WO1999059427A1

WO1999059427A1 - Co-processed compositions of acids and water soluble crystalline compounds and related products and methods

Info

Publication number: WO1999059427A1
Application number: PCT/US1999/011072
Authority: WO
Inventors: Anh Le; Robert Huzinec
Original assignee: Spi Polyols, Inc.; Hershey Foods Corporation
Priority date: 1998-05-19
Filing date: 1999-05-19
Publication date: 1999-11-25
Also published as: AU4087999A; CA2332458A1; EP1079701A1; EP1079701A4

Abstract

The invention includes co-processed compositions containing at least one acidulent and at least one water-soluble crystalline compound for use in shelf-stable low-moisture comestible, confectionery, dentifrice, or pharmaceutical products containing acid-sensitive additives. The invention also includes methods of minimizing the degradation of an acid-sensitive additive by at least one acidulent in low-moisture comestible, confectionery, dentifrice, or pharmaceutical products that contain at least one acidulent by using the co-processed compositions of the present invention. The invention also includes methods of increasing salivation and methods of removing or preventing the deposition of plaque on teeth using the co-processed compositions of the present invention. Examples of low-moisture comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice products in which the co-processed compositions may be used are chewing gum, bubble gum, instant beverages, frozen desserts, toothpaste and dental floss.

Description

CO-PROCESSED COMPOSITIONS OF ACIDS AND WATER SOLUBLE CRYSTALLINE COMPOUNDS AND RELATED PRODUCTS AND METHODS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/080,970, filed May 19, 1998.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to co-processed compositions of acids and water-soluble crystalline compounds, and in particular, to shelf-stable comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical, and dentifrice products which contain these co-processed compositions. The present invention also relates to methods of making these co-processed compositions, products containing the same, and methods of making and using such products.

2. The Related Art

Acidulents or acids are used in comestible and dentifrice products for a variety of reasons. For example, acid is taught for use in chewing gum to increase saliva production for the treatment of xerostomia or dry mouth (U.S. Patent No. 5,151,270, Ream et al.) or for use during exercising (U.S. Patent No. 4,906,455, Hoerman). Acid has also been used in chewing gum to soften plaque on teeth (U.S. Patent No. 4,400, 372, to Muhler et al.). Acidulants function as flavor enhancers as well, and when provided at optimal levels significantly improve the release of flavor in confectionery products, such as hard candies, gummy candies, chewing gum and the like.

However, adding oxidative acids to comestible or dentifrice products is known to quickly oxidize acid-sensitive additives, such as flavors, to the detriment of the comestible or dentifrice product. For example, the perception of flavor in an acid-containing chewing or bubble gum substantially diminishes in quality after about 2 weeks in storage. The perception of undesirable flavor notes is also of utmost concern in the confectionery industry, as well as industries producing baked goods, dairy products, beverages and the like. A need exists for products in which undesirable flavor notes are reduced or inhibited. Protecting additives in comestible or dentifrice products from other components in the products has often been done by methods which segregate the additive from other components in the product. For example, flavors have been segregated by encapsulation of a flavorant in media such as elastomeric matrix, polymeric medium, gelatin, wax, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyethylene, fat, starch, sugar, zein, or a gum such as gum arabic, xanthan, and locust bean.

However, encapsulation of additives such as flavors is time consuming and expensive. Further, the encapsulation process and parameters can change the character of the flavor (certain peaks present in the gas chromatographic spectrum of the flavor can be lost upon encapsulation) and some techniques of encapsulation may even preclude the release of flavor in the final product. While encapsulation may protect the flavor from an oxidative acid, encapsulation is not the ideal method for protecting the flavor because of the inhibition (or prevention) of the release of flavor caused by encapsulation. This inhibition caused by encapsulation results in a delay of the initial flavor impact which is important for consumer acceptability in products such as chewing gum. A need also exists, therefore, for a process for protecting acid-sensitive additives (e.g., alkaline ingredients such as certain flavoring compounds) from acids or acidulents in comestible, pharmaceutical, and dentifrice products.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a method of minimizing the degradation of an acid-sensitive additive by at least one acidulent (e.g., an acid) in a low-moisture comestible or dentifrice product which contains the at least one acidulent. In one aspect, the method comprises preparing the product with the at least one acidulent in the form of a co-processed composition; wherein the co-processed composition is prepared by co-processing the at least one acidulent with at least one water-soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method of removing or preventing the deposition of plaque on teeth. In one aspect, the method comprises regularly chewing a chewing gum; wherein the gum comprises a gum base, an abrasive, and at least one acidulent, wherein the at least one acidulent is in the form of a co-processed composition, and wherein the co-processed composition is prepared by co-processing the at least one acidulent with at least one water- soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a method of increasing salivation. In one aspect, the method comprises the step of chewing a low-moisture acid-containing comestible product; said product comprising the at least one acidulent in the form of a co- processed composition, wherein said co-processed composition is prepared by co-processing the at least one acidulent with at least one water-soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a comestible product comprising at least one acidulent in the form of a co-processed composition with at least one water-soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a co-processed composition consisting essentially of at least one water-soluble crystalline compound selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars and derivatives thereof, and at least one acidulent. In one aspect, the co-processed composition is in the form of granules or agglomerates. In another aspect, the co-processed composition is in the form of powder.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a comestible or dentifrice product comprising an abrasive and at least one acidulent; wherein the at least one acidulent is in the form of a co-processed composition prepared by co-processing the at least one acidulent with at least one water-soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

