WO1999047675A1 - Mu-1, member of the cytokine receptor family - Google Patents
Mu-1, member of the cytokine receptor family Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999047675A1 WO1999047675A1 PCT/US1999/005854 US9905854W WO9947675A1 WO 1999047675 A1 WO1999047675 A1 WO 1999047675A1 US 9905854 W US9905854 W US 9905854W WO 9947675 A1 WO9947675 A1 WO 9947675A1
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- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
- C07K14/715—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
- C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to new members of the mammalian cytokine receptor family of proteins (including without limitation human and murine receptor proteins), fragments thereof and recombinant polynucleotides and cells useful for expressing such proteins.
- hematopoietins A variety of regulatory molecules, known as hematopoietins, have been identified which are involved in the development and proliferation of the various populations of hematopoietic or blood cells. Most hematopoietins exhibits certain biological activities by interacting with a receptor on the surface of target cells. Cytokine receptors are commonly composed of one, two or three chains. Many cytokine receptors and some cytokines, such as IL-12 p40, are members of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily of proteins.
- Identification of new members of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily can be useful in regulation of hematopoiesis, in regulation of immune responses and in identification of other members of the hematopoietin superfamily, including cytokines and receptors.
- polynucleotides encoding the MU-1 hematopoietin receptor superfamily chain are disclosed, including without limitation those from the murine and human sources.
- the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
- nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 from nucleotide 301 to nucleotide 1852;
- nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 from nucleotide 301 to nucleotide 945;
- nucleotide sequence varying from the sequence of the nucleotide sequence specified in any of (a)-(d) as a result of degeneracy of the genetic code;
- a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to the nucleotide specified in any of (a)-(d);
- the nucleotide sequence encodes a protein having a biological activity of the MU-1 hematopoietin receptor superfamily chain.
- the nucleotide sequence may be operably linked to an expression control sequence.
- the invention also provides isolated polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a peptide or protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
- Host cells preferably mammalian cells, transformed with the polynucleotides are also provided.
- the invention provides a process for producing a MU-1 protein.
- the process comprises:
- the present invention also provides for an isolated MU-1 protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;
- the specified amino acid sequence is part of a fusion protein (with an additional amino acid sequence not derived from MU-1).
- Preferred fusion proteins comprise an antibody fragment, such as an Fc fragment.
- compositions comprising a protein of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also provided.
- the present invention further provides for compositions comprising an antibody which specifically reacts with a protein of the present invention.
- MU-l MU-1 hematopoietin receptor superfamily chain
- MU-1 protein polynucleotides encoding human MU-1.
- EHKPLREWFVIVIMATICFILLIL SEQ ID NO:3 was used to search the GenBank EST database using the TBLASTN algorithm. Sequence within the genomic BAC clone AC002303 from human chromosome 16pl2 was identified with homology to this region, suggesting that this segment might encode a gene for a novel hematopoietin receptor. Examination of open reading frames within lOOObp of nucleotide 40,886 revealed a 270bp open frame which when used in a BLASTP search of GenPept exclusively identified members of the cytokine receptor family. A stop codon present at the end of this reading frame was interpreted as indication of transition over an exon/intron border.
- PCR primers were synthesized based on the largest ORF segment which contained peptide sequence conserved within the cytokine receptor family.
- Primers GAGTCCGAGGAGAAAGCTGATCTCA (5p) (SEQ ID NO:4) and GAAAGATGACCGGGTCACTCCATT (3p) (SEQ ID NO:5) were used in PCRs to screen phage libraries from various human tissues (Clontech). PCR products of the expected 164 bp size which specifically hybridized to a 32-P labeled oligonucleotide of the sequence
- ACTCGAGCTATGAGCTGCAGGTGCGGGCA SEQ ID NO:6
- ACTCGAGCTATGAGCTGCAGGTGCGGGCA SEQ ID NO:7
- MU- 1 cDNA clone NN 14- lb
- the predicted amino acid sequence of the receptor chain includes a putative signal sequence from amino acids 1-21.
- the mature human MU-1 is believed to have the sequence of amino acids 24-538 of SEQ ID NO:2.
- a transmembrane domain is found at amino acids 237-254.
- the MU-1 cDNA was deposited with the American Type Culture
- MU-1 proteins of less than full length are encompassed within the present invention and are referred to herein collectively with full length and mature forms as "MU-1" or "MU-1 proteins.”
