight materials include, but are not limited to, barite, calcite, mullite, gallena, manganese oxides, iron oxides, mixtures of these and the like.
- the weight material is typically added in order to obtain a drilling fluid density of less than about 24, preferably less than about 21, and most preferably less than about 19.5 pounds per gallon.
- Fluid loss control agents such as modified lignite, polymers, oxidized asphalt and gilsonite may also be added to the invert drilling fluids of this invention. Usually such fluid loss control agents are employed in an amount which is at least about 0.1 , preferably at least about 1 , more preferably at least about 5 percent by weight to volume of the total fluid.
- the method of preparing the drilling fluids of the present invention is not particularly critical so long as an invert emulsion is formed under conditions of negative alkalinity.
- the components may be mixed together in any order under agitation condition.
- an amine surfactant it is important that the amine surfactant be protonated for the formation of invert emulsion with the oleaginous and non-oleaginous fluids.
- a representative method of preparing said invert emulsion fluids comprises mixing an appropriate quantity of oleaginous fluid and an appropriate quantity of surfactant together with continuous, mild agitation. A non-oleaginous fluid is then added while mixing until an invert emulsion is formed.
- weight material such as those described below
- the weight material is typically added after the invert emulsion fluid is formed.
- INVERT EMULSION TEST A small portion of the emulsion is placed in a beaker which contains an oleaginous fluid. If the emulsion is an invert emulsion, the small portion of the emulsion will disperse in the oleaginous fluid. Visual inspection will determine if it has so dispersed. Alternatively, the electrical stability of the invert emulsion may be tested using a typical emulsion stability tester.
- pv plastic viscosity which is one variable used in the calculation of viscosity characteristics of a drilling fluid, measured in centipoise (cp) units. « ⁇ p" j s yi e id point which is another variable used in the calculation of viscosity characteristics of drilling fluids, measured in pounds per 100 square feet (lb/100ft 2 ). "AV" is apparent viscosity which is another variable used in the calculation of viscosity characteristic of drilling fluid, measured in centipoise (cp) units.
- GELS is a measure of the suspending characteristics, or the thixotropic properties of a drilling fluid, measured in pounds per 100 square feet (lb/ 100 ft 2 ).
- API F.L is the term used for API filtrate loss in milliliters (ml).
- HTHP is the term used for high temperature high pressure fluid loss at 200°F, measured in milliliters (ml) according to API bulletin RP 13 B-2, 1990.
- Finagreen BDMF® is fatty acid ester distributed by FINA chemicals.
- Ecogreen-P ® is a primary surfactant package distributed by M-I L.L.C.
- Ecogreen-S ® is a secondary surfactant package distributed by M-I L.L.C.
- Ecogreen-F ® is a polymeric fluid loss control agent distributed by M-I L.L.C. isopropyl meristate ester is fatty acid ester obtained from R I T A chemicals. CoCo fatty acid methyl ester is obtained from FINA Chemicals. Oleate methyl ester was obtained from FINA Chemicals.
- VERSALIG is fluid loss control agent distributed by M-I L.L.C.
- NOVATHIN is surfactant distributed by M-I L.L.C.
- EMI-545 is a protonated amine acetate surfactant of the present invention which is distributed by M-I L.L.C.
- WET is surfactant distributed by M-I All values associated with the formulations described below are grams unless otherwise specified. EXAMPLE 1
- the invert emulsion fluid conventionally formulated and containing lime (Formula 1) was to thick to measure after heat aging and thus would not be suitable for use a an invert emulsion drilling fluid.
- the invert emulsion drilling fluid formulated in accordance with the present invention exhibits properties of a invert emulsion that is suitable for use in drilling operations.
- the invert emulsion drilling fluid formulated in accordance with the present invention retains the properties necessary for its use as an invert emulsion drilling fluid at a wide range of temperatures.
- the above drilling fluids after heat aging at 250° F for 16 hours were analyzed for % alcohol in the fluid.
- the % alcohol indicates the extent of the hydrolysis of the ester component of the invert emulsion fluid.
- EXAMPLE 2 The following invert emulsion fluids were formulated so as to give invert emulsions having a 12.5 pound per gallon density and an oil to water ratio of 85:15 as indicated below, the first with an alkaline reserve the second absent an alkaline reserve:
- EXAMPLE 3 The following invert emulsion drilling fluid was formulated utilizing a methyl ester of CoCo Fatty Acid to give an invert emulsion with an oil to water ratio of 85:15 and a density of 12.5 pounds per gallon as follows:
- the above components were mixed to form the invert emulsion in the following manner: a) the ester and VGPLUS were mixed together for 10 minutes; b) to this mixture the Ecogreen- P, Ecogreen-S, Ecogreen -F, acetic acid and EMI-545 were added and mixed for an additional 10 minutes; c) the brine was added with mixing and upon complete addition the mixing was continued for an additional 30 minutes to form an invert emulsion; d) the weight material (barite) was added and the fully formulated invert emulsion mud was stirred for an additional 10 minutes.