Yet another object of the instant invention is to provide a process of making a co- processed composition consisting essentially of at least one water-soluble crystalline compound selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars and derivatives thereof, and at least one acidulent. In one aspect, the process comprises the steps of mixing the at least one water- soluble crystalline compound selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars and derivatives thereof, at least one acidulent and water to form a mixture; forming the mixture into granules or agglomerates; and removing at least a portion of the water from the granules or agglomerates. Preferably, the forming occurs in a wet granulation or agglomeration process. A further object of our invention is to provide a pharmaceutical product, food product or confectionery product containing a co-processed composition consisting essentially of at least one water-soluble crystalline compound selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars and derivatives thereof, and at least one acidulent. Preferably, the at least one acidulent is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid and malic acid.

Another object is to provide a pharmaceutical product, food product or confectionery product that contains at least one alkaline ingredient and a co-processed composition consisting essentially of at least one water-soluble crystalline compound selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars and derivatives thereof, and at least one acidulent.

An additional object is to provide a hard candy; a jam, jelly or other soft filling for a food product or confectionery product; or a baked product, that contains a co-processed composition consisting essentially of at least one water-soluble crystalline compound selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars and derivatives thereof, and at least one acidulent.

Further objects of the present invention are set forth in the appended claims of the instant application.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is mannitol.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION It has been discovered that acidulents (e.g., acids) may be segregated from a comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical, or dentifrice product containing acid-sensitive additives by adding the acidulent(s) to the product in the form of a co-processed composition. As long as the co-processed composition is kept in a low moisture environment and prepared with components which are low in moisture, the acidulent(s) will remain in the co-processed composition, segregated from the acid-sensitive additive, thereby enhancing the stability of the additive in the product (and therefore the stability of the product itself). Release of the acidulent(s) from the co- processed composition will occur upon the addition of moisture to the comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical, or dentifrice product, for example, by adding water or by the contact of the product with the saliva in the mouth of a consumer. Moreover, co-processed compositions of the present invention may impart unique flavor and taste properties to products in which they are incorporated. The amount of the acidulent(s) added to the crystalline compound(s) is an amount such that after drying and grinding, the acidulent(s) is (are) present in the co-processed composition at the desired level.

The water-soluble crystalline compounds which may be used in preparing the co- processed composition are chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives and mixtures thereof. Examples are sugar alcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, isomalt, sugars (i.e., monosaccharides, disaccharides and longer chain saccharides, for example, fructose, dextrose, maltose, lactose, D-tagatose and sucrose). Note that disaccharides and longer chain saccharides, for example sucrose, will break down into smaller saccharide components in the presence of acid, but will still be useful in the inventive co-processed composition provided that absorbed water (i.e., water absorbed by the smaller saccharide components) is removed during the preparation of the co-processed composition.

Examples of acidulents that may be co-processed with the water-soluble crystalline compound and added to the products of the present invention are inorganic and organic acids or salts thereof. Examples of inorganic acids are phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and boric acid. Examples of organic acids are saturated and unsaturated hydroxy and non-hydroxy C, to C₆ mono-, di-, and tribasic carboxylic acids such as citric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, lactic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, glycolic acid and mixtures thereof. Examples of salts which may be used as a source of acid are alkali and alkaline earth metal salts of the inorganic and organic acids listed above, such as monobasic calcium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium hydrogen sulfite and sodium pyrophosphate.

Preferred co-processing methods in accordance with our invention include any granulation or agglomeration processes, preferably wet granulation or agglomeration processes, known to and practiced by those of ordinary skill.

Co-processed compositions in accordance with the present invention may exist in any form, although powder, granule, and agglomerate forms are preferred.

Co-processed compositions of the present invention can be used with low-moisture comestible, confectionery or dentifrice products in which the segregation of acidulent(s) from other components in the product is desirable. Examples of low-moisture products in which our co-processed compositions may be used are solid or semi-solid comestible or confectionery products such as chewing gum, bubble gum, instant beverages, and frozen desserts and dentifrices such as toothpaste and dental floss. These low-moisture products generally contain water (bound and/or unbound) in the range of from about 0 to about 10 wt.%, preferably from about 0 to about 5 wt.%, most preferably from about 0 to about 3 wt.%. The co-processed compositions of this invention may also find application in pharmaceutical products. Examples of acid-sensitive additives which may be present in the comestible, pharmaceutical, or dentifrice products of the present invention are flavors, flavor enhancers, flavor masking additives, and aspartame. Examples of flavors which may be used with the present invention are natural or artificial flavors. Examples are essential oils, such as cinnamon, spearmint, peppermint, birch, and anise; fruit flavors, both natural flavors derived from the essence of fruits and artificial fruit flavors, e.g., apple, pear, peach, strawberry, cherry, apricot, orange, watermelon, banana, and bubble gum flavor; bean-derived flavors, such as coffee and cocoa; wine-derived flavors, such as curacao zin; and pungent materials, such as affmin, pepper, and mustard, and mixtures thereof. Examples of flavor enhancers are neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NeoDHC), soy sauce, salt, talin (thaumatin) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) and other flavor enhancers known in the art. Examples of flavor masking additives are menthol and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone.