- MU-1 proteins of less than full length may be produced by expressing a corresponding fragment of the polynucleotide encoding the full-length MU-1 protein (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:6). These corresponding polynucleotide fragments are also part of the present invention.
- Modified polynucleotides as described above may be made by standard molecular biology techniques, including construction of appropriate desired deletion mutants, site-directed mutagenesis methods or by the polymerase chain reaction using appropriate oligonucleotide primers.
- a protein has "a biological activity of the MU-1 hematopoietin receptor superfamily chain" if it possess one or more of the biological activities of the corresponding mature MU-1 protein.
- MU-1 or active fragments thereof may be fused to carrier molecules such as immunoglobulins.
- carrier molecules such as immunoglobulins.
- soluble forms of the MU-1 may be fused through "linker" sequences to the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin.
- Other fusions proteins such as those with GST, Lex-A or MBP, may also be used.
- the invention also encompasses allelic variants of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:l, that is, naturally-occurring alternative forms of the isolated polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 which also encode MU-1 proteins, preferably those proteins having a biological activity of MU-1. Also included in the invention are isolated polynucleotides which hybridize to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 under highly stringent conditions
- Isolated polynucleotides which encode MU-1 proteins but which differ from the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:l by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code are also encompassed by the present invention. Variations in the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 which are caused by point mutations or by induced modifications are also included in the invention.
- the present invention also provides polynucleotides encoding homologues of the human MU-1 from other animal species, particularly other mammalian species.
- Species homologues can be identified and isolated by making probes or primers from the murine or human sequences disclosed herein and screening a library from an appropriate species, such as for example libraries constructed from PBMCs, thymus or testis of the relevant species.
- the isolated polynucleotides of the invention may be operably linked to an expression control sequence such as the pMT2 or pED expression vectors disclosed in Kaufman et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4485-4490 (1991), in order to produce the MU-1 protein recombinantly.
- an expression control sequence such as the pMT2 or pED expression vectors disclosed in Kaufman et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4485-4490 (1991)
- Many suitable expression control sequences are known in the art. General methods of expressing recombinant proteins are also known and are exemplified in R. Kaufman, Methods in Enzymology 185, 537-566 (1990).
- operably linked means enzymatically or chemically ligated to form a covalent bond between the isolated polynucleotide of the invention and the expression control sequence, in such a way that the MU-1 protein is expressed by a host cell which has been transformed (transfected) with the ligated polynucleotide/expression control sequence.
- a number of types of cells may act as suitable host cells for expression of the MU-1 protein. Any cell type capable of expressing functional MU-1 protein may be used.
- Suitable mammalian host cells include, for example, monkey COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, human kidney 293 cells, human epidermal A431 cells, human Colo205 cells, 3T3 cells, CV-1 cells, other transformed primate cell lines, normal diploid cells, cell strains derived from in vitro culture of primary tissue, primary explants, HeLa cells, mouse L cells, BHK, HL-60, U937, HaK, Rat2, BaF3, 32D, FDCP-1, PC12, Mix or C2C12 cells.
- monkey COS cells Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells
- human kidney 293 cells human epidermal A431 cells
- human Colo205 cells human Colo205 cells
- CV-1 cells other transformed primate cell lines
- normal diploid cells cell strains derived from in vitro culture of primary tissue, primary explants, HeLa cells, mouse L cells, BHK, HL-60, U937, HaK, Rat2, BaF3, 32D, FDCP-1, PC12, Mix
- the MU-1 protein may also be produced by operably linking the isolated polynucleotide of the invention to suitable control sequences in one or more insect expression vectors, and employing an insect expression system.
- baculovirus/insect cell expression systems Materials and methods for baculovirus/insect cell expression systems are commercially available in kit form from, e.g., Invitrogen, San Diego, California, U.S.A. (the MaxBac® kit), and such methods are well known in the art, as described in Summers and Smith, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987), incorporated herein by reference. Soluble forms of the MU-1 protein may also be produced in insect cells using appropriate isolated polynucleotides as described above.
- the MU-1 protein may be produced in lower eukaryotes such as yeast or in prokaryotes such as bacteria.
- suitable yeast strains include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces strains, Candida, or any yeast strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins.
- Suitable bacterial strains include Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, or any bacterial strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins. Expression in bacteria may result in formation of inclusion bodies incorporating the recombinant protein. Thus, refolding of the recombinant protein may be required in order to produce active or more active material.
