WO2000010604A1 - Gene therapy for regulating smooth muscle cell tone - Google Patents
Gene therapy for regulating smooth muscle cell tone Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000010604A1 WO2000010604A1 PCT/US1999/018912 US9918912W WO0010604A1 WO 2000010604 A1 WO2000010604 A1 WO 2000010604A1 US 9918912 W US9918912 W US 9918912W WO 0010604 A1 WO0010604 A1 WO 0010604A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/177—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/02—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of urine or of the urinary tract, e.g. urine acidifiers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/10—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the bladder
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
Definitions
- Erectile dysfunction is a common illness that is estimated to affect 10 to 30 million men in the United States (Feldman, et al. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 47.5 (1994) 457-67; Anonymous, International Journal of Impotence Research 5.4 (1993) 181-284).
- Among the primary disease-related causes of erectile dysfunction are atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging, hypertension and antihypertensive medication, chronic renal disease, pelvic surgery and radiation therapy, and psychological anxiety (Feldman, et al. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 47.5 (1994) 457-67).
- Abnormal bladder function is another common problem which significantly affects the quality of life of millions of men and women.
- Many common diseases i.e., stroke, benign prostatic hyperplasia, diabetes mellitus, and multiple sclerosis
- Significant untoward changes in bladder function are also a normal occurrence of advancing age.
- the bladders may be atonic or hyperreflexic.
- the atonic bladder has diminished capacity to empty its urine contents because of an ineffective detrusor smooth muscle (the outer smooth muscle of the bladder wall) contractility.
- diminished smooth muscle contractility is implicated in the etiology of bladder dysfunction.
- pharmacological modulation of smooth muscle tone is insufficient to correct the underlying problem.
- the prevailing method of treating that condition is with clean intermittent catheterization. This is a successful means of preventing chronic urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis and eventual renal failure. As such, treatment of the atonic bladder ameliorates the symptoms of disease, but does not correct the underlying cause.
- the hyperreflexic, or uninhibited, bladder contracts spontaneously so that the individual may be unable to control the passage of urine with resultant urge incontinence.
- This is a more difficult problem to treat. Medications that have been used to treat this problem are usually only partially effective and have severe side effects that limit patient use and enthusiasm.
- the currently accepted treatment options e.g., oxybutynin, tolteradine
- oxybutynin, tolteradine are largely nonspecific, and most frequently involve blockade of the muscarinic receptor and/or the calcium channels on the bladder myocytes.
- bladder dysfunction With life expectancy still increasing the incidence of bladder dysfunction will only continue to rise. Based on the extensive evidence already accumulated in another urogenital smooth muscle cell type, namely, the corporal smooth muscle cell, the inventors strongly believe that specific end organ modulation of bladder myocyte tone is the best strategy for correcting bladder dysfunction. There are some physiologically relevant parallels between penile physiology and bladder physiology that bear comparison.
- alterations in the tone of the detrusor smooth muscle cell play a similar role in the etiology of bladder dysfunction, to the well-characterized role of the corporal smooth muscle cell in erectile dysfunction.
- the hyperreflexic bladder is characterized by heightened contractility while the atonic bladder is characterized by impaired contractility.
- Pharmacological therapy for treating bladder hyperreflexia typically involves frequent intravesicular instillations, a treatment that patients often find inconvenient or otherwise undesirable. In short, frequent intravesicular instillations to restore bladder myocyte function are undesirable and systemic medications still lack tolerable specificity.
- each cell must be infected individually by the recombinant adenoviral vector.
- This method of gene therapy is reliant upon the efficiency of transfection.
- Other side effects from using retroviral or adenoviral based vectors include insertional mutagenesis.
- the present invention is directed towards gene therapy for regulating smooth muscle tone through the delivery of a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone into a smooth muscle cell.
- the present invention also provides methods of gene therapy wherein the DNA sequence which encodes a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle cells encodes a protein which modulates contraction. These proteins will, for example, enhance smooth muscle contraction thereby restoring smooth muscle tone.
- the present invention also provides methods of gene therapy wherein the DNA sequence which encodes a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle cells encodes a protein which modulates relaxation. These proteins will enhance smooth muscle relaxation thereby restoring smooth muscle tone.
- the present invention is a method of inducing smooth muscle cell tone in a subject comprising the introduction and expression of a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone into a sufficient number of cells of a subject to alter smooth muscle tone in the subject.
- the methods of gene therapy described herein are used to alleviate bladder dysfunction.
- the methods of gene therapy are used to alleviate erectile dysfunction.
- the methods of gene therapy are used to alleviate dysfunctions of the urethra, prostate, ureter, urinary tract, endopelvic fascia and vas deferens.
- the present invention also provides viral and non-viral recombinant vectors comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone.
- the present invention additionally provides for a smooth muscle cell that expresses a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone.
- Figure 1 illustrates how selective blockade of the maxi-K channel alters the NTG-induced relaxation response in isolated human corporal tissue strips.
- a modification of a previously published kinetic protocol was used (Christ, et al., American Journal of Physiology 263:H15-H19 (1992)) to derive two parameters; ⁇ 1/2 : the time elapsed from addition of NTG to achievement of 50% of the steady- state relaxation response; RSS: the steady-state magnitude of the NTG-induced relaxation response. Note that preincubation of isolated corporal tissue strips resulted in a significant reduction in the magnitude of the NTG-induced relaxation response (100 nM).
- Figure 2 sets forth an illustration of K channel function and the control of corporal smooth muscle tone.
- (+) denotes a positive or stimulatory effect
- (-) denoted a negative or inhibitory effect
- ? denoted an unknown action
- PIP 2 phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
- DAG diacylglcerol
- IP 3 inositoltrisphosphate
- NO " nitric oxide
- NTG the nitrate donor nitroglycerin
- ET-1 endothelin-1
- PE phenylephrine
- L-type Ca 2+ L-type, voltage dependent calcium channel.
- Figure 3 illustrates the surgical preparation and placement of pressure monitoring cannulae.
- Figure 4 sets forth the results of experiments determining the fractional change in intracavernous pressure (ICP) in response to neurostimulation.
- Figure 5 sets forth a diagram indicating the major mechanisms regulating corporal smooth muscle tone. Shown are two corporal smooth muscle cells, interconnected by a gap junction plaque at their lateral border. Also shown are voltage-dependent Ca channels, and K channels. The left cell depicts the series of intracellular events linked to corporal smooth muscle contraction (an elevation in intracellular calcium levels), while the right depicts the series of intracellular events linked to corporal smooth muscle relaxation (a decrease in intracellular Ca 2+ levels). + : means a stimulatory, positive or increasing effect, and -: means a inhibitory or negative effect
- Figure 6 sets forth a photograph of the results of a gene transfer experiment in the rat bladder.
- the bladder on the left received invesicular distillation of 65 ⁇ g of Lac Z cDNA.
- the bladder on the left is the control bladder.
- Figures 7A and 7B set forth the results of a histologic analysis of naked pCMV ⁇ /Lac Z gene transfer into rat corpora in vivo.
- Figure 7A shows intact corpus cavernosum from rat injected with pCMV ⁇ plasmid, containing the Lac Z gene, leading to the expression of ⁇ -galactosidase activity and commensurate formation of the chromogenic substrate and characteristic blue color. This photograph was taken 60 days after the original injection. Note that the robust blue staining is largely confined to the injected corpora, most heavily near the injection site (arrow).
- Figure 7B shows corpus cavemosum from an age-matched control rat that was not injected with plasmid. Note the complete absence of any blue staining in the corporal tissue (arrow) of this uninjected control animal.
- Figure 8 sets forth a representative time course of changes in mean arterial blood pressure (open symbols) and intracorporal pressure (closed symbols) during neurostimulation (2 mA) for an age-matched control, maxi-K transfected and a young control animal.
- the maxi-K transfected animal was subject to a single intracavernous injection of the pcDNA/hSlo naked DNA three months prior to this experiment, while the age-matched control animal received the pcDNA vector only in the absence of the hSlo cDNA. Note the dramatic differences in the mean amplitude of the intracavernous pressure responses between the maxi-K transfected and age-matched control animals, despite the similarity in mean arterial blood pressure.
