WO1999041788A9 - Contrast enhancement for an electronic display device - Google Patents
Contrast enhancement for an electronic display deviceInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999041788A9 WO1999041788A9 PCT/US1999/003375 US9903375W WO9941788A9 WO 1999041788 A9 WO1999041788 A9 WO 1999041788A9 US 9903375 W US9903375 W US 9903375W WO 9941788 A9 WO9941788 A9 WO 9941788A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- display device
- display
- pixel
- pixel area
- light
- Prior art date
Links
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Classifications
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
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- H10K50/86—Arrangements for improving contrast, e.g. preventing reflection of ambient light
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/13336—Combining plural substrates to produce large-area displays, e.g. tiled displays
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L25/00—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof
- H01L25/16—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof the devices being of types provided for in two or more different main groups of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. forming hybrid circuits
- H01L25/167—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof the devices being of types provided for in two or more different main groups of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. forming hybrid circuits comprising optoelectronic devices, e.g. LED, photodiodes
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/15—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission
- H01L27/153—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission in a repetitive configuration, e.g. LED bars
- H01L27/156—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier specially adapted for light emission in a repetitive configuration, e.g. LED bars two-dimensional arrays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/18—Tiled displays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/80—Constructional details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
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- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
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- G09G2300/026—Video wall, i.e. juxtaposition of a plurality of screens to create a display screen of bigger dimensions
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- G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
- G09G2320/04—Maintaining the quality of display appearance
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
- G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
- G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/095—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00 with a principal constituent of the material being a combination of two or more materials provided in the groups H01L2924/013 - H01L2924/0715
- H01L2924/097—Glass-ceramics, e.g. devitrified glass
- H01L2924/09701—Low temperature co-fired ceramic [LTCC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/85—Arrangements for extracting light from the devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/80—Constructional details
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Definitions
- the present invention concerns electronic display devices and, in particular, electronic display devices having features which enhance the contrast of images displayed on the devices.
- Electronic displays are devices that produce patterns of light in response to electrical signals.
- Flat panel displays typically are fabricated with top and bottom substrates that contain the display materials.
- Display devices in which the display materials generate light are known as emissive displays.
- One type of display materials that are used in electronic displays is organic light emitting diode (OLED) materials.
- OLED organic light emitting diode
- Other types of emissive displays include plasma displays, field emissive displays and electroluminescent displays.
- Another type of display device only passes or reflects light. Displays of this type are known as light-valves.
- Contrast is one of the most important performance parameters of a display. It is an important factor in the ability to use information that is displayed, and it plays a strong role in buyer preference.
- the simple definition is that the contrast of an emissive display is the ratio of the useful light (e.g. the signal) emitted by the display to the unwanted light coming form the display (e.g. the noise). In all practical environments, the unwanted light is dominated by reflected light from the ambient.
- Reflected light can be either specular or diffuse. Specular reflection is particularly annoying because the viewer sees a reflected image of the source of the ambient light superimposed on the image, and because it is concentrated at the specular reflection angle it degrades the image contrast at that specific angle. Diffusely reflected light superimposes a haze over the displayed image that reduces contrast, limits the range of viewable gray scale and consequently limits the information content detectable by the viewer.
- the present invention is embodied in a display device having features which enhance the contrast of displayed images.
- the display device has active elements which define a relatively small aperture and a black matrix positioned above the plane of the active elements.
- the display device is a tiled display device and the black matrix is implemented on the surface of an optical integrator plate on to which the individual tiles are mounted.
- the display device includes an electronics section and a display section which are joined by an adhesive and the adhesive is dark-colored to absorb ambient light which is transmitted through the display section.
- the display device has a pixel structure which defines a plurality of spaced sub-pixel elements which, together, define an aperture of less than 50%
- the display device includes a plurality of lenses which act to concentrate light provided by the active elements into an area smaller than the area of the active elements.
- the lenses may be reflective, refractive or a combination of reflective and refractive.
- the lenses are formed with relatively steep sides wherein adjacent lenses form a light trap which inhibits reflection of light which enters the area between lenses.
- the area between the lenses is coated with a dark-colored material to form a black matrix structure.