- the MU-1 protein of the invention may also be expressed as a product of transgenic animals, e.g., as a component of the milk of transgenic cows, goats, pigs, or sheep which are characterized by somatic or germ cells containing a polynucleotide sequence encoding the MU-1 protein.
- the MU-1 protein of the invention may be prepared by growing a culture transformed host cells under culture conditions necessary to express the desired protein. The resulting expressed protein may then be purified from the culture medium or cell extracts. Soluble forms of the MU-1 protein of the invention can be purified from conditioned media. Membrane-bound forms of
- MU-1 protein of the invention can be purified by preparing a total membrane fraction from the expressing cell and extracting the membranes with a non-ionic detergent such as Triton X-100.
- the MU-1 protein can be purified using methods known to those skilled in the art.
- the MU-1 protein of the invention can be concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltration unit.
- the concentrate can be applied to a purification matrix such as a gel filtration medium.
- an anion exchange resin can be employed, for example, a matrix or substrate having pendant diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) or polyetheyleneimine (PEI) groups.
- the matrices can be acrylamide, agarose, dextran, cellulose or other types commonly employed in protein purification.
- a cation exchange step can be employed.
- Suitable cation exchangers include various insoluble matrices comprising sulfopropyl or carboxymethyl groups. Sulfopropyl groups are preferred (e.g., S-Sepharose® columns).
- the purification of the MU-1 protein from culture supernatant may also include one or more column steps over such affinity resins as concanavalin A-agarose, heparin-toyopearl® or Cibacrom blue 3GA Sepharose®; or by hydrophobic interaction chromatography using such resins as phenyl ether, butyl ether, or propyl ether; or by immunoaffinity chromatography.
- one or more reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) steps employing hydrophobic RP-HPLC media, e.g., silica gel having pendant methyl or other aliphatic groups, can be employed to further purify the MU-1 protein.
- Affinity columns including antibodies to the MU-1 protein can also be used in purification in accordance with known methods.
- Some or all of the foregoing purification steps, in various combinations or with other known methods, can also be employed to provide a substantially purified isolated recombinant protein.
- the isolated MU-1 protein is purified so that it is substantially free of other mammalian proteins.
- MU-1 proteins of the invention may also be used to screen for agents which are capable of binding to MU-1. Binding assays using a desired binding protein, immobilized or not, are well known in the art and may be used for this purpose using the MU-1 protein of the invention. Purified cell based or protein based (cell free) screening assays may be used to identify such agents. For example, MU-1 protein may be immobilized in purified form on a carrier and binding or potential ligands to purified MU-1 protein may be measured.
- MU-1 proteins purified from cells or recombinantly produced, may be used as a pharmaceutical composition when combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may contain, in addition to MU-1 or inhibitor and carrier, various diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials well known in the art.
- pharmaceutically acceptable means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient(s).
- the characteristics of the carrier will depend on the route of administration.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also contain cytokines, lymphokines, or other hematopoietic factors such as M-CSF, GM-
- the pharmaceutical composition may also include anti-cytokine antibodies.
- the pharmaceutical composition may contain thrombolytic or anti-thrombotic factors such as plasminogen activator and Factor NHL
- the pharmaceutical composition may further contain other anti-inflammatory agents. Such additional factors and/or agents may be included in the pharmaceutical composition to produce a synergistic effect with isolated MU-1 protein, or to minimize side effects caused by the isolated MU-1 protein.
- isolated MU-1 protein may be included in formulations of the particular cytokine, lymphokine, other hematopoietic factor, thrombolytic or anti-thrombotic factor, or anti- inflammatory agent to minimize side effects of the cytokine, lymphokine, other hematopoietic factor, thrombolytic or anti-thrombotic factor, or anti- inflammatory agent.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be in the form of a liposome in which isolated MU-1 protein is combined, in addition to other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, with amphipathic agents such as lipids which exist in aggregated form as micelles, insoluble monolayers, liquid crystals, or lamellar layers which in aqueous solution.
- Suitable lipids for liposomal formulation include, without limitation, monoglycerides, diglycerides, sulfatides, lysolecithin, phospholipids, saponin, bile acids, and the like. Preparation of such liposomal formulations is within the level of skill in the art, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,235,871; U.S. Patent No.
- the term "therapeutically effective amount” means the total amount of each active component of the pharmaceutical composition or method that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, e.g., amelioration of symptoms of, healing of, or increase in rate of healing of such conditions.
