WO1999051364A1 - Carbon dioxide cleaning and separation systems - Google Patents
Carbon dioxide cleaning and separation systems Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999051364A1 WO1999051364A1 PCT/US1999/007248 US9907248W WO9951364A1 WO 1999051364 A1 WO1999051364 A1 WO 1999051364A1 US 9907248 W US9907248 W US 9907248W WO 9951364 A1 WO9951364 A1 WO 9951364A1
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- phase
- substrate
- separating
- oil
- solubilizing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B7/00—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass
- B08B7/0021—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass by liquid gases or supercritical fluids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/22—Organic compounds
- C11D7/40—Products in which the composition is not well defined
- C11D7/44—Vegetable products
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/50—Solvents
Definitions
- This invention relates to cleaning and separation methods useful in cleaning substrates, particularly metal substrates, and useful for polymerization processes, coatings, extractions, and the manufacture and treatment of particles.
- Vegetable oils such as soybean oil and modified soybean oil have been suggested for cleaning, but have not received significant use because of either their high cost or the difficulty in removing or extracting residual components of the oil.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a carbon-dioxide based cleaning system incorporating a separate cleaner, in which the contaminants may be separated from the cleaner to facilitate subsequent re-use or disposal of the cleaner.
- a second object of the invention is to provide oil-based separation systems in which the oil, such as a vegetable oil, may be recovered for subsequent reuse.
- a separation method comprises (a) providing a heterogeneous separation system, the heterogeneous cleaning system comprising CO 2 in a first phase and an oil in a separate second phase; (b) entraining a material to be separated in the second phase; (c) solubilizing the second phase, in whole or in part, in the first phase to produce a separation system in which said material to be separated is insoluble; and then (d) separating the material from the system.
- the separating step is preferably followed by the step of (e) recovering the oil ⁇ i.e., some or all of the oil), so that it may be re-used in or recycled to step (a) above.
- Each of the steps may be carried out with or without agitation.
- An advantage of the invention is that the separation system is phase-tunable, in that the material of the second phase can alternately be rendered soluble, in whole or in part, or insoluble in the first phase, alternately rendering the material to be separated soluble or insoluble in the system in a controllable manner.
- the system is a homogeneous system in one embodiment, when the second phase is wholly solubilized in the first phase to render the material to be separated insoluble therein.
- the system is useful in a variety of applications, including cleaning, polymerization, extraction, coating, and particle formation and treatment.
- the system is particularly advantageous where the oil employed is of a relatively high cost. Since environmentally acceptable solvents such as organic or vegetable oils (including synthetic oils) can be relatively expensive, this system enables the use of such products in a broader variety of applications, in a cost-effective manner.
- one particular aspect of the invention is a method of cleaning a contaminant from a substrate.
- the method comprises contacting a substrate with a heterogeneous cleaning system.
- the heterogeneous cleaning system comprising CO - 3 - in a first phase and a cleaner (preferably an oil such as an organic, or vegetable, oil) in a separate second phase, so that contaminant carried by said substrate is entrained in the cleaner.
- the cleaner is then wholly or partially solubilized in the first phase (e.g., by increasing the pressure of the system) to produce a cleaning system in which the contaminant is immiscible ⁇ e.g., a homogeneous cleaning system), and that contaminant is separated from the substrate.
- the substrate is separated from the cleaning system, either before or after the solubilizing step, and the contaminant (which has been rendered immiscible in the cleaning system) is separated from the cleaner.
- the cleaning system advantageously can be implemented as a non-aqueous system, thereby reducing drying times and problems with oxidation.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a process of the invention, in which the phase-tunable system is represented by boxes 2, 3, 4 and 5 at different steps in the process.
- a CO 2 -based cleaning and separation system is disclosed herein.
- the system includes a material that may be alternately rendered miscible or immiscible in the carbon dioxide.
- the system is referred to as a "phase-tunable" system in that one phase may alternately be rendered soluble or insoluble in the other, carbon dioxide-containing, phase.
- Suitable materials that may alternately be rendered soluble or insoluble in the carbon dioxide-containing phase are, in general, oils such as esters of fatty acids (including methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters, etc.) mineral oils (including paraffinic and/or naphthenic petroleum distillates), aliphatic hydrocarbons, polyethyleneglycols, polypropylene glycols, polyisobutylenes, poly alpha olefins, saturated and unsaturated carboxylic (fatty) acids, lard, tallow, triglycerides, vegetable oils (including soy, corn, sunflower, safflower, olive, canola corn, almond, and walnut oils, and modified derivatives thereof, particularly SOYSOLV®, etc.), and fatty acids, - 4 - fatty alcohols, fatty amines, and modifications thereof including fatty esters, fatty ethers, and fatty amides.