- the pixel structure includes a metal row electrode, the active element, a transparent column electrode and a transparent front panel, wherein the portions of the metal row electrode which may be visible from the viewer side of the display are coated with or deposited upon a dark-colored material.
- Figure 1 is an exploded perspective drawing of an exemplary display structure which may use contrast enhancements according to the present invention.
- Figure 2 is an exploded perspective drawing which illustrates an alternative display structure that may use contrast enhancements according to the present invention.
- Figure 3 is a back plan view of a tile having the structure shown in Figure 1.
- Figure 4 is a back plan view of a tile having the structure shown in Figure 2.
- Figure 5 is a front-plan view of four tiles of a tiled display, each tile having the structure shown in Figure 1.
- Figure 6 is a front-plan view of four tiles of a tiled display, each tile having the structure shown in Figure 2.
- Figure 7 is a partial front plan view of a single color pixel format for a display device having the structure shown in Figure 2.
- Figure 12A is a detailed view of a portion of the partially exploded perspective view shown in Figure 12.
- Figure 13 is a cut-away side plan view of a portion of the glass plates of two adjacent tiles which shows how the tiles may be joined by a mullion such as that shown in Figure 14.
- Figure 14 is a perspective view of a mullion suitable for joining tiles to form a tiled display having contrast enhancement features according to the present invention.
- Figure 15 is a cut-away side plan view of the glass plate of a pixel for a display device having the structure shown in Figure 1 or Figure 2 which is useful for describing a method for forming a black matrix for the display device.
- Figure 17 is a cut-away side-plan view of adjacent pixels of a display device such as that shown in Figure 1 or Figure 2 which is useful for describing a method for forming a black matrix for the display device.
- Figure 18 is a graph of glass thickness versus black matrix line width which is useful for describing a contrast enhancement feature according to the present invention.
- 114 may be formed from a metal such as aluminum, magnesium or calcium or from polysilicon.
- the level 121 When the level 121 is a neutral gray or patterned color filter, it may act to enhance the contrast of the display because ambient light that passes through the filter and is reflected by the display material passes through the filter twice while light provided by the active pixel elements only passes through the filter once.
- the patterned color filter is formed with individual filter sections covering corresponding pixel colors (e.g. red filters over red pixels). These filters have a further advantage as most of the ambient light will be absorbed while very little of the light provided by the active pixel element is absorbed.
- the electronics section is formed by forming vias in the circuit board 110 and conductive traces (not shown) on the back side of the circuit board 110 to connect the electronics module (not shown) to the vias.
- the exemplary separate electronics and display sections shown in Figure 1 may be joined by bump-bonding the row and column vias along their edges or by inserting conductive elements, for example wires, into the row and column vias on one of the sections such that the conductive elements protrude from the vias. The conductive elements would then mate with the corresponding vias on the other section when the sections are joined.
- the display section 102 includes a transparent front plate 120 which may be made, for example, from float glass.
- Transparent column electrodes 122 are formed on the front plate 120 from transparent conductor, such as ITO. These bands may be formed by depositing and then etching an ITO layer or by selectively depositing individual bands of ITO.
- the red, green and blue OLED materials or other display materials 124 and 126 are deposited on top of the column electrodes to define the active area of the pixels.
- the OLED materials typically include a hole transport polymer layer (not shown), which is deposited on top of the column electrodes 122 and a light emitting polymer layer (not shown) which is deposited on top of the hole transport polymer layer (not shown).
- Exemplary materials include Polyimide or other low- temperature inorganic materials. As set forth below, it may be advantageous for the insulating material 130 to be transparent or at least translucent.
- the insulating layer 130 may be applied using thick film or thin film deposition techniques.
- the insulating layer 130 includes a plurality of openings 131 aligned with the row electrodes 128 and column electrodes 122.
- each connecting plate 132 On top of the insulating layer are deposited a plurality of optional connecting plates 132.
- the plates 132 may be formed using, for example, vapor deposited aluminum or a metallic ink or paste, such as silver combined with a solvent, which is deposited using thick film processes.
- the connecting plates 132 are coupled to the column electrodes 122 and row electrodes 128 by vias which extend through the openings in the insulating materials.