- a meaningful patient benefit e.g., amelioration of symptoms of, healing of, or increase in rate of healing of such conditions.
- the term refers to that ingredient alone.
- the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously.
- a therapeutically effective amount of isolated MU-1 protein is administered to a mammal.
- Isolated MU-1 protein may be administered in accordance with the
- MU-1 protein may be administered either simultaneously with the cytokine(s), lymphokine(s), other hematopoietic factor(s), thrombolytic or anti-thrombotic factors, or sequentially. If administered sequentially, the attending physician will decide on the appropriate sequence of administering MU-1 protein in combination with cytokine(s), lymphokine(s), other hematopoietic factor(s), thrombolytic or anti-thrombotic factors.
- Administration of MU-1 protein used in the pharmaceutical composition or to practice the method of the present invention can be carried out in a variety of conventional ways, such as oral ingestion, inhalation, or cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection. Intravenous administration to the patient is preferred.
- MU-1 protein When a therapeutically effective amount of MU-1 protein is administered orally, MU-1 protein will be in the form of a tablet, capsule, powder, solution or elixir.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may additionally contain a solid carrier such as a gelatin or an adjuvant.
- the tablet, capsule, and powder contain from about 5 to 95% MU-1 protein, and preferably from about 25 to 90% MU-1 protein.
- a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, oils of animal or plant origin such as peanut oil, mineral oil, soybean oil, or sesame oil, or synthetic oils may be added.
- the liquid form of the pharmaceutical composition may further contain physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution, or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol.
- the pharmaceutical composition When administered in liquid form, contains from about 0.5 to 90% by weight of MU-1 protein, and preferably from about 1 to 50% MU-1 protein.
- MU-1 protein When a therapeutically effective amount of MU-1 protein is administered by intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection, MU-1 protein will be in the form of a pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous
- a preferred pharmaceutical composition for intravenous, cutaneous, or subcutaneous injection should contain, in addition to MU-1 protein an isotonic vehicle such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection, or other vehicle as known in the art.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also contain stabilizers, preservatives, buffers, antioxidants, or other additive known to those of skill in the art.
- the amount of MU-1 protein in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will depend upon the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and on the nature of prior treatments which the patient has undergone. Ultimately, the attending physician will decide the amount of MU-1 protein with which to treat each individual patient. Initially, the attending physician will administer low doses of MU-1 protein and observe the patient's response. Larger doses of MU-1 protein may be administered until the optimal therapeutic effect is obtained for the patient, and at that point the dosage is not generally increased further. It is contemplated that the various pharmaceutical compositions used to practice the method of the present invention should contain about 0.1 ⁇ g to about 100 mg of MU-1 protein per kg body weight.
- the duration of intravenous therapy using the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will vary, depending on the severity of the disease being treated and the condition and potential idiosyncratic response of each individual patient. It is contemplated that the duration of each application of the MU-1 protein will be in the range of 12 to 24 hours of continuous intravenous administration. Ultimately the attending physician will decide on the appropriate duration of intravenous therapy using the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
- polynucleotide and proteins of the present invention are expected to exhibit one or more of the uses or biological activities (including those associated with assays cited herein) identified below.
- Uses or activities described for proteins of the present invention may be provided by administration or use of such proteins or by
- a protein of the present invention may exhibit cytokine, cell proliferation (either inducing or inhibiting) or cell differentiation (either inducing or inhibiting) activity or may induce production of other cytokines in certain cell populations.
- cytokine cytokine
- cell proliferation either inducing or inhibiting
- cell differentiation either inducing or inhibiting
- the activity of a protein of the present invention is evidenced by any one of a number of routine factor dependent cell proliferation assays for cell lines including, without limitation, 32D, DA2, DA1G, T10, B9, B9/11, BaF3, MC9/G, M+ (preB M+), 2E8, RB5, DAI, 123, Tl 165, HT2, CTLL2, TF-l, Mo7e and CMK.
- the activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods:
- Assays for T-cell or thymocyte proliferation include without limitation those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by I. E. Coligan, A.M. Kruisbeek, D.H. Margulies, E.M. Shevach, W Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 3, In Vitro assays for Mouse Lymphocyte Function 3.1- 3.19; Chapter 7, Immunologic studies in Humans); Takai et al., J. Immunol.