- oils such as esters of fatty acids (including methyl, e
- the first phase comprises carbon dioxide
- the second phase comprises a material that may alternately be rendered soluble or insoluble in carbon dioxide as described above.
- the first phase is the continuous phase and the second phase is the dispersed phase, and both phases are liquid phases. Additional phases or materials can be added where desired or permitted. For example, a substrate to be cleaned or a substrate on which material is to be deposited can be added to the system, an aqueous phase could be incorporated itself into the second oil phase (e.g., the oil phase itself could be an emulsion or microemulsion), etc.
- Figure 1 shows a separation method, comprising providing a heterogeneous separation system 2, the heterogeneous cleaning system comprising CO 2 in a first phase 12 and a separate second phase 13.
- a material to be separated 14 is entrained in the second phase.
- the second phase is solubilized in the CO to produce a homogeneous separation system 19 in which said material 14 to be separated is insoluble or immiscible (note that some material may remain soluble or slightly soluble in the separation system, as long as a sufficient portion of the material to be separated is rendered insoluble, to achieve the desired separation).
- step 17 the insoluble material is then separated from the system, and in step 18 the system is recycled to re-form the heterogeneous system ⁇ e.g., by decreasing pressure) to thereby recover the oil.
- the method is typically carried out in a closed vessel to permit maintenance and control of the pressure in a suitable manner. While step 16 of Figure 1 illustrates a homogeneous system, note that not all of the second phase must be solubilized into the first phase, so long as a sufficient amount is solubilized into the first phase to render an effective portion of material to be separated insoluble in, and separable from, the system.
- the material to be separated is carried into the system on a substrate, and that material is then entrained or solubilized into the second phase.
- the material to be separated is a polymer.
- the entraining step is carried out by adding a monomer to the system; and then polymerizing the monomer in the second phase.
- the polymer may be either soluble or insoluble in the second phase.
- the process is simply carried out by extracting the material to be separated into the second phase as the separation step.
- the separating step is carried out by depositing the material on a substrate and then separating the substrate from the system.
- the depositing step can be carried out in a manner that forms a coating on the surface of the substrate ⁇ e.g., with a solid substrate such as a metal or glass), or can be carried out in a manner so that the material impregnates the substrate ⁇ e.g., polymer particles or beads).
- the separating step is carried out by forming particles comprising said material during said solubilizing step, and then collecting the particles from the system. This process may advantageously be combined with the polymerization process discussed above.
- the recovering step is carried out by any suitable means.
- the recovering step may be carried out by separating the oil from the carbon dioxide to provide a heterogeneous separation system; and then recycling the heterogeneous separation system to the initial "providing" step as illustrated by line 18 in Figure 1.
- the recovering step may be carried out by physically separating the oil from the carbon dioxide ⁇ e.g., by venting the carbon dioxide from the vessel in which the system is contained, and then optionally draining the oil, or a concentrated oil and carbon dioxide mixture, from the vessel).
- Make-up and maintenance of a desired charge of ingredient can occur by several routes: 1.) Metering of the make-up fluid into a low pressure area of the system.
- the low pressure area is the Cleaning/Treatment Chamber (where materials and substrates must be put in and out of the system.
- Contaminants to be cleaned are miscible in the cleaner when the cleaner is immiscible in carbon dioxide but immiscible in the cleaner when the cleaner is miscible in carbon dioxide.
- the solvating characteristics of the cleaner makes possible both the cleaning of the contaminant from the substrate and the separation of the contaminant from the cleaner.
- the cleaner may then be re-used, either in combination with the CO 2 in the original cleaning system or by separating the cleaner from the CO 2 .
- the cleaner may be disposed of without the problem of substantial amounts of contaminants entrained therein.
- CO 2 used to carry out the present invention is preferably liquid CO 2 , particularly during the step of contacting the cleaning system to the substrate.
- Cleaners that may be used in the present invention are, in general, cleaners that are immiscible in CO 2 , at the temperature, pressure and concentrations, in which the cleaning step is carried out.
- the cleaner is, however, selected so that it may be rendered soluble in CO 2 by manipulating the temperature, pressure, and/or concentration thereof (i.e., by raising one, or both, of temperature and pressure; by increasing CO 2 volume, etc.).
