WO2000019350A1 - Self organizing industrial control system using bidding - Google Patents
Self organizing industrial control system using bidding Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000019350A1 WO2000019350A1 PCT/US1999/022971 US9922971W WO0019350A1 WO 2000019350 A1 WO2000019350 A1 WO 2000019350A1 US 9922971 W US9922971 W US 9922971W WO 0019350 A1 WO0019350 A1 WO 0019350A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
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- constraints
- machine
- autonomous control
- control system
- machines
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
- G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
- G05B19/418—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS], computer integrated manufacturing [CIM]
- G05B19/41865—Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS], computer integrated manufacturing [CIM] characterised by job scheduling, process planning, material flow
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
- G05B2219/30—Nc systems
- G05B2219/32—Operator till task planning
- G05B2219/32328—Dynamic scheduling, resource allocation, multi agent negotiation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/02—Total factory control, e.g. smart factories, flexible manufacturing systems [FMS] or integrated manufacturing systems [IMS]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to industrial controllers for the real-time control of equipment used in manufacturing and in particular to an industrial controller that automatically organizes equipment for the manufacture of a product based on the capabilities of the equipment.
- Industrial controllers are special purpose computers used in controlling industrial processes. Under the direction of a stored control program, an industrial controller examines a series of inputs reflecting the status of the controlled process and changes a series of outputs controlling the industrial process.
- the inputs and outputs may be binary, that is, on or off, or analog, providing a value within a continuous range.
- the inputs may be obtained from sensors attached to the controlled equipment and the outputs may be signals to actuators on the controlled equipment.
- control program executed on an industrial controller is normally unique to each controlled process.
- the writing and troubleshooting of the control program is thus a significant cost in the creation of an industrial control system.
- an industrial controller would automatically configure itself to manufacture a product based on knowledge of the available manufacturing equipment and the product's specifications.
- the present invention provides a self-configuring industrial control system.
- An autonomous control unit is associated with each piece of manufacturing equipment and programmed with data describing the capabilities of that equipment and that equipment's ability to interact with other equipment.
- a desired product is described in a "job description language” and broadcast to the autonomous control units.
- Each unit identifies portions of the job that they can complete and exchanges "bids” and “counterbids” with the other control units to allocate the job among the units.
- the autonomous control units are programmed with generalized “goals” so that the allocation may be further optimized for high productivity, low cost or some other objective measure.
- the present invention provides an industrial control system for controlling an industrial process of interconnected machines operating on a manufactured product.
- the industrial controller includes a communication link receiving a job description of tasks for producing the desired product and includes a plurality of "autonomous control units", one associated with each machine.
- Each autonomous control unit includes an interface connecting the autonomous control unit to the communication link to communicate thereon with the other autonomous control units.
- the autonomous control units also include an electronic memory holding data representing (i) machine constraints indicating constraints on the physical operation of its associated machine; (ii) inter-machine constraints indicating constraints on the operation of its associated machine resulting from interaction of that machine with other machines; and (iii) goals indicating desired trade-offs within the operational constraints.
- An electronic computer in each autonomous control unit executes a bid protocol program to receive the job description and the bids by the other autonomous control units and to transmit either a bid or a counterbid for performance of a task to the other autonomous control units.
- the bids and counterbids are selected to conform to the operational constraints and the goals.
- the bids also conform to the inter-machine constraints and the counterbids propose new inter-machine constraints.
- the electronic computer responds to counterbids from other autonomous control units with a modified bid.
- an industrial controller may automatically organize the equipment for the production of a product.
- the industrial controller may evaluate alternatives for the production of the product.
- the bid and counterbid process allows the equipment to resolve shared parameters for the manufacturing process.
- the present invention provides predictable control solution, that is, when the present invention selects a set of parameters, it can be assured that the parameters can be implemented with the equipment.
- the machine constraints may include a list of tasks which the associated machine can perform and the autonomous control unit may transmit a bid and, in the alternative, a counterbid only if at least one task of the job description is on the list of tasks.