- Assays for cytokine production and/or proliferation of spleen cells, lymph node cells or thymocytes include, without limitation, those described in: Polyclonal T cell stimulation, Kruisbeek, A.M. and Shevach, E.M. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J.E.e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 3.12.1-3.12.14, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1994; and Measurement of mouse and human Interferon ⁇ , Schreiber, R.D. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J.E.e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 6.8.1-6.8.8, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto. 1994.
- Assays for proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic and lymphopoietic cells include, without limitation, those described in: Measurement of Human and Murine Interleukin 2 and Interleukin 4, Bottomly, K., Davis, L.S. and Lipsky, P.E. In Current Protocols in Immunology. J.E.e.a. Coligan eds. Vol 1 pp. 6.3.1-6.3.12, John
- Assays for T-cell clone responses to antigens include, without limitation, those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A.M. Kruisbeek, D.H. Margulies, E.M. Shevach, W Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and
- a protein of the present invention may also exhibit immune stimulating or immune suppressing activity, including without limitation the activities for which assays are described herein.
- a protein may be useful in the treatment of various immune deficiencies and disorders (including severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)), e.g., in regulating (up or down) growth and proliferation of T and/or B lymphocytes, as well as effecting the cytolytic activity of NK cells and other cell populations.
- SCID severe combined immunodeficiency
- These immune deficiencies may be genetic or be caused by viral (e.g., HIV) as well as bacterial or fungal infections, or may result from autoimmune disorders.
- infectious diseases causes by viral, bacterial, fungal or other infection may be treatable using a protein of the present invention, including infections by HIV, hepatitis viruses, herpesviruses, mycobacteria, Leishmania spp., malaria spp. and various fungal infections such as candidiasis.
- a protein of the present invention including infections by HIV, hepatitis viruses, herpesviruses, mycobacteria, Leishmania spp., malaria spp. and various fungal infections such as candidiasis.
- a protein of the present invention including infections by HIV, hepatitis viruses, herpesviruses, mycobacteria, Leishmania spp., malaria spp. and various fungal infections such as candidiasis.
- a protein of the present invention including infections by HIV, hepatitis viruses, herpesviruses, mycobacteria, Leishmania spp., malaria spp. and various fungal infections such as candidi
- a boost to the immune system generally may be desirable, i.e., in the treatment of cancer.
- Autoimmune disorders which may be treated using a protein of the present invention include, for example, connective tissue disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune pulmonary inflammation, Guillain-Barre syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis, insulin dependent diabetes mellitis, myasthenia gravis, graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune inflammatory eye disease.
- a protein of the present invention may also to be useful in the treatment of allergic reactions and conditions, such as asthma (particularly allergic asthma) or other respiratory problems.
- Other conditions, in which immune suppression is desired may also be treatable using a protein of the present invention.
- the MU-1 DNA also maps to the chromosomal locus for Crohn's disease.
- proteins of the present invention may be used to treat Crohn's disease and other inflammatory bowel diseases.
- Using the proteins of the invention it may also be possible to immune responses, in a number of ways. Down regulation may be in the form of inhibiting or blocking an immune response already in progress or may involve preventing the induction of an immune response.
- the functions of activated T cells may be inhibited by suppressing T cell responses or by inducing specific tolerance in T cells, or both. Immunosuppression of T cell responses is generally an active, non-antigen-specific, process which requires continuous exposure of the T cells to the suppressive agent.
- Tolerance which involves inducing non-responsiveness or anergy in T cells, is distinguishable from immunosuppression in that it is generally antigen-specific and persists after exposure to the tolerizing agent has ceased. Operationally, tolerance can be demonstrated by the lack of a T cell response upon reexposure to specific antigen in the absence of the tolerizing agent.
- one or more antigen functions including without limitation B lymphocyte antigen functions (such as , for example, B7)
- B lymphocyte antigen functions such as , for example, B7
- preventing high level lymphokine synthesis by activated T cells will be useful in situations of tissue, skin and organ transplantation and in graft-versus-host disease
- GVHD vascular endothelial growth factor
- T cell function should result in reduced tissue destruction in tissue transplantation.
- rejection of the transplant is initiated through its recognition as foreign by T cells, followed by an immune reaction that destroys the transplant.