- Figure 9 shows a summary of all in vivo data for intracavernous pressure measurements in response to electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve in maxi- K transfected, age-matched control and young control animals. Shown are the mean ⁇ S.E.M. for the mean amplitude of the intracavernous pressure responses recorded in all animals in each treatment category, at every level of current stimulation examined in these studies. Note that for the purposes of this illustrative comparison, all of the maxi-K transfected and age-matched control animals were combined as a single population. Where N refers to the total number of animals in each treatment category.
- Figures 10A-10C show the mean value of the mean amplitude of the intracavernous pressure responses of the maxi-K transfected animals (>9 months old at the time of injection), 1 month (Figure 10A), 2 months (Figure 10B) and 3-4 months (Figure 10C) after a single intracavernous injection of ⁇ cDNA/hSlo naked DNA.
- All of the age-matched control animals were considered to represent a single homogenous population (see Examples) .
- the numbers (N) in parentheses refer to the total number of observations for each level of nerve stimulation.
- the numbers (N) given in the legends above the graphs refer to the total number of animals in that particular treatment group.
- Figures 11A-11C set forth the results of an RT-PCR assay for gene expression in corporal tissue excised from recombinant human K Ca (hSlo) transfected and control rats, 2 months after a single intracorporal microinjection of either pcDNA/IC ⁇ or pcDNA alone (i.e., vector alone).
- Total RNA was then extracted from pcDNA/K ca -transfected as well as pcDNA-transfected control tissues, and was RT-PCR amplified with primers as described in the Examples.
- the amplification to the 5'-untranslated region resulted in a significant cDNA band from the pcDNA/K ⁇ -transfected (Lane 4, 5, 6 in Figure 11A), but not from the pcDNA-transfected control tissue (Lane 1, 2, 3 in Figure 11A).
- the full- length insert with vector 5' and 3' untranslated sequences was also RT-PCR amplified from the pcDNA/Kc a -transfected tissue (Lane 2 in Figure 11C), but not from the pcDNA-transfected control (Lane 2 in Figure 11C), but not from the pcDNA- transfected control (Lane 1 in Figure 11C).
- RNA form both groups of tissue was also examined with the primers that amplified the endogenous IC ⁇ .
- the endogenous K ⁇ was amplified to a comparable level in the RNA from all tissues (pcDNA/K ca -transfected tissue: Lane 4, 5, 6: pcDNA control: Lane 1, 2, 3).
- Figure 12 sets forth the results of a Northern blot showing incorporation of a recombinant human IG ⁇ into rat corporal smooth muscle.
- Total RNA (20 ⁇ g each) was obtained from recombinant human K ⁇ (pcDNA/K ca ) -transfected, pcDNA-transfected control, or an uninjected control rat corporal tissue, and was hybridized with biotin-labeled hSlo cDNA full length probe for the human sequence.
- this full length hSlo cDNA detects a band in the pcONA/K ⁇ - transfected rat tissue, but not in pcDNA- transfected, nor in the uninjected control rat tissue.
- the size of this recombinant human IC ⁇ mRNA is -4.0 Kb. Note that the sequence homology of the rat and human K Ca channels is approximately 90%, which corresponds to about 350 base pair differences. Under the high stringency conditions used in this assay (see Examples), therefore, it would be expected that the full length probe would recognize only the recombinant K ⁇ , and not the endogenous K ⁇ . sequence.
- Figure 13 represents a schematic diagram depicting the proposed model for the "syncytial tissue triad".
- the concept advanced here is that responses among the vast network of largely inexcitable corporal smooth muscle cells
- Transduction those intracellular processes that occur following cellular activation (i.e., intracellular signal transduction pathways); 2. Propagation: those processes (i.e., intercellular communication through gap junctions) that permit cells not directly activated by a locally restricted neural or hormonal signal to contribute to the ensuing tissue response (i.e., erection); and 3. Innervation: the characteristics of the effector neural pathways in the penis that are responsible for initiating both erection and detumescence (i.e., innervation density, firing rate, etc.).
- Figures 14A and 14B represent voltage dependence of HBSM (human bladder smooth muscle) gap junction channels.
- Figure 14A shows macroscopic junctional current (i,) (Shown on the bottom) during a 2.5-s pulse (10 mV steps to ⁇ 100 mV Shown on top) undergoes a time-dependent decay when transjunctional voltages (V,) exceeds ⁇ 50 mV Each voltage pulse was followed by a 5-s recovery interval. Currents were low pass-filtered at a frequency of 1000 Hz and digitized at 4 kHz. The instantaneous (inst) and steady-state (ss) i, for the experiments shown in Figure 14A were plotted as a function of V,. The instantaneous i, - V, relationships were approximately linear during the ⁇ 100 mV V pulses with the slope conductances 15.4 nS.
- FIG. 15 represents steady-state functional conductance-voltage relationships of HBSM (human bladder smooth muscle) cell pairs. Ratios of steady-state (ss) to instantaneous (inst) conductance taken from eleven HBSM cell pairs with voltage protocols identical to those described in the previous Figure. Each point represents a normalized G, at corresponding V,. G, declines symmetrically in both V direction and with the greatest decrease in G occurring when V j exceeds ⁇ 50 mV. The solid lines are theoretical fit of the data assuming a two-state Boltzmann distribution (see Examples).
- Figures 16A-16C represent single gap junction channel activity of HBSM (human bladder smooth muscle) cell pair:
- Figure 16A shows whole cell current from a cultured HBSM cell pair during a -30 mV voltage step applied to cell 1 from holding potential of 0 mV. Junctional current appear as equal amplitude and opposite polarity signals (only the junctional current trace was displayed in the Figure).
- a 70-s segment of 180-s recording is illustrated.
- three distinct current levels (closed, open current level 1 and level 2) were labeled. The current trace were low pass fileted at 100 Hz and digitized at 1 kHz.
- Figure 16C shows 11 points histogram compiled from the junctional current trade.
- Figure 16C shows composed single channel current- voltage relationship for 8 cell pairs with a slope conductance of 126 pS.
- Figure 17A shows whole cell current trace from a bladder cell pair during a +40mV V, step. Experiment and data analysis procedures are similar to those presented in Figures 16A-16C. There were three distinct conductance levels and a closed state are observed.
- Figure 18A shows whole cell current trace from the third bladder cell pair under the identical experiment condition are illustrated here. Three distinct current levels (two fully open channel and one residual state) and one closed state are observed.
- Figure 18B shows the blow-out of Figure 18A segment indicated by the long arrow to illustrate the transition between the main state and residual state as well as the closed state (indicated by a short arrow).
- Figure 18C shows an all point histogram compiled from the entire 60s shown on the Figure 18A. Three distinct current peaks give rise to channel conductance's 130 pS, 136 pS for the two fully open channel states, and 36 pS for the residual state.
- the present invention provides a method of gene therapy for treating physiological dysfunctions of smooth muscle through the delivery and expression of a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone into a smooth muscle cell.
- regulation is the modulation of relaxation or the modulation of contraction.
- the present invention specifically provides a method of gene therapy wherein the protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone modulates relaxation.
- proteins which modulate relaxation include, for example, connexin 43, nitric oxide synthase, guanylate cyclase, adenylate cyclase, protein kinase G, protein kinase A, calcium channels, potassium channels, the K ATP and maxi-K subtypes, and any combination thereof. These proteins will decrease smooth muscle tone and will, for example, result in an increased bladder capacity.
- the gene therapy method is particularly useful for treating individuals with bladder hyperreflexia.
- a "hyperreflexic bladder" is one which contracts spontaneously so that an individual is unable to control the passage of urine. This urinary disorder is more commonly called urge incontinence, and may include urge incontinence combined with stress incontinence.
- proteins which modulate contraction include, for example, connexin 43, alpha 1 receptor or the endothelin 1 receptor, diacylglycerol, protein kinase C, phospholipase C, myosin light chain kinase, calmodulin, potassium channels, calcium channels, and any combination thereof.