- Each of the exemplary connecting plates makes electrical contact with only one row electrode or one column electrode. To ensure that a good connection is made, however, each connecting plate 132 may connect to its corresponding row or column electrode at several locations.
- the connecting pads 142 and the connecting plates 132 are electrically connected by applying an anisotropically conductive adhesive between the display section and the electronics section. It is contemplated, however, that other methods may be used to electrically connect the connecting pads to their respective connecting plates.
- the connecting plates 132 and connecting pads 142 may be made from a deformable material and patterned to include a portion which extends above the plane of the pad or plate. When the electronics section is mated to the display section, the patterned material on the connecting plates 132 and connecting pads 142 come into contact and deform, providing an electrical connection between the corresponding connecting pads and plates.
- FIG. 1 is a bottom plan view of a display tile having the structure shown in Figure 1.
- the circuit board 120 includes electronic circuitry 134 which is connected to the rows and columns of the display through the vias 114 and 112 respectively.
- the circuit board 120 may be formed from ceramic green tape which is punched or drilled to form holes for the vias 112 and 114.
- the conductors 140 which connect the circuitry 134 to the vias 112 and 114 may be printed or painted onto the green tape and the via holes may be filled prior to firing.
- the conductive traces 140 are coupled to the vias 112 and 114 along the edge of the circuitry 134.
- the circuitry 134 is coupled to receive operational power via conductors 310 and to receive the data signal and timing information via conductors 312 and a connector 314.
- Figure 5 is a pixel diagram which illustrates an exemplary pixel spacing that may be used in the tile having the structure shown in Figure 1.
- the routing of the vias 112 and 114 along the edges of the tiles allows multiple tiles to be abutted in a way which renders the joint between the tiles virtually invisible.
- the pixel spacing shown in Figure 5 allows the conductive vias to be arranged along the edge of the tile, without interrupting the continuity of the pixel spacing in the assembled tiled display.
- Figure 5 illustrates portions of four tiles, 530, 540, 550, and 560.
- the dashed lines 524 and 522 illustrate pixel boundaries. These lines are provided only as a guide in understanding the pixel layout.
- the active portion 526 of the pixels occupies only about 1/4 of the total pixel area.
- this spacing of the pixels leaves room along the edges of the display for the vias 114 and 112 to connect to the row and column electrodes of the pixel without interfering with the regular spacing of the pixels across tile boundaries.
- the distance d e which is the distance from the active region 526 to the edge of the tile, is approximately twice the distance dj which is the internal distance from the edge of the active area of the pixel 526 to the pixel boundary 112 or 114.
- Figure 6 is an alternative pixel layout, suitable for use for a tile such as that shown in Figure 2.
- the active portions 526 of the pixels are centered in their respective pixel regions and the vias 144 which connect the row and column electrodes of the display to the electronics are formed between respective pixel elements.
- the distance between the edge of an active region 526 and the edge 612 of the display is equal on all sides of the tile and the distance from the center of the active pixel region to the edge is 1/2 of the pixel pitch.
- the distance between the center of an edge pixel and the edge of the tile may be slightly less than 1/2 of the pixel pitch in order to allow a mullion to be inserted and join adjacent tiles.
- mullions are typically used both to join tiles on the display device and to hide the edges where the tiles meet.
- Figures 7 and 8 show the distances d e and d S ⁇ as being equal in the horizontal and vertical directions, it is contemplated that these values may be different.
- the exemplary pixel structures shown in Figures 7 and 8 both have active pixel areas covering approximately one-fourth of the pixel area to produce a pixel aperture of approximately 25%. This value is exemplary only. The invention contemplates both larger and smaller pixel apertures.
- the relatively small aperture of the pixels in the exemplary embodiment of the invention provides one level of contrast enhancement.
- the combination of the low aperture and the spaces between the quad sub-pixels, as shown in Figure 8 produces a further advantage by acting to conceal the pixel structure when an image is being displayed.
- Another contrast enhancement is to reduce the reflection of ambient light from the surface of the display device.
- One way in which ambient reflection from a display surface may be reduced is to add an absorbing black matrix to any location on the display surface that does not block or absorb the light emitted by the pixel.
- the black matrix is placed between the emitting area of the pixels.
- the black matrix is placed between the light valve areas.