- B7 lymphocyte antigen with its natural ligand(s) on immune cells (such as a soluble, monomeric form of a peptide having B7-2 activity alone or in conjunction with a monomeric form of a peptide having an activity of another B lymphocyte antigen (e.g., B7-1, B7-3) or blocking antibody), prior to transplantation can lead to the binding of the molecule to the natural ligand(s) on the immune cells without transmitting the corresponding costimulatory signal.
- Blocking B lymphocyte antigen function in this matter prevents cytokine synthesis by immune cells, such as T cells, and thus acts as an immunosuppressant.
- the lack of costimulation may also be sufficient to anergize the T cells, thereby inducing tolerance in a subject. Induction of long-term tolerance by B lymphocyte antigen-blocking reagents may avoid the necessity of repeated administration of these blocking reagents.
- the efficacy of particular blocking reagents in preventing organ transplant rejection or GVHD can be assessed using animal models that are predictive of efficacy in humans.
- appropriate systems which can be used include allogeneic cardiac grafts in rats and xenogeneic pancreatic islet cell grafts in mice, both of which have been used to examine the immunosuppressive effects of CTLA4Ig fusion proteins in vivo as described in Lenschow et al., Science 257:789-792 (1992) and Turka et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 89:11102-11105 (1992).
- murine models of GVHD see Paul ed., Fundamental Immunology, Raven Press, New York, 1989, pp.
- Blocking antigen function may also be therapeutically useful for treating autoimmune diseases.
- Many autoimmune disorders are the result of inappropriate activation of T cells that are reactive against self tissue and which promote the production of cytokines and autoantibodies involved in the pathology of the diseases. Preventing the activation of autoreactive T cells may reduce or eliminate disease symptoms.
- Administration of reagents which block costimulation of T cells by disrupting receptor: ligand interactions of B lymphocyte antigens can be used to inhibit T cell activation and prevent production of autoantibodies or T cell-derived cytokines which may be involved in the disease process.
- blocking reagents may induce antigen-specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells which could lead to long-term relief from the disease.
- the efficacy of blocking reagents in preventing or alleviating autoimmune disorders can be determined using a number of well-characterized animal
- 16 models of human autoimmune diseases examples include murine experimental autoimmune encephalitis, systemic lupus erythmatosis in MKLIlpr ⁇ pr mice or NZB hybrid mice, murine autoimmune collagen arthritis, diabetes mellitus in NOD mice and BB rats, and murine experimental myasthenia gravis (see Paul ed., Fundamental Immunology, Raven Press, New York, 1989, pp. 840-856).
- Upregulation of an antigen function preferably a B lymphocyte antigen function
- Upregulation of immune responses may be in the form of enhancing an existing immune response or eliciting an initial immune response.
- enhancing an immune response through stimulating B lymphocyte antigen function may be useful in cases of viral infection.
- systemic viral diseases such as influenza, the common cold, and encephalitis might be alleviated by the administration of stimulatory forms of B lymphocyte antigens systemically.
- anti-viral immune responses may be enhanced in an infected patient by removing T cells from the patient, costimulating the T cells in vitro with viral antigen-pulsed APCs either expressing a peptide of the present invention or together with a stimulatory form of a soluble peptide of the present invention and reintroducing the in vitro activated T cells into the patient.
- Another method of enhancing anti-viral immune responses would be to isolate infected cells from a patient, transfect them with a nucleic acid encoding a protein of the present invention as described herein such that the cells express all or a portion of the protein on their surface, and reintroduce the transfected cells into the patient.
- the infected cells would now be capable of delivering a costimulatory signal to, and thereby activate, T cells in vivo.
- up regulation or enhancement of antigen function may be useful in the induction of tumor immunity.
- Tumor cells e.g., sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, carcinoma
- a nucleic acid encoding at least one peptide of the present invention can be administered to a subject to overcome tumor-specific tolerance in the subject. If desired, the tumor cell can be transfected to express a combination of peptides.
- tumor cells obtained from a patient can be transfected ex vivo with an expression vector directing the expression of a peptide having B7-2-like activity alone, or in conjunction with a peptide having B7-l-like activity and/or B7-3-like activity.
- the transfected tumor cells are returned to the patient to result in expression of the peptides on the surface of the transfected cell.
- gene therapy techniques can be used to target a tumor cell for transfection in vivo.