- Specific examples of potassium channels which may be employed are the K ATP and maxi-K subtypes.
- an "atonic bladder” is one which has diminished capacity to empty its urine contents because of ineffective detrusor contractility. It is to be understood that the method of gene therapy described by the present invention may involve the transfer of more than one nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein into a smooth muscle cell whose function is involved in contraction and/or relaxation. For example, the method of gene therapy may involve the transfer of a nucleic acid encoding protein kinase C and the previous, simultaneous or subsequent transfer of a nucleic acid encoding connexin 43. As indicated previously, connexin 43 is a gap junction protein found in bladder and many other smooth muscle cell types which facilitates the interactions between smooth muscle cells.
- nucleic acid encoding connexin 43 will facilitate intercellular interactions so that a greater percentage of cells will be affected by the gene therapy.
- the presence of this protein in human bladder smooth muscle has been documented only by the inventors.
- a DNA sequence that encodes a protein that acts to inhibit a protein that modulates contraction of smooth muscle is protein kinase C. Proteins which inhibit those proteins that are involved in the contraction of the smooth muscle cell will ultimately cause enhanced corporal smooth muscle relaxation resulting in a decreased capacity to empty the bladder of its urine contents. Proteins that inhibit those proteins that are involved in the contraction of the smooth muscle cell will also result in a more easily attained erection.
- a DNA sequence that encodes a protein that acts to inhibit a protein that modulates relaxation of smooth muscle is protein kinase A. Proteins which inhibit those proteins that are involved in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cell will ultimately cause enhanced smooth muscle contraction resulting in, for example, an increased capacity of a person to empty the contents of their atonic bladder.
- smooth muscle cells for which the method of gene therapy may be used include, but are not limited to, smooth muscle cells of the bladder, urethra (corpus spongiosum), ureter, urinary tract, vas deferens, prostate and penis (corpus cavernosum) as well as the smooth and/or skeletal muscle of the endopelvic fascia.
- the DNA sequence of interest may be introduced into a smooth muscle cell by a number of procedures known to one skilled in the art, such as electroporation, DEAE Dextran, monocationic liposome fusion, polycationic liposome fusion, protoplast fusion, DNA coated microprojectile bombardment, by creation of an in vivo electrical field, injection with recombinant replication-defective viruses, homologous recombination, and naked DNA transfer by, for example, intravesicular instillation. It is to be appreciated by one skilled in the art that any of the above methods of DNA transfer may be combined.
- the DNA for transfer is contained in an aqueous solution.
- the DNA is preferably transferred into the smooth muscle cells by naked DNA transfer using a mammalian vector.
- the DNA is transferred into smooth muscle cells of the bladder, it is introduced into the bladder by intravesicular instillation, which is a well-established therapy for the treatment of bladder tumors.
- the DNA solution is then voluntarily withheld by the patient within the bladder for a prescribed duration of time.
- the DNA is introduced into the urethra, ureter, upper urinary tract, prostate or endopelvic fascia or vas deferens by instillation or injection therapy and the urethra, upper urinary tract, or ureter is obstructed so that the DNA solution remains in contact with the internal epithelial layer for a prescribed period of time.
- the present invention also provides a method of regulating bladder smooth muscle tone in a subject comprising the introduction of a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone into a sufficient number of smooth muscle cells of the subject to enhance bladder relaxation in the subject.
- the method of the present invention is used to alleviate a hyperreflexic bladder.
- a hyperreflexic bladder may result from a variety of disorders including neurogenic and arteriogenic, as well as other conditions which cause incomplete relaxation or heightened contractility of the smooth muscle of the bladder.
- the subject may be animal or human, and is preferably human.
- the present invention further provides a method of inducing bladder contraction in a subject comprising the introduction of a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone into a sufficient number of smooth muscle cells of the subject to alter bladder contraction in the subject.
- the method of the present invention is used to alleviate an atonic bladder.
- An atonic bladder may result from a variety of disorders including neurogenic and arteriogenic as well as other conditions which cause incomplete contraction of the smooth muscle of the bladder.
- a neurogenic bladder dysfunction may manifest itself as partial or complete urinary retention or overflow incontinence. Examples of neurogenic dysfunctions of the bladder include a hypotonic, or flaccid bladder, and a spastic, or contracted bladder.
- These dysfunctions may result from an abnormality, injury, or disease process of the brain, spinal cord, or local nerve supply to the bladder and its outlet.
- Disease processes that result in neurogenic bladder dysfuction include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), syphilis, diabetes mellitus, brain or spinal cord tumors, cerebrovascular accidents, ruptured intervertebral disk, and the demyelinating or degenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and amyo trophic lateral sclerosis.
- the method of the present invention is used to induce contraction of the endopelvic fascia of a subject.
- the endopelvic fascia contributes to the support of the uterus and vagina. Often times, women who experience childbirth many times will become incontinent due to stress damage between the endopelvic fascia and the muscles of the urethra.
- the method of the present invention is used to prevent the hypertrophy of the bladder smooth muscle of a subject caused by benign prostate hyperplasia, by introducing a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone into the prostate of the subject. Benign hyperplasia of the prostate gland (BHP) is thought to be associated with increased tone of the smooth muscle cells in the prostate stoma. Eventually BPH results in bladder outlet obstruction and hypertrophy of the bladder.
- the present invention provides for a method of reducing inflammation and irritation of smooth muscle in a subject comprising the introduction and expression of a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone into a sufficient number of smooth muscle cells of the subject to reduce the effects of inflammation and irritation.
- the method provided by the present invention may be used to reduce the symptoms of interstitial cystitis of the bladder.
- Interstitial cystitis is an example of a condition of the bladder that has clinical manifestations of inflammation and irritation.
- the interstitial cystitis may be caused, for example, by a collagen disease, an autoimmune disease or an allergic reaction.
- the method of gene therapy provided herein may be used, for example, to reduce inflammation and irritation of the urinary tract, ureter or urethra of a subject which may be caused by a bacterial, parasitic or fungal infection through the effects of gene therapy on smooth muscle cells.
- a method of inducing penile erection in a subject comprising the introduction and expression of a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone into a sufficient number of smooth muscle cells of the subject to induce penile erection in the subject.
- the method of the present invention is used to alleviate erectile dysfunction.
- Also contemplated by the present invention is a method of inducing smooth muscle tone in a subject that has undergone reanastomosis of the vas deferens comprising the introduction and expression of a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone into a sufficient number of smooth muscle cells of the subject to alter muscle tone in the vas deferens of the subject and ensure propulsion of the contents of the vas deferens.
- the introduction of the DNA sequence into the smooth muscle cells of a subject may be effected by methods known to one skilled in the art, such as electroporation, DEAE Dextran, cationic liposome fusion, protoplast fusion, by creation of an in vivo electrical field, DNA coated microprojectile bombardment, injection with recombinant replication-defective viruses, homologous recombination, and naked DNA transfer by, for example, intravesicular instillation. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any of the above methods of DNA transfer may be combined.
- the DNA sequence is introduced into the smooth muscle cells by naked DNA transfer.
- the DNA sequence may be combined with a sterile aqueous solution which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient.
- a sterile aqueous solution which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient.
- Such formulations may be prepared by suspending the DNA in water containing physiologically compatible substances such as sodium chloride, glycine, and the like, and having buffered pH compatible with physiological conditions to produce an aqueous solution, and rendering such solution sterile.
- the DNA is combined with a 20-25% sucrose in saline solution in preparation for introduction into a smooth muscle cell.
- the DNA sequence for expression may also be incorporated into cationic liposomes and directly injected into the smooth muscle cells of the subject.
- the transfer of the DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone is performed by the transfer of naked DNA.
- the present invention also provides viral and non-viral recombinant vectors.
- a viral based vector comprises (1) the nucleic acid of or corresponding to at least a portion of the genome of a virus, which portion is capable of directing the expression of a DNA sequence, and (2) a DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone operably linked to the viral nucleic acid and capable of being expressed as a functional gene product in the target cell.