- the electronic memory may further include data representing a model of the operation of the associated machine and the autonomous control unit may evaluate potential modifications of the inter-machine constraints by execution of the model.
- Use of a model allows evaluation of trade-offs between constraints of the associated equipment.
- the model may produce predicted machine outputs when provided with machine inputs and a received counterbid may propose new outputs which are also inter-machine constraints.
- the industrial control system may iteratively apply machine inputs to the model obtain the proposed new outputs thereby obtaining input values that satisfy the counterbid.
- the inter-machine constraints may include limitations of the path of the desired product between machines.
- the industrial control system may include a "product autonomous control unit" associated with the desired product and having product constraints and goals and executing a bid protocol program to generate a job description for the other autonomous control units and to select among plans comprised of sets of bids from other autonomous control units.
- a product autonomous control unit associated with the desired product and having product constraints and goals and executing a bid protocol program to generate a job description for the other autonomous control units and to select among plans comprised of sets of bids from other autonomous control units.
- Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a simplified rolling mill composed of a sequential set of machines each associated with an autonomous control unit per the present invention
- Fig. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the autonomous control units of Fig. 1 showing the inter connection of the autonomous control units through interfaces on a common link and a processors and memories of the autonomous control units;
- Fig. 3 is a detailed block diagram of the memory of one autonomous control unit of Fig. 2 showing the contained bid program, constraint data, goal data, self assessment data, and a model of the equipment associated with the autonomous control unit;
- Fig. 4 is a expanded block diagram of the constraint data, goal data, self assessment data, and model of Fig. 3;
- Fig. 5 is a graphical representation of the equipment of the rolling mill of Fig. 1 as defined by various inputs and constraints;
- Fig. 6 is a flow chart of the bid program of Fig. 3 such as may be used to generate a control strategy for the machines of Figs. 1 and 5; and Fig. 7 is a flow chart of the operation of the model of Fig. 3 and 4 in the responding to a counter-bid per the flow chart of Fig. 6.
- an industrial process 10 may provide for the processing of metal billets 12 through a series of machines 14.
- Each machine 14 may have an associated autonomous control unit 16 being either discrete devices as shown in Fig. 1 or portions of a centralized machine.
- the autonomous control units 16 may be separate computers interconnected by a common communication link 18 and also connected by the communication link 18 to a controller 20 and a human/machine interface such as a computer terminal 22 of conventional design.
- the autonomous control units 16 may be partitions of controller 20 communicating with the machines 14 via sensors and actuators on the machines 14.
- machines 14 may include a reheat furnace 14a for heating precast billets 12 to a predetermined temperature, a rolling mill 14b for rolling the billets 12 to a predetermined diameter, a water bath 14c for cooling the billets 12 with water and a Stelmor conveyor 12d cooling the billets 12 with air.
- the billets 12 may alternatively come directly from a continuous casting machine 14e at casting temperature without the need for reheating by reheat furnace 14a. In this case the billets pass directly from the continuous caster 14e to the rolling mill 14b.
- each autonomous control unit 16 includes an interface circuit 24 connected with the common communication link 18 and handling communication protocols so that the autonomous control units 16 may communicate bids and counter-bids among themselves and may receive a job description as will be discussed below.
- the interface circuits 24 of each autonomous control unit 16 are connected by an internal bus 26 to a processor 28 and memory 30.
- the memory 30 holds a bid program 32 that will be used to generate bids and counter-bids to be exchanged among the autonomous control units 16 in developing a control strategy for the machines 14.
- the bid program 32 communicates with the other autonomous control units 16 according to a communications protocol program 35 which also serves to store and sort bids and counter-bids and job descriptions and direct bids and counter-bids to the correct device as will be described.
- the bid program 32 has access to stored data tables representing constraint data 34, which generally quantifies the limitations of performance of the associated machine 14, goal data 36, which describes preferences among modes of operation of the associated machine 14 within the constraints 34, self assessment data 38 generally describing the dynamic state of the associated machine, and a model 40 modeling operation of the associated machine by mathematical means.