- tumor cells which lack MHC class I or MHC class II molecules, or which fail to reexpress sufficient amounts of MHC class I or MHC class II molecules, can be transfected with nucleic acid encoding all or a portion of (e.g., a cytoplasmic-domain truncated portion) of an MHC class I ⁇ chain protein and ⁇ 2 microglobulin protein or an MHC class II ⁇ chain protein and an MHC class II ⁇ chain protein to thereby express MHC class I or MHC class II proteins on the cell surface.
- nucleic acid encoding all or a portion of (e.g., a cytoplasmic-domain truncated portion) of an MHC class I ⁇ chain protein and ⁇ 2 microglobulin protein or an MHC class II ⁇ chain protein and an MHC class II ⁇ chain protein to thereby express MHC class I or MHC class II proteins on the cell surface.
- a gene encoding an antisense construct which blocks expression of an MHC class II associated protein, such as the invariant chain can also be cotransfected with a DNA encoding a peptide having the activity of a B lymphocyte antigen to promote presentation of tumor associated antigens and induce tumor specific immunity.
- a T cell mediated immune response in a human subject may be sufficient to overcome tumor- specific tolerance in the subject.
- Suitable assays for thymocyte or splenocyte cytotoxicity include, without limitation, those described in: Current Protocols in Immunology, Ed by J. E. Coligan, A.M. Kruisbeek, D.H. Margulies, E.M. Shevach, W Strober, Pub. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience (Chapter 3, In Vitro assays for Mouse Lymphocyte Function 3.1-3.19; Chapter 7, Immunologic studies in Humans); Herrmann et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2488-2492, 1981 ; Herrmann et al., J. Immunol.
- Dendritic cell-dependent assays (which will identify, among others, proteins expressed by dendritic cells that activate naive T-cells) include, without limitation, those described in: Guery et al., J. Immunol. 134:536-544, 1995; Inaba et al., Journal of
- lymphocyte survival/apoptosis which will identify, among others, proteins that prevent apoptosis after superantigen induction and proteins that regulate lymphocyte homeostasis
- Assays for lymphocyte survival/apoptosis include, without limitation, those described in: Darzynkiewicz et al., Cytometry 13:795-808, 1992; Gorczyca et al., Leukemia 7:659-670, 1993;
- Assays for proteins that influence early steps of T-cell commitment and development include, without limitation, those described in: Antica et al., Blood 84:111-117, 1994; Fine et al., Cellular Immunology 155:111-122, 1994; Galy et al., Blood 85:2770-2778, 1995; Toki et al., Proc. Nat. Acad Sci. USA 88:7548-7551, 1991.
- a protein of the present invention may be useful in regulation of hematopoiesis and, consequently, in the treatment of myeloid or lymphoid cell deficiencies. Even marginal biological activity in support of colony forming cells or of factor-dependent cell lines indicates involvement in regulating hematopoiesis, e.g.
- erythroid progenitor cells in supporting the growth and proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells alone or in combination with other cytokines, thereby indicating utility, for example, in treating various anemias or for use in conjunction with irradiation/chemotherapy to stimulate the production of erythroid precursors and/or erythroid cells; in supporting the growth and proliferation of myeloid cells such as granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages (i.e., traditional CSF activity) useful, for example, in conjunction with chemotherapy to prevent or treat consequent myelo-suppression; in supporting the growth and proliferation of megakaryocytes and consequently of platelets thereby allowing prevention or treatment of various platelet disorders such as thrombocytopenia, and generally for use in place of or complimentary to platelet transfusions; and/or in supporting the growth and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells which are capable of maturing to any and all of the above- mentioned hematopoietic cells and therefore find therapeutic utility in various stem cell disorders
- the activity of a protein of the invention may, among other means, be measured by the following methods: Suitable assays for proliferation and differentiation of various hematopoietic lines are cited above.
- Assays for embryonic stem cell differentiation include, without limitation, those described in: Johansson et al. Cellular Biology 15:141-151, 1995; Keller et al., Molecular and Cellular Biology 13:473-486, 1993; McClanahan et al.,
- Assays for stem cell survival and differentiation include, without limitation, those described in: Methylcellulose colony forming assays, Freshney, M.G. In Culture of
- polynucleotides provided by the present invention can be used by the research community for various purposes.