- the cleaner is typically an oil as described above.
- Cleaning systems of the present invention are mixtures of CO 2 , typically liquid CO 2 , and the second phase (the CO 2 -immiscible cleaner).
- the mixture may be in any suitable form, including suspensions, dispersions, and emulsions (including microemulsions).
- the CO 2 is the continuous phase and the immiscible cleaner is the disperse phase in the system, but in an alternate embodiment the CO 2 may be the disperse phase and the immiscible cleaner may be the continuous phase. In either case, the two phases are rendered miscible during the separation step, as discussed in greater detail below.
- the cleaning systems are preferably non-aqueous.
- the second phase comprises from about 1, 2 or 3 percent to about 40, 50, or 60 percent by volume of the cleaning system.
- the CO 2 -containing phase may optionally include a co-solvent.
- a co-solvent Any co- solvent may be employed that is miscible in CO 2 under the conditions of the process.
- suitable co-solvents include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, and alcohols. Where a co-solvent is included, it may be included in any suitable amount, typically from about 1, 2 or 3 to about 20, 30, or 40 percent by volume of the first phase.
- Contaminants that may be cleaned by the present invention include hydrocarbons, particularly hydrocarbons that are insoluble in liquid CO 2 . Examples of such contaminants are quench oils such as FER OCOTETM, honey oils, cutting oils, heat transfer oils, etc.
- Such hyrocarbons may or may not be halogenated, and include numerous paraffins.
- Other contaminants include fingerprints, dust, residuals, grit, grime, adhesives, coatings such as paint, varnish, films, rust, scale and corrosion, etc.
- Substrates that may be cleaned by the method of the present invention include metals such as steel, copper, and aluminum.
- the substrate may be in any form, including small parts such as screws, nuts, aircraft components, radiator channels and elbows, etc.
- the instant method initially involves contacting a substrate with a heterogeneous cleaning system.
- the contacting step is typically carried out in an enclosed pressure vessel (a cleaning vessel), and is carried out at a pressure and temperature and concentrations of CO 2 and cleaner such that the heterogeneous cleaning system comprises CO 2 in a first phase and the cleaner in a separate second phase.
- the contacting step is carried out for a time sufficient for contaminant carried by said substrate to be entrained, in whole or in part, in the cleaner.
- Liquid conditions are preferred because of the ease of separating the contacting fluid from the substrate. This is a function of temperature and pressure as - 8 - described in the literature ⁇ e.g., A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 Kelvin at Pressures up to 800 Mpa, R. Span, W Wagner; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Vol 25, No. 6, 1996 and references therein) Also useful in carrying out the invention are "denisfied phases" of CO 2 .
- the step of solubilizing the cleaner in the CO 2 to produce a homogeneous cleaning system in which the contaminant is immiscible may be carried out in the same vessel or a different vessel from the contacting step, depending on the particular form of the apparatus used to carry out the method.
- Solubilizing of the cleaner in the CO 2 may be carried out by any suitable means, including manipulating temperature, pressure, concentration of CO 2 , and combinations thereof.
- the pressure of the system could be increased, the temperature could be increased, or the concentration of CO 2 could be decreased (e.g., by partial venting of the CO 2 ).
- the system is preferably a liquid system during the solubilizing step.
- the contaminant is separated from the substrate (e.g., by proper positioning of the substrates within a basket in the contacting vessel so that the contaminant rises or settles to a different location therein).
- the substrate is preferably rinsed with CO 2 before it is removed from the vessel.
- Rinsing may be accomplished by any means.
- the vessel may be drained of the cleaning system and a separate CO 2 rinse solution (which may or may not contain co-solvents) passed into the vessel.
- the rinsing may be carried out with the cleaning solution itself after it has been rendered homogeneous. In the latter case, the cleaning solution may again be rendered - 9 - homogeneous in either the same or a different pressure vessel in which the contacting step is carried out, depending on the particular form of the apparatus employed.
- the substrate can be separated from the cleaning system either before or after the solubilizing step. For example, if the cleaning system is drained from the cleaning vessel and the two phases then rendered miscible in a separate vessel, the substrate is thereby separated from the cleaning system before the solubilizing step. If the two phases are rendered miscible within the reaction vessel (and the system then used as a rinse solution), the substrate will be separated from the cleaning system after the solubilizing step (e.g., by subsequent draining of the system or venting of the carbon dioxide).