- the black matrix can be properly aligned with the pixel structure, little emitted or passed light is blocked. Ambient light, however, falling on the black matrix is absorbed and does not interfere with light that is emitted by, reflected by, or passed by the pixel structures of the display device.
- the application of the black matrix can be done by any printing or lithography process.
- the shape of the black matrix can be one dimensional (e.g. lines) or two dimensional (e.g. an array of apertures).
- the materials of the black matrix can be any absorber (e.g. inks, paints, dyes,..).
- a good absorber is preferred to a weaker (e.g. has greater residual reflectivity) absorber, and a "flat black" (e.g. residual reflectivity is more diffuse than reflective) is an improvement over a "glossy black” (e.g. residual reflectivity is more specular than diffuse).
- the black matrix can be applied to the inside (non viewer) side of the front cover glass, or to the viewer side of the substrate.
- a specular reflective component from any viewer side surface of the front cover glass that is not covered with black matrix (e.g. the area through which the emitted light exits, and all the area in structures where the black matrix is not applied to the viewer side of the front cover glass).
- Contrast improvement can be achieved by coating any of these areas with an antireflective coating.
- An antireflective coating will reduce the normal specular component which is typically about 5% to an amount less than that. Combinations of these black matrix locations, and combinations with antireflective coatings with the black matrix further reduce undesirable reflections.
- the electronics section of the assembled display device may include connecting plates 132 which form electrical connections to individual row or column electrodes across the area of the display.
- Figures 9, 10 and 11 illustrate an exemplary manner in which these connections may be made.
- Figure 9 is a front plan view of an exemplary display device with the connecting plates 132 shown as dashed line boxes. The insulating layer 130 has been removed for clarity.
- Figure 9 also includes two row electrodes 128 A and 128B and two column electrodes 122A and 122B.
- Column electrode 122A is shown as being connected to connecting plate 132A through the vias 914.
- Column electrode 122B is shown as being connected to connecting plate 132D through the vias 916.
- Row electrodes 128A and 128B are coupled to the respective connecting plates 132B and 132C through the vias 910 and 912 respectively.
- Figures 10 and 11 show cutaway views of a portion of the electronic section shown in Figure 9 along the lines F10 and FI 1 respectively.
- Figures 10 and 11 include the insulating layer 130 which was omitted from Figure 9.
- the connections 916 to the column electrodes 122B are made on a region of the display device which is between active pixel elements.
- Figure 10 shows only the float glass substrate 120, the column electrodes 122, the insulating layer 130, and the connecting plates 132D and 132E.
- the via 916 between the connecting plate 132D and column electrode 122B is made through the opening 131 in the insulating layer 130.
- This connection may be made for example, when the connecting plate is printed on the electronics section by allowing the silver paste or ink used in the printing process to flow through the opening 131 and make contact with the column electrode 122B.
- Figure 11 illustrates an exemplary method for making connections to the row electrodes.
- the connections to the row electrodes are made on a portion of the display containing the active pixel elements 124.
- the segment of the display shown in Figure 11 includes the glass substrate 120, transparent column electrodes 122 display material 124 and row electrode 128B.
- the connecting plate 132B makes connection with the row electrode 128B using the vias 910. This connection is made through the openings 131 in the insulator 130.
- there are several openings such that connection between the connecting plate 132B and row electrode 128B may be made at several locations. These multiple openings provide redundancy which increases yield in the completed display devices.
- the connections to the column electrodes 122 are also made at a plurality of locations along the connecting plates. Referring to Figure 9, for example, there are three vias 916 representing connections between the connecting plate and 132D and the column electrode 122B.
- ITO is not as good a conductor as aluminum or silver
- the number of connecting plates 132 and connecting pads 134 may be greater than the sum of the number of row electrodes and column electrodes.
- the conductive trace is desirably masked from view by a dark-colored material or is desirably thin to prevent specular reflections from these traces from interfering with the displayed image.
- a structure commonly found in both tiled and non-tiled displays is a black matrix.
- a black matrix may be fabricated from black lines.
- the black matrix is typically positioned between the active portions of the pixels to absorb ambient light in these areas in order to increase the display contrast.