- the resulting invert emulsion drilling mud was found to have the following properties before and after heat aging at different temperatures: Initial Heat Aged at Heat Aged at Heat Aged at Heat Aged at Heat Aged at
- the fluid formulated in accordance with this invention is stable and retains the properties of a useful invert emulsion drilling mud even after heat aging in excess of 300°F. Further it will be noted that there is no lime or other alkaline reserve present in the formulation and thus the invert emulsion drilling fluid is considered to posses negative alkalinity as the term is used in the present disclosure.
- the above components were mixed to form the invert emulsion in the following manner: a) the ester, lime and VGPLUS were mixed together for 10 minutes; b) to this mixture the Ecogreen-P, Ecogreen-S, Ecogreen -F, were added and mixed for an additional 10 minutes; c) the brine was added with mixing and upon complete addition the mixing was continued for an additional 30 minutes to form an invert emulsion; d) the weight material (barite) was added and the fully formulated invert emulsion mud was stirred for an additional 10 minutes.
- the resulting invert emulsion drilling mud was found to have the following properties before and after heat aging at different temperatures: Initial Heat Aged at Heat Aged at Heat Aged at Heat Aged at Heat Aged at
- the above components were mixed to form the invert emulsion in the following manner: a) the ester and VGPLUS were mixed together for 10 minutes; b) to this mixture the VERSACOAT, VERSAWET, Ecogreen -F, acetic acid and EMI-545 were added and mixed for an additional 10 minutes; c) the brine was added with mixing and upon complete addition the mixing was continued for an additional 30 minutes to form an invert emulsion; d) the weight material (barite) was added and the fully formulated invert emulsion mud was stirred for an additional 10 minutes.
- the resulting invert emulsion drilling mud was found to have the following properties before and after heat aging at different temperatures: nitial Heat Aged at Heat Aged at Heat Aged at
- invert emulsion drilling fluid formulated in accordance with the present invention is stable and useful as a drilling fluid even after being heat aged at temperatures up to 300°C. This is in contrast to the invert emulsion drilling fluid in Example 6 in which the presence of an alkaline reserve cause the break down and premature aging of the invert emulsion fluid.
- the above components were mixed to form the invert emulsion in the following manner: a) the ester and VGPLUS were mixed together for 10 minutes; b) to this mixture the Ecogreen - P, Ecogreen-S, Ecogreen -F, NOVAWET, acetic acid and EMI-545 were added and mixed for an additional 10 minutes; c) the brine was added with mixing and upon complete addition the mixing was continued for an additional 30 minutes to form an invert emulsion; d) the weight material (barite) was added and the fully formulated invert emulsion mud was stirred for an additional 10 minutes.
- the resulting invert emulsion drilling mud was found to have the following properties before and after heat aging at different temperatures: Initial Heat Aged at 200° Heat Aged at 250° Heat Aged at 300°
- invert emulsion drilling fluid formulated in accordance with the present invention is stable and useful as a drilling fluid even after being heat aged at temperatures up to 300°C. This is in contrast to the invert emulsion drilling fluid in Example 6 in which the presence of an alkaline reserve cause the break down and premature aging of the invert emulsion fluid.
- the above components were mixed to form the invert emulsion in the following manner: a) the ester and VGPLUS were mixed together for 10 minutes; b) to this mixture the Ecogreen - P, Ecogreen-S, Ecogreen -F, NOVAWET, and EMI-545 were added and mixed for an additional 10 minutes; c) the brine was added with mixing and upon complete addition the mixing was continued for an additional 30 minutes to form an invert emulsion; d) the weight material (barite) was added and the fully formulated invert emulsion mud was stirred for an additional 10 minutes.
- the resulting invert emulsion drilling mud was found to have the following properties before and after heat aging at different temperatures: Initial Heat Aged at 200° Heat Aged at 250° Heat Aged at 300°
- invert emulsion drilling fluid formulated in accordance with the present invention is stable and useful as a drilling fluid even after being heat aged at temperatures up to 300°C. This is in contrast to the invert emulsion drilling fluid in Example 6 in which the presence of an alkaline reserve cause the break down and premature aging of the invert emulsion fluid.