- the recombinant viral vectors of the present invention may be derived from a variety of viral nucleic acids known to one skilled in the art, e.g. the genomes of HSV, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, Semiliki Forest virus, vaccinia virus, and other viruses, including RNA and DNA viruses.
- the recombinant vectors of the present invention may also contain a nucleotide sequence encoding suitable regulatory elements so as to effect expression of the vector construct in a suitable host cell.
- expression refers to the ability of the vector to transcribe the inserted DNA sequence into mRNA so that synthesis of the protein encoded by the inserted nucleic acid can occur.
- enhancers and promoters are suitable for use in the constructs of the invention, and that the constructs will contain the necessary start, termination, and control sequences for proper transcription and processing of the DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone when the recombinant vector construct is introduced into a host cell.
- the non-viral vectors provided by the present invention for the expression of the DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone in a smooth muscle cell may comprise all or a portion of any of the following vectors known to one skilled in the art: pCMV ⁇ (Invitrogen), pcDNA3 (Invitrogen), pET-3d (Novagen), pProEx-1 (Life Technologies), pFastBac 1 (Life Technologies), pSFV (Life Technologies), pcDNA2 (Invitrogen), pSL301 (Invitrogen), pSE280 (Invitrogen), pSE380 (Invitrogen), pSE420 (Invitrogen), pTrcHis A,B,C (Invitrogen), pRSET A,B,C (Invitrogen), pYES2 (Invitrogen), pAC360 (Invitrogen), pVL1392 and pVH392 (Invitrogen), pCDM8 (
- Suitable promoters include, but are not limited to, constitutive promoters, tissue specific promoters, and inducible promoters.
- expression of the DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone is controlled and affected by the particular vector into which the DNA sequence has been introduced.
- Some eukaryotic vectors have been engineered so that they are capable of expressing inserted nucleic acids to high levels within the host cell. Such vectors utilize one of a number of powerful promoters to direct the high level of expression.
- Eukaryotic vectors use promoter-enhancer sequences of viral genes, especially those of tumor viruses.
- This particular embodiment of the invention provides for regulation of expression of the DNA sequence encoding the protein using inducible promoters.
- Non-limiting examples of inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, metallothionine promoters and mouse mammary tumor virus promoters.
- promoters and enhancers effective for use in the recombinant vectors of the present invention include, but are not limited to, CMV (cytomegalovirus), SV40 (simian virus 40), HSV (herpes simplex virus), EBV (epstein-barr virus), retroviral, adenoviral promoters and enhancers, and smooth muscle specific promoters and enhancers.
- CMV cytomegalovirus
- SV40 simian virus 40
- HSV herpes simplex virus
- EBV epstein-barr virus
- retroviral adenoviral promoters and enhancers
- smooth muscle specific promoter is SM22 .
- the present invention further provides a smooth muscle cell which expresses an exogenous DNA sequence encoding a protein involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone.
- exogenous means any DNA that is introduced into an organism or cell.
- the introduction of the recombinant vector containing the DNA sequence into the smooth muscle cell may be effected by methods known to one skilled in the art, such as electroporation, DEAE Dextran, cationic liposome fusion, protoplast fusion, DNA coated microprojectile bombardment, injection with recombinant replication-defective viruses, homologous recombination, and naked DNA transfer by, for example, intravesicular instillation.
- naked DNA is herein defined as DNA contained in a non-viral vector.
- any of the above methods of DNA transfer may be combined.
- the method of gene therapy provided by the present invention meets the need for a method which produces global changes in a tissue by genetically modifying only a fraction of the cells.
- the inventors have demonstrated the effectiveness of naked DNA transfer in the penis and in the bladder, and have shown that the physiological functions of a smooth muscle cell enable the intercellular transfer and continuous propagation of the effects of incorporation of naked DNA sequences encoding proteins involved in the regulation of smooth muscle tone in only a fraction of the total cellular population.
- phospholipase C which cleaves membrane bound phosphatidyl inositol (PIP 2 ) into IP 3 and diacylglycerol (DAG).
- PIP 2 membrane bound phosphatidyl inositol
- DAG diacylglycerol
- increases in DAG and IP3 ultimately exert their effects, at least in part, via increase in intracellular Ca 2+ levels.
- any physiological event resulting in a diminution of transmembrane Ca 2+ flux, or sequestration of intracellular Ca 2+ e.g., membrane hyperpolarization, will result in smooth muscle relaxation.
- PGE j activates the PGE j receptor, to stimulate the adenylate cyclase enzyme, which then catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. Increased cAMP then stimulates protein kinase A (PKA).
- PKA protein kinase A
- smooth muscle relaxation can be achieved by nitric oxide, released from endothelial or neuronal sources. Nitric oxide diffuses into smooth muscle cells to activate soluble guanylate cyclase, that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to cGMP. Elevated cGMP levels activate protein kinase G (PKG).
- K + ion flux is controlled by three main effector pathways, the first two are the cAMP/PKA (PKA: protein kinase A) and cGMP/PKG (protein kinase G) pathways which are activated by PGE j and NO, respectively, and these pathways clearly modulate the activity of the maxi-K channel; their effects on the K ATP channel have not been documented.
- the third pathway is the potassium channel modulators, which modulate the activity of the K ATP channel.
- the opening of Ca 2+ channels leads to the influx of Ca 2+ down its electrochemical gradient and subsequent intracellular depolarization, while the opening of K channels leads to efflux of K+ from the cell down its electrochemical gradient, and subsequent intracellular hyperpolarization.
- the effects of these reciprocal pathways on membrane potential and the level of corporal smooth muscle tone are exerted, at least in part, through modulation of the intracellular calcium concentration, with increases in intracellular calcium associated with contraction, and decreases in intracellular calcium associated with relaxation.
- Connexin 43 is the predominant gap junction protein isoform expressed in the human and rat bladder. As in other tissues, these intercellular channels provide partial cytoplasmic continuity between adjacent smooth muscle cells, allowing the intercellular exchange of physiologically relevant ions (K + and Ca 2+ ) and second messenger molecules (IP 3 , cAMP, cGMP).
- K + and Ca 2+ physiologically relevant ions
- IP 3 , cAMP, cGMP second messenger molecules
- bladder myocytes are clearly capable of regenerative electrical events, the presence of gap junctions is still relevant not only to provide a "safety factor" for the maintenance and propagation of regenerative electrical events (as shown in the heart), but also for ensuring tissue plasticity.
- the presence of gap junctions is thought to endow the bladder musculature with the ability to function syncytially under a very wide range of physiological conditions. This is an extremely important point given that in the bladder, as in the penis, not every smooth muscle cell is directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
- the electrical excitability of the bladder myocyte has been traditionally viewed as a priori evidence for the lack of importance of demonstrable gap junctions between bladder myocytes (using light and electron microscopy).
- the presence of gap junctions as demonstrated by both molecular biological and electrophysiological techniques provides an additional anatomic substrate for the rapid and syncytial contraction and relaxation responses required of the bladder smooth muscle cells for normal bladder function.
- these gap junctions may provide an important mechanistic basis for the potential efficacy of gene therapy in the treatment of bladder dysfunction. That is, the presence of gap junctions will permit smooth muscle cells not directly activated by a relevant neuronal/pharmacologic signal to be rapidly, albeit indirectly, recruited into the contraction or relaxation response by this prominent intercellular pathway.
- the anatomical location of the human bladder makes gene therapy an attractive possibility because, as with the human penis, the bladder is a relatively "isolated" organ system that should be quite amenable to genetic modification in the absence of effects on other organs/ tissues.
- the bladder is an internal organ into which external substances can be easily introduced through a urethral catheter.
- BCG therapy for bladder cancer is already a well-recognized use of this technique.
- the instillation of a gene(s) product, in an aqueous solution that can be voluntarily retained by the patient within the bladder for a prescribed duration of time would be expected to be largely restricted to the bladder musculature.
- the data described in the Examples below document that this is indeed the case. In this scenario, there is clearly little risk of systemic side effects.