- Black matrix lines may be found, for example between the phosphors on the front screen of a CRT or between the pixel positions defined for a liquid crystal display.
- black matrix lines are typically smaller than mullions and are typically placed in the plane of the pixels. Because the black matrix lines are periodic and placed between the pixels, they do not tend to break the continuity of the image.
- the present invention employs an optical structure that may be incorporated in a tiled display to make the physical gaps between the tiles indistinguishable from the black matrix and, thus, invisible to the viewer.
- This integrating structure may also be used for a non-tiled display to add a black-matrix to a display device which does not have a black matrix in the plane of the emissive pixel materials.
- the optical integrator pattern of black lines also serve as mullions in that some of the black lines in the optical integrator structure lie on top of the gaps 1212 between the display tiles 100 and block the visibility of the gaps.
- the glass substrates 120 of the tiles 100 are positioned adjacent to the black lines 1210 on the back surface of the transparent sheet 1220, which forms the integrating structure.
- the disclosed optical structure for integrating display tiles is placed above the plane containing the pixels (like mullion structures), on the viewer-side of the tiles 100, with the black line pattern being in contact with the display tiles.
- FIG 14 is a perspective drawing of an exemplary mullion 1310 suitable for use with a display device according to the subject invention.
- the mullion 1310 includes a top surface 1410 which may be formed from a black material or may be printed or painted black. To ensure that the mullion does not create artifacts on the display device, it is desirable for the top surface of the mullion to closely match the black stripes 1313 in size, color and gloss.
- the mullion 1310 also includes a bottom stem having side surfaces 1412 which are desirably formed from a light-colored material (e.g. white). Alternatively, the bottom stem of the mullion may be transparent and have an index of refraction close to that of the transparent substrate 120.
- the bottom stem of the mullion may be light-colored or transparent so that any light scattered in the vicinity of the mullion has the same properties as light that is scattered among pixels at the interior of a tile. If light scatters differently at the edge of a tile than near the center then the edge may be visible, for example, as a band of reduced brightness in the displayed image.
- Two or more of the side surfaces 1412 and the underside 1414 of the top bar of the mullion may be coated with adhesive to attach the mullion 1310 to the two tiles which it joins. If all of these surfaces are coated with adhesive, the mullions may be used to join the tiles into a display device without using the integrating structure 1220. In this instance, a black matrix according to the present invention may be formed on the viewer surface of the transparent substrates 120 of the individual tiles..
- Figure 15 shows a cross section of an exemplary glass substrate 120 which includes a bottom surface 1510 and a top surface 1512. A number of representative optical rays, 1514, 1516 and 1518 are shown emanating from a point on the bottom surface
- ngi ass 1.55 and ⁇ c ⁇ 40°.
- the same black stripe blocks any external rays from making the gap region visible.
- this black stripe makes the gap region invisible to an observer.
- the black stripe or the top bar of the mullion may need to be slightly wider than 2d c to account for any finite width of the gap.
- the individual tiles do not need to be joined by discrete mullions. Instead, the tiles may be assembled directly on the back surface of the optical integrating structure 1220 such that the gaps are positioned directly over black stripes having a width W m .
- the mullions 1310 may be assembled onto the integrating structure 1220 with the black matrix lines. In this configuration, the mullions form pockets into which tiles 120 are inserted to form the composite display.
- This structure may be formed by attaching the mullions directly to the integrating structure 1220 using an adhesive and then applying an adhesive to the undersides 1414 of the crossbars 1410 and to the sides 1412 of the stems before inserting a tile into the display.
- the black lines on the optical integrating structure 1220 that form the mullions which are used to cover the inter-tile gap tend to be wider than the typical black matrix line and may block some or all of the light emitted from the pixels near the edge of the tile.
- the display tiles and the black stripes on the integrating structure 1220 are desirably specifically designed to have particular relationships.
- Figure 17 shows a cross section of a pixel which includes two pixel regions.
- the emissive regions 1710 at the bottom of the glass substrate 120 have a width d p .
- the light rays that can exit the glass section and are useful for viewing, exit the top of the glass 120 in an area having a width w 2d c + d p .
- a display device has an array of pixels equally spaced a distance known as P, the pixel pitch. Therefore, to not block any viewable light, it is desirable for the black matrix to have a width, W m ⁇ P - d p - 2d c ..
