WO2000022526A1 - Load balancing cooperating cache servers - Google Patents
Load balancing cooperating cache servers Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000022526A1 WO2000022526A1 PCT/GB1999/003360 GB9903360W WO0022526A1 WO 2000022526 A1 WO2000022526 A1 WO 2000022526A1 GB 9903360 W GB9903360 W GB 9903360W WO 0022526 A1 WO0022526 A1 WO 0022526A1
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- cache
- cooperating
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/46—Multiprogramming arrangements
- G06F9/50—Allocation of resources, e.g. of the central processing unit [CPU]
- G06F9/5005—Allocation of resources, e.g. of the central processing unit [CPU] to service a request
- G06F9/5027—Allocation of resources, e.g. of the central processing unit [CPU] to service a request the resource being a machine, e.g. CPUs, Servers, Terminals
- G06F9/505—Allocation of resources, e.g. of the central processing unit [CPU] to service a request the resource being a machine, e.g. CPUs, Servers, Terminals considering the load
Definitions
- the present invention is related to load balancing among cooperating cache servers and in particular to load balancing based on load conditions and a frequency that requests are forwarded from cooperating cache servers .
- proxy cache servers between browsers and the originating web servers.
- proxy cache servers include a cluster of PC servers running Microsoft's Windows NT TM , such as the NETFINITY TM servers from IBM; and workstation servers running IBM' s AIX TM operating system, such as the IBM RS/6000 TM or SP/2 TM .
- ISPs Internet Service Providers
- corporations are using a collection of cooperating proxy cache servers to help improve response time as well as reduce traffic to the Internet.
- a collection of cooperating cache servers have distinct advantages over a single cache server in terms of reliability and performance. If one fails, requests can still be serviced by other cooperating cache servers. Requests can be distributed among the servers, thus increasing scalability. Finally, the aggregate cache size is much larger so that it is more likely that a requested object will be found in one of the cache servers.
- a request that cannot be serviced locally due to a cache miss can be forwarded to another cache server storing the requested object.
- direct request are those that are received directly from clients.
- Forwarded requests are those that come from other cooperating cache servers on behalf of their clients due to cache misses on the cache servers.
- a cache server can easily become overloaded if it happens to contain in- demand (or "hot") objects that most clients are currently interested in, creating uneven workloads among the cache servers. Uneven workloads can create a performance bottleneck, as many of the cache servers are waiting for the same overloaded cache server to respond to requests forwarded to it.
- Load balancing is traditionally done by a front-end scheduler which "evenly distributes" incoming direct requests among the cache servers.
- load balancing can be done at the DNS level ⁇ y manipulating a mapping table, such as is done by the NETRA ⁇ proxy cache by Sun Microsystems ("Proxy Cache Server, Product Overview", white paper, Sun Microsystems, http://www.sun.com/).
- Load balancing among a cluster of servers can also be done with a front -end router, such as the NETDISPATCHER TM offered by IBM (see e.g., G.
- Cooperative caching has been used in distributed file systems to improve system performance (see “Cooperative caching: Using Remote Client Memory to Improve File System Performance,” by M. D. Dahlin et al., Proc. of 1st Symp. on Operating Systems Design and
- the file caches of a collection of workstations distributed on a LAN are coordinated to form a more effective overall file cache.
- Each workstation caches not only objects referenced by local requests but also objects that may be referenced by requests from a remote workstation.
- Upon a local cache miss a local request can be sent to other client workstations where a copy can be obtained, if found. Otherwise, the object is obtained from the object server.
- the emphasis here is mainly how to maintain cache coherency in the face of updates and how to maintain cache hit ratios by moving a locally replaced object to the cache memory of another workstation. There is no dynamic load balancing.
- Cooperative caching is also used in collective proxy cache servers to reduce the access time.
- a cache server may forward the request to obtain the object from a cooperating cache server in a LAN or a regional area network. For example, upon a local cache miss in the SQUID system, a cache server multicasts a request (using the Internet Cache Protocol (ICP)) to a set of other cache servers (see "Squid Internet Object Cache", by D. Wessels et al . , http://squid.nlanr.net/). If their caches contain the requested object, these cooperating cache servers reply with a message indicating such.