- the method of gene therapy provided by the present invention is designed to take advantage of the generally accepted physiological principle that relatively subtle alterations in the balance between contracting and relaxing stimuli can result in profound alterations in smooth muscle physiology, and thus, smooth muscle function (Lerner, et al. J. Urol. 149.5 Pt 2 (1993) 1246-55; Azadzoi, et al. J. Urol. 148.5 (1992) 1587-91; Christ, et al. British Journal of Pharmacology 101.2 (1990) 375-81; Christ, G.J., Urological Clinics of North America 22.4 (1995) 727-745; Taub, et al. J. Urol. 42 (1993) 698).
- the goal of gene therapy is to restore a more normal balance between contracting and relaxing stimuli following expression of exogenous genes that code for physiologically relevant proteins in bladder smooth muscle.
- expression of these exogenous genes can be maintained for a period of weeks to months. Thus, it would then permit the patient to obtain "normal" bladder function in the absence of any other exogenous manipulation during this time period.
- the gap junction protein Connexin 43 as well as two prominent K + channel subtypes (i.e., the maxi-K and K ATP channels) are present in rat and human bladder smooth muscle, these are the first logical targets for evaluating the efficacy of genetic modulation of bladder smooth muscle tone.
- the role of the autonomic nervous system in particular organs is uniquely correlated with the physiological phenotype of the constituent smooth muscle cells.
- Membrane excitability, signal transduction processes, and the extent of cell-to-cell communication between smooth muscle cells all vary between different tissues.
- the components of an effector process are integrated together to yield the characteristic action of an organ.
- the components occur in different combinations to provide a rich diversity of organ function. Understanding the principles of initiation and spread of stimuli in the smooth muscle tissues is clearly necessary for understanding organ physiology, and moreover, as discussed below provides the key to the success of gene therapy. It is of particular relevance that the functional diversity of smooth muscle correlates with the functional diversity of peripheral organ systems.
- the model will assist, for example, in determining the lower limit of transfection efficiency required to achieve restoration of normal tissue function in a urogenital organ compromised by disease. It will also assist in identifying the best probes/genes for the said transfection.
- the inventors anticipate that gene therapy alone, that is, the proposed genetic alteration in how the smooth muscle cells respond to their environment, will work in all patients in whom there is enough neuronal innervation remaining to coordinate a normal syncytial tissue response. However, in those patients in whom sufficient neuronal innervation is not available to guarantee the success of gene therapy per se, the inventors have proposed a secondary strategy.
- the secondary strategy involves the concomitant administration of either orally active agents, or locally administered (i.e., the MUSE intraurethral suppository) drugs that will augment the underlying effects of gene therapy (in particular penile erection or bladder function).
- the MUSE intraurethral suppository drugs that will augment the underlying effects of gene therapy (in particular penile erection or bladder function).
- a potassium channel as proposed herein
- Another example of such a secondary, or combined genetic/pharmacologic therapy would be the transfection of the penis or bladder with a maxi-K or K ATP channel subtype/isoform/ chimera, and then giving the patient a selective/synthetic activator of that channel. It is important to point out that these two examples represent merely the most obvious of a plethora of potential therapeutic possibilities.
- Figures 13-18 document the presence of the requisite cellular components of human bladder smooth muscle cells that make this organ attractive for genetic therapy (either primary or secondary (i.e., in association with subsequent selective pharmacological manipulation)).
- the gap junction protein connexin 43 is an integral component of the human bladder smooth muscle. To the best of the inventors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration that gap junctions are present in human bladder smooth muscle. They have also recently confirmed the presence of the maxi-K channel in human bladder (data not shown). These two observations, in conjunction with other established properties of the human bladder, make it amenable to the same gene therapy protocols proposed for the human penis, as enumerated throughout this application. The present invention is described in the following Experimental Details
- the pCMV ⁇ and pcDNA3 plasmids were purchased from Invitrogen (San Diego, CA).
- the human maxi-K cDNA (hSlo) was obtained from Dr. Salkoff (Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO) (McCobb, D. P., et al. American Journal of Physiology 269 (1995) H767-H777.
- the nucleotide sequence of the hSlo cDNA is also available at Genbank Accession No. U23767.
- the neuronal NOS cDNA was obtained from Dr. S. Snyder (Johns Hopkins University) and Dr.
- Adenovirus Vector Two hundred microliters of Adenovirus vectors (>10 10 pfu/ml) containing the lacZ cDNA were obtained from Dr. Roy Chowdhury (AECOM gene therapy core) and injected intra CC in 3 month old Fischer rats (under anesthesia) . Three days later CC tissue was resected and stained for ⁇ -galactosidase activity.
- CC tissue was excised from rats at various times after injection, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde/0.1% glutaraldehyde for 3 hours, and stained with X-Gal for 15 hrs. at 37°C (Vitadello, M., et al. Human Gene Therapy 5 (1994) 11-8). Animal. 62 male Sprague Dawley (Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY)
- Rats 10-20 weeks old, and weighing 200-250g were used in these experiments. All rats were fed Purina lab rodent chow ad libitum and housed individually with 07.00-19.00 light cycle. Rats were divided into groups as indicated in Table 1.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the entire experimental procedure. Animals were anaesthetized, placed in the supine position, and the bladder and prostate were exposed through a midline abdominal incision. The arterial line in the left carotid artery was connected to a MacLab data acquisition board via a transducer and transducer amplifier, for continuous monitoring of blood pressure. A right external jugular venous line was utilized for intravenous fluid transfusion or blood sampling. The prostate was exposed by a lower midline incision. The cavernous nerves were seen on the posterolateral surface of the prostate arising from the pelvic ganglion which is formed by the joining of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves.
- the two corpora were exposed by inguinoscrotal incisions on both sides, combined with degloving of the penis.
- a line was inserted into the right corpora for continuous monitoring of intracorporal pressure via the MacLab instrumentation.
- Yet another line was inserted in the left corpora for intracavernous drug injection.
- the nerve stimulator probe was placed around the cavernous for current stimulation.
- the inferior hypogastric plexus i.e., the pelvic plexus or major pelvic ganglia
- pelvic nerves and the cavernous nerve were identified posterolateral to the prostate on both sides, and the stainless-steel bipolar wire electrodes were placed around these structures for electrical stimulation.
- ICP intracavernous pressure
- a 23-gauge cannula was filled with 250 U/ml of heparin solution, connected to PE-50 tubing (Intramedic, Becton Dickinson) and inserted into the right corpus cavernosum. The tubing was then fixed to the tunica with a 7-0 Dermalon suture, to ensure stability during measurement of ICP.
- Another 23 gauge cannula was connected to a 1 ml syringe and inserted into left corpus cavernosum for intracavernous drug injection.
- Systemic arterial blood pressure (BP) was monitored via a 25-gauge cannula placed into the carotid artery.
- BP pressure lines
- ICP pressure transducer
- ETH 400 CB Sciences, Inc a Transducer amplifier
- Mac Lab/ 8e7 ADI Instruments, MA
- Real-time display and recording of pressure measurements was performed on a Macintosh computer (Mac Lab software V3.4).
- the pressure transducers and AID board were calibrated in cm of H 2 O.
- Neurostimulation of cavernous nerve and recording of intracavernosal pressure Direct electrostimulation of the cavernous nerve was performed with a delicate stainless-steel bipolar hook electrode attached to the multijointed clamp. Each probe was 0.2 mM in diameter; the two poles were separated by 1 mM.
- Monophasic rectangular pulses were delivered by a signal generator (custom made and with built in constant current amplifier). Stimulation parameters were as follows: frequency; 20 Hz, pulse width; 0.22 msec, duration; 1 minute.
- the current protocol was the application of increasing current at the following intervals: 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mA. The changes in intracavernous pressure and systemic blood pressure were recorded at each level of neurostimulation.