A comestible or dentifrice product of the present invention may also contain an abrasive useful in removing or preventing the deposition of plaque which has been softened by the acidulent from the teeth. Abrasives have been used in dentifrice products to clean and polish teeth and dentures and to aid in the prevention of caries. Representative patents are U.S. Patent Nos. 1,592,013 (Taylor), 2,059,396 (Ripert), 3,105,013 (Saul et al.), 3,282,792 (Fiscella), 3,378,445 (Muhler), 3,590,120 (Muhler), 4,108,979 (Muhler et al.), 4,108,981 (Muhler et al.), 4,122,163 (Muhler et al.), 4,400,372 (Muhler et al.), 4,428,928 (Muhler et al.), 4,828,820 (Glass et al.). In particular, a chewing gum containing an acid and an abrasive is known to be useful in removing and preventing the reformation of plaque on teeth (see U.S. Patent No. 4,400,372 to Muhler et al., which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). The acid is thought to soften the plaque and the abrasive to aid in the removal of the softened plaque. Co-processed compositions of the present invention improve upon the acid/abrasive containing chewing gum by improving the shelf-stability of the product.

For abrasive-containing products in which the acidulent assists in the softening of plaque, the amount of acidulent which is preferably present in the product is an amount such that when one (1) gram of the product (ground up if necessary) is placed into nine (9) milliliters of deionized water and mixed well, the pH of the water decreases to a level in the range of from about 1 to about 4.5 or 5, preferably in the range of from about 2.8 to about 3.2, a level which will soften the plaque. Where a salt is used as the acid source, a buffering agent should also be used to achieve the pH required. Examples of buffering agents are weak acids such as citric and malic acid. Examples of abrasives which may be added to the comestible or dentifrice product of the present invention are calcined kaolin (as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,400,372, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), calcined aluminum silicate, zirconium silicate, calcined and uncalcined talcs, Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂, resin abrasives, barium sulfate, silica, alumina, calcium carbonate, pumice, sodium bicarbonate and mixtures thereof. The abrasives are preferably present in particles having a median diameter of less than or equal to about 2 micrometers wherein substantially all of the particles are less than about 20 micrometers in diameter. Where calcination is done, e.g., to increase the hardness of the abrasive, the calcination is preferably done at a temperature in the range of from about 1000°C to about 1100°C.

One clear benefit to a chewing or bubble gum made with a co-processed composition of the present invention is that the flavor is maintained at a consumer-acceptable level in the product for the entire shelf life of the gum (approximately 12 months).

A comestible or dentifrice product of the present invention is preferably a gum, either chewing or bubble gum. Preferred chewing or bubble gum compositions of the present invention contain the components listed in Table 1, which, however, are subject to change in view of consumer acceptability and changing consumer preferences. Additional components in the gum must not be components which will decompose the co-processed composition component, e.g., components that readily react with the acidulent in the co-processed composition or components containing a great deal of water. The amount of moisture in the gum should be in the range of from about 0 to about 10 wt.%, preferably from about 0 to about 5 wt.%, most preferably from about 0 to about 3 wt.%. TABLE 1

General Preferred

Gum Base 15-50 20-40

Flavor 0.5-2.5 1-2

Intense Sweetener 0.05-1.00 0.1-0.50

Bulk Sweeteners 30-50 35-45

Co-processed Composition 1-10 2-5

Liquid Softeners 0-30 2-20

Abrasive (optional) 5-30 8-20

The gum bases useful in the present invention, include those gum bases utilized for chewing gums or bubble gums. Both chewing and bubble gum bases employ a number of elastomeric materials as part thereof. Examples of these elastomeric materials are synthetic gums or elastomers such as butadiene-styrene copolymers, polyisobutylene and isobutylene- isoprene copolymers; natural gums or elastomers such as chicle, natural rubber Jelutong, balata, guttapercha, lechi caspi, sorva, guttakey, crown gum, perillo, and mixtures thereof. In addition, a non-toxic vinyl polymer, such as polyvinyl acetate and its partial hydrolyzate, polyvinyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof, may be used. The vinyl acetate polymer may possess a molecular weight (number average or weight average) ranging from about 2,000 to about 94,000. Among these, butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyisobutylene, isobutylene-isoprene copolymer or mixtures thereof, are frequently used.

The gum base usually includes an elastomer solvent, which may be selected from terpene resins, such as polymers of a-pinene or b-pinene, rosin derivatives including hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated derivatives, such as glycerol ester of polymerized rosin, alcohol esters of rosin, such as the glycerol ester of hydrogenated rosin, the pentaerythritol ester of hydrogenated rosin, the pentaerythritol ester of partially hydrogenated rosin, the glyceryl esters of partially hydrogenated rosin, the glycerol ester of rosin, and mixtures thereof.