- the dimensions illustrated in Figure 17 depict the case where the black matrix stripe blocks no emitted light.
- the thickness of the glass substrate 120 and the width of the black stripe satisfy the criteria described above, no light that is directed toward a viewer directly in front of the display (e. g. viewing from a normal angle) is blocked, but some light from greater viewing angles may be blocked. Meeting these criteria, however, leads to improved contrast since the fraction of the display occupied by the black matrix is larger. In other words, some blockage of light from wider viewing angles may be considered acceptable as being advantageous for higher contrast at normal viewing angles.
- the pixels on the exemplary display device have an aperture of approximately 25% in order to allow room within the pixel for a via to make electrical contact with a column electrode.
- d p is approximately P/2. This relatively small aperture also has advantages by making it easier to hide the inter-tile gap and allowing a relatively large stripe size for the black matrix to improve the contrast of the display.
- the contrast may be further improved by coating the viewer-side of the integrating structure 1220 with an antireflection coating and/or by adding an ambient light absorber or color filter, such as the filter 121 described above with reference to Figure 1, on that surface or in the bulk of the material (e.g. glass or plastic) from which the optical integrating structure 1220 is constructed.
- an ambient light absorber or color filter such as the filter 121 described above with reference to Figure 1
- the integrating structure 1220 may include a diffuser coating on the viewer-side surface. This diffuser enlarges the apparent size of the pixels reducing the visibility of the individual pixels and black matrix structure. Thus, a diffuser may act to reduce the graininess of the displayed image. The diffuser also acts to reduce specular reflections. Accordingly, at viewing angles which include specular reflections, the diffuser enhances image contrast. This may be significant, especially for display devices having relatively large pixels or which have smaller pixels but are designed to be viewed at close proximity to the display device.
- Another method of reducing the visibility of the pixel structure is to employ a quad pixel structure having separated sub-pixels, as described above with reference to Figure 8.
- This pixel structure provides relatively high levels of brightness even in display technologies which do not have a bright phosphor for one color.
- the separated sub-pixels of this quad sub- pixel structure also provide good contrast and an apparent increase in spatial resolution.
- the integrating structure 1220 provides a relatively simple yet accurate way to align and mount the individual tiles of a tiled display device.
- the patterns on the integrating structure 1220 may be accurately aligned with the pixels using, for example moire patterns, to position a tile and then the tile may be mounted onto the structure 1220 with an optically clear adhesive, for example, a ultra-violet curable epoxy.
- the present invention contemplates other methods than the integrating structure for providing a black matrix on a display device.
- One method is to form the black matrix from a light-absorbing material on the viewer surface of the glass substrate 120.
- Another is to include a light absorbing material close to the plane of the pixel, for example, as the item 121 shown in Figure 1. If an absorbing material is used outside of the active pixel areas of a display device, then is desirable to minimize the size of the emissive area and maximize the area of the absorber while maintaining a minimum brightness level.
- a display having the desired structure has a relatively small aperture. In terms of image contrast, a display having a small aperture and inactive pixel areas covered by an absorbing material is exhibits better contrast performance than a with larger apertures.
- Small aperture displays work best, however, when the display material generates, passes or reflects sufficient light to meet the brightness requirements of the display device, and when the cover glass is thin compared to the aperture opening. It is also possible to achieve these goals with a structure in which the aperture is small but the active area of the pixel is relatively large (e.g. approximately 50 percent). For tiled displays, it is desirable for the active pixel area to be small enough to allow vias to be formed in the inactive areas of the display.
- One method to achieve these goals is with a pixel structure that includes a lens structure which reflects or refracts light provided by the relatively large active pixel area and channels it through a relatively small aperture. As set forth above, it is desirable for the aperture of the display with the lenses to be less than or equal to 25 percent.
- the reflecting structures of the pixel may use refractive optics, refractive internal reflection, light piping, or surfaces coated with a reflective material.
- the light provided by the active area of the pixel is reflected a minimal number of times but possibly multiple times, until it passes through the exit aperture.
- one negative artifact of the reduced size aperture is the increased visibility of individual pixels.