- the cleaning system may be transferred from the cleaning vessel to a separate vessel, the two phases rendered miscible, and the immiscible contaminant separated therein by any suitable means, such as filtering, sedimentation, distillation, etc.
- the material to be separated is a polymer and the entraining step is carried out by adding a monomer to the system; and then polymerizing the monomer in the second phase.
- Any suitable polymerization process may be employed, and monomers and initiators may be located in any suitable compartment of the system.
- the reaction may be carried out with other polymers dissolved or dispersed in any suitable compartment of the system. Temperatures, pressures, and other processing steps employed in carrying out these techniques may be essentially the same as described in conjunction with cleaning methods above, as modified by the requirements of the specific process.
- a single component or multiple components to be retained or removed are separated from a liquid or solid mixture.
- the extraction process is simply carried out by extracting the material to be separated into the second phase as the separation step.
- the invention is particularly advantageous in extracting material from a mixture comprising biological materials or - 10 - biomass ⁇ e.g., a microbiological fermentation broth, vascular plant material such as leaves, needles, stems, roots, and bark, etc.), or in separating a constituent from the product mixture of an organic reaction or biochemical reaction.
- Temperatures, pressures, and other processing steps employed in carrying out these techniques may be essentially the same as described in conjunction with cleaning methods above, as modified by the requirements of the specific process. 4. Coating and treatment methods.
- the separating step is carried out by depositing the material on a substrate and then separating the substrate from the system.
- the depositing step can be carried out in a manner that forms a coating on the surface of the substrate ⁇ e.g., with a solid substrate such as a metal or glass part, or a drug particle), or can be carried out in a manner so that the material impregnates the substrate ⁇ e.g., polymer, metal, or clay or zeolite particles or beads).
- Fibers including natural fibers ⁇ e.g., cotton, wool) and synthetic or polymer fibers ⁇ e.g., poly(ethylene terephthalate)), can be treated or impregnated with materials by this method.
- Particles and fibers may be coated with materials such as biopolymers ⁇ e.g., polypeptides, oligonucleotides), fluoropolymers, organic compounds, fire retardants, biocides, plasticizing agents, colorants or dyes, etc. to impart drugs, pharmaceutical agents, modify toxicity, add dyes and colorants, modify surfaces (including modification of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, roughness or surface texture, uniformity, spherocity, packing density, adhesive properties, etc.
- materials such as biopolymers ⁇ e.g., polypeptides, oligonucleotides), fluoropolymers, organic compounds, fire retardants, biocides, plasticizing agents, colorants or dyes, etc. to impart drugs, pharmaceutical agents, modify toxicity, add dyes and colorants, modify surfaces (including modification of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, roughness or surface texture, uniformity, spherocity, packing density, adhesive properties, etc.
- Drug particles used to carry out the present invention are typically solid particulate drugs (optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as lactose).
- Drug particles for inhalation use are, in general, respirable particles, typically from about 0.1 or 0.5 to 5 or 10 microns in size.
- the present invention is particularly useful for coating such drug particles with polymers or other materials that inhibit aggregation in a propellant so that the particles may subsequently be used in a metered dose inhaler.
- drugs from which respirable particles may be formed include, but are not limited to, peptides, oligonucleotides (including natural and synthetic), and organic compounds such as epinephrine hydrochloride or bitartrate, ergotamine tartrate, albuterol, metaproterenol sulfate, beclomethasone dipropionate, flunisolide hemihydrate, cromolyn sodium, - 11 - nedocromil sodium, iptropium bromide, salmeterol xinafoate, triamcinolone acetonide, pirbuterol acetate, bitolterol mesylate, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, terbutaline sulfate, nitroglycerin, budesonide, etc.
- organic compounds such as epinephrine hydrochloride or bitartrate, ergotamine tartrate, albuterol, metaproterenol sulfate,
- Temperatures, pressures, and other processing steps employed in carrying out these techniques may be essentially the same as described in conjunction with cleaning methods above, as modified by the requirements of the specific process.
- the separating step is carried out by forming particles comprising said material during said solubilizing step, and then collecting the particles from the system.
- particles may be formed from a polymer (latex, dispersion, emulsion products, drug delivery particles, particles for use in aerosol formulations or photocopy toner).
- particle formation occurs as the carbon dioxide solubilizes the oil phase. Control of the size of the dispersed oil phase advantageously enables control of the size of the particles formed.