- invert emulsion mud that is illustrative of the present invention was formulated so as to have a density of 14 pounds-per gallon and an oil: water ratio of 85:15 :
- EXAMPLE 10 The following invert emulsion mud that is illustrative of the present invention was formulated so as to have a density of 12 pounds-per gallon and an oil:water ratio of 80:20 :
- EXAMPLE 11 The following invert emulsion mud that is illustrative of the present invention was formulated so as to have a density of 14 pounds-per gallon and an oil:water ratio of 85:15 :
- invert emulsion mud that is illustrative of the present invention was formulated so as to have a density of 14 pounds-per gallon and an oi water ratio of 90:10 :
- drilling fluids may be formulated in accordance with this invention having negative alkalinity. That is to say drilling fluids can be formulated absent an alkaline reserve, and such fluids are stable when subjected to heat aging at temperatures up to about 300°F. Further such a person would understand that the fluids made in accordance with the present invention remain useful as drilling fluids for periods of time significantly longer than ester based invert emulsion drilling fluids which have an alkaline reserve.
- EXAMPLE 14 The following invert emulsion muds that is illustrative of the present invention were formulated so as to have a density of 14 pounds-per gallon and an oil:water ratio of 90:10:
- an invert emulsion drilling fluid includes: an oleaginous phase a non-oleaginous phase an emulsifying agent capable of stabilizing an invert emulsion drilling fluid under conditions of negative alkalinity and wherein the drilling fluid has negative alkalinity.
- the non-oleaginous phase may be selected from fresh water, sea water, brine, aqueous solutions containing water soluble organic salts, water soluble alcohols or water soluble glycols or combinations thereof.
- the emulsifying agent should be capable of stabilizing the invert emulsion when the non-oleaginous phase is an aqueous acidic solution and preferably the addition of an aqueous acidic solution to the invert emulsion should not cause the invert emulsion to break.
- the non- oleaginous phase has an hydroxide ion concentration of less than 1 x 10 " moles per liter.
- Suitable emulsifying agents may be selected from the group consisting of: imidazoline, amidoamines of fatty acids, tall oil fatty acids, and protonated amines having the structure [R-N + -H 3 ] B " wherein R is a C 12 -C 22 alkyl group or a C 12 -C 22 alkenyl group and B- is a conjugate base of an acid, and preferably the emulsifying agent comprises from about 0.1 to about 10.0 percent by weight to volume of said drilling fluid.
- the oleaginous fluid utilized in the present illustrative embodiment may be selected from diesel oil, mineral oil, synthetic oil, ester oils, glycerides of fatty acids, aliphatic esters, aliphatic ethers, aliphatic acetals, or other such hydrocarbons and combinations thereof.
- a majority of the oleaginous fluid may include esters of C ⁇ -C ⁇ 2 alcohols and C 8 -C 24 monocarboxylic acids and preferably the esters may be selected from C ⁇ to C 1 alkyl alcohol esters of oleic acid, Ci to C 1 alkyl alcohol esters of myristic acid, Cj to C 1 alkyl alcohol ester of coco fatty acid, and mixtures thereof.
- the drilling fluid may further include a weighting agent such as barite, calcite, mullite, gallena, manganese oxides, iron oxides, or combinations thereof.
- a weighting agent such as barite, calcite, mullite, gallena, manganese oxides, iron oxides, or combinations thereof.
- Another illustrative embodiment of the present invention includes a mineral-oil free invert emulsion drilling fluid including: an oleaginous phase comprising substantially of esters of C ! -C 12 alcohols and C 8 -C 24 monocarboxylic acids; an non-oleaginous phase; and an emulsifying agent, said emulsifying agent being in sufficient amounts to stabilize an invert emulsion and wherein the mineral oil-free invert emulsion drilling fluids has negative alkalinity.
- the illustrative drilling fluid should not break upon the addition of an aqueous acidic solution to the invert emulsion and preferably the non-oleaginous phase may have an hydroxide ion concentration of less than 1 x 10 " moles per liter. That is to say the emulsifying agent should be capable of stabilizing the invert emulsion in the absence of an alkali reserve.
- the emulsifying agent may be selected from the group consisting of: imidazoline, amidoamines of fatty acids, tall oil fatty acids, and protonated amines having the structure [R-N + -H 3 ] B " wherein R is a C 12 -C 2 alkyl group or a C 12 -C 22 alkenyl group and B- is a conjugate base of an acid.
- the ester is selected from C ⁇ to C 12 alkyl alcohol esters of oleic acid, Cj to C ⁇ 2 alkyl alcohol esters of myristic acid, Ci to C 12 alkyl alcohol ester of coco fatty acid, and mixtures thereof.
- the illustrative drilling fluid may further include weighting agents such as barite, mullite, gallena, manganese oxides, iron oxides, or combinations thereof.
- the non- oleaginous phase may preferably be selected from fresh water, sea water, brine, aqueous solutions containing water soluble organic salts, water soluble alcohols or water soluble glycols or combinations thereof.
- the present invention also includes the use of the drilling fluids disclosed herein. Thus one of ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that a method of drilling a subterranean well with an invert emulsion drilling fluid is within the scope of the present invention.