- Task constraints 42 describe generally the kind of operation that the associated machine 14 is intended to perform.
- the reheat furnace 14a may perform heating tasks (GOTO TEMP)
- the rolling mill 14b (as shown) may perform a diameter reduction task (GOTO DIA.).
- the task constraints 42 allow the autonomous control units 16 to make a threshold determination as to whether their associated machines 14 will make a bid for a particular task of a plan to produce a product.
- the autonomous control unit 16a of the rolling mill 14b will only bid for tasks requiring diameter reductions.
- the constraint data also includes input constraints 44 describe the limits of the inputs to the associated machine 14.
- the inputs are well defined and their ranges are set by the physical design of the machine. For example, for the rolling mill 14b the input will be amount of gas valve opening and the range of the input will be from zero to one hundred percent. For the rolling mill 14b the inputs will be rolling diameter from 0 to 1. For the water bath 14c the input will be water flow rate and for the Stelmor conveyor 14d the inputs will be air flow rate.
- input constraints are only those constraints independent of the operation of other machines 14.
- the constraints 34 also include path constraints 46 which generally reflect limitations on the possible paths of the product, the billet 12, between machines 14 as dictated by their physical layout.
- the "inter-machine" or “intermediate” constraints 48 representing operating parameters shared between machines 14 based on the path of the material between machines 14.
- these intermediate constraints 48 connect identical operating parameters of the machines 14 forming outputs of upstream machines in the material path with inputs of downstream machines in the material flow path.
- the input temperature of the rolling mill 14b will be constrained to be equal to output temperature of the reheat furnace 14a or the output temperature of the continuous caster 14e depending on the particular path.
- the continuous caster 14e has an output speed and hence this is an inter-machine constraint for that path only.
- the rolling mill 14b and water box 14c also share output and input temperatures respectively, and also billet speed i.e., the speed of exit of the billet 12 from the rolling mill 14b equaling the speed of entry of the billet into the water box 14c.
- the water box 14c and Stelmor conveyor 14d do not share the parameter of conveyor speed but do share the parameter of temperature as the temperature of the billet output from the water box 14b will equal the temperature of the billet 12 entering to the Stelmor conveyor.
- the memory may also hold goal data 36 implemented as a utility function 50 having as input arguments one or more of the characterizing parameters of the machine 14 either inputs or outputs, and as a value an arbitrarily defined utility which reflects a preprogrammed goal of the autonomous control unit 16.
- the utility function 50 may be a function of speed reflecting a desire for high production, but also a particular speed for metallurgical reasons. A more complex utility function 50 might consider other metallurgical properties and wear on the equipment.
- the autonomous control unit 16 strives to maximize utility within the operational and intermediate constraints.
- the goals for the reheat furnace 14a, the water box 14c and Stelmor conveyor 14d are generally reduction of gas, water and air volume respectively.
- the self assessment data 38 will typically include various sensed parameters 52 of the associated machine 14. As shown in Fig. 4 for the rolling mill 14b, the self assessment data includes current rolling diameter and the rolling speed (sensed outputs). A general operational status for the rolling mill 14b may also be provided as generated from other inputs and outputs and possibly a heuristic program evaluating the fitness of the machine 14. Generally the self assessment data 38 is used to modify the operation constraints 34 if the operational status of the machine 14 is somehow impaired.
- the model 40 provides a mathematical description 54 relating inputs to the machine 14 to its outputs.
- a simple linear equation of three variables is shown relating output temperature of the rolling mill 14b to the input temperature the rolling speed and the diameter reduction.
- This model reflects generally the fact that the rolling process can increase the temperature of the stock.
- the inverse of the model function is not also a function and thus an iterative process must be used to deduce an input from an output such as a binary search using successive input values until the desired output is arrived at.
- the model 40 will take into account the time integral of the gas valve opening as reflects the heating of the furnace.
- the model for the water box 14c may relate cooling water flow and process speed to surface and internal temperatures.