The base may include softeners, plasticizers, and/or emulsifiers such as hydrogenated vegetable oil, cocoa butter, and natural waxes, petroleum waxes such as the polyethylene waxes and paraffin waxes, microcrystalline waxes with melting points higher than 80°C, and mixtures thereof. Fatty acids may also be used as softeners, and suitable fatty acids include stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and mixtures thereof. Corn syrup, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol as well as hydrolyzed cereal solids may be used as softeners. The gum base also frequently includes emulsifiers, particularly those that would be compatible with the vinyl polymer, if included in the base. Particularly, lanolin, lecithin, glyceryl monostearate, fatty acid monoglycerides, digylcerides and triglycerides, glycerol triacetate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol monostearate and mixtures thereof may be used.

The gum base may also contain thickeners, that may be employed alone or in conjunction with other softeners. The thickeners may include methyl cellulose, alginates, carrageenan, xanthan gum, gelatin, carob, tragacanth, locust bean gum, and carboxymethylcellulose.

The gum base may include fillers and texturing agents. Examples are mineral adjuvants such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, alumina, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum silicate, talc, tricalcium phosphate, and mixtures thereof. The gum base may also include conventional components such as antioxidants, preservatives, and colorants. For example, titanium dioxide may be utilized as a colorant, and antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, and mixtures thereof, may also be included.

Gum bases may be prepared for a variety of products, including conventional gums and bubble gums, and this invention is not limited to a specific gum base formulation. The above description is therefore presented for purposes of illustration only.

While various bulking agents can be used in the gum compositions, sugar alcohols are of particular value for both sugar-containing and sugarless compositions, since they also impart sweetness to the gum composition. Sugar alcohols useful in the preparation of the present gum compositions include mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, lactitol, maltitol, erythritol, isomalt, etc., and mixtures thereof. High intensity sweeteners may also be added. Examples of high intensity sweeteners are saccharin, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, sucralose, cyclamates and others known in the art.

Sugarless chewing gum containing the co-processed acidulent/water-soluble crystalline compound composition may be made by the following procedure: A sugarless gum formula is prepared by adding gum base to a jacketed sigma blade mixer. If rework is available it is added to the gum base and mixed until homogeneous. If no rework is available, this mixing step is omitted. If an abrasive is used, it is mixed into the base until homogeneous. High intensity sweetener and one or more dry water-soluble crystalline compounds are then added and mixed until homogeneous; liquid softeners and other liquid polyols are added to the previous mixture and mixed until homogeneous; liquid flavor is added to the previous mixture and mixed 1-2 minutes; spray-dried or encapsulated flavors or sweeteners are added to the previous mixture and mixed 1 minute; the co-processed composition (e.g., co-processed acidulent(s) and water-soluble crystalline compound(s)) is then added to the previous mixture and mixed for approximately 1 minute to produce the gum. The gum is then removed from the mixer and formed into the desired format (either chunk, stick, pellet, tab, or ball).

Another embodiment of our invention is a co-processed composition consisting essentially of mannitol with an acidulent or a combination of two or more acidulents. In a preferred embodiment, a granulation is formed from a mixture of mannitol and at least one acidulent.

Preferred acidulents suitable for use in co-processed mannitol/acidulent compositions include citric, malic, fumaric, lactic, tartaric, adipic, and phosphoric acids, and other commercially available acidulent products known in the art. More preferably, mannitol may be co-processed with at least one acidulent selected from phosphoric acid and malic acid. In a preferred embodiment, mannitol and at least one acidulent may be co-processed by a wet granulation or agglomeration process. For example, a mixture of mannitol powder and at least one acidulent is formed in a wet granulation or agglomeration process and the mixture is then processed to form granules or agglomerates. In a highly preferred embodiment, the granules or agglomerates formed during the wet granulation or agglomeration process are dried by removing at least a portion of the water that is present in the granules or agglomerates after they are formed. The dried granules or agglomerates may optionally be ground to a powder having a desired particle size or particle size distribution by any method known in the art.

The mannitol and the at least one acidulent may be combined in any amounts or proportions that are suitable to impart desired properties such as, for example, the formation of acceptable granules or agglomerates, the stabilization of alkaline ingredients in the final product, or specific levels of flavor and sweetness. Preferred co-processed compositions comprise from about 80-99 percent by weight (preferably from about 85-95% by weight) mannitol and about 1- 20 percent by weight (preferably from about 5-15% by weight) of the at least one acidulent, based on the total weight of the mannitol and the acidulent in the co-processed composition. In addition, the co-processed compositions can contain small amounts of water.