- the tissue was sectioned on a cryostat at 14 ⁇ M and the sections were dried onto slides and paraffin embedded. The slides were stored at -20 C° until they were stained, which was usually within 2-4 weeks. Histology. Histological examination of the sections were performed to confirm the identification of nerves and smooth muscles. Serial, slide-mounted sections were fixed in 10% formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. All slide preparation specimens were viewed with Zeiss microscope.
- Antigen binding was detected by the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method, using the VectaStain Elite ABC kit.
- the color reaction was developed with diaminobenzidine activated with hydrogen peroxide (diaminobenzidine as the chromogen) and then counterstained with hematoxylin solution. Staining was not evident in the negative control which substituted PBS for primary antibody, supporting the specificity of primary antibody used in the experiment.
- Stimulus response curves were generated for neurostimulation by plotting the fractional change in corporal pressure as a function of mean systemic blood pressure (expressed as ICP/BP) for stepwise increases in current (1,2,4,6,8,10 mA) (Sigma Plot Mac V5.0 Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA) both for control and gene therapy rats.
- Gene transfer of Lac Z into smooth muscle cells of the rat corpus cavernosum has been achieved using various techniques, such as retroviruses, adenoviruses, cationic liposomes, or naked DNA transfer.
- retroviruses such as retroviruses, adenoviruses, cationic liposomes, or naked DNA transfer.
- the plasmid pCM ⁇ was injected as naked DNA or incorporated into cationic liposomes, or recombinant adenovirus containing the Lac Z cDNA (coding for ⁇ -galactosidase), each into CC tissue of three rats.
- adenoviral mediated gene transfer was the most effective, as evidenced, on the whole tissue level, by the conversion of the chromogenic substrate, X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-b-D-galactoside) into its blue breakdown product by the activity of ⁇ -galactosidase.
- ⁇ -galactosidase activity was evident in a significant number of the smooth muscle cells thirty days after DNA injection.
- Basal and nerve-stimulated intracorporal pressures were measured between 2 weeks and 4 months after injection. No significant differences were observed in intracorporal pressures within the time frame examined, and results from all animals within each group were pooled. Likewise, no significant differences were observed among the various controls, and all control data was pooled.
- the data depicted in Figure 4 and Table 2 indicate that the injection of either the NOS or maxi-K cDNAs significantly increased both basal and nerve-stimulated ICP.
- the nerve-stimulated fractional change in ICP was approximately 30% higher in both NOS and maxi-K-injected rats, over a range of 2-10 milli amp stimulation.
- the age matched control animals were considered to represent a homogenous population, since statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between these animals 1-4 months after receipt, with respect to the mean amplitude of the intracavernous pressures measured in response to all levels of current stimulation used in these studies.
- four retired breeders received an injection with the pcDNA/hSlo DNA (group 3), as described below, and then 2 months after this injection, the animals were sacrificed and the corporal tissue quickly excised and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen for RT-PCR and Northern analyses (without the performance of any physiological experiments in vivo); again, 5 age-matched control animals were run in parallel, and received injection of vehicle only.
- Microinjection of vectors/plasmids into rat corporal tissue Animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbitol (35 mg/kg). An incision was made through the perineum, the corpus spongiosum was identified, and a window was made in the corpus spongiosum for identification of the corpus cavernosum. All microinjections consisted of a single bolus injection into the corporal tissue, made using an insulin syringe. The final volume of all microinjections was 200 ⁇ l.
- LacZ Gene transfer of LacZ into smooth muscle cells of the rat corpus cavernosum in vivo. Transfer of Lac Z DNA (coding for ⁇ -galactosidase) into rat corporal smooth muscle cells in vivo was accomplished by injecting the plasmid pCMV ⁇ as naked DNA into the corporal tissue of 10 week old sprague Dawley rats, and the corporal tissue was obtained from groups of three animals at each of four time points ranging from 2-11 weeks post injection (see Table 4 for details). An equivalent number of uninjected control animals at each time point post-injection were run in parallel.
- Control rats were either sham operated, sham operated with an intracorporal injection of 200 ⁇ l PBS containing 20% sucrose, or sham operated with an intracorporal injection of 200 ⁇ l PBS containing 20% sucrose and 100 ⁇ g pcDNA vector DNA.
- Basal and nerve-stimulated intracorporal pressures (ICP) were measured between 1-4 months after the intracavernous injection. Surgical preparation and placement of pressure monitoring cannulae. Details of this methodology have been recently described (Rehman, et al. Am. J. PhysioL, 272:H190-H1971, 1997). Briefly, the rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection (35mg/kg) of sodium pentobarbital (Anpro Pharmaceuticals) .
- ICP intracavernous pressure
- a 23-gauge cannula was filled with 250 U/ml of heparin solution, connected to PE-50 tubing (Intramedic, Becton Dickinson) and inserted into the right corpus cavernosum. The tubing was then fixed to the tunica with a 7-0 Dermal on suture, to ensure stability during measurement of ICP.
- Another 23 gauge cannula was connected to a 1 ml syringe and inserted into the left corpus cavernosum for intracavernous drug injection.
- Systemic arterial blood pressure (BP) was monitored via a 25-gauge cannula placed into the carotid artery.
- Monophasic rectangular pulses were delivered by a signal generator (custom made and with built- in constant current amplifier) .
- Stimulation parameters were as follows: frequency: 20 Hz, pulse width; 0.22 msec, duration; 1 minute.
- the current protocol was the application of increasing current at the following intervals: 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mA.
- the changes in intracavernous pressure and systemic blood pressure were recorded at each level of neurostimulation.
- RNA preparation Total RNA was extracted from frozen tissue using the
- TRIzol method tissue was homogenized in TRIzol reagent by a Polytron homogenizer (Brinkman, NY) for about 30 seconds. The tissue lysate was then transferred to a polypropylene, 10 x 1.8 cm round bottom tube (Falcon, Becton Dickinson, New Jersey), and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. Then chloroform was added and the solution was centrifuged at 12,000 x g, 4°C for 15 minutes. RNA was extracted in the aqueous phase from the TRIzol and chloroform mixture and precipitated from the aqueous phase by mixing with isopropyl alcohol and centrifuged at 12,000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C. RNA was stored in 0.08 M sodium acetate and 70% ethanol.
- RNA sequences for PCR amplification of the 5'-untranslated region (approximately 0.14 kb) were 5'-GCCGCCACCATTTGCCAT-3' (3' primer; coding for the first six amino acids of Kc a ) and 5'-CCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTA-3' (5' primer; specific to the T7 promoter) .
- oligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification of the full K Q , insert were T7 promoter region (see above) and the SP6 promoter region (5'-CTAGCATTTAGGTGACACTATAG-3').
- the primers for an endogenous IG ⁇ region (base 909-1074; 5'- GCTCTCCATATTTATCAGCAC-3' and 5'-AACATCCCCATAACCAAC-3') were used as a control.
- the RT-PCR was performed using the Superscript One-Step RT-PCR System (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY) with a final volume of 50 ⁇ l.
- the RT-PCR mixture included a buffer containing 1 ⁇ g of total RNA, 1 ⁇ M of the sense and antisense oligonucleotide primers, 0.4 mM of each dNTP, Superscript II RT/T ⁇ q Mix, 80 units of RN ⁇ OUT recombinant ribonuclease inhibitor (Gibco BRL), and an optimized concentration of MgSO 4 as per manufacturer's instructions.
- First- strand cDNA was performed at 45 °C for 30 minutes and denatured at 94°C for 5 minutes.
- the PCR was performed with the cycle of 45 °C annealing for 1 minute, 72°C extension for 1.5 minutes, and 94°C denaturing for 1 minute, for a total of 35 cycles with a final extension step for 10 minutes.
- one ⁇ l of eLONGase was added to the reaction mixture at 68 °C for 5 minutes for extension.
- Stimulus-response curves were generated for the effects of neurostimulation on intracavernous pressure by expressing the change in intracorporal pressure as a fraction of the mean systemic blood pressure (expressed in ICP/BP) and plotting this fraction as a function of the magnitude of neurostimulation (1,2,4,6,8,10 mA). All data were plotted using Sigma Plot software for the Macintosh (Sigma Plot Mac V5.0 Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA).