- the model 40 for Stelmor conveyor 14d will provide a time and air flow relationship to temperature of the output billet 12. The construction of such models is generally understood in the art and will depend on the particular machine 14.
- a "product" autonomous control unit 16 may be implemented by an arbitrary controller 20 to represent the desired product to be manufactured from the billet 12.
- This product autonomous control unit provides a convenient unit for implementing the functions of describing the product to the autonomous control units 16 of the machines 14 and of evaluating the plans produced by the autonomous control units 16 against the product definition.
- the product autonomous control unit accepts input from a user through computer terminal 22 describing the product characteristics and produces a machine independent description of desired tasks for producing that product in a job description language.
- the job description language is an ASCII text file providing a number of steps defining desired machine outputs. For example, to produce a rolled billet, the job description is as follows:
- the job description language is generated by the autonomous control unit implemented in controller 20 for the product is represented by process block 60.
- the JDL is broadcast over the communication link 18.
- each autonomous control unit receiving the broadcast JDL evaluates the tasks of the JDL generally in light of its own task constraints 42 and submits to the most upstream autonomous control unit 16 in the path (indicated by the path constraints 46), and in this case the reheat furnace 14a, an indication of which tasks represented by steps in the JDL, it can perform.
- the most upstream autonomous control unit 16a based on the received indications about task capability from the other autonomous control units 16, next tries to create one or more "template job plans" representing a possible allocations of tasks to machines 14.
- the most upstream autonomous control units 16a proceeds to a fail state 66 indicating that the desired product cannot be produced by the machines 14.
- one or more job templates will be created as described.
- a number of different job templates may address different allocation of machines 14 to different steps of the JDL or different material flow paths in the case where the topology is not as simple as the example used herein. Or different job templates may address different products.
- the job plans are then broadcast to the autonomous control units 16 which extract the path constraints 46 from the material paths contained in the job plans and establish a set of machine relationships manifest in the inter-machine constraints 48. A different set of machine relationships will be prepared for each job plan reflecting possibly different material paths and hence different machine interactions.
- Each autonomous control unit 16 initially is programmed with a set of ranges for the intermediate constraints 48, the ranges based on the known characteristics of the machine associated with the autonomous control unit 16, for example, a speed or temperature range which may be determined by the design of the machine 14. As indicated by process block 69, these initial ranges are then exchanged with the upstream and downstream machines sharing the same operational parameters as indicated by the inter-machine constraints 48. For example, for a first path where rolling mill 14b receives billets 12 from the reheat furnace 14(a), the oven output temperature range may be 0 to 2000 degrees substantially larger than the rolling mill 14b input temperature range of 1000 to 1200 degrees. In this case, the intersection of these two ranges 1000-1200 is adopted by the reheat oven 14a and the rolling mill 14b for this shared parameter.
- the casting process may require a narrow temperature range about 800 degrees so as to preserve pliability of the billets 12 and to prevent eruption of the cooling liquid interior.
- the intersection of the ranges for the continuous caster 14e and the rolling mill 14b is the single value 800. Note that if the rolling mill 14b had a smaller range in input temperature than the output of the continuous caster 14e, the smaller range of the rolling mill 14b would be adopted by the continuous caster.
- the most upstream machine 14, either the reheat furnace 14a or the continuous caster 14e then reads the first step of the JDL, which in this case that indicates that the temperature of the product should be raised to a value of less than 1300 degrees, and evaluates whether it can create a bid for that task as indicated by process block 70.
- the autonomous control unit 16 evaluates its current temperature in its self assessment 52 and its goals 36 and the requirements of the JDL to creates a bid indicating a specific temperature to which the reheat furnace will raise the billet 12.
- the intermediate constraints 48 are those associated with the reheat furnace 14a and material path I. Simultaneously, a similar process is performed by the continuous caster 14e for material path II.
- the program proceeds to decision block 72 to test if this is the last autonomous control unit on the job path (i.e., in either case, the Stelmor conveyor 14d). At this time it is not, and so the program proceeds to process block 74 where the bids are perfected by transmitting them to the succeeding rolling mill 14b and more generally to the autonomous control unit(s) immediately downstream from the autonomous control unit 16 making the bid.