Specifically, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the co-processed composition consists essentially of mannitol, water and at least one acidulent selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid and malic acid, wherein the mannitol is present in an amount of from about 80-99% by weight of the co-processed composition (preferably from about 85-95% by weight of the co-processed composition), the water is present in an amount of about 0.01 % to

2% by weight of the co-processed composition (preferably from about 0.10% to 1% by weight of the co-processed composition, most preferably from about 0.10% to 0.5% by weight of the co- processed composition) and the remainder of the co-processed composition is the at least one acidulent. By the use of the phrase "consists essentially of or "consisting essentially of to describe the ingredients that are present in the co-processed composition, we intend to teach and claim that the listed ingredients (e.g., mannitol, water and at least one acidulent) are the principal or essential ingredients. This phrase does not exclude the presence of minor amounts of secondary ingredients or impurities that may be present as a part of one or more of the listed ingredients and that have no substantial effect on the properties or characteristics of the final co- processed composition.

The at least one acidulent may be in solid form or in solution when it is mixed with the mannitol. When the at least one acidulent is in the form of an aqueous solution, the total amount of water that is present in the acidulent/mannitol mixture should be below the solubility level for mannitol (i.e., about 20-22 grams per 100 milliliters of water at 25°C). In a preferred embodiment, a co-processed composition consisting essentially of mannitol with at least one acidulent selected from phosphoric acid and malic acid demonstrates low moisture absorption. In a particularly preferred embodiment, wherein mannitol powder is co- processed with phosphoric acid, the co-processed composition demonstrates low moisture absorption, thereby preventing liquefaction of the co-processed composition into a syrup at, for example, about 37.8°C and 75% relative humidity. Co-processed compositions comprising mannitol that has been co-processed with at least one acidulent may be used in the formation of, for example, pharmaceutical products, food products and confectioneries, including chewing gums and jams, jellies or other soft fillings. Products formed from these co-processed compositions may be superior to products formed from traditional compositions by exhibiting beneficial properties as described herein. For example, by co-processing the mannitol and the at least one acidulent into a form wherein the at least one acidulent is trapped or contained within the mannitol, the at least one acidulent is not directly exposed to acid-sensitive ingredients (such as certain flavoring compounds) in the final product. This prevents or reduces reactions between the acidulent(s) and the acid-sensitive ingredients which can lead to the degradation of certain properties of the final product, including the flavor.

Various demonstrations of the present invention are included in the Examples immediately following. However, these Examples should be considered as illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 The sugarless chewing gum Formulations A and B of the present invention were prepared with the components of Tables 2 and 3 as follows: Gum base was added to a jacketed sigma blade mixer. For Formulation A-0, rework was available and was added at this point to the gum base and mixed until homogeneous. The kaolin and standard chewing gum softeners were then added to the previous mixture and mixed until homogeneous. Half of the sorbitol powder was then added and mixed until homogeneous. Maltitol syrup (i.e., Lycasin) and glycerin were added to the mixture and mixed until homogeneous. The other half of the sorbitol powder and all of the other bulk polyol sweeteners were added and mixed until homogeneous. The high intensity sweetener(s) were then added and mixed 1-2 minutes. The liquid flavor was added and mixed for 1-2 minutes. The sweeteners and flavor extenders were then added and mixed for approximately 1 minute; the co-processed composition of Example 3 was then added to the previous mixture and mixed for approximately 1 minute to produce the gum. The gum was then removed from the mixer and pelleted and coated with sorbitol.

TABLE 2 - Formulation A

Formulations B-1 and B-2 were prepared with the components listed in Table 3: TABLE 3 - Formulation B

The differences between Formulations A and B are that Formulation A contains sorbitol and liquid flavor whereas Formulation B contains sorbitol and xylitol as well as both liquid and powder flavor.

Example 2 The stability of the flavor additive in chewing gum Formulations A-0 through A-4 of the present invention was demonstrated by having panelists trained to evaluate chewing gum compare the flavor of a typical acid-containing chewing gum with a chewing gum of the present invention in which the acid was co-processed with a water-soluble crystalline compound (Formulations A-0 through A-4). The control was a peppermint- flavored chewing gum combined with a free phosphoric acid. The inventive gum Formulation A is a peppermint- flavored chewing gum containing the co-processed composition of Example 3 (i.e., in which phosphoric acid was co-processed with mannitol before addition to the chewing gum).

Before evaluation, chewing gum Formulation A-0 was subjected to accelerated aging approximating 18 weeks. The control chewing gum and chewing gum Formulations A-1 through A-3 were not aged but were evaluated fresh. Chewing gum Formulation A-4 was subjected to accelerated aging for approximately 12 weeks. Trained panelists then compared the flavor of the control chewing gum with the Formulation A chewing gum of the present invention. The panelists found that the flavor in the control chewing gum degraded within about 2 weeks of storage while the degradation of flavor in the inventive gum was much slower and similar to the rate at which gum having peppermint flavor (but no acid) degrades, the equivalent of at least 18 months shelf life time. The panelists also found that the control chewing gum (containing free acid) had an unpalatable musty, bitter flavor, while the inventive product (containing the co- processed acid) has a cool flavor well-balanced with sweetness. Finally, the polishing achieved by the inventive chewing gum was found to be superior to the polishing obtained by commercially-available chewing gum which did not contain abrasive.