- One such method may include: formulating an invert emulsion drilling fluid such that the drilling fluid includes, an oleaginous phase; a non-oleaginous phase; an emulsifying agent, wherein said emulsifying agent is capable of stabilizing the invert emulsion when said drilling fluid has a negative alkalinity; and drilling said well with said invert emulsion drilling fluid.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002351088A CA2351088A1 (en) | 1998-11-12 | 1999-11-12 | Invert emulsion drilling fluids having negative alkalinity |
AU16169/00A AU1616900A (en) | 1998-11-12 | 1999-11-12 | Invert emulsion drilling fluids having negative alkalinity |
EP99958894A EP1129148A1 (en) | 1998-11-12 | 1999-11-12 | Invert emulsion drilling fluids having negative alkalinity |
NO20012362A NO20012362L (en) | 1998-11-12 | 2001-05-14 | Oil-based drilling fluid with negative alkalinity |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US19078398A | 1998-11-12 | 1998-11-12 | |
US09/190,783 | 1998-11-12 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000027945A1 true WO2000027945A1 (en) | 2000-05-18 |
Family
ID=22702761
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1999/026639 WO2000027945A1 (en) | 1998-11-12 | 1999-11-12 | Invert emulsion drilling fluids having negative alkalinity |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1129148A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU1616900A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2351088A1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20012362L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000027945A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002062920A1 (en) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-08-15 | M-I Llc | Invert emulsion drilling fluids and muds having negative alkalinity and elastomer compatibility |
WO2003055960A1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-10 | Boudreau Edward L | Composition and method for improving oil recovery |
WO2006045456A1 (en) * | 2004-10-21 | 2006-05-04 | Cognis Oleochemicals Gmbh | Use of ethoxylated amidoamines as emulsifiers in drilling fluids |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1441299A (en) * | 1965-07-28 | 1966-06-03 | Water-in-oil drilling fluid | |
US3728277A (en) * | 1970-01-12 | 1973-04-17 | Witco Chemical Corp | Stable water-in-oil emulsions |
EP0382071A1 (en) * | 1989-02-09 | 1990-08-16 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Monocarboxylic-acid methyl ester for invert emulsion drilling fluids |
EP0382070A1 (en) * | 1989-02-09 | 1990-08-16 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Oleophilic basic amine derivatives as additives for invert emulsion drilling fluids |
EP0386638A1 (en) * | 1989-03-08 | 1990-09-12 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Use of selected lower carboxylic-acid ester oils in drilling fluids |
-
1999
- 1999-11-12 CA CA002351088A patent/CA2351088A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-11-12 WO PCT/US1999/026639 patent/WO2000027945A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-11-12 AU AU16169/00A patent/AU1616900A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-11-12 EP EP99958894A patent/EP1129148A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-05-14 NO NO20012362A patent/NO20012362L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1441299A (en) * | 1965-07-28 | 1966-06-03 | Water-in-oil drilling fluid | |
US3728277A (en) * | 1970-01-12 | 1973-04-17 | Witco Chemical Corp | Stable water-in-oil emulsions |
EP0382071A1 (en) * | 1989-02-09 | 1990-08-16 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Monocarboxylic-acid methyl ester for invert emulsion drilling fluids |
EP0382070A1 (en) * | 1989-02-09 | 1990-08-16 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Oleophilic basic amine derivatives as additives for invert emulsion drilling fluids |
EP0386638A1 (en) * | 1989-03-08 | 1990-09-12 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien | Use of selected lower carboxylic-acid ester oils in drilling fluids |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6589917B2 (en) | 1996-08-02 | 2003-07-08 | M-I Llc | Invert emulsion drilling fluids and muds having negative alkalinity and elastomer compatibility |
WO2002062920A1 (en) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-08-15 | M-I Llc | Invert emulsion drilling fluids and muds having negative alkalinity and elastomer compatibility |
AU2002246768B2 (en) * | 2000-12-20 | 2006-02-23 | M-I L.L.C. | Invert emulsion drilling fluids and muds having negative alkalinity and elastomer compatibility |
WO2003055960A1 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-10 | Boudreau Edward L | Composition and method for improving oil recovery |
US6776234B2 (en) | 2001-12-21 | 2004-08-17 | Edward L. Boudreau | Recovery composition and method |
US7312184B2 (en) | 2001-12-21 | 2007-12-25 | Boudreau Edward L | Recovery composition and method |
WO2006045456A1 (en) * | 2004-10-21 | 2006-05-04 | Cognis Oleochemicals Gmbh | Use of ethoxylated amidoamines as emulsifiers in drilling fluids |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU1616900A (en) | 2000-05-29 |
CA2351088A1 (en) | 2000-05-18 |
NO20012362D0 (en) | 2001-05-14 |
NO20012362L (en) | 2001-07-12 |
EP1129148A1 (en) | 2001-09-05 |
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