- the autonomous control unit 16a also updates an internal bid storage table(not shown).
- next autonomous control unit 16b receives the template plans and the bids proposed by the reheat furnace 14a and the continuous caster 14e.
- autonomous control unit 16b determines whether it can make a bid based on the information from the JDL and on the constraints 34, including this time, constraints from the intermediate constraint table 48 which links the input temperature or the rolling mill 14b to the output temperature of the reheat furnace 14b or continuous caster 14e depending on the bid.
- the modification of the intermediate constraint table 48 to reflect the restraints of adjacent machines makes this generation of the bids more robust against constraints of the other machines and thus less likely to trigger time consuming counter bids. Nevertheless, because the counterbid process strives to preserve the range of the intermediate constraint table 48, the autonomous control unit making the bid can exercise some influence on the job plan from its unique goals.
- the JDL requires that the temperature of the billet 12 be greater than 825 degrees at the end of the rolling. Assuming for the moment that the temperature selected by the reheat furnace 14a is insufficient for the rolling mill 14b to reach the required output temperature (as may be determined by model 40 for the rolling mill 14b) then at process block 70 the autonomous control unit 16b proceeds to process block 104 to generate a counter-bid because no bid could be generated meeting the then existent constraints.
- the autonomous control unit 16b For the counter-bid, the autonomous control unit 16b must first determine a acceptable input temperature to the rolling mill 14b. Generally this cannot be done by consulting stored input constraints for temperature because the relevant constraints will dynamically depend on the particular output temperature required. Accordingly the program 32 of the autonomous control unit 16b must refer to the model 40.
- the process of determining the necessary input temperature begins at a process block 82 in which the new defined output condition is established.
- the output condition is a temperature of greater than 825 degrees as required by the JDL.
- a unconstrained input is identified, in this case an input temperature from the reheat furnace 14a within temperature range permitted by the rolling mill 14b.
- unconstrained it is meant that the input may be varied in a desired direction without violating the inputs constraints 44.
- the identified input is modified, in a direction to reduce the difference between the desired output value (per the JDL and process block 82) and the modeled output value produced by evaluating the model 40 with the unmodified input.
- the modified input is then evaluated by executing the model 40 as indicated at process block 88 to produce a new output.
- the current output from the model 40 is matched to the desired new output from process block 82 and if the outputs match within a tolerance the modified input established at process block 86 is used for the counter-bid as indicated by process block 92.
- the counterbid incorporates a new range for the input rather than a single input value so as to preserve the flexibility of the autonomous control units accepting the counter bid as much as possible. If the modification of the input was downward, then the input becomes the new upper boundary of the input range, whereas if the modification of the input was upward, the input becomes the new lower boundary of the range.
- the new range is forwarded to autonomous control units for the corresponding upstream machine as part of the counterbid.
- the outputs will not match and the program loops back to process block 84 for a second or subsequent iteration. If prior to a matching of the outputs, the input becomes constrained and there are no further inputs that can be modified the program proceeds to a fail block 94 indicating the process cannot be completed.
- the counter-bid is perfected by forwarding it to the proceeding autonomous control unit 16 in this case autonomous control unit 16a for the reheat furnace 14a.
- Autonomous control unit 16a receiving the counter-bid at decision 96, adopts the new range of operational parameters contained therein for its intermediate constraints associated with the particular path of the relevant job plan and then determines whether it can accept the counter-bid's new proposed output temperature range by modifying its original bid.
- the model 40 for the reheat furnace 14a (not shown) may be invoked to determine whether with practical inputs (per input constraints 44) the desired output temperature value can be obtained. Often a range of possible modified bids are available and one bid is selected by use of the goal 50.
- the counter-bid may be accepted if the autonomous control unit 16a can create a bid within the new range as indicated by process block 74.