- the polynucleotides can be used to express recombinant protein for analysis, characterization or therapeutic use; as markers for tissues in which the corresponding protein is preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in disease states); as molecular weight markers on Southern gels; as chromosome markers or tags (when labeled) to identify chromosomes or to map related gene positions; to compare with endogenous DNA sequences in patients to identify potential genetic disorders; as probes to hybridize and thus discover novel, related DNA sequences; as a source of information to derive PCR primers for genetic fingerprinting; as a probe to "subtract-out" known sequences in the process of discovering other novel polynucleotides; for selecting and making oligomers for attachment to a "gene chip” or other support, including for examination of expression patterns; to raise anti-protein antibodies using DNA imm
- the polynucleotide encodes a protein which binds or potentially binds to another protein (such as, for example, in a receptor-ligand interaction)
- the polynucleotide can also be used in interaction trap assays (such as, for example, that described in Gyuris et al., Cell 75:791-803 (1993)) to identify polynucleotides encoding the other protein with which binding occurs or to identify inhibitors of the binding interaction.
- the proteins provided by the present invention can similarly be used in assay to determine biological activity, including in a panel of multiple proteins for high- throughput screening; to raise antibodies or to elicit another immune response; as a reagent (including the labeled reagent) in assays designed to quantitatively determine levels of the protein (or its receptor) in biological fluids; as markers for tissues in which the corresponding protein is preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in a disease state); and, of course, to isolate correlative receptors or ligands.
- the protein binds or potentially binds to another protein (such as, for example, in a receptor-ligand interaction)
- the protein can be used to identify the other protein with which binding occurs or to identify inhibitors of the binding interaction. Proteins involved in these binding interactions can also be used to screen for peptide or small molecule inhibitors or agonists of the binding interaction.
- Polynucleotides and proteins of the present invention can also be used as nutritional sources or supplements. Such uses include without limitation use as a protein or amino acid supplement, use as a carbon source, use as a nitrogen source and use as a source of carbohydrate.
- the protein or polynucleotide of the invention can be added to the feed of a particular organism or can be administered as a separate solid or liquid preparation, such as in the form of powder, pills, solutions, suspensions or capsules.
- the protein or polynucleotide of the invention can be added to the medium in or on which the microorganism is cultured.
- MU-1 proteins of the invention may also be used to immunize animals to obtain polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies which specifically react with the MU-1 protein and which may inhibit binding of ligands to the receptor.
- the 22 antibodies may be obtained using the entire MU-1 as an immunogen, or by using fragments of MU-1. Smaller fragments of the MU-1 may also be used to immunize animals.
- the peptide immunogens additionally may contain a cysteine residue at the carboxyl terminus, and are conjugated to a hapten such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Additional peptide immunogens may be generated by replacing tyrosine residues with sulfated tyrosine residues.
- KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
- Neutralizing or non-neutralizing antibodies binding to MU-1 protein may also be useful therapeutics for certain tumors and also in the treatment of conditions described above. These neutralizing monoclonal antibodies may be capable of blocking ligand binding to the MU-1 receptor chain.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
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AT99911454T ATE313626T1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | MU-1, A MEMBER OF THE CYTOKINE RECEPTOR FAMILY |
JP54728399A JP2001527423A (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | MU-1 is a member of the cytokine receptor family |
AU30093/99A AU758824B2 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | MU-1, member of the cytokine receptor family |
DE69929019T DE69929019T2 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | MU-1, A MEMBER OF THE CYTOKIN RECEPTOR FAMILY |
EP99911454A EP0994947B1 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-03-17 | Mu-1, member of the cytokine receptor family |
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US09/040,005 US6057128A (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1998-03-17 | MU-1, member of the cytokine receptor family |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP0994947B1 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
US7994292B2 (en) | 2011-08-09 |
JP2010057489A (en) | 2010-03-18 |
EP0994947A1 (en) | 2000-04-26 |
US20100130729A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
DE69929019D1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
AU3009399A (en) | 1999-10-11 |
EP2228448A1 (en) | 2010-09-15 |
ES2253879T3 (en) | 2006-06-01 |
JP2001527423A (en) | 2001-12-25 |
DE69929019T2 (en) | 2006-08-03 |
EP1688495A1 (en) | 2006-08-09 |
US7705123B2 (en) | 2010-04-27 |
DK0994947T3 (en) | 2006-04-18 |
US20080167241A1 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
JP2013188214A (en) | 2013-09-26 |
ATE313626T1 (en) | 2006-01-15 |
US6057128A (en) | 2000-05-02 |
EP1681348A1 (en) | 2006-07-19 |
AU758824B2 (en) | 2003-04-03 |
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