- ICP Internet Cache Protocol
- the requested object is then obtained from the cooperating cache server which responded first to the request, instead of from the original web server on the Internet. However, if none replies after a time-out period, then the requested object will be fetched from the originating web server. Load imbalances can occur at a cache server due to forwarded requests.
- the CRISP system uses a logical central directory to locate an object cached on another proxy server (see
- a cache server asks the directory server for the object, with central knowledge of the caches object storage, the directory server sends such a request to the server whose cache includes the object. If found, the object is then sent to the requesting server while the original server continues to cache the object. If no cache has a copy of the requested object, the requesting server obtains the object from the originating web server through the Internet (potentially through a WAN) . Again, this can create a load imbalance at the cache server due to subsequent requests forwarded to this cache server.
- CARP Cache Array Routing Protocol
- CARP Cache Array Routing Protocol
- the entire object space is partitioned among the cooperating cache servers, with one partition for each cache server, when a request is received by a cache server from a configured client browser, a hash function is applied to a key from the request, such as the URL or the destination IP address, to identify the partition. If the hash partition is the assigned to requesting cache server, then the request is serviced locally. Otherwise, it is forwarded to the proper cache server in the identified partition.
- SQUID, CRISP and CARP use the caches of other proxy servers to reduce the possibility of having to go through the WAN for a missed object. They differ in the mechanism for locating a cooperating cache server whose cache may contain a copy of the requested object.
- Each cache server services two kinds of requests: direct requests and forwarded requests .
- Direct requests are those made directly from the browsers connected to the proxy server.
- Forwarded requests are those made by cooperating cache servers whose caches do not have the requested objects. In any event, depending on the types of objects a proxy server caches at a given moment, its CPU could be overloaded because it is busy serving both direct and forwarded requests.
- one aspect of the present invention provides a cache server load balancing method, comprising the steps of: receiving forwarded requests from a cooperating cache server in response to a cache miss for an object on the cooperating cache server; and shifting one or more of said forwarded requests for the object between cooperating cache servers based on a load condition and a forwarding frequency for the object.
- Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of load balancing in a collection of cooperating cache servers, where each cache server can receive direct requests and forwarded requests, and upon a cache miss, a request can be forwarded to an owning cache server caching said object, the method comprising the steps of: monitoring a load condition and a forwarding frequency for said cooperating cache servers; and shifting one or more forwarded requests from one cooperating cache server to a second cooperating cache server based on a change in the load condition and the forwarding frequency.
- a request can be forwarded to another cooperating server if the requested object cannot be found locally.
- a cache server can obtain a copy from a cooperating cache server in a local area network or an intranet.
- the average response time for access to an object can be significantly improved by the cooperating cache server.
- some objects can be in high demand by all the clients.
- the proxy cache servers that contain those hot objects can become overloaded by forwarded requests coming from other proxy cache servers, creating a performance bottleneck.
- we propose a load balancing method for a collection of cooperating proxy cache servers by shifting some or all of the forwarded requests from an overloaded cache server to a less loaded one.
- An example of a cache server load balancing method in accordance with the present invention includes the steps of: receiving forwarded requests from a cooperating cache server in response to a cache miss for an object on the cooperating cache server; and shifting one or more of the forwarded requests for the object between cooperating cache servers based on a load condition and a forwarding frequency for the object.
- the present invention also includes features for periodically monitoring the load condition on and the forwarding frequency to the owning cache server; and proactively shifting one or more subsequent forwarded requests for the cached object from the owning cache server to one or more of the cooperating cache servers, in response to the monitoring.
- the shifting step further includes the step of checking the load condition and forwarding frequency, in response to the receipt of a forwarded request.
- the load condition of the cooperating cache server is a weighted sum of a count of said forwarded requests, and a count of direct requests to said cooperating cache server.
- the cache information is maintained at: each object level; or a partition of objects level.
- the present embodiment includes various implementations for performing the load balancing, including both centralized and distributed environments and various hybrids thereof.
- a distributed load monitor can be used for monitoring and maintaining a local load condition, the forwarding frequency and ownership information for cached objects on each cooperating cache server.