Example 3

The present example demonstrates the formation of a co-processed composition formed from mannitol and phosphoric acid. This co-processed composition was used in the chewing gum formulations A and B described in Example 1. Approximately 450 grams of mannitol powder (lot no. 3117G7, SPI Polyols, Inc., New Castle, DE) are placed in an eight-quart bowl of a Hobart mixer (model C-100, The Hobart Manufacturing Co., Troy, OH) equipped with a delta paddle having a dimension similar to the eight-quart Hobart bowl. In a beaker, about 58.82 grams of phosphoric acid (85% solution, Food Grade, lot no. 121163, Textile Chemical Co., Reading, PA) and about 500 grams of distilled water are mixed to form a uniform solution. With the Hobart mixer at a speed setting of about two, the solution of phosphoric acid and distilled water is added to the mannitol powder and mixed for about five minutes, or until semi-moist granules are formed having a popcorn-like shape with a diameter of about 2 inches or less.

The semi -moist granules are scraped out of the Hobart bowl using a plastic spatula and are spread evenly onto a stainless steel drying tray. The granules are dried in an oven at a temperature ranging from about 65.6°C to about 82.2°C for about 24 to 48 hours. The dried granules are cooled at ambient temperature (i.e., about 23°C to about 25°C) at a relative humidity of less than about 40%. The moisture content of the dried granules is less than about 0.5% when analyzed by Karl Fischer analysis (i.e., with a Karl Fischer Water Titration Unit, E.M. Science, Cincinnati, Ohio). The granules are poured into a Stoke Granulator grinder (model no. 43-4,

Serial No. T39557, F. J. Stokes Corporation, Philadelphia, PA) and are reduced to a particle size which passes through U.S. Standard Sieve Screen Number 12.

Example 4 The present example demonstrates the formation of a co-processed composition formed from mannitol and malic acid. Approximately 450 grams of mannitol powder (lot no. 3117G7, SPI Polyols, Inc., New Castle, DE) are placed in an eight-quart bowl of a Hobart mixer (model C-100, The Hobart Manufacturing Co., Troy, OH) equipped with a delta paddle having a dimension similar to the eight-quart Hobart bowl. In a beaker, about 50 grams of malic acid (crystalline, Food Grade, lot no. 3/97, Bartek Ingredients, Inc., Ontario, Canada) and about 400 grams of distilled water are mixed to form a uniform solution. With the Hobart mixer at a speed setting of about two, the solution of malic acid and distilled water is added to the mannitol powder and mixed for about five minutes, or until semi-moist granules are formed having a popcorn-like shape with a diameter of about 2 inches or less. The semi-moist granules are scraped out of the Hobart bowl using a plastic spatula and are spread evenly onto a stainless steel drying tray. The granules are dried in an oven at a temperature ranging from about 65.6°C to about 82.2°C for about 24 to 48 hours. The dried granules are cooled at ambient temperature (i.e., about 23°C to about 25°C) at a relative humidity of less than about 40%. The moisture content of the dried granules is less than about 0.5% when analyzed by the aforementioned Karl Fischer analysis. The granules are poured into a Stokes

Granulator grinder (model no. 43-4, F. J. Stokes Corporation, Philadelphia, PA) and are reduced to a particle size which passes through U.S. Standard Sieve Screen Number 12.

While the present invention has been described with respect to what is presently considered to be preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, the invention is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent formulations and functions.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method of minimizing the degradation of an acid-sensitive additive by at least one acidulent in a low-moisture comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product which contains the at least one acidulent, comprising preparing the product with the at least one acidulent in the form of a co-processed composition; wherein the co-processed composition is prepared by co-processing the at least one acidulent with at least one water-soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the product is chosen from the group consisting of chewing gum, bubble gum, instant beverages, frozen desserts, toothpaste, and dental floss.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the product is a chewing gum.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one acidulent is an inorganic or organic acid or a salt thereof.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the acid is an inorganic acid chosen from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and boric acid.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the acid is chosen from the group consisting of saturated and unsaturated hydroxy and non-hydroxy C, to C₆ mono-, di-, and tribasic carboxylic acids.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the acid is chosen from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, lactic acid, hydroxyacetic acid and mixtures thereof.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is a sugar alcohol.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the sugar alcohol is chosen from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, isomalt, and mixtures thereof.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is a sugar.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the sugar is chosen from the group consisting of fructose, dextrose, maltose, lactose, D-tagatose, sucrose and longer chain saccharides and mixtures thereof.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product contains less than about 10 wt.% moisture.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product contains less than about 5 wt.% moisture.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product contains less than about 3 wt.% moisture.

16. A method of increasing salivation comprising the step of chewing a low-moisture comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product containing at least one acidulent; said product comprising the at least one acidulent in the form of a co-processed composition, wherein said co-processed composition is prepared by co-processing the at least one acidulent with at least one water-soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the product is chosen from the group consisting of chewing gum, bubble gum, instant beverages, frozen desserts, toothpaste, and dental floss.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the product is chewing gum.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one acidulent is an inorganic or organic acid or salt thereof.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one acidulent is an inorganic acid chosen from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and boric acid.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one acidulent is an organic acid chosen from the group consisting of saturated and unsaturated hydroxy and non-hydroxy C, to C₆ mono-, di-, and tribasic carboxylic acids.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one acidulent is chosen from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, lactic acid, hydroxyacetic acid and mixtures thereof.

23. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is a sugar alcohol.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the sugar alcohol is chosen from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, isomalt, and mixtures thereof.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.

26. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is an sugar.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the sugar is chosen from the group consisting of fructose, dextrose, maltose, lactose, D-tagatose, sucrose and longer chain saccharides and mixtures thereof.

28. The method of claim 16, wherein the comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product contains less than about 10 wt.% moisture.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product contains less than about 5 wt.% moisture.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product contains less than about 3 wt.% moisture.

31. A method of removing or preventing the deposition of plaque on teeth, comprising regularly chewing gum; wherein the gum comprises a gum base, an abrasive, and at least one acidulent, wherein the at least one acidulent is in the form of a co-processed composition, and wherein the co-processed composition is prepared by co-processing the at least one acidulent with at least one water-soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the abrasive is chosen from the group consisting of calcined kaolin, calcined aluminum silicate, zirconium silicate, calcined and uncalcined talcs,

Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂, resin abrasives, barium sulfate, silica, alumina, calcium carbonate, pumice, sodium bicarbonate and mixtures thereof.

33. The method of claim 31, wherein the source of the at least one acidulent is an inorganic or organic acid or a salt thereof.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the at least one acidulent is an inorganic acid chosen from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and boric acid.

35. The method of claim 33, wherein the acid is an organic acid chosen from the group consisting of saturated and unsaturated hydroxy and non-hydroxy C, to C₆ mono-, di-, and tribasic carboxylic acids.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the acid is chosen from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, lactic acid, hydroxyacetic acid and mixtures thereof.

37. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one acidulent is present in the product in an amount such that when 1 gram of the product is placed into 9 grams of deionized water and mixed well, the pH is decreased to a level in the range of from about 1 to about 5.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the pH is decreased to a level in the range of from about 1 to about 4.5.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the pH is decreased to a level in the range of from about 2.8 to about 3.2.

40. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is a sugar alcohol.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the sugar alcohol is chosen from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, isomalt, and mixtures thereof.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.

43. The method of claim 31, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is a sugar.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein the sugar is chosen from the group consisting of fructose, dextrose, maltose, lactose, D-tagatose, sucrose and longer chain saccharides and mixtures thereof.

45. The method of claim 31, wherein the chewing gum contains less than about 10 wt.% moisture.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the chewing gum contains less than about 5 wt.% moisture.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the chewing gum contains less than about 3 wt.% moisture.

48. A comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product comprising at least one acidulent in the form of a co-processed composition; wherein the co-processed composition is prepared by co-processing the at least one acidulent with at least one water- soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

49. The product of claim 48, wherein the product is chosen from the group consisting of chewing gum, bubble gum, instant beverages, frozen desserts, toothpaste, and dental floss.

50. The product of claim 49, wherein the product is chewing gum.

51. The product of claim 48, wherein the at least one acidulent is an inorganic or organic acid or a salt thereof.

52. The product of claim 51 , wherein the acid is an inorganic acid chosen from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and boric acid.

53. The product of claim 51 , wherein the acid is an organic acid chosen from the group consisting of saturated and unsaturated hydroxy and non-hydroxy C, to C₆ mono-, di-, and tribasic carboxylic acids.

54. The product of claim 53, wherein the acid is chosen from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, lactic acid, hydroxyacetic acid and mixtures thereof.

55. The product of claim 48, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is a sugar alcohol.

56. The product of claim 55, wherein the sugar alcohol is chosen from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, isomalt, and mixtures thereof.

57. The product of claim 56, wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.

58. The product of claim 48, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is a sugar.

59. The product of claim 58, wherein the sugar is chosen from the group consisting of fructose, dextrose, maltose, lactose, D-tagatose, sucrose and longer chain saccharides and mixtures thereof.

60. The product of claim 48, wherein the product contains less than about 10 wt.% moisture.

61. The product of claim 60, wherein the product contains less than about 5 wt.% moisture.

62. The product of claim 60, wherein the product contains less than about 3 wt.% moisture.

63. A comestible, confectionery, pharmaceutical or dentifrice product comprising an abrasive and at least one acidulent; wherein the at least one acidulent is in the form of a co- processed composition prepared by co-processing the at least one acidulent with at least one water-soluble crystalline compound independently chosen from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars, and derivatives thereof.

64. The product of claim 63, wherein the product is chosen from the group consisting of chewing gum, bubble gum, instant beverages, frozen desserts, toothpaste, and dental floss.

65. The product of claim 64, wherein the product is chewing gum.

66. The product of claim 63, wherein the source of the at least one acidulent is an inorganic or organic acid or a salt thereof.

67. The product of claim 66, wherein the acid is an inorganic acid chosen from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and boric acid.

68. The product of claim 66, wherein the acid is an organic acid chosen from the group consisting of saturated and unsaturated hydroxy and non-hydroxy C, to C₆ mono-, di-, and tribasic carboxylic acids.