- Temperatures, pressures, and other processing steps employed in carrying out these techniques may be essentially the same as described in conjunction with cleaning methods above, as modified by the requirements of the specific process.
- the present invention is explained in greater detail in the following non- limiting examples.
- EXAMPLE 1 Cleaning of a Screw Machine Part Carbon steel machined nuts (200 g) coated with a heat quench oil (13 g) are added to a 1.6-L pressure-rated vessel at room temperature.
- SOYSOLV® 80 mL
- an immiscible soybean oil obtained from Steyer Farms, Inc. (6154 N. Co. Rd. 33, Tiffin, Ohio, 44883 USA)
- the parts are rotated at 5-10 RPM inside a mesh cage while the wash fluid is circulating and emulsified by a pump for 5 minutes.
- the wash fluid is then drained and the vessel is refilled with CO 2 to 1000-1500 psia.
- the rinse liquid is circulated for 5 minutes and then drained. After the residual pressure is - 12 - vented, the parts are removed from the vessel. No quench oil remains on the parts by visual inspection, and wiping the parts on a white sheet of paper leaves no residue.
- the wash fluid is subjected to 1600 psig, solubilizing the SOYSOLV® oil in the CO 2 phase and allowing separation of a substantial portion of the heat quench oil contaminant from the system.
- Carbon steel machined nuts (2.89 g) coated with a heat quench oil (0.01-0.05 g) are added to a 10-mL pressure-rated vessel at room temperature.
- An immiscible hydrocarbon solvent 1.0 mL Isopar V, available from the Exxon Company, is added and the vessel is filled with CO 2 to liquid half full (-5.0 mL at 850-875 psia).
- the wash fluid is stirred via a magnetically coupled stir bar for 5 minutes.
- the wash fluid is then drained and the vessel is refilled with CO 2 to 1000-1500 psia.
- the rinse liquid is circulated for 5 minutes and then drained. After the residual pressure is vented, the parts are removed from the vessel. A major portion of the contaminant is removed from the parts as determined by visual inspection, and wiping the parts on a white sheet of paper leaves a slight residue.
- the wash fluid is subjected to 1600 psig, solubilizing the SOYSOLV® in the CO 2 phase and allowing separation of a substantial portion of the heat quench oil contaminant from the system.
- EXAMPLE 3 Demonstration of "Oil” Solubilization Step A 50:50 volume mixture of a heat quench oil and SOYSOLV® oil (8.5g) is added to a 160-mL pressure rated vessel at room temperature. Liquid CO 2 (80 mL) at 850-875 psia is introduced into the vessel. The vessel contents separate into two liquid layers, and the bottom layer is drained from the vessel. This 4.70g fraction is predominantly heat quench oil. The vessel is then depressurized by distillation of CO 2 . The remaining 3.63 g of oil is predominantly SOYSOLV® oil. - 13 -
- a mixture of CO2 (80 vol %) and SOYSOLV ® oil (20 vol%) is maintained at 50°C under pressure conditions where two phases (one primarily soy and the other primarily CO 2 ) are present.
- the soy phase is dispersed in the CO 2 continuous phase through agitation.
- a mixture of acrylamide monomer and 2,2-bisazobutyronitray (AIBN) dissolved in acetone is metered into the reactor.
- Acrylamide is largely insoluble in CO 2 , and partitions into the soy phase.
- the pressure is increased until the soy phase becomes soluble in CO 2 .
- the soy / CO 2 solvent system is then displaced with CO 2 at sufficient pressure to dissolve the soy product.
- the pressure is released and solid polyacrylamide recovered from the reactor.
- a 25°C mixture of SOYSOLV® oil (20 %) and CO 2 (80%) is prepared in a well circulated polymerization reactor at 850 psig.
- the heterogeneous mixture consists of small droplets of soysolv dispersed in a continuous phase of CO 2 .
- Diisopropyl peroxy dicarbonate, a room temperature free radical polymerization initiator and styrene monomer are simultaneously metered into the reactor.
- polystyrene which is insoluble in CO 2 and soluble in SOYSOLV® oil, is formed, it is entrained in the dispersed droplets of the oil.
- pressure is increased to 2500 psig (by adding additional CO 2 ), solubilizing the soy and allowing isolation of polystyrene.
- the homogeneous mixture of soy and CO 2 is removed from the reactor, the pressure is vented, and polystyrene is isolated.
- a natural product is extracted from organic matter using a heterogeneous mixture of SOYSOLV® OIL and CO 2 .