- the cooperating cache servers can periodically exchange and maintain one or more of: the load condition information; the forwarding frequency; and the ownership information.
- the cooperating cache servers can exchange information by piggybacking one or more of: the load condition information; the forwarding frequency; and the ownership information, with one or more of the forwarded requests and responses.
- an overloaded cooperating cache server can identify a less loaded cooperating cache server; and communicate a shift request and a copy of the cached object to the less loaded cooperating cache server (which then caches the object), so that subsequent requests for the object will not be forwarded.
- an overloaded cooperating cache server can communicate the shift request to the less loaded cooperating cache server, which then obtains a copy of the object from an originating object server, in response to the shift request.
- the owning cache server can multicast the shift request message to one or more of the other cooperating cache servers so that subsequent forward requests will be shifted.
- the cooperating cache servers can each include a distributed load monitor for monitoring and locally maintaining load conditions, and also can maintain • the forwarding frequency and ownership information in a local copy of a caching table or by means of a hashing function.
- the cooperating cache servers can modify the ownership information by means of the local copy of the caching table or the hash function.
- the present embodiment includes still other features for modifying the ownership for the object to a shared ownership between at least two of the cooperating cache servers and forwarding subsequent object requests to one or more less loaded shared owners of the object. If a decrease in the load condition for a shared object is detected, the shared ownership can be merged, in response to the decrease in the load condition.
- the shifting of one or more of the forwarded requests based on the load condition an the forwarding frequency can be accomplished by communicating a copy of the object from the owning cache server to one or more of the cooperating cache servers, so that subsequent requests will not be forwarded (as long as the object remains in the recipient's cache).
- An example of a centralized environment in accordance with the present embodiment includes: a centralized logical load monitor for maintaining the forwarding frequency and the load condition for the cooperating cache servers.
- the load monitor can include a logical directory server for maintaining a load table for monitoring the load on the cache servers and a caching table (or hash function) for monitoring the forwarding frequency and locating objects.
- the directory server receives requests for object locations in other cache servers for a locally missed object and forwards requests for locally missed objects.
- the directory server load balances requests among the cooperating cache servers by manipulating the caching table based on the load and the forwarding frequency for a given object, in response to the requests for object locations.
- Figure la shows an example of a system in a block diagram form employing a collection of proxy cache servers, wherein a centralized load balancing logic according to the present invention can be applied;
- Figure lb shows another example of a system in a block diagram form employing a collection of proxy cache servers, where a distributed load balancing logic according to the present invention can be applied;
- Figures 2a-b show examples of data formats for two tables that can be maintained by the load monitor depicted in Figures la-b;
- Figure 3 shows an example of a logic flow for the load monitor in response to a request from a cache server because of a cache miss
- Figure 4 shows an example of a logic flow for a cache server in response to a request for an object.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a block diagram of a system employing a collection of proxy cache servers, where a centralized load balancing logic proposed in this invention can be applied.
- the system includes a collection of proxy cache servers 150.
- proxy cache servers 150 are connected with each other through a local area network (LAN) or a regional area network or intranet 140.
- LAN local area network
- WAN wide area network
- these proxy cache servers can reach 115 the originating web servers for objects that cannot be found locally on their own caches.
- a logical load monitor 120 includes a load balancing logic 130 for monitoring the load conditions and forwarding frequency (Fig. 2a) of the cooperating cache servers 150 and provides load balancing for them.
- various load monitor 120 features can: reside in one or more of the cache servers; be duplicated and distributed among the cache servers; or reside in another dedicated system such as a personal computer (PC) server or workstation.
- the load monitor 120 can perform a central directory function in directing forwarded requests 125 to the cache servers.
- One or more browsers 160 can be configured to connect to each cache server 150. Direct requests 155 are sent from the clients such as computers running conventional browsers 160 to the configured cache server 150.
- the cache server 150 communicates a message to the load monitor 120.
- the load monitor 120 then forwards the request 125 to the cache server 150 that owns the requested object.
- the owning cache server then sends the requested object to the requesting cache server, e.g., via the LAN 140.
- the load monitor 120 initiates a shifting of forwarded requests from the overloaded cache server to one or more underloaded (or less loaded) servers.