69. The product of claim 68, wherein the acid is chosen from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, lactic acid, hydroxyacetic acid and mixtures thereof.

70. The product of claim 63, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is a sugar alcohol.

71. The product of claim 70, wherein the sugar alcohol is chosen from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, isomalt, and mixtures thereof.

72. The product of claim 71 , wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.

73. The product of claim 63, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is a sugar.

74. The product of claim 73, wherein the sugar is chosen from the group consisting of fructose, dextrose, maltose, lactose, D-tagatose, sucrose and longer chain saccharides and mixtures thereof.

75. The product of claim 63, wherein the product contains less than about 10 wt.% moisture.

76. The product of claim 75, wherein the product contains less than about 5 wt.% moisture.

77. The product of claim 75, wherein the product contains less than about 3 wt.% moisture.

78. A co-processed composition consisting essentially of at least one water-soluble crystalline compound selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars and derivatives thereof, and at least one acidulent.

79. The co-processed composition of claim 78, wherein the at least one acidulent is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid and adipic acid.

80. The co-processed composition of claim 78, wherein the at least one acidulent is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid and malic acid.

81. The co-processed composition of claim 78, wherein said co-processed composition consists essentially of about 80-99 weight percent of said at least one water-soluble crystalline compound and 1-20 weight percent of said at least one acidulent, based on the total weight of said at least one water-soluble crystalline compound and the at least one acidulent.

82. The co-processed composition of claim 78, wherein said co-processed composition is in the form of granules or agglomerates.

83. The co-processed composition of claim 78, wherein said co-processed composition is in the form of powder.

84. A process of making a co-processed composition consisting essentially of at least one water-soluble crystalline compound selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols, sugars and derivatives thereof, and at least one acidulent, comprising the following steps: a) mixing said at least one water-soluble crystalline compound, said at least one acidulent and water to form a mixture; b) forming said mixture into granules or agglomerates and c) removing at least a portion of the water from said granules or agglomerates.

85. The process of claim 84, wherein the at least one acidulent is selected from the group consisting of citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid and adipic acid.

86. The process of claim 84, wherein the at least one acidulent is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid and malic acid.

87. The process of claim 84, wherein said forming occurs in a wet granulation or agglomeration process.

88. Pharmaceutical product, food product or confectionery product containing the co-processed composition of claim 78.

89. A pharmaceutical product, food product or confectionery product containing the co-processed composition of claim 80.

90. A chewing gum containing the co-processed composition of claim 78.

91. A chewing gum containing the co-processed composition of claim 80.

92. A pharmaceutical product, food product or confectionery product that contains at least one alkaline ingredient and the co-processed composition of claim 78.

93. A chewing gum that contains at least one acid-sensitive additive and the co- processed composition of claim 78.

94. A hard candy containing the co-processed composition of claim 78.

95. A jam, jelly or other soft filling for a food product or confectionery product that contains the co-processed composition of claim 78.

96. A baked product that contains the co-processed composition of claim 78.

97. The co-processed composition of claim 78, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is mannitol.

98. The process of claim 84, wherein the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is mannitol.

99. A co-processed composition consisting essentially of mannitol, water and at least one acidulent selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid and malic acid, wherein said mannitol is present in an amount of from about 80-99% by weight of the co-processed composition, said water is present in an amount of about 0.01% to 2% by weight of the co- processed composition and the remainder of the co-processed composition is said at least one acidulent.

100. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one acidulent is phosphoric acid, the at least one water soluble crystalline compound is mannitol and the acid-sensitive additive is a flavor.

101. The method of claim 100, wherein the chewing gum further contains kaolin.

102. The method of claim 18, wherein the at least one acidulent is phosphoric acid and the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is mannitol and wherein the chewing gum further contains an acid-sensitive flavor.

103. The method of claim 102, wherein the chewing gum further contains kaolin.

104. The method of claim 42, wherein the at least one acidulent is phosphoric acid, the abrasive is kaolin and wherein the gum further contains an acid-sensitive flavor.

105. The product of claim 50, wherein the at least one acidulent is phosphoric acid and the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is mannitol and wherein the chewing gum further contains an acid-sensitive flavor.

106. The product of claim 105, wherein the chewing gum further contains kaolin.

107. The product of claim 65, wherein the at least one acidulent is phosphoric acid and the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is mannitol and wherein the chewing gum further contains an acid-sensitive flavor.

108. The product of claim 107, wherein the chewing gum further contains kaolin.

109. A chewing gum containing the co-processed composition made by the process of claim 84.

110. The chewing gum of claim 109, wherein the at least one acidulent is phosphoric acid, the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is mannitol and wherein the chewing gum further contains an acid-sensitive flavor.

111. The process of claim 110, wherein the chewing gum also contains kaolin.

112. The chewing gum of claim 93, wherein the at least one acidulent is phosphoric acid, the at least one water-soluble crystalline compound is mannitol and the acid-sensitive additive is a flavor.

113. The process of claim 112, wherein the chewing gum also contains kaolin.

114. A chewing gum containing the co-processed composition of claim 99.