- the natural product is soluble in Soysolv® oil and relatively insoluble in CO 2 .
- the heterogeneous extraction fluid is then pumped into a higher pressure zone where the SOYSOLV® oil is soluble in CO 2 and - 14 - the desired natural product is precipitated into the solution of SOYSOLV® OIL and CO .
- the fine suspension of natural product is then isolated in a cyclone separator.
- Metal screw machine parts are placed in a high-pressure chamber containing polystyrene dissolved in SOYSOLV® oil.
- the parts are rotated at a low speed through the liquid as CO 2 is added to the vessel.
- the liquid heterogeneous mixture so formed in the vessel consists of a predominantely CO 2 continuous phase and a dispersed phase of SOYSOLV® oil and polystyrene.
- the SOYSOLV® oil is extracted into the continuous phase, leaving the polystyrene coated on the parts.
- the CO 2 /SOYSOLV® oil homogeneous liquid is then drained from the vessel, and the parts are rinsed with fresh CO 2 . After the vessel is vented, the metal parts, coated with polystyrene, are removed.
- EXAMPLE 8 Coating/Impregnation of Preformed Particles
- Preformed particles of respirable drug particles are placed into a chamber.
- the chamber is pressurized to the vapor pressure of CO 2 and a heterogeneous mixture of SOYSOLV® oil and CO 2 , the soy oil phase containing lecithin, is pumped into the chamber with mixing.
- the pressure is raised to ca. 2500 psi, solubilizing the soy product in the CO 2 and depositing the lecithin on the drug particles.
- the soy oil/CO 2 solvent mixture is then removed by flushing with pure CO 2 .
- the remaining CO 2 is vented, the chamber opened, and lecithin coated drug particles recovered for use.
- Poly(ethylene teraphthalate) (or "PET") fiber is processed in a high pressure chamber containing a heterogeneous liquid mixture of acrylic copolymer dissolved in SOYSOLV® soy oil dispersed phase, suspended in a CO 2 continuous phase. As the pressure is raised by adding more CO 2 , the soy oil dissolves into the CO 2 phase, precipitating the acrylic copolymer onto the PET fiber. The solution of CO 2 and soy - 15 - oil is then replaced with pure CO 2 which is removed and the acrylic coated PET fiber is recovered.
- Poly(ether ether ketone) or "PEEK”
- liquid diphenyl sulphone as the oil
- PEEK Poly(ether ether ketone)
- liquid diphenyl sulphone as the oil are added to a vessel containing CO 2 .
- the mixture forms a heterogeneous mixture of two liquids: a solution of PEEK dissolved in diphenyl sulphone, dispersed in a CO 2 continuous phase.
- the CO 2 pressure and temperature are raised to a point where diphenyl sulfone is soluble in CO 2 precipitating PEEK as particles.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA002326585A CA2326585A1 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 1999-04-01 | Carbon dioxide cleaning and separation systems |
EP99914332A EP1071523A1 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 1999-04-01 | Carbon dioxide cleaning and separation systems |
JP2000542121A JP2003528705A (en) | 1998-04-03 | 1999-04-01 | Carbon dioxide cleaning and separation system |
AU32204/99A AU3220499A (en) | 1998-04-03 | 1999-04-01 | Carbon dioxide cleaning and separation systems |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/070,196 | 1998-04-03 | ||
US09/070,196 US6120613A (en) | 1998-04-30 | 1998-04-30 | Carbon dioxide cleaning and separation systems |
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WO1999051364A1 true WO1999051364A1 (en) | 1999-10-14 |
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PCT/US1999/007248 WO1999051364A1 (en) | 1998-04-03 | 1999-04-01 | Carbon dioxide cleaning and separation systems |
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US (3) | US6120613A (en) |
EP (1) | EP1071523A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003528705A (en) |
AU (1) | AU3220499A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2326585A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999051364A1 (en) |
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US11377628B2 (en) | 2018-01-26 | 2022-07-05 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Solidifying liquid anionic surfactants |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6413574B1 (en) | 2002-07-02 |
AU3220499A (en) | 1999-10-25 |
US6200393B1 (en) | 2001-03-13 |
US6120613A (en) | 2000-09-19 |
EP1071523A1 (en) | 2001-01-31 |
JP2003528705A (en) | 2003-09-30 |
US20020048629A1 (en) | 2002-04-25 |
CA2326585A1 (en) | 1999-10-14 |
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