- the shifting of ownership can be based on the load condition of the servers 150 and the forwarding frequency, as well as other factors.
- FIG. 2a-b shows examples of data formats of two tables maintained by the load monitor.
- the tables include a load table 102, and a caching table 101.
- the load table 102 includes the load condition 1021 of each (A,B,C ... 1022) cache server 150 so that overloaded and underloaded servers can be identified.
- load conditions 1021 can be updated periodically by probing each cache server.
- the load of a cache server can be a weighted sum of the number of forwarded requests and the number of direct requests.
- An overloaded cache server 150 can be identified by any conventional techniques, e.g., the load monitor can compute the mean load of all proxy cache servers in past intervals.
- Overloaded cache servers can be those with loads exceeding a threshold above the mean load.
- load balancing takes into account the amount of overloading as well as the load due to the forwarding frequency 1011 of the cached objects. This way, the load monitor can decide whether or not to continue shifting some or all forwarded requests from an overloaded cache server C 10213 to an underloaded server A 10211.
- the caching table 1010 includes the forwarding frequency 1011 and ownership 1012 information of an object or a partition of objects. As will be discussed below, the ownership can be single as in A 10122, or shared 10121, 10123 among two or more cooperating cache servers.
- the forwarding frequency 1011 represents the number of times a request for an object has been forwarded through the load monitor.
- the caching table 101 can also maintain a timestamp 1013, indicating the most recent time a request for an object was forwarded.
- the caching information for an object or a partition 1010 can include a forwarding frequency over a given time period (count/time) for the object ID or partition ID 1010 through the load monitor 120.
- Object partitions 1010 can alternatively be based on a hash function on object identifiers, or can be based on the directory structures that objects are organized by on the web servers. In the case of a partition, any object belonging to a partition will be forwarded by the load monitor. The shifting of ownership can be based on the load condition of the servers, the forwarding frequency 1011 and other information such as the time stamp information.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a logic flow for steps taken by the load monitor 120 in response to a request 125 from a cache server 150 because of a cache miss.
- step 201 it checks to see if the requested object/partition can be found in the caching table. If not, in step 202, a new entry is created for the object/partition and a cache server is assigned as its owner. After the entry is located in the caching table, in step 203, the forwarding frequency 1011 is updated, e.g., incremented by 1. The load monitor then examines the load table 102 to see if the owner is currently overloaded (and that the forwarding frequency 1011 is a significant contributor thereto), in step 204.
- the load monitor finds an underloaded (or less loaded) cache server and assign it as the new 10122 (or shared) owner 10122 of the requested object.
- the ownership information 1012 for the object in the caching table 101 is updated accordingly.
- the logic flow could comprise a shared 10123 or hierarchical ownership 1012 in the caching table 101 or other data structure employed.
- the request (possibly with a copy of the requested object) can then be forwarded 125 to a new sole 10122 (or shared 10123) owner, in step 206.
- the new owner can be requested to obtain 115 an object copy from the originating object server, e.g., via the Internet 110.
- the load checking step 204 can be performed proactively, i.e., periodically or in response to an identified overload or overload trend 1021 - due at least in part to a high forwarding frequency 1011 - for a given object id/partition id 1010 and cache server (ownership 1012) . If so, then in step 205, the load monitor finds an underloaded (or less loaded) cache server, assigns it as the new (or shared) owner of the requested object, and possibly sends a copy of the object to the new (or shared) owner as above.
- step 208 when the load condition 10211 and forwarding frequency 10111 for a shared ownership object (p 10101) drops below a predetermined threshold, in step 209, the shared ownership (B, A 10121) can be merged to a single ownership and one of the copies purged from one of the cache servers A 10121, e.g., to make room for another hot obj ect .
- FIG 4 shows an example of a logic flow for a cache server when a request for an object is received, either directly 155 from a browser 160 or forwarded 125 from the load monitor 120.
- step 301 it first checks to see if the requested object can be found locally in its cache. If yes, in step 302, it returns the object and the process ends, in step 306. Otherwise, in step 303, it checks to see if the request is a direct request or a forwarded request. If it is a direct request, in step 304, the request is sent to the load monitor and the process ends, in step 306. On the other hand, if the request is a forwarded request, in step 305, the cache server will fetch the object from the originating web server and return the object. The process then ends, in step 306.