- Lac Z DNA was prepared as described above. Briefly, transfer of Lac Z DNA (coding for ⁇ -galactosidase) into rat bladder smooth muscle was accomplished by injecting the plasmid pCMV ⁇ as naked DNA into the bladder as follows. An abdominal incision was made in the pentobarbitol anesthetized rat (sodium pentobarbitol, 35 mg/kg), and the bladder was exposed. 65 ⁇ g of Lac Z DNA was injected into the bladder in 1 ml of buffer solution, with an insulin syringe. The needle opening was cauterized, and the abdominal musculature was closed with sutures and the skin was closed with surgical staples.
- the animal was injected, and 4 days later the animal was sacrificed.
- the bladder was quickly excised and placed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution (4 hours), and transferred to the chromogenic solution (described above).
- the bladder was immediately placed in an incubator at 37°C. Fourteen hours later, the bladder tissue was removed from the incubator and photographed.
- 100 ⁇ g of maxi-K pcDNA was prepared as described above and injected into the bladder of four rats. Incorporation of maxi-K pcDNA into the bladder smooth muscle cells was shown by Southern blot analysis.
- Potassium channels and corporal smooth muscle function Evidence that altering K channel function can increase "sensitivity" to relaxation. Recent studies by the inventors have indicated that hyperpolarization of corporal smooth muscle cells via activation of potassium channels represents an important mechanism for controlling corporal smooth muscle tone (Holmquist, F., et al, J. Urol. 144 (1990) 146; Christ, G.J., et al, Journal ofAndrology 14.5 (1993) 319-28; Fan, S.F., et al, J. Urol. 153 (1995) 818; Christ, G.J., Urological Clinics of North America 22.4 (1995) 727-745).
- Membrane hyperpolarization of corporal smooth muscle cells following activation of K channels can be accomplished by both receptor (e.g., PGE or NO) and nonreceptor-mediated (e.g., NO or cGMP) stimuli, derived from neuronal as well as endothelial sources.
- receptor e.g., PGE or NO
- nonreceptor-mediated stimuli e.g., NO or cGMP
- the putative mechanism of action is thought to be as follows: release of an endogenous corporal vasorelaxant(s), for example, nitric oxide, is thought to either directly activate the K channel, or, to regulate K channel activity secondary to activation of soluble guanylate cyclase, increases in intracellular cGMP levels, activation of G kinase, and phosphorylation of cellular proteins, including nonjunctional ion channels such as K and Ca 2+ channels. Increased kinase activity (either A or G) has an opposing action on Ca 2+ and K channels, resulting in decreased activity of the former and increased activity of the latter.
- endogenous corporal vasorelaxant(s) for example, nitric oxide
- an elevation in intracellular NO and/or cGMP levels can result in both activation of K channels and inhibition of Ca 2+ channels.
- the algebraic sum of these two opposing effects is to significantly diminish transmembrane calcium flux, resulting in diminished corporal smooth muscle tone, and thus, corporal smooth muscle relaxation.
- Nitric oxide and corporal smooth muscle function Evidence that increasing the amount of NO expressed in corporal tissue can increase the "driving force" for relaxation.
- An abundance of recent experimental evidence documents the important role played by nitric oxide in arterial and corporal smooth muscle relaxation, and thus, penile erection (Argiolas, et al., Neuropharmacology 33.11 (1994) 1339-44; Burnett, et al., Science 257.5068 (1992) 401-3; Trigo-Rocha, et al., J. of Physiology 264.2 Pt 2 (1993) H419-22; Burnett, et al. Biology of Reproduction 52.3 (1995) 485-9).
- these relaxation responses can inhibited by nitroglycerin-substituted analogs of L-arginine, which block NO formation (Ignarro, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170 (1990) 843-850; Holmquist, et al., Acta Physiol Scand 141 (1991) 441-442; Kim, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 88 (1991) 112-118).
- Nitric oxide is produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) as a product of the enzymatic conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. NO is produced in endothelial cells upon cholinergic stimulation or by neuronal sources (released from NANC nerve terminals) . With respect to the latter, NO is a novel neurotransmitter in that it is not stored in synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals but is synthesized on demand. Biochemical and histochemical evidence in rabbit and rat penis suggests that the NOS isozyme which functions in penile erection belongs to the cNOS type (Burnett, et al., Science 257.5068 (1992) 401-3). A neural source for NOS in the rat penis was demonstrated by Keast (Keast, J.R.,
- NO a highly lipophilic substance
- cGMP soluble guanylate cyclase
- This increase in cGMP activates protein kinase G, which, as illustrated in Figure 2, leads to decreases in intracellular Ca 2+ , producing corporal smooth muscle relaxation (Moncada, S., Acta Physiol Scand 145 (1992) 201-227).
- NO may directly interact with K channels to elicit hyperpolarization and smooth muscle relaxation.
- NOS activity is thought to be minimal (Ignarro, et al,
- the impaired relaxation responses (to electric field stimulation) of the cavernosal nerve of diabetic men may also be due to decreased NOS production (Saenz de Tejada, I., New England Journal of Medicine 320.16 (1989) 1025-30; Taub, et al., Urology 42 (1993) 698; Christ, G.J., Urologic Clinics of North America 4 22.4 (1995) 727-745; Vernet, et al., Endocrinology 136 (1995) 5709-5717).
- NOS NOSaenz de Tejada, I., New England Journal of Medicine 320.16 (1989) 1025-30
- Christ, G.J. Urologic Clinics of North America 4 22.4 (1995) 727-745
- Vernet, et al., Endocrinology 136 (1995) 5709-5717 the introduction of a constitutively expressed cDNA for nitric oxide synthase
- the cDNA for neuronal NOS has been inserted into the corpus cavernosa of rats and a statistically significant, and physiologically relevant alteration was observed in the intracavernous pressure response to electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve (see Table 2 below).
- ICP Intracavernous pressure
- Rat model The rat was selected for the gene therapy studies, as the rat penis has been shown to be histologically and pharmacologically similar to human penis (Lesson, et al., Investigative Urology 3.2 (1965) 144-145). Among many known models, the rat is excellent for the study of penile erection (Lesson, et al., Investigative Urology 3.2 (1965) 144-145; Quinlan, et al., J. Urol. 141.3 (1989) 656-61; Chen, et al., J. Urol. 147 (1992) 1124-1128; Martinez-Pineiro, et al.,
- NTG & maxi-K As illustrated by the representative example in Figure 1, in addition to the aforementioned effects on PE-induced contractile responses, selective blockade of the maxi-K channel with 1 mM TEA also results in a significant attenuation of the NTG-induced relaxation response (100 nM). Studies on five other corporal tissue strips revealed that the mean ⁇ S.E.M. %relaxation response elicited by 100 nM NTG was of 20.3 ⁇ 3.2%; compare this value with the expected value of 50.1%, as determined in another recent publication. This finding documents that activation of the maxi-K channel is also likely to be an important component of the NTG-induced relaxation response.
- PGE t & maxi-K Recent electrophysiological studies utilizing all four recording modes documented that PGE X causes a concentration-dependent increase in the activity of the maxi-K channel; over the same concentration range as the inventors observed cAMP formation in cultured cells and relaxation of precontracted isolated human corporal smooth muscle strips (Zhang, et al., J. Urol. 155:678A (1996)). In addition, this increase in maxi-K channel activity is correlated with significant alterations in the ET-1-induced intracellular calcium transient seen in fura-2 loaded cultured corporal smooth muscle cells.
- BP Blood Pressure
- the mean amplitude of the intracavernous pressure response at each level of current stimulation was expressed as a fraction of the mean arterial blood pressure (ICP/BP) during current stimulation.
- ICP/BP mean arterial blood pressure
- the mean response for all animals in each treatment group is graphically represented in Figure 9, and the data are summarized in Table 5.
- RNA from pcD-NA/K ⁇ -transfected, pcDNA- transfected control tissue were RT-PCR amplified with primers as described in the Methods section and displayed in Figures llA-llC.