- the larger separation between adjacent pixels and the greater contrast in the display device make the individual pixels more visible.
- One way of hiding the pixel structure is to place a low reflectance diffusing or a diffracting surface (e.g. a spatial diffractive filter) in front of the viewer side of the front cover glass. This causes the active pixel areas to appear larger to the viewer.
- FIG 19 One method by which the light provided by a relatively large active pixel area may be reduced to pass through a relatively small aperture is illustrated in Figure 19.
- lenses 1910 are formed on the viewer side of the front cover glass 120 and aligned with the emissive or light- valve portions 1912 of the pixels.
- the area occupied by the active areas 1912 of the pixels is larger than the opening in the lens 1910 through which the light is emitted.
- more than one lens may be formed for each pixel and placed as an array or as a random grouping in front of each pixel.
- This lens desirably has a clear aperture from which light provided by the active portion of the pixel is emitted to the viewer area. As described above, for maximum contrast, it is desirable for the size of this aperture to be as small as optics permit.
- the top surface 1914 of this aperture is desirably not planar so that specular reflective components are minimized. This surface may be convex, concave, or any shape desired.
- the sides of the lens structures are desirably reflective. Reflectivity can be imparted to the walls of the lens structure 1910 either by selecting a material for the lens that has a refractive index that results in total internal reflectivity or by applying a reflective coating to the sides of the lens.
- the black matrix fill which conforms to the side of the lens is shown in phantom in Figure 19 as 1917.
- the refractive index of the black material is an important consideration. If the refractive index of this material is less than that of the lens, the light provided by the active pixel element may not be totally internally reflected and, thus, may be absorbed by the black material. This may be prevented by selecting a black material which has an lower index of refraction or by pre-coating the black-matrix area with a material having a low index of refraction before applying the black material.
- any specular component of the ambient light landing on the black matrix on the sides of the lens be reflected at an angle such that it strikes the black matrix on a neighboring lens.
- the structure 1917 forms a light trap for ambient light.
- the strong light suppression achieved by the black matrix structure 1917 results from trapping the light.
- This structure is more effective than using materials which absorb the light, and the lack of any planer component of the surface greatly reduces any specular component for light reflected from the surface of the display device. Indeed, because of the light trapping, significant contrast enhancement occurs in a lens structure such as that shown in Figure 19 even without the black material in the areas 1916 between the lenses.
- the lenses 1910 may be formed on the viewer surface of the cover plate 120 during the construction of the display device using any forming technique that is compatible with the display technology. Alternatively, they may be formed in a separate operation and then aligned with, and laminated to the display surface with an optical adhesive.
- the shape of the lens in the plane of the display surface can include both one dimensional (linear lenticular lenses), and two dimensional (discrete lens arrays). Two dimensional arrays provide the greatest contrast improvement.
- the sides of the lenses can be straight or curved (convex, concave or both).
- the aperture at the top of the lenses (viewer side) may be straight, or curved (convex, concave, or combinations of both), but straight and parallel to the plane of the display is not the preferred shape because it contributes to specular reflection
- the combined shapes of the sides of the lenses 1910 and the apertures of the lenses together with the properties of the light emitted by the active emission region of the pixel determine the distribution of light that is emitted from the display.
- the lens material based on its refractive index and by suitably designing the reflecting structures on the sides of the lenses, emission of light from the lens aperture at angles up to plus and minus 90 degrees horizontally and vertically is possible.
- the right side of Figure 19 and Figure 20 show examples of bottom emitting OLED displays.
- Each of these examples consists of two structures, an electronics section 102 and a display section 104, each composed of multiple layers.
- the display section consists of a glass substrate 120 on which are deposited active display materials 1912' including transparent hole injecting electrodes (e.g. ITO), OLED material(s), electron injecting electrodes (e.g. calcium), and contact layer(s) 1922.
- ITO transparent hole injecting electrodes
- OLED material(s) e.g. calcium
- contact layer(s) 1922 contact layer(s) 1922.
- Light is emitted by the OLED material(s) and exits the display through the transparent electrode and glass substrate (this is termed a bottom emitter structure because the light exits through the substrate for the OLED material).