- a browser 160 connecting to a cache server C 10223 requests 155 an object p 10101. From the caching table 101, it can be seen that object p 10101 is not cached on server C, but it is cached on ("owned” by) cache server B (assuming B, A 10121 is initially only solely designated by B) .
- server C 10223 sends a request to the load monitor 120 for object p.
- the load monitor may forward the request to server B, asking it to send a copy of object p to server C.
- the load monitor might shift the forwarded request by finding an underloaded (or less loaded) server to serve as a new (or shared as in B, A 10121) owner of object p.
- the request is then forwarded to the new (or shared e.g., A) owning server for the object.
- the new (or shared e.g., A) owning server for the object Note that even after the transfer of ownership, a copy of object p is still on server B's cache and can still serve direct requests coming to server B.
- all future forwarded requests for object p (or perhaps some, in the case of a shared ownership) will be shifted to server A.
- shared ownership B, A 10121 future forwarded requests for object p 10101 can be sent to the less loaded server.
- the present invention can be configured to perform load balancing for a collection of cooperating proxy cache servers where each cache server 150 multicasts to a list of cooperating cache servers to locate a copy of a locally missed object.
- no specific ownership information need be maintained anywhere in the system.
- a logical load monitor 120 is used to maintain the load conditions 1021 of all proxy cache servers and share this information with each cache server 150.
- the load balancing can be achieved by excluding overloaded servers from the list of cooperating servers to which a cache server multicasts its request (also called a shift request) . As a result, only less loaded cache servers will receive forwarded requests 125.
- Another alternative is a load balancing method for a collection of cooperating proxy cache servers where a hash function is used to locate a copy of a locally missed object.
- the object space can be partitioned among the cooperating proxy cache servers 150, with one partition for each cache server.
- One preferred approach is to hash the object space into a large number of buckets, much larger than the total number of proxy cache servers. These hash buckets are then assigned to the cache servers, with the goal of balancing the loads among them. Periodically, one can move one or more hash buckets from one overloaded server to an underloaded server, effectively changing the hash function.
- the load condition of the cooperating cache server can factor in the forwarding frequency directly into the calculated load condition.
- the load condition can be a weighted sum of a count of said forwarded requests, and a count of direct requests to said cooperating cache server.
- the load monitor could separately maintain the overall forwarding frequency for each cooperating cache server.
- yet another alternative is a load monitor 120 that is distributed, i.e., wherein some or all the load monitor is duplicated across the cache servers 150.
- the distributed load monitor includes local load condition information 1021
- the distributed load monitor 120' preferably also includes the caching table 101 with the forwarding frequency 1011 and ownership 1012 information for each object id/partition id 1010.
- a hashing function for example as described above, could be distributed and stored in the cache servers.
- Load condition information 1021 and/or caching information 101 can be exchanged periodically; when there is a change in status (ownership or significant change in load condition) ; or piggybacked with cache forwarding requests and responses.
- Load condition 1021 information could also have a time stamp (not shown) associated with it for tracking or other purposes .
- the local load monitor 120 looks up the ownership of the requested object in its local caching table 101 and forwards the request, to the owning cache server.
- the hash function could be applied to a key from the request, such as the URL or the destination IP address, to identify the partition and the request then forwarded to the correct cache server.
- the owning cache server identifies it as a forwarded request (e.g., by identifying it as from another cache server as opposed to a client) and updates its forwarding frequency 1011 information as applicable (Fig. 3, step 203).
- the owning cache server can respond to the requesting cache server with a shift request and a copy of the cached object.
- the requesting cache server can obtain a copy from the originating object server via an intranet, WAN or Internet 110.
- this server will no longer issue forward requests (steps 301, 302) as long as it remains in the cache, thus proportionally reducing the load on the owning server.
- the owning cache server can multicast a shift request message to one or more of the other cooperating cache servers 150 so that subsequent forward requests will be shifted, e.g., by updating their local copy of the caching table or modifying the hash function (step 205) .
- other cache servers can forward their requests to the new owner (or to the lease loaded owner of two or more cache servers 150 if ownership is shared) as indicated in their local copy of the caching table 101.