- RNA from the pcDNA/Kc a - transfected tissue but not from the pcDNA-transfected or control tissue expressed a detectable level of the recombinant human Kc a .
- the recombinant human K ⁇ band was detected between the 18S and 28S RNA bands, with an approximate molecular size of 4.2kb. In light of the high stringency conditions used in this assay (see Materials & Methods), it is not surprising that the endogenous K ⁇ was not detected.
- the corporal smooth muscle cells are interconnected by a ubiquitously distributed population of intercellular channels known as gap junction proteins, with connexin 43 as the predominant isoform expressed in the human penis.
- These intercellular channels provide partial cytoplasmic continuity between adjacent smooth muscle cells, allowing the intercellular exchange of physiologically relevant ions (K + and Ca 2+ ) and second messenger molecules (IP3, cAMP, cGMP).
- K + and Ca 2+ physiologically relevant ions
- IP3, cAMP, cGMP second messenger molecules
- the presence of gap junctions in the rat and human provides an important anatomic substrate for coordinating the syncytial contraction and relaxation responses that are a prerequisite to normal penile erection and detumescence. That is, intercellular communication among the smooth muscle cells permits cells that are not directly activated by a relevant neuronal/hormonal signal to be rapidly, albeit indirectly, recruited into the contraction or relaxation response.
- gap junctions to the genetic therapy of erectile dysfunction is that their presence would ensure that only a fraction of the corporal smooth muscle cells would need to be genetically modified in order to affect rather global changes in corporal smooth muscle tone. This is of crucial importance, as it would minimize the necessity for utilizing more aggressive genetic incorporation strategies (e.g., adenoviral or retroviral incorporation) which have a concomitantly greater number of side effects and concerns (e.g., insertional mutagenesis or immunological reactions).
- adenoviral or retroviral incorporation e.g., adenoviral or retroviral incorporation
- the proposed gene therapy is designed to take advantage of the fact that relative subtle alterations in the balance between contracting and relaxing stimuli can result in profound alterations in erectile physiology and function.
- the goal of gene therapy is therefore to restore a more normal balance between contracting and relaxing stimuli following expression of an exogenous gene(s) that codes for physiologically relevant proteins in corporal smooth muscle; in this case, the maxi-K channel.
- an exogenous gene(s) that codes for physiologically relevant proteins in corporal smooth muscle; in this case, the maxi-K channel.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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EP99942324A EP1126879A4 (en) | 1998-08-18 | 1999-08-18 | Gene therapy for regulating smooth muscle cell tone |
AU55728/99A AU757803B2 (en) | 1998-08-18 | 1999-08-18 | Gene therapy for regulating smooth muscle cell tone |
CA002339800A CA2339800A1 (en) | 1998-08-18 | 1999-08-18 | Gene therapy for regulating smooth muscle cell tone |
JP2000565924A JP2002523380A (en) | 1998-08-18 | 1999-08-18 | Gene therapy for regulating smooth muscle cell tone |
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WO2000010604A1 true WO2000010604A1 (en) | 2000-03-02 |
Family
ID=22469993
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1999/018912 WO2000010604A1 (en) | 1998-08-18 | 1999-08-18 | Gene therapy for regulating smooth muscle cell tone |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1126879A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002523380A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100596884B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU757803B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2339800A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000010604A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6271211B1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2001-08-07 | Albert Einstein College Of Medicine Of Yeshiva University | Gene therapy for regulating penile smooth muscle tone |
EP1314781A1 (en) * | 2000-08-30 | 2003-05-28 | Endo, Yaeta, Dr. | Design and construction of transcription template for synthesizing cell-free protein, and dilution batch-type method of synthesizing cell-free wheat germ protein by using the same |
US7030096B1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2006-04-18 | Albert Einstein College Of Medicine Of Yeshiva University | Method of enhancing relaxation of penile smooth muscle by introduction of DNA encoding maxi-K potassium channel protein |
WO2006084322A1 (en) * | 2005-02-09 | 2006-08-17 | Craig Steven Mclachlan | Treatment method for modifying tissue passive electrical conductance |
US8007779B2 (en) | 2000-10-20 | 2011-08-30 | Genegrafts Ltd. | Nucleic acid constructs and cells, and methods utilizing same for modifying the electrophysiological function of excitable tissues |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5594032A (en) * | 1994-11-10 | 1997-01-14 | Gonzalez-Cadavid; Nestor F. | Amelioration of human erectile dysfunction by treatment with iNOS, inducers of iNOS or iNOS cDNA |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9523497D0 (en) * | 1995-11-16 | 1996-01-17 | Ashcroft Frances | Cell membrane protein and application thereof |
GB9701867D0 (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 1997-03-19 | Isis Innovation | Materials and methods relating to cell membrane proteins |
AU739224B2 (en) * | 1997-02-04 | 2001-10-04 | Valentis, Inc. | Treatment for urinary incontinence using gene therapy techniques |
-
1999
- 1999-08-18 EP EP99942324A patent/EP1126879A4/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-08-18 WO PCT/US1999/018912 patent/WO2000010604A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-08-18 AU AU55728/99A patent/AU757803B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-08-18 CA CA002339800A patent/CA2339800A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-08-18 JP JP2000565924A patent/JP2002523380A/en active Pending
- 1999-08-18 KR KR1020017002140A patent/KR100596884B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5594032A (en) * | 1994-11-10 | 1997-01-14 | Gonzalez-Cadavid; Nestor F. | Amelioration of human erectile dysfunction by treatment with iNOS, inducers of iNOS or iNOS cDNA |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
CHRIST ET AL.: "Molecular Studies of Human Corporal Smooth Muscle: Implications for the Understanding, Diagnosing and Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction", MOLECULAR UROLOGY, vol. 1, no. 1, 1997, pages 45 - 54, XP002924142 * |
FAN ET AL.: "An analysis of the maxi-K+ (KCa) channel in cultured human corporal smooth muscle cells", JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, vol. 153, March 1995 (1995-03-01), USA, pages 818 - 825, XP002924140 * |
MCCOBB ET AL.: "A human calcium-activated potassium channel gene expressed in vascular smooth muscle", AM. J. PHYSIOL., vol. 269, no. 3, September 1995 (1995-09-01), pages H767 - H777, XP002924141 * |
See also references of EP1126879A4 * |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6271211B1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2001-08-07 | Albert Einstein College Of Medicine Of Yeshiva University | Gene therapy for regulating penile smooth muscle tone |
US7030096B1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2006-04-18 | Albert Einstein College Of Medicine Of Yeshiva University | Method of enhancing relaxation of penile smooth muscle by introduction of DNA encoding maxi-K potassium channel protein |
EP1314781A1 (en) * | 2000-08-30 | 2003-05-28 | Endo, Yaeta, Dr. | Design and construction of transcription template for synthesizing cell-free protein, and dilution batch-type method of synthesizing cell-free wheat germ protein by using the same |
EP1314781A4 (en) * | 2000-08-30 | 2004-11-03 | Endo Yaeta Dr | Design and construction of transcription template for synthesizing cell-free protein, and dilution batch-type method of synthesizing cell-free wheat germ protein by using the same |
US7981617B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 | 2011-07-19 | Cellfree Sciences Co., Ltd. | Transcription template for cell-free protein synthesis and method using the same |
US8007779B2 (en) | 2000-10-20 | 2011-08-30 | Genegrafts Ltd. | Nucleic acid constructs and cells, and methods utilizing same for modifying the electrophysiological function of excitable tissues |
WO2006084322A1 (en) * | 2005-02-09 | 2006-08-17 | Craig Steven Mclachlan | Treatment method for modifying tissue passive electrical conductance |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1126879A1 (en) | 2001-08-29 |
EP1126879A4 (en) | 2004-08-04 |
CA2339800A1 (en) | 2000-03-02 |
AU757803B2 (en) | 2003-03-06 |
JP2002523380A (en) | 2002-07-30 |
AU5572899A (en) | 2000-03-14 |
KR100596884B1 (en) | 2006-07-04 |
KR20010085416A (en) | 2001-09-07 |
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