- This new bid is sent to the next succeeding autonomous control unit 16b as part of the job template as before and received by autonomous control unit 16b at process block 70 as has been described. Note that because the modified intermediate constraints are always a subset of the original intermediate constraints, the new bid will also satisfy the original intermediate constraints.
- the autonomous control unit 16 receiving a counter-bid will not be the first autonomous control unit 16 and thus it is possible to make yet another counter-bid indicated by process block 104 to yet an earlier autonomous control unit 16 so as to possibly relax an earlier intermediate constraint.
- Bids and counter-bids may thus ripple up and down the chain of autonomous control units 16a, 16b, 16c, and 16d and the chain of autonomous control units 16e, 16b, 16c, and 16d until at process block 72 the last autonomous control unit in the material path is successfully bids for each chain and the program proceeds to process block 104 and the completed plans are forwarded to the product autonomous control unit in the controller 20 to be evaluated.
- the product autonomous control unit in controller 20 may then accept one of the plans or may change the job description in a process analogous to the counter-bidding proposal and the process may be repeated.
- the product autonomous control unit 16 normally produces a time limit on the process which if exceeded causes the process to indicate a failure.
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69941824T DE69941824D1 (en) | 1998-09-30 | 1999-09-29 | SELF-ORGANIZING INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEM USING OFFERS |
EP99969811A EP1145182B1 (en) | 1998-09-30 | 1999-09-29 | Self organizing industrial control system using bidding |
AU14416/00A AU1441600A (en) | 1998-09-30 | 1999-09-29 | Self organizing industrial control system using bidding |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/164,204 | 1998-09-30 | ||
US09/164,204 US6091998A (en) | 1998-09-30 | 1998-09-30 | Self organizing industrial control system using bidding process |
US09/261,275 | 1999-03-02 | ||
US09/261,275 US6272391B1 (en) | 1998-09-30 | 1999-03-03 | Self organizing industrial control system importing neighbor constraint ranges |
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WO2000019350A1 true WO2000019350A1 (en) | 2000-04-06 |
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PCT/US1999/022971 WO2000019350A1 (en) | 1998-09-30 | 1999-09-29 | Self organizing industrial control system using bidding |
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US (2) | US6272391B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1145182B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU1441600A (en) |
DE (1) | DE69941824D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000019350A1 (en) |
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US6272391B1 (en) * | 1998-09-30 | 2001-08-07 | Rockwell Technologies, Llc | Self organizing industrial control system importing neighbor constraint ranges |
US6091998A (en) * | 1998-09-30 | 2000-07-18 | Rockwell Technologies, Llc | Self organizing industrial control system using bidding process |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP1302825A2 (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2003-04-16 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Language structure for autonomous cooperative control system |
EP1302825A3 (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2004-11-17 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Language structure for autonomous cooperative control system |
EP2381327A1 (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2011-10-26 | Ferag AG | Control device for a processing assembly for producing collections of printed products |
CH702987A1 (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2011-10-31 | Ferag Ag | Control device for a processing plant for production of the collections of printed products. |
US8825198B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2014-09-02 | Ferag Ag | Control device for a processing installation for the production of collections of printed products |
AU2011201738B2 (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2016-06-09 | Ferag Ag | A control device for a processing installation for the production of collections of printed products |
WO2016180478A1 (en) * | 2015-05-12 | 2016-11-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Control device for a production module, production module having a control device, and method for operating the control device |
US10656628B2 (en) | 2015-05-12 | 2020-05-19 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Control device for a production module and a method for operating the control device |
US10671035B2 (en) | 2015-07-01 | 2020-06-02 | Siemens Aktiengesellshaft | Control device for a production module, production module having a control device, and method for operating the control device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6427221B1 (en) | 2002-07-30 |
EP1145182B1 (en) | 2009-12-16 |
US6272391B1 (en) | 2001-08-07 |
DE69941824D1 (en) | 2010-01-28 |
AU1441600A (en) | 2000-04-17 |
EP1145182A1 (en) | 2001-10-17 |
EP1145182A4 (en) | 2005-05-25 |
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