- the shared ownership information can be merged to its original state (e.g., B,A 10121 --> B) .
- the requesting cache server could proactively check the load condition (and associated time stamp) of the owning server (step 204), i.e., before forwarding the request. If overloaded, the requesting server could request a copy of the object from the owning server (or from the originating server via the intranet or Internet 110) and possibly a load condition confirmation.
- the owning cache server could update its caching table 101 or modify the hash function to indicate the new shared ownership (step 205) .
- the requesting server (or the owning server) could then multicast a message to all other cache servers 150 indicating the new shared ownership of the object and possibly include an updated load condition.
- step 202 other cache servers would update their caching tables 101 or modify the hash function to indicate the new shared ownership (step 202) , and can forward their requests (step 206) to the least loaded owner of two or more cache servers 150 sharing ownership as indicated in their local copy of the caching table 101.
- a shared cache owner's load has decreased to an acceptable level (steps 204 and 208), e.g., as indicated by a threshold, the ownership information can be merged to its original state, in step 209.
- a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes features that can be implemented as software tangibly embodied on a computer program product or program storage device for execution on a processor (not shown) provided with cache server 150 or other computer embodying the load monitor 120, such as in the centralized model described.
- software implemented in a popular object-oriented computer executable code such as JAVA provides portability across different platforms.
- object-oriented computer executable code such as JAVA provides portability across different platforms.
- methods of the present embodiment may be the software may be embodied on a magnetic, electrical, optical, or other persistent program and/or data storage device, including but not limited to: magnetic disks, Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD) , bubble memory; tape; optical disk formats such as CD-ROMs and DVD; and other persistent (also called nonvolatile) storage devices such as core, ROM, PROM, flash memory, or battery backed RAM.
- DASD Direct Access Storage Devices
- bubble memory such as CD-ROMs and DVD
- other persistent (also called nonvolatile) storage devices such as core, ROM, PROM, flash memory, or battery backed RAM.
- a request can be forwarded to a cooperating cache server if the requested object cannot be found locally.
- An overload condition is detected if for example, due to reference skew, some objects are in high demand by all the clients and the cache servers that contain those hot objects become overloaded due to forwarded requests.
- the load is balanced by shifting some or all of the forwarded requests from an overloaded cache server to a less loaded one.
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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HU0104250A HU224787B1 (en) | 1998-10-09 | 1999-10-08 | Load balancing cooperating cache servers |
IL14197399A IL141973A (en) | 1998-10-09 | 1999-10-08 | Load balancing cooperating cache servers |
CA002343802A CA2343802C (en) | 1998-10-09 | 1999-10-08 | Load balancing cooperating cache servers |
AU61144/99A AU6114499A (en) | 1998-10-09 | 1999-10-08 | Load balancing cooperating cache servers |
EP99947777A EP1119808A1 (en) | 1998-10-09 | 1999-10-08 | Load balancing cooperating cache servers |
JP2000576365A JP3989682B2 (en) | 1998-10-09 | 1999-10-08 | Cache server load balancing method |
PL99347159A PL195958B1 (en) | 1998-10-09 | 1999-10-08 | Load balancing cooperating cache servers |
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US09/169,223 US6438652B1 (en) | 1998-10-09 | 1998-10-09 | Load balancing cooperating cache servers by shifting forwarded request |
US09/169,223 | 1998-10-09 |
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CA (1) | CA2343802C (en) |
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HUP0104250A2 (en) | 2002-02-28 |
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PL347159A1 (en) | 2002-03-25 |
US6438652B1 (en) | 2002-08-20 |
KR100473671B1 (en) | 2005-03-08 |
KR20010075542A (en) | 2001-08-09 |
AU6114499A (en) | 2000-05-01 |
CN1255728C (en) | 2006-05-10 |
TW444458B (en) | 2001-07-01 |
CA2343802C (en) | 2004-04-20 |
HU224787B1 (en) | 2006-02-28 |
JP2002527818A (en) | 2002-08-27 |
CA2343802A1 (en) | 2000-04-20 |
US20020026560A1 (en) | 2002-02-28 |
CN1322315A (en) | 2001-11-14 |
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