- the material used to join the display and circuit board layers typically is made with epoxy resins, other two part heat or photo curable adhesives, moisture catalyzed adhesives, and thermoset or thromoplastic polymers that are loaded with conductive additives such as conducting particles, particles with a conducting coating, conducting filaments, conducting flakes, and conducting filaments and flakes that are magnetic. These materials are not typically black.
- This material may be made black by adding a black pigment or dye.
- Carbon black is an example of a suitable black pigment. If carbon black is added at too high a concentration it will make the sealing material too conductive and interfere with making contacts. Concentrations from 0.1% to 10% (based on weight) effectively absorb light but do not make the sealing material too conductive. Black organic dyes do not add conductivity. These may be added in concentrations that make the sealing material a good light absorber.
- These black sealing materials may be applied as a fluid or paste, but may also be supplied as a preformed sheet or as a powder.
- processes for applying the seal/contact materials can include printing (silk screen, inkjet, contact, roller, and others); dispensing from a syringe or similar dispenser; or doctor blade coating. Actual mechanical bonding results from the adhesive nature of the seal materials.
- processes for activating adhesion include catalysts, heat, or electromagnetic energy, or alternatively, physical processes such as ultrasonic welding and pressure may be used.
- the asymmetric electrical properties are imparted to these seal/conductor materials by performing an asymmetric unit process. Examples of asymmetric processes for achieving asymmetrical conductivity are application of pressure, material flow, electric field or magnetic field alignment, and electromigration.
- the electron injecting electrodes are located between the viewer and the black sealing material, these electrodes may contribute to specular reflections which locally reduce the contrast of the display. Reflections from these electrodes can be minimized by minimizing their area or by coating the viewer side of these electrodes black. Minimizing their area simultaneously maximizes the area of the black material available to absorb ambient light. Coating the viewer side of the electron injecting electrode black can be accomplished by first depositing a black coating in all areas where metal electrodes will be later deposited.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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AU27690/99A AU748146B2 (en) | 1998-02-17 | 1999-02-17 | Contrast enhancement for an electronic display device |
KR1020007009023A KR100608445B1 (en) | 1998-02-17 | 1999-02-17 | Contrast enhancement for an electronic display device |
JP2000531873A JP4512269B2 (en) | 1998-02-17 | 1999-02-17 | Contrast improvement of electronic display |
EP99908197A EP1057219B1 (en) | 1998-02-17 | 1999-02-17 | Contrast enhancement for an electronic display device |
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1999
- 1999-02-16 US US09/250,324 patent/US6897855B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-02-17 JP JP2000531834A patent/JP2002503832A/en active Pending
- 1999-02-17 WO PCT/US1999/003374 patent/WO1999041732A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-02-17 AU AU32969/99A patent/AU765771B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-02-17 KR KR1020007009022A patent/KR100581432B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-17 WO PCT/US1999/003375 patent/WO1999041788A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-02-17 EP EP99932532A patent/EP1057220A2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-02-17 CN CNB99803049XA patent/CN1151559C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-10-01 US US10/956,661 patent/US7592970B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-08-30 US US11/468,744 patent/US7864136B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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EP2549330A1 (en) * | 2006-05-05 | 2013-01-23 | Prysm, Inc. | Phosphor compositions and other fluorescent materials for display systems and devices |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1999041788A1 (en) | 1999-08-19 |
US20050078104A1 (en) | 2005-04-14 |
AU3296999A (en) | 1999-08-30 |
US20080174515A1 (en) | 2008-07-24 |
US7864136B2 (en) | 2011-01-04 |
AU765771B2 (en) | 2003-09-25 |
CN1151559C (en) | 2004-05-26 |
EP1057220A2 (en) | 2000-12-06 |
WO1999041732A3 (en) | 1999-09-23 |
CN1291353A (en) | 2001-04-11 |
JP2002503832A (en) | 2002-02-05 |
US6897855B1 (en) | 2005-05-24 |
KR100581432B1 (en) | 2006-05-17 |
WO1999041732A2 (en) | 1999-08-19 |
WO1999041788A8 (en) | 1999-10-14 |
JP2010015163A (en) | 2010-01-21 |
US7592970B2 (en) | 2009-09-22 |
KR20010041001A (en) | 2001-